Ferric Alum

MARKET SURVEY CUM
DETAILED TECHNO ECONOMIC

FEASIBILITY REPORT
(PROJECT FEASIBILITY REPORT)
ON
FERRIC ALUM
INDENTIFICATION & EVALUATION DIVISION FOR HI-TECH PROJECTS
EIRI CONSULTANTS & ENGINEERS
* REGD. OFFICE *
4449, NAI SARAK, MAIN ROAD,
NEAR CHANDNI CHOWK,
DELHI - 11 00 06. (INDIA)
(BETWEEN MARWARI KATRA AND ROSHAN PURA),
PH : 91-11-23918117, 23916431, 45120361, 64727385, 23947058
E-Mail : eiriprojects@gmail.com, eiribooks@yahoo.com
Web: www.eiriindia.org, www.eiribooksandprojectreports.com
CODE : EIRI/EDPR/2002
J.C. : 904
www.eiribooksandprojectreports.com 1
C A U T I O N
This project report has been prepared on the basis of information available
with M/S. ENGINEERS INDIA RESEARCH INSTITUTE. The intention here is to
provide preliminary information to the prospective entrepreneur. Prior to making
a firm decision for investment in the project the entrepreneur must verify
the various feasibility aspects together along with the addresses for the
procurement of plant & machinery and raw materials independently. The
information supplied in this report is obtained from the reliable sources but it
is not guaranteed and the money once paid will not be refunded back in any
case. Claims for incomprehensiveness of the project report will not be
entertained and no legal action in this regard would be entertained in
any case (Subject to Delhi Jurisdiction only). Any matter relating to our
standard points covered in the report may be modified with in 5 days time
only from the date of purchase.
ENGINEERS INDIA RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 4449 NAI SARAK,DELHI-110006.
FERRIC ALUM
(EIRI/EDPR/2002) J.C. 904
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 5
CHARACTERISTICS & SPECIFICATION 7
USES & APPLICATIONS 10
B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS 20
FERRIC ALUM PLANT 22
RAW MATERIALS 24
MARKET SURVEY 26
INDIAN DEMAND FOR ALUM 27
PRODUCTION (IN TONS) OF ALUM IN INDIA 28
INSTALLED CAPACITY, CAPACITY UTILIZATION & PRODUCTION OF ALUM 29
APPARENT CONSUMPTION OF ALUM 30
ESTIMATED DEMAND 31
DEMAND SUPPLY GAP 32
GLOBAL SCENARIO OF ALUM 33
IMPORTANT GLOBAL MANUFACTURERS 34
GLOBAL PRODUCTION OF ALUM 35
PRESENT MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS OF FERRIC ALUM 36
PROCESS OUTLINES FOR ALUMINIUM SULFATE MANUFACTURE 38
DETAILED PROCESS DESCRIPTION 40
REQUIREMENT FOR ALUMINIUM SULPHATE 42
METHODS OF TEST FOR ALUM (ALUMINIUM SULFATE) 43
DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC 48
DETERMINATION OF THE AMMONIUM SALTS 49
SAMPLING OF ALUM (ALUMINIUM SULPHATE) 54
BLOCK DIAGRAM TO PRODUCE ALUMINIUM SULPHATE 57
FERRIC ALUM PLANT 58
ALUM 59
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET OF ALUMINIUM SULPHATE 63
PLANT LAYOUT 69
COMPLETE PLANT SUPPLIERS OF FERRIC ALUM PLANT 70
TO GET REQUIRED CERTIFICATION & OTHER FORMALITES
FOR EXPORTING NON FERRIC ALUMINIUM SULPHATE 71
ADDRESSES OF CONSULTANTS 72
ADDRESSES OF PILOT PLANT SUPPLIERS 73
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIAL (INDIAN) 74
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS (GLOBAL) 79
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT & MACHINERY 80
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERIES (IMPORTED) 102
APPENDIX – A :
1. COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS

2. LAND & BUILDING
3. PLANT AND MACHINERY
4. FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT
5. RAW MATERIAL
6. SALARY AND WAGES
7. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
8. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
9. COST OF PRODUCTION
10. PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
11. BREAK EVEN POINT
12. RESOURCES OF FINANCE
13. INTEREST CHART
14. DEPRECIATION CHART
15. CASH FLOW STATEMENT
16. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET
FERRIC ALUM
(EIRI/EDPR/2002) J.C. 904
INTRODUCTION
Aluminium sulfate (Al2(SO4)3), commonly called alum, is produced as white

crystals which are non-combustible and soluble in water. This .dry. hydrate
(Al2(SO4)3.14H2O) is 17% Al2O3 and is also sold as a 47% w/w aluminium sulfate
solution which is 8% Al2O3. It is also sold in solid form as kibbled, ground or
dust.
Alum are represented by the general formula R1/2 SO4, R2"(SO4)3.24.H2O.

Where R and R"are respectively monovalent and trivalent radicals. They are
usually the double salts of ammonium, potassium or sodium sulphate with
aluminium. Chromium or iron sulphate and are readily preparedy by
concentrating and cooling a solution containing molecular proportions of the
Component Sulphate.
Ferric and Non Ferric Alum is marketed in various grades. The cheapest
grade called "alum cake". Potash alum also known as alum alumen.
Ferric alumin is aluminium sulphate containing iron obtained from the

bauxite ore. Potash alum is prepared from its naturally occurring minerals such
as alunite and Ratinite, but in India these do not occur in appreciable quantities.
Alum was formerly prepared from alum shales by roasting them in year and
leaching it out with water. Alum is now produced in India by crystallizing
together equivalent produced in India by Crystallizing together equivalent
proportion of potassium sulphate and aluminium sulphate. The solution is
concentrated and the crystals are separated out are melted to yield lump alum or
recrystalized to obtain large crystals.
Aluminium Sulphate is covered by three different grade specifications,

namely, technical, pure and analytical reagent grade.
Technical grade is intended for use as a mordant in the dyeing of textiles

and as a loading material for better grades of paper.
Pure grade is intended for use in pharmaceutical preparations and where
pure grades of the material is required, namely for clarifying of oils and fats,
preparation of aluminium resinates and other pure aluminium salts such as
aluminium sterate etc. A.R. Grade is used for chemical analysis. The material is in
the forms of white powder, granules or lumps or slabes, free from visible
impurities and is almost entirely soluble in water. The alumina content in
Technical grade is 17% and in pure grade & A.R. it is 16.6 to 17.6%.
CHARACTERISTICS & SPECIFICATION
SPECIFICATION OF ALUM
Alum (Aluminium sulphate) forms white crystals of specific gravity 1.62 of
Al2 (SO4)3. 18H2O readily soluble in water (128 gms per litre at 30oC) but insoluble
in alcohol.
Owing to hydrolysis its solution is acidic in reaction.
The anhydrous salt can be obtained by dehydrating the crystals at 200-

250oC. It decomposes completely at 750oC. Yielding alumina, sulphurdioxide,
sulphurtrioxide.
Clear acidified aluminium sulphate solution can be readily super cooled at

10oC or below the saturation point without incurring immediate nucleation.
On rapid heating hydrated aluminum sulphate crystal containing more than

35% water of hydration will fuse while salt containing less than 20% water shows
little, if any, immediate reaction to heat.
USES & APPLICATIONS
Aluminium sulfate has been used by man since 2000 BC, when the Egyptians
used a mineral alum as a mordant in dyeing. It has long been used in paper sizing
to improve durability and ink receptivity and in water treatment to clarify water.
Other uses for alum include wastewater treatment, as a waterproofing agent and
accelerator in concrete, as a clarifier for fats and oils and as a foaming agent in
fire foams.
The aluminium ion has a high charge which makes it an excellent coagulant for
colloidal1 matter. In aqueous solution a number of hydrolysis species form e.g.
Al(OH)2+, Al(OH)2 +, Al(OH)3 and Al(OH)4 - , dependent on pH.
This property means that alum can be used to remove particles from water. The
free Al3+ ions hydrate to form highly charged species such as Al8(OH)20 4+. These
are attracted to negatively charged species, which include the most common
colloidal species in water: clays and CaCO3. These coagulated particles are
attracted to precipitated Al(OH)3, and coagulated particles stuck to the surface of
an Al(OH)3 gel precipitate out of the solution.
The clarified water is then typically filtered. Every raw water has its optimum pH
at which alum performs best. Jar tests (mini clarifier experiments) are carried out
to optimise the dose in water treatment plants. The dose rate, the dose point and
whether pH adjustment is necessary are determined for each plant.
In paper making the alum reacts with rosin sizes of various types, helping to
attach the newly formed rosin aluminates to fibres. Sizing makes the paper water
resistant. Alum, which exhibits a cationic charge, is also used to flocculate anionic
trash including paper fines and other anionically charged material by
neutralisation, in a similar way to water treatment, improving drainage, retention
and strength of the material.
Alum (Aluminium sulphate) mainly used in paper sizing in water treatment.

Pharmaceutically, it is employed in dilute solution as a mild astringent and
antiseptic for the skin. The most important single application of it is in clarifying
water. More than half of the total amount manufactured being so consumed.
Sodium aluminate which is basic is sometimes used with aluminium sulphate
which is acid to produce the aluminium hydroxide Hoc:
6NaAlo2 + Al2(So4)3 + 12H2O ----> 8Al(OH)3 + 3Na2SO4
Second in importance is the application of Aluminium sulphate in the sizing

of paper. It reacts with sodium resinate to give the insoluble aluminium resinate
for sizing of paper aluminium sulphate must be free from ferric iron, or the paper
will be discolored. The ferrous ion do not harm since they form a soluble
practically coloures resinate, which however represents a loss of resinate. A small
amount of aluminium sulfate is consumed by the dye industry as a mordant. Soda
alum or Aluminium sulphate is used in some baking powders.
Alum is also used in tonnage of white leather as a clarifying agent for fats
and oils. As a deodorizer and decolourizer in petroleum refinery process in the
manufacture of other alums as a catalyst in the manufacture of ethane, as food
additives mild artringent antiseptic after shaving. Alum is also used in the
manufacture of matches to impregnate the untipped ends to render them filre
proof. Burnt alum is used by taxidermist as a preservative.
In medicine it is used as astringent and as a gargle and externally as a
styptic. Exsiccated alum is used as a dressing for ulcers and sores and as
astringent for swollen gums. In North Western India, freshly burnt alum is added
to the drinking water of camels and buffaloes.
The largest use of alum is in water purification.
Applications:
Used in paper industry and Effluent treatment plant
Uses of Alum
Alum has been part of our lives ever since the time of early Egyptians, who
used it in dyeing and purification. Today, it is one of the most widely used and
versatile industrial chemicals.
Most of the alum produced today is used in the pulp & paper industry as
well as water and wastewater treatment. It is inexpensive and effective for a broad
range of treatment problems because it can function as a coagulant, flocculant,
precipitant and emulsion breaker. As a coagulant and flocculant, alum removes
turbidity, suspended solids and colloidal color, reduces biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD) and clarifies potable, process and wastewater.
The main uses of alum are:
* Water treatment: used as a coagulant to remove suspended solids and or some

metals (eg Cr, Ba, Cu) from water (either drinking water or in waste treatment
facilities)
* Paper sizing: used as a rosin sizing control in paper production, affects the
drainage of liquor from the paper
Other Major Uses
In addition to the primary uses in the pulp & papermaking industry and for
water and wastewater treatment, alum is also used in:
Cellulosic insulation
Additive to cellulosic insulation
Clay manufacturers
China clay beneficiation
Dyes
Mordant for dyes
Grease manufacturers
Manufacture of aluminum soaps and greases
Industrial wastewater treatment
Sewage and industrial wastewater treatment, emulsion breaking
Manufacture of alumina trihydrate and printing inks
Manufacture of alumina trihydrate for lakes and color extenders
Municipal wastewater treatment
Clarification and phosphorus removal
Potable and process water treatment
Color and turbidity removal
Pulp and paper mills
Process water and mill effluent treatment.
Paper sizing
Soap manufacturers
Manufacture of glycerin from soap lyes
Swimming pools, oil well operators, manufacturers
Water treatment
Tanneries
Tanning furs and white leathers
Zeolite and catalyst manufacturers
Manufacture of zeolites and aluminosilicate catalysts and carriers
What happens at a water treatment plant?
For thousands of years people have treated their drinking water to make it
look cleaner and taste better. Medical lore from ancient India to Egypt advised
that water should be filtered through sand and coarse gravel. In Greece,
Hippocrates, the Father of Medicine, recommended boiling water and straining it
through a cloth to remove particles.
Early in the 1800s, scientists began to suspect that diseases could be

transmitted by drinking water. Since the discovery of bacteria in the 1870s,
treatment to eliminate disease-causing microorganisms has dramatically reduced
the incidence of diseases transmitted through water.
Water treatment facilities process water through many steps before it
reaches your tap as drinking water for your family. The overall process generally
begins with intake at the source, followed by pretreatment, mixing, coagulation
and flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection and distribution to the tap.
See Figure 1. Other steps may be necessary depending on the quality of the water
supply.
Preliminary Treatment Processes Preliminary treatment processes to purify

water depend on the nature of the water supply and the type and the amount of
contaminants. Quality may vary seasonally, thus requiring more or less treatment
during certain water-flow conditions. Most groundwater in Alabama receives only
the disinfection treatment process. All surface water and water from wells
susceptible to contamination from surface water receive full treatment through a
filter plant. The various preliminary treatment processes may include the
following.
Screening. A large object such as logs, sticks, fish and plants are usually
screened out at the intake or as the water is drawn into the treatment plant from
a river, lake, or other surface water source. If the source is groundwater, the
screening is done by nature as the water travels under the surface of the earth.
Pre-sedimentation. Gravel, sand, some silt and other gritty materials may be
removed by fine screening.
Micro-straining. In some cases, algae, aquatic plants and other very small debris
may be removed by still finer screening.
Chemical Pretreatment. The water is conditioned for removal of natural

organics, primarily algae and other aquatic microorganisms, as well as their by-
products. This may precede micro-straining.
Main Treatment Processes Chemical Feed and Rapid Mix. Chlorine and
other chemicals, such as alum or lime, are added to the water to help remove
impurities, destroy any taste or odor, raise pH, disinfect and sometimes remove
excess minerals such as iron that may cause rust or staining problems. The water
is then mixed rapidly to distribute the chemicals evenly.
Since the early 1900s, chlorine (as a solid, liquid, or gas) has been the
primary disinfectant used in the United States because it is effective and
inexpensive and can provide a disinfectant residual in the distribution system.
Ozone and ultraviolet radiation can also be used as primary disinfectants, but
chlorine or an appropriate substitute must also be used as a secondary
disinfectant after the main treatment processes to prevent re-growth of
microorganisms in the distribution system.
Chemicals may be added to oxidize ferrous iron (Fe++), which is relatively

high in some groundwater, to the ferric state (Fe+++). If pH of the water is above 7
(either naturally or by adding lime), the insoluble compound of ferric hydroxide is
precipitated.
Softening. Sometimes chemicals are included to reduce the hardness or mineral

content of drinking water. This usually involves the exchange of sodium for
calcium and magnesium and sometimes, the removal of iron and manganese.
However, softening is not as popular as it once was for several reasons. The
increased sodium in softened water is unhealthy for people with high blood
pressure. In soft water lead is more easily leached from plumbing. Finally,
detergents that clean favorably in hard water are readily available. There are no
softening plants in Alabama since total dissolved solids are not excessive.
Coagulation and Flocculation. The water is sent into large basins where the
alum clings to other chemicals and impurities in the water (coagulation), causing
them to form larger, heavier particles called floc. Gravity causes these larger
particles to settle to the bottom.
Sedimentation. The water is allowed to sit undisturbed long enough so that solid
particles completely settle to the bottom. This process removes chemical
precipitates as well as extremely fine clay and organic particles, including dead
microorganisms.
Filtration. After flocs (large, heavy particles) settle to the bottom, the water
continues on its trip through filters. Layers of sand, gravel and sometimes hard
coal are used to remove any other impurities that are left in the water. Filtration
helps to control biological contamination and turbidity. (Turbidity is a measure of
the cloudiness of water caused by the presence of suspended matter.) Turbidity
can shelter harmful microorganisms and reduce the effectiveness of disinfection.
Removing organics prior to final chlorination of drinking water supplies is
important.
Disinfection. After most impurities have been removed from the water, a small
amount of chlorine is added to keep the water from developing bacteria as it
travels throughout the distribution pipes. The amount of chlorine (usually no
more than 3 parts per million) is carefully measured to be the lowest possible
amount needed to keep the water free of germs. Residual chlorine at the tap
should be near 0.5 parts per million.
A primary health concern with cholorination is the formation of disinfection

by-products. When chlorine combines with organic matter in water, such as
decaying plants or animals, it forms substances called trihalomethanes (THMs).
These have been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals. Chloroform is a
common THM which has been linked to bladder cancer in those who drink from
treated public water supplies. There is a drinking water standard for total
trihalomethanes (TTHMs) of 0.10 milligrams per liter, but it applies only to those
systems that serve more than 10,000 people.
Fluoridation. In some places fluoride at concentrations up to 1part per million is

also added to help prevent tooth decay. This is not as common as it once was
because of the health concern for excess fluoride. EPA has established a
maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 4 milligrams per liter (4 parts per million)
for fluoride in drinking water.
If conventional steps in the main treatment process are not adequate,

certain inorganic and organic contaminants must be removed by other methods.
Treatments to Remove Inorganic Contaminants Reverse osmosis or ion
exchange are used to remove nonmetal inorganic contaminants. Nitrate and
fluoride are the nonmetals of greatest health concern in drinking water. Nitrate is
frequently found in groundwater supplies in high-density agricultural areas.
Likely sources of groundwater nitrate are nitrogen fertilizers as well as
decomposing plant and animal wastes, including human waste from septic
systems.
Coagulation and filtration, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, or activated

aluminas are used to remove metal inorganic contaminants. The metals of
greatest health concern in drinking water include mercury, cadmium, selenium,
lead, arsenic, chromium and barium. Industrial sources can contribute rare
metals and toxic heavy metals to surface waters.
Controlling corrosion of inorganic chemicals from the distribution or

plumbing system is another treatment alternative. Corrosion of plumbing by-
products such as copper and lead at the point of use (the consumers tap) can
usually be indirectly eliminated by controlling pH and water hardness.
Lead contamination is the most serious threat from corrosion. Lead usually
enters the water from private plumbing where it is found in solder used to connect
copper pipes. Lead can also be corroded from public distribution system pipes and
joints.
Aeration effectively strips radon gas from source waters. Oxidation and
aeration will remove hydrogen sulfide gas.
Treatment to Remove Organic Contaminants
Methods to remove organic contaminants include activated carbon filtration

and aeration. Special filters may be used at water treatment plants to remove
many toxic organic substances such as pesticides and solvents; however, these
filter systems are expensive to build and maintain and they slow down the
treatment process. As water passes through carbon filters, organic impurities are
trapped inside the filter material. This is called adsorption.
Sources of organic compounds include storm-water runoff and leaching
from improperly disposed wastes, accidental spills, leaking fuel storage tanks and
pipelines, pesticides from agricultural areas and industrial effluents.
Testing - Water samples are taken regularly at many points in the

treatment process for laboratory testing. These tests let water plant personnel
know whether the primary and secondary drinking water standards set by the
EPA are being met. The laboratory equipment being used is so sensitive that it can
measure substances in parts per million, parts per billion, or even parts per
trillion in some cases.
B.I.S. SPECIFICATIONS
According to Bureau of Indian Standards the code for Aluminium sulphate is:
IS: 260 - 1969 (Aluminium Sulphate) (First revision) (Reaffirmed 1976).
Its covers technical pure and analytical reagent grades. Prescribes requirements,
methods of sampling and test.
This IS: 260 - 1969 can be had from:
IS : 299: 1989 (Ferric Alum)
SPECIFICATIONS OF ALUMINIUM SULPHATE (NON FERRIC)
(NON FERRIC IN LUMPS/POWDER)
1 Water Soluble Alumina as Al2O3 : 17.0%

2 Insoluble matter % by weight : Max 0.5%
3 Soluble Iron compounds as Fe% by weight : Max 0.02%
4 PH aqueous solution (5% solution) : 2.5-2.8
For more information contact at:
Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan,
9, Bahadur Shah Zafar Mag,
New Delhi-110 002
Phone: 91 11 23238821, 23233375, 23239402
91 23238821, 23239399 (Fax)
sales@bis.org.intandards Institution
Sr.No. Sales Outlets Address Telephone No/Fax/e-mail
01. Director (Sales) 91-11-
Manak Bhawan, 23238821,23233375,23239402
9, Bahadur Shah Zafar 91-23238821, 23239399(Fax)
Marg
New Delhi-110 002
02. Western Regional Office Phone 022-28329295
Manakalaya, Fax 28374231
Plot No. E-9, MIDC, Email:saleswro@bis.org.in
Road No. 8,
Behind Telephone
Exchange,
Andheri (East),
Mumbai-400 093
03. Eastern Regional Office 033-232053243
5, Chowringhee Approach 91-33-23377459(Fax)
P.O. Princep Street, ero@bis.org.in
Kolkata-700 012
04. Northern Regional Office 91-0172 2665512
SCO 335-336, Sector 34-A 91-0172 2602025 (Fax)
Chandigarh-160 022 910172-2609285,
2664750,2624136(PBX)
nro@bis.org.in
05. Southern Regional Office 91-044-22542315,
C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross 22541584,22541470
Road 91-044-22541087 (Fax)
Chennai-600 013 sro@bis.org.in
NOTE :- The use of the ISI Certification Mark is governed by the provisions of the Indian
Standards Institution (Certification Marks) Act and the Rules and Regulations made thereunder.
The ISI Mark on products covered by an Indian Standard conveys the assurance that they have
been produced to comply with the requirements of that standard under a well-defined system of
inspection, testing and quality control which is devised and supervised by ISI and operated by the
producer. ISI marked products are also continuously checked by ISI for conformity to that
standard as a further safeguard. Details of conditions under which a licence for the use of the ISI
Certification Mark may be granted to manufacturers or processors, may be obtained from the
Indian Standards Institution.
FERRIC ALUM PLANT
Bauxite ore is available from the market as lumps with 54 - 58% Alumina as
Al 2O3. The Al2O3 percentage should be 57-58% to produce A grade ferric alums.
Technical grade Sulphuric acid having concentration of 98.5% is used for the
process. The spent Sulphuric Acid which is 70% to 90% pure can also be used
partially with 98.5% Acid.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS:
The raw materials for ferric alums are
1. Bauxite
2. Sulphuric acid
The Bauxite lumps are crushed to –20mm size with help of a Jaw crusher .
The crushed material is fed in to a open circuit ball mill to grind it to 90% passing
through 100 mesh size. This ground Bauxite powder is stored in the storage
Hopper. The Digester has Lead and AHR lining . A measured quantity of water or
recycled liquor is fed into the digester. A measured quantity of Sulphuric Acid or
Spent Acid is added to the Digester. The temperature of the diluted Acid rises due
to the liberation of heat of dilution. Now, the powdered Bauxite is added slowly
and carefully. The reaction is vigorous and the reaction proceeds with frothing.
The reaction temperature goes up to 120oC. The reaction is taken to the
completion by adding Bauxite to neutralize the remaining Acid. The agitation with
the compressed air is done as and when required.
The liquid is drained into the settling pit and allowed to settle for a few days.
The decanted liquid is taken to the evaporator where it is heated with steam
coils. As the desired gravity of liquid is achieved, the liquid is taken to the moulds
for casting.
The sludge is washed into a centrifuge. The liquid is recycled and the solid
sludge is used for land filling.
The raw materials are:
For Ferric Alum:
• Bauxite
• Sulphuric Acid Technical Grade 98.5% pure.
• We can use spent Sulphuric acid along with conc.
• Acid in significant quantity.
FOR NON FERRIC ALUM (ALUMINUM SULPHATE):
1. Aluminum Hydrate
2. Sulphuric Acid Technical Grade 98.5% pure
Specific Raw Material Consumption (For Alum Containing Alumina as Al2O3 16 %)
Bauxite Containing 50 - 58 % 0.34 MT / MT of

Alumina Product
Sulphuric Acid 98.5% 0.50 MT / MT of Product
Steam (Or equivalent fuel 1.0 MT / MT of Product
if heating oil is used )
Quantity required daily for 25 TPD Alum Plant
Bauxite Containing 50 - 58 % 8.5 MT

Alumina
Sulphuric Acid 98.5% 12.50 MT
Steam (Or equivalent fuel 25 MT
if heating oil is used )
You can manufacture Ferric Alum, Non Ferric Alum (Aluminum Sulphate) and
Liquid Alum from the same plant.
RAW MATERIALS
BAUXITE
The word Bauxite has been derived from Les Baux Near Arles (France) where
the mineral was first discovered in 1821. Indian Bauxite is invariably associated
with Laterite of which it is now regarded as a variety. True Laterite is essentially a
mixture of ferric hydroxide, aluminium hydroxide and silica in varying
proportions. It is spoken of as aluminious Laterite or ferruginous Laterite,
according to the relative proportions of aluminium hydroxide and ferric hydroxide.
Bauxite is essentially a hydrated aluminium oxide Al2O3.2H2O (Al2O3,

73.9%). It appears to be a mixture of the minerals, diaspore, Al2O3.3H2O (Al2O3,
65.4%). Much of the alumina of bauxite is, however, believed to be present in the
form of colloidal hydrogels with variable combined water content. The common
impurities are silica, iron oxide (as haematite or Limonite) and titanium oxide (as
Leuoxene or suitle).
The range of composition of bauxites is usually:
AL2O3 : 55 - 65
SiO3 : 5 - 30
Fe2O3 : 1 - 25
TiO3 : 3
Loss on Ignition : 12 - 40
The best french white bauxite contains:
AL2O3 : 66 - 74%
SiO3 : 6 - 10%
Fe2O3 : 2 - 4%
TiO3 : 3 - 4%
Ordinarily bauxite is a dirty white, light grey, cream pink or reddish brown
rock. Sp. Gr. 2.5 - 3.2
M. p. 1820o.
The softer kind of bauxite becomes harder on exposure. Bauxite is

amorphous and is usually compact earthy granular or porous.
Bauxite results from the decay and weathering of aluminium bearing rocks
(igneous sedimentory or metamorphic). The process involves the solution and
removal of all the constituents of the parent rock other than alumina. In India,
the richest deposits of bauxite are commonly associated with primary laterite,
formed from sub aerial weathering of basaltic lavas, like the Duan Irap. Deposites
of cream coloured bauxite often occur below a thin covering of highly ferruginous
laterite.
MARKET SURVEY
Aluminium Sulphate is known more as alum. It is a colourless which is
soluble in water but insoluble in alcohol. Two types of aluminium sulphate is
available and used-aluminium sulphate with iron content is known as
`aluminia ferric' and another as iron free aluminium sulphate. Both of them
are manufactured by treating bauxite with sulphuric aic, but iron free
aluminium sulphate require tryhydrate to remove iron content.
Successful attempts are being made to export aluminium sulphate from India.
On an average it is found that 5 percent of available production is exported to
various neighboring countries like Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Communist
countries like Russia and Tanzania since last ten years.
Demand for ferric and non ferric alum is arising for making water more soft for
drinking and industrial uses. Industrial processing industries like paper sizing,
leather tanning, textile dying and printing etc. also demand aluminium sulphate
as one of the intermediate in the process. It is even being used in small proportion
in pharmaceutical industries. It had not been possible to derive exact
consumption pattern of aluminum sulphate from available secondary data
sources as well as limited field work. However, it is learnt that 70 percent of total
production is used for water treatment alone. Demand in future is estimated on
the basis of trend line analysis. There is very good scope of the product at present
and in coming future.
INDIAN DEMAND FOR ALUM
The assessment of demand for Alum is made for the following sector Ferric alum is
an important chemical used in the paper industry and in water treatment.
Paper industry
The most important use of Alum is in the paper industry for sizing of papers.
The paper industry uses Aluminium Sulphate for the clarification of process
water, Ph control of pulp slurries, setting of dyes and precipitating colloidal clay
and dissolved resin into the size on the fibres of the paper (setting of size).
A paper mill consumes Ferric and non Ferric Alum at the rate of around 4
kgs/100 kgs of finished paper.
Water treatment
The next important outlet is in water and sewage treatment as a coagulant:

Reaction of Alum with alkali in the water produces an Aluminium hydrate floc
which drags down various impurities and aids in removing bacteria and in
controlling the taste of water.
Alum sold to municipalities for these uses is required to be basic to a slight excess
of Al2O3.
The Alum used for this applications is usually in the solution form. Frequently it
is acidic containing a slight excess of Sulphuric acid for potable and waste water
treatment processes.
Miscellaneous applications
In addition to this, Alum also finds application in textile units, soaps. cosmetics,
fire extinguishers etc.
The estimated growth rate in demand is 6 to 7% per annum.
PRODUCTION (IN TONS) OF ALUM IN INDIA
YEAR PRODUCTION (TONS)
2011-12 507874
2012-13 523719
2013-14 550000
2014-15 580000
INSTALLED CAPACITY, CAPACITY UTILIZATION &
PRODUCTION OF ALUM
(TONS)
Year Installed Capacity Production % Cap. utilisation

2011-12 6,00,000 5,07,874 84.64
2012-13 6,00,000 5,23,719 87.28
2013-14 6,25,000 5,55,000 88.80
2014-15 6,25,000 5,80,000 92.80
% Trend Growth Rate in Cap. utilization = 88.38% (Average)
APPARENT CONSUMPTION OF ALUM
(TONS)
Year Production Import Export Apparent

Consumption
2011-12 5,07,874 32,000 40,000 4,99,874
2012-13 5,23,719 35,300 41,500 5,17,519
2013-14 5,55,000 39,100 42,700 5,51,450
2014-15 5,80,000 40,215 43,500 5,76,715
% Trend Growth Rate in apparent consumption= 4.88% (Average)
ESTIMATED DEMAND
(TONS)
Year Demand
2016-17 6,04,858
2017-18 6,34,375
2018-19 6,65,333
2019-20 6,97,801
DEMAND SUPPLY GAP
(TONS)
Current Production (2014-15) - 5,80,000
New Capacity in pipe - 15,000
Production likely to be available from new capacity @ 80% - 12,000

Cap utilization
Total production likely to be available by 2019-20 - 5,92,000
Estimated Demand by 2019-20 - 6,97,801
Demand Supply Gap (2019-20) - 1,05,801
GLOBAL SCENARIO OF ALUM
Aluminium sulphate hydrate is commonly marketed in the technical or

commercial grade The commercial grade is dissoluble both as Alum or granular
solid containing 17 to 17.5% Al2O3 and as a solution containing 7.5 to 8.5% Al2O3.
In the USA, it is usually produced by reacting bauxite or clay with sulphuric acid.
Bauxite is more expensive than clay. The clay, generally kaolin, is roasted to
remove organic materials and to break down its crystalline structure, there by
increasing the alumina values available for extraction.
Roasting is an energy intensive process. In addition, both clays and bauxite vary
considerably with respect to the undesirable impurities of Iron and potassium.
Thus, the choice of the raw material, roasted clay or bauxite, is governed by the
overall economics of producing a satisfactory product.
The optimum conditions for roasting the clay and the optimum strength of the
sulphuric acid depend upon the particular source of the bauxite or clay. Finely
ground bauxite or roasted clay is digested in sulphuric acid near the boiling point
of the solution (100 to 120 deg.C) The clay or bauxite to acid ratio is adjusted to
produce, either acidic or basic alum. Solids are removed by sedimentation. If
necessary, the solution can be treated to remove iron.
The iron free grade is produced by using pure Alumina trihydrate in place of
bauxite or clay. Excess iron may lead to staining and discolouration of the product
containing the aluminium sulphate.
IMPORTANT GLOBAL MANUFACTURERS
Laporte Chemicals Australia

20-22 McPherson St.,
Banks Meadow, NSW 2019
Post Box 18, Botany, MSW 2019
Kemira Pigments Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd.,

10, Anson Road,
International Plaza,
No.33-06A, Singapore-079 903.
Kali-Chemie AG
Hans-Boeckler-Allee 20
D-3000 Hannover 1
Cosmocel, S.A
Via Matamoros 1501, Apdo. No.1, Suc.A,
San Nicolas De Los Garza,
Nuevo Leon 66480, Mexico.
GLOBAL PRODUCTION OF ALUM
(MILLION TONS)
Year
2011-12 175
2012-13 183
2013-14 192
PRESENT MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS
OF FERRIC ALUM
Zinco Lab Pvt. Ltd.

P. M. Mahajan (Director)
Gat No. 631, Nashik Pune Highway,
Shinde Village, Nashik - 422101,
Maharashtra, India
Mobile: +(91)-9422258552, +(91)-9552517710
Telephone: +(91)-(253)-2535159, +(91)-(253)-2595594
Fax: +(91)-(253)-2535159
Shreeram Chemical Industries

C. P. Bajpai (Proprietor)
P- 11, New Howrah Bridge,
Approach Road, 7th Floor, R. No. 701
Kolkata - 700001, West Bengal, India
Mobile: +(91)-9830526006, +(91)-9433014940
Telephone: +(91)-(33)-22358328, +(91)-(33)-65218215
Fax: +(91)-(33)-22358328
Angel Chemicals
Nitin Patel (Chief Executive Officer)
No. 201, Hely Enclave, Near Dreamland Complex,
Pramukh Prasad Chowkdi, Manjalpur
Vadodara - 390011, Gujarat, India
Mobile: +(91)-9825512916, +(91)-9426522122
Flourish Paper & Chemicals Ltd.

Amish Mehra (Director- Technical)
Village Bhagwanpur, Barwala Road,
Derabassi, Mohali - 140507, Punjab, India
Mobile: +(91)-8591733110, +(91)-8288033486
Telephone: +(91)-(1762)-281113, +(91)-(1762)-281186
Fax: +(91)-(1762)-281142
Tamil Nadu Chemicals Industries
V. Saravanan (CEO)
No. 2, 1st Street, Manikandapuram,
Thirumullaivoyal, Chennai - 600062,
Tamil Nadu, India
Mobile: +(91)-9840970198, +(91)-9940204208
Telephone: +(91)-(44)-26370198
Fax: +(91)-(44)-26373346
Vinzai Chemical Industries Pvt Ltd.

Parag Pradhan (Managing Director)
A- 3, Ratnadeep, Mahant Road Extension,
Vile Parle East, Mumbai - 400057, Maharashtra, India
Mobile: +(91)-9819900631
Telephone: +(91)-(22)-26111653, +(91)-(22)-26161316
Fax: +(91)-(22)-26124315
Arihant Chemical
Nimesh Shah
No. 102, Nahar Complex, First Floor,
Above Amber Hotel, NH No. 8, G.I.D.C.
Vapi - 396195, Gujarat, India
Mobile: +(91)-9825148189, +(91)-9662548189
Telephone: +(91)-(260)-2430849, +(91)-(260)-2423152
Acuro Organics Ltd

Rohit Karnani (Director Marketing)
No.27, Ashoka Chambers, 5-B,
Rajendra Park, New Delhi - 110060, India
Mobile: +(91)-8882444999, +(91)-8882444000
Telephone: +(91)-(11)-47479797, +(91)-(11)-25735151
Fax: +(91)-(11)-25755507
PROCESS OUTLINES FOR ALUMINIUM SULFATE MANUFACTURE
Aluminium sulfate is produced according to the following exothermic reaction:
2Al(OH)3 + 3H2SO4 + 8H2O → Al2(SO4)3 .14H2O ∆fH = -156 kJ mol-1
Alum is generally produced batch wise in a reactor. The reactor is a stirred vessel
made of materials resistant to the acidity and heat of the reaction.
The product produced until the mid 1960s was a lower grade aluminium sulfate
made from bauxite or high alumina clays. This product generated silica waste and
had too high a level of iron for papermakers, the major users of alum. In 1965
Farmers Fertiliser NZ Ltd changed to using aluminium trihydrate as a raw
material for alum to satisfy the paper market.
Raw materials
Aluminium trihydrate is purified from bauxite. Commercial bauxite (30-75%

Al2O3) deposits occur in Australia, Jamaica, France, Guyana, Guinea, the USA
and Brazil. Bauxite ore is dissolved in strong caustic soda to form sodium
aluminate. The aluminium trihydrate is then precipitated by neutralisation
(usually with carbon dioxide) or by autoprecipitation (the Bayer process).
Step 1 - Reacting the raw ingredients.
The aluminium trihydrate is transported and stored in one tone bags. Each bag is
carried by hoist to the feed hopper, where it is opened and conveyed to the
reaction tank. The reaction water, trihydrate and sulfuric acid batch is stirred for
a period of time with water vapour exiting through the stack.
Step 2 - Making the final product
After the reaction period either liquid or solid alum is made. If liquid, the
concentrated batch is run into the dilution tank filled with the dilution water
where it cools over time. The liquid alum is then filtered and pumped to storage.
There are overhead load out facilities at Morrinsville where a number of liquid
chemicals are available in dispatch tanks for road tankers.
If solid is made, the concentrated alum is run into the casting pans where it sets,
aided by fan cooling. The pans are fork lifted to storage racks and from there they
are taken to the Crushing Plant and dropped into a hopper. The pieces are broken
further by a large kibbler followed by a small kibbler and then screened. Oversize
particles go to a bagging hopper and are sold as kibbled product. The screened
alum is rotary crushed and further screened to either return to the rotary crusher
or be bagged as ground product. Dust is continually collected through an
extraction system and is sold as product. The Crushing Plant is flexible and the
ratio of kibbled to ground aluminium sulfate is variable.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS
All site effluent is managed by a Distributed Control System (DCS). Site run off
and any spills are collected in sumps. All collection sumps have level probes
which, once a limit is reached, start the sump pumps which pump the water
through a common pH pot. If the pH is outside limits then the water goes to
holding tanks where it is used with reaction water. If the pH is acceptable the
water is discharged to the effluent stream. The effluent stream is pH monitored
and is analysed for suspended solids.
DETAILED PROCESS DESCRIPTION
(A) Bauxite Preparation Section:-
This consist of the crude bauxite bin, the hot air-swept ball tube mill with
classifier the air heater, the storage bin for dried and ground bauxite and the
bauxite handling equipment connected as required by the plant lay out. For a
good reaction, the ground bauxite must pass a 32 mesh screen (0.5 m).
(B) Reaction Section:-
This comprises a reaction vessel, the sulphuric acid supply system, the
bauxite feed hopper with dosing system, the product collecting tank, the
evaporator, the necessary pumps and the auxillary equipment. The reactors are
vertical cylindrical tank equipped with agitator and heating elements. Though the
main reaction is exothermic, indirect steam heating is required towards the end of
the reaction. Cycle to maintain the optimal reaction temperature of 105oC to
115oC. After 15 to 20 hour, the reaction is complete and the solution is pumped
into the collecting tank. With bauxite, respect must be paid the iron content,
which necessitates as 1 to 2 % lower concentration of Al2O3.
Evaporation is effected under atmospheric pressure especially developed

concentration vessels using indirect steam heating to be used. The boiling
temperature is 110 to 115oC, depending on the type of product desired and on the
raw material used.
Waste & Emission's:-
All scrubber waste water and evolved dust materials are collected and
recycled into the process so no liquid effluents will burden the environment.
Packing & Marking:-
Packing:-
The material shall be supplied in bulk or in packages as agreed to between

the purchaser and the supplier.
Marking:-
The packages shall be securely closed and marked with the following information:
(a) Name & grade of the material.
(b) Manufacturer's name and recognized trade-mark, if any;
(c) Weight of material in the package;
(d) Month and year of manufacture; and
(e) Identification in code or otherwise to enable the batch of manufacture to be

traced from records.
REQUIREMENT FOR ALUMINIUM SULPHATE
Sl Characteristic Requirement
No. TECH Pure AR
1 Insoluble matter, percent 0.30 0.02 0.005

by weight, max
2. pH (of 5 % solution), 2.80 2.90 2.2

not less than.
3. Heavy metals (as pb), - 40 10

parts per million, max
4. Iron (as Fe), percent by 0.01 0.004 0.002

weight, Max
5. Chlorides - - To pass test
6. Arsenic (as As2O3), parts - 8 5

per million,max
7. Ammonium salts (as NH3), - 0.025 0.025

Percent by weight, max
8. Aluminium (as Al2O3), 17.0 16.6 to 17.6 to

(min.) %by weight.
9. Sodium (as Na), % - - 0.05

by weight, max
10. Potassium (as K), % - - 0.01

by weight, Max
METHODS OF TEST FOR ALUM
(ALUMINIUM SULFATE)
Quality of Reagents:-
Unless specified otherwise, pure chemicals and distilled water shall be

employed in tests.
Note:- 'Pure chemicals' shall mean chemicals that do not contain impurities which
affect the result of analysis.
Prepared Sample:-
Procedure:-
Crush about 200g of the material to pass 1.00 mm IS sieve. Keep this
prepared sample in a clean glass - Stoppard weighing bottle.
DETERMINATION OF INSOLUBLE MATTER
Reagents:-
Dilute sulphuric acid-approximately 1 N
Procedure:-
Weigh accurately about 10 gm of the prepared sample, mix with 10 ml of

dilute sulphuric acid and dissolve in 100 ml of water by stirring and warming, if
necessary. Filter through a tared filter paper or a sintered glass crucible (G No. 4)
or a gooch crucible; wash the residue till it is free from soluble compounds and
dry to constant weight at 105o to 110oC.
Calculation:-
100 w
Insoluble matter, percent by weight = ---------
W
Where
w = weight in g of the residue, and
W = weight in g of the prepared sample taken for the test.
Determination of pH:-
Procedure:-
Take 5 g of the material and dissolve in 100 ml of freshly boiled and cooled
water. Determine pH of the solution by means of a suitable pH meter, using glass
electrodes.
Determination of Heavy Metals:-
Outline of the Method:-
Heavy metals are determined by comparing the colour produced by the

material with sodium sulphide solution against that produced by standard lead
solution.
Apparatus:-
Nessler Cylinders 50 ml capacity.
Reagents:-
Dilute ammonium hydroxide approximately 4 N.

Sodium sulphide solution 10% (w/v).
Concentrated Nitric Acid
Standard Lead Solution:-
Dissolve 1.60 g of lead nitrate in water, add 1 ml of concentrated nitric acid

and dilute the solution to 1000 ml. Pipette out 10 ml of this solution and then
dilute to 1000 ml. One milliliter of the final solution is equivalent to 0.01 mg of
lead (as Pb). The diluted solution shall be prepared.
Procedure:-
Weigh accurately 1.0 g of the prepared sample and dissolve in 20 ml of

water. Transfer the solution to a Nessler cylinder and add 4 drops of sodium
sulphide solution. Carry out a control test in another nessler cylinder using 4 ml
of standard lead solution in place of the sample in case of pure grade and one
milliliter in case of analytical reagent grade and the same quantities of other
reagents in the same total volume of reaction mixture. Compare the colour
produced in the two cylinders.
The limit prescribed in table 1shall be taken as not having been exceeded if
the intensity of the colour produced in the test with the sample is not greater than
that produced in the control test.
Determination of Iron:-
Outline of the Method:-
Iron is determined calorimetrically by visual comparison using butanolic

potassium thiocyanate solution.
Apparatus:-
Nessler cylinders 50 ml capacity
Reagents:-
Concentrated hydrochloric acid

Ammonium persulphate-solid.
Butanolic Potassium Thiocyanate Solution:-
Dissolve 10g of potassium thiocyanate in 10 ml of water. Add sufficient n-

butanol to make up to 100 ml and shake vigorously until the solution is clear.
Standard Iron Solution:-
Dissolve 0.702g of ferrous ammonium sulphate [Fe (NH4)2. 6 H2O] in 10 ml

of dilute sulphuric acid (10% v/v) and dilute with water to 1000 ml. Take 10 ml of
this solutoin and dilute to 100 ml. One millilitre of this solution contains 0.01 mg
of iron (as Fe).
Procedure:-
Dissolve 10.0g of the prepared sample in water and make up the volume to
100 ml. Transfer 10 ml of this solution into a nessler cylinder and dilute with 30
ml of water. Add 1 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid, 30 mg of ammonium
persulphate and 15 ml of butanolic potassium thiocyanate solution. Shake
vigorously for 30 seconds and allow the butanol layer to separate. Carry out a
control test in the second nessler cylinder using the following amounts of
standard iron solution in place of the material and the same quantities of other
reagents in the same total volume of the reaction mixture:
(a) 10 ml in case of technical grade.
(b) 4 ml in case of pure grade, and
(c) 2 ml in case of analytical reagent grade.
The limit prescribed in table 1 shall be taken as not having been exceeded if
the intensity of the colour produced in the test with the material is not greater
than that produced in the control test.
Test for Chlorides:-
Reagents:-
Dilute nitric acid -5 N approximately.
Silver nitrate solution- 5 percent (w/v)
Procedure:-
Dissolve 1.0g of the prepared sample in 50ml of water. Add one millilitre of
dilute nitric acid and one millilitre of silver nitrate solution. The material shall be
considered to have satisfied the requirements of the test if no opalescence is
produced.
DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC
Procedure:-
Dissolve 1.0 g of the prepared sample in 10 ml of water. Carry out the test for
arsenic as prescribed in IS:2088-1962*, using for comparison a stain obtained
with 0.008 mg of arsenic trioxide (as As2O3) in case of pure grade and 0.005 mg
in case of analytical reagent grade of the material.
The material shall be considered to have satisfied the requirement of the

test if the length as well as the intensity of the stain obtained with the sample is
not greater than that produced in the control test.
DETERMINATION OF THE AMMONIUM SALTS
OUTLINE OF THE METHOD:-
Ammonium salts are determined with nessler solution which reacts

with ammonia to form a reddish brown collodial suspension.
APPARATUS:-
Nessler cylinders 50 ml capacity.
Reagents:-
Sodium hydroxide solution approximately 5 N.
Nessler Solution:-
Dissolve 10 g of potassium iodide in 10 ml of ammonia-free water, and to

it slowly with stirring saturated mercuric chloride solution until a light
permanent precipitate forms. Add 30 g of potassium hydroxide and when it has
dissolved, add 1 ml more of mercuric chloride solution, and dilute to 200 ml
with ammonia-free water. Allow to settle overnight, decant the clear solution and
keep it in a bottle closed with a well-fitting rubber stopper.
Standard Ammonium Chloride Solution:-
Dissolve 0.3141 g of ammonium chloride in water and make up to 1000

ml. One millilitre of this solution is equivalent to 0.1 mg of ammonia (as NH3).
Procedure:-
Weigh accurately 1.0 g of the prepared sample and dissolve in 20 ml of

water in a nessler cylinder. Add 5 ml of sodium hydroxide solution and 1 millilitre
of nessler solution. Make up the solution to 50 ml. Carry out a control test in
another nessler cylinder with 2.5 ml of standard ammonium chloride
solution in place of the material and the same quantities of other reagents.
Compare the colour produced in the two cylinders.
The limit prescribed shall be taken as not having been exceeded if the
intensity of colour produced in the test with the material is not greater than that
produced in the control test.
DETERMINATION OF ALUMINIUM
Two methods are prescribed, namely
(a) Gravimetric method, and
(b) Titration with EDTA solution. Gravimetric method shall be used, as referee
method in case of dispute.
Gravimetric Method
Reagents:-
Ammonium chloride solid.
Concentrated nitric acid
Dilute ammonium hydroxide Approximately 4 N.
Methyl red indicator-Dissolve 0.1 g of methyl red in 100 ml of rectified
spirit.
Ammonium nitrate solution Approximately 2 percent.
Procedure:-
Weigh accurately about 1 g of the prepared sample and dissolve it in 100 ml

of water. Filter to remove the undisclosed matter and washed the filter *paper
thoroughly. Add 5 g of ammonium chloride and 2 drops of concentrated nitric
acid to the filtrate and washings; heat to boiling and add dilute ammonium
hydroxide, drop by drop, until the solution smells faintly of ammonia and
shows distinct yellow colour on the addition of two drops of methyl red
indicator. Boil for 2 minutes, filter immediately through filter paper (whatman
No. 40 or equivalent) and wash the residue with hot ammonium nitrate solution
till the filtrate is free from chlorides. Dry the residue and ignite to constant
weight at 1100 o to 1200oC in a tared porcelain or a silica crucible.
Calculation:-
Aluminium (as Al2O3), percent by weight
100 X w
= -------------- - A
W
where
w = weight in g of the ignited residue,
A = Percent by weight of iron as determined and
W = Weight in g of the prepared sample taken for the test.
EDTA METHOD:-
Reagents:-
Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) solution-0.1 M. Dissolve

37.225 g of disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, dihydrate in water and make
the volume to one litre in a volumetric flask.
Absolute alcohol
Dithiozone indicator-0.025 percent in absolute alcohol. It shall be prepared

afresh.
Acetic Acid:-
Ammonium Acetate Buffer Solution:-
Dissolve 7.709 g of ammonium acetate in 100 ml of water. Mix 6.005 g

acetic acid in 100 ml of water. Mix both the solutions together. The final solution
is in concentration of one mole of ammonium acetate and one mole of acetic acid
per litre.
Standard zinc chloride solution-0.1 M.
Procedure :-
Dissolve 2 g of the prepared in 25 ml of water. Add 50 ml EDTA solution

followed by 10 ml of buffer solution and then 85 ml of absolute alcohol and 3 ml of
dithiozone indicator. Titrate the excess of EDTA solution with standard zinc
chloride solution until the colour changes from blue to reddish purple.
Calculation:-
Calculate the aluminium content of the material on the assumption that

one millilitre of 0.1 M EDTA solution is equivalent to 0.0051 g of aluminium
(as Al2O3).
Determination of Sodium:-
Determine sodium by flame photometer at 589 mus according to the

directions of the manufacturer of the apparatus.
Determination of Potassium:-
Determine potassium by flame photometer at 766.5 mu according to the

directions of the manufacturer of the apparatus.
SAMPLING OF ALUM (ALUMINIUM SULPHATE)
General Requirements of Sampling:-
In drawing samples the following precautions and directions shall be

observed.
1. Samples shall not be taken in an exposed place.
2. The sampling implement shall be clean and dry when used.
3. Precautions shall be taken to protect the samples, the material being

sampled, the sampling implement and the containers for samples from
adventitious contaminations.
4. To draw a representative sample, the contents of each container selected

for sampling shall be mixed thoroughly by suitable means.
5. The samples shall be placed in suitable, clean, dry and air-tight glass
containers which shall be sealed air-tight after filling and marked with full details
of sampling.
SCALE OF SAMPLING:-
In a single consignment of the material all the containers of the same

size and containing the same grade of material and drawn from the same
batch of manufacture shall constitute a lot. If a consignment is known to
consist of different batches of manufacture or of different types or sizes of
containers, those belonging to the same batch, type and size shall be grouped
together and each such group shall constitute a separate lot.
For ascertaining the conformity of the material in a lot to the requirements
of the specification, tests shall be carried out for each lot separately. The number
of containers to be selected at random from lots of different sizes shall be in
accordance with table.
TABLE 2 SCALE OF SAMPLING
Lot Size (N) Sample Size (n)
Up to 25 3
26 “ 50 4
51 " 100 5
101 and above 7
Random number tables shall be used for selecting the containers. In case
such tables are not available, the following procedure is recommended for use.
Starting from any container at random, count them in one order as 1, 2,

3,......, etc, up to r and so on where r is the integral part of N/n (N and n being
the lot size and sample size respectively). Every rth container thus counted
shall be withdrawn to constitute the sample.
PREPARATION OF TEST SAMPLES
1. From each of the containers selected, draw a small representative portion

of aluminium sulphate approximately 100 g in weight.
2. Out of these portions, a small but equal quantity of the material shall be
taken and mixed thoroughly to form a composite sample of weight about 200
g. The composite sample shall be divided into three equal parts, one for the
purchaser, another for the supplier and the third to be used as a referee sample.
3. The referee sample shall bear the seal of both the purchaser and the
supplier and shall be kept at a place agreed to between them, to be used in
case of dispute between two.
NUMBER OF TESTS
Tests for the determination of all the characteristics given in table 1 shall be
conducted on the composite sample.
CRITERION FOR CONFORMITY
For declaring the conformity of the lot to the requirements of all the
characteristics tested on the composite sample, the test results shall meet the
corresponding requirements specified in table 1.
BLOCK DIAGRAM TO PRODUCE ALUMINIUM SULPHATE
Bauxite
Crushing
Sulphuric
Acid Reactor
Black Ash Glue
Settling Tank
Evaporator
Granulator
(2mm to 4mm) Flaker
Testing & Quality Testing & Quality

Checkup Checkup
Packaging Packaging
Aluminium Sulphate, Aluminium Sulphate,

Non Ferric in Granule (2-4mm) Non Ferric in Flakes Form
FERRIC ALUM PLANT
ALUM
Manufacturing Process :
Alum (Aluminium Sulphate) is manufactured by the reaction of Alumina

Hydrate and Bauxite with Sulphuric acid. Bauxite is ground in the pulveriser
to 90% passing through 200 mesh and elevated to Batch Hopper through
Bucket Elevator. Measured quantity of water is to be taken into the Lead bonded
reactor and slowly concentrated Sulphuric acid is to be added in the reactor. After
getting the required temperature in the reactor, slowly the ground bauxite is
added . After the addition of measured quantity of Bauxite/Alumina Hydrate, the
Agitator is kept on for about 45 minutes then the solution is dumped into the
settling tank.
The decanted solution of Aluminium Sulphate for the mixed process is

then again taken to the Reactor and the required quantity of Sulphuric Acid is
slowly added and after getting the temperature. The required quantity (as per
the degree of solution) of Hydrated Alumina is slowly added keeping agitator
rotating. After the addition of total quantity the Alum is moulded in the trays
with the help of tray filling arrangement. The slabs after cooling are to be taken
out from the trays and stacked in the store.
The decanted solution for hot process is taken into the evaporator and
the solution is concentrated to the required gravity and than moulded in the
trays for cooling.
What is Alum and how does it control Algae?
ALUM (aluminum sulfate) is a nontoxic material commonly used in water

treatment plants to clarify drinking water. In lakes alum is used to control
algae, not by killing the algal organisms, but by reducing the amount of the
nutrient phosphorus in the water. Like most other plants, algae requires
phosphorus to live an reproduce. Algal growth is usually limited by the amount
of that mineral available in the water.
Phosphorus enters the water either externally, from run-off or ground water, or
internally, from the nutrient rich sediments on the bottom of the lake. Phosphorus
is released from the sediments under anoxic conditions that occur when the
lake stratifies and oxygen is depleted from the lower layer.
Even when external sources of phosphorus have been curtailed by best
management practices, the internal recycling of phosphorus can support
explosive algal growth. Alum is used primarily to control this internal loading of
phosphorus from the sediments of the lake bottom.
On contact with water, alum forms a fluffy aluminum hydroxide precipitate

called floc. Aluminum hydroxide (the principle ingredient in common antacids
such as Maalox) reacts with phosphorus to form an aluminum phosphate
compound. This compound is insoluble in water under most conditions so the
phosphorus in it can no longer be used as food by algae organisms.
As the floc slowly settles, some phosphorus is removed from the water. The floc
also tends to collect suspended particles in the water and carry them down to the
bottom, leaving the lake noticeably clearer.
On the bottom of the lake the floc forms a layer that acts as a phosphorus
barrier by combining with phosphorus as it is released from the sediments.
The floc is harmless to water creatures and aquatic plants. (Sorry, alum does
not control rooted aquatic weeds.)
A sediment alum treatment can last up to ten years, depending on how much
alum is applied, and lake conditions such as sedimentation rate and external
phosphorus loading. Best results are obtained when steps are first taken to
control the external sources of phosphorus . Some of these steps are simple, like
encouraging the use of phosphorus free fertilizers and detergents or discouraging
large flocks of waterfowl. More costly measures may be necessary such as
installing a sewer system, building sedimentation impoundments, and diverting
agricultural and urban run-off. Alum can also be used to treat water from a
nutrient rich inlet before it enters the lake. Any of these best management
practices that are in place before the alum treatment will improve its effectiveness
and extend its life.
Chemical Composition of Ferric Alum:
Characteristic Requirement
Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3
1. Insoluble matter % by mass, Max 0.5 0.5 0.25

2. Soluble Iron compound, % by mass, Max * 0.7 0.7 0.35
3. Water soluble aluminium compound
as Al2O3 percentage by mass, min 16.0 15.0 7.5
4. pH of 5% aqueous solution, min 2.7 2.7 2.7
5. Basicity (as Al2O3), % by mass, Max ** 0.5 0.5 0.25
6. Additional requirements for
material required for purification of water
7. Lead (as Pb) parts per million, max 30 30 15
8. Arsenic (as As2O3) parts per million 6 6 3
* soluble iron compounds (as Fe) , percent be mass, Max permissible for
water purification purposes only shall be 1.0 for Grades 1 and 2 and 0.5 for
Grade 3
** the material of Grade 2 can also be supplied as having free acidity (as
H2SO4) of 0.5% by mass, Max, if required by the purchaser, the pH in this case
shall not be less than 2.3
Chemical composition of Non-Ferric Alum:
Characteristic Requirement
Technical Grade Pure Grade AR Grade
1. Insoluble matter % by mass, Max 0.30 0.02 0.005

2. pH (of 5% Solution), min 2.8 2.9 2.2
3. Heavy metals (as pb), parts per million, max - 4 10
4. Iron (as Fe), percent by mass, max 0.01 0.004 0.002
5. Chlorides - - to pass test
6. Arsenic (as As2O3) parts per million - 8 5
7. Ammonium Salts (as NH3), percent by mass, max - 0.025 0.025
8. Aluminium (as Al2O3), percent by mass 17 min 16.6 - 17.6 16.6 - 17.6
9. Sodium (as Na) percent by mass, max - - 0.05
10. Potassium (as K) percent by mass, max - - 0.01
Uses :
- Technical Grade (TECH) used as a mordant in the dyeing of textiles and as a

loading material for better grades of paper
- Pure Grade B used in pharmaceutical preparations and where pure grade of

the material is required , namely for clarifying oils and fats, preparation of
aluminium resonates and other pure aluminium salts
- Analytical reagent (AR) for use as a reagent in chemical analysis
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
OF ALUMINIUM SULPHATE
Trade Name: Aluminium Sulphate

Synonyms: Alum
Product Use: Sizing paper, lakes, dyeing mordant, foaming agent, fireproofing,
tanning, water proofing, fats clarifier, deodoriser, water
purification, precipitating agent.
Hazards Identification
NOT CLASSIFIED AS HAZARDOUS ACCORDING TO THE CRITERIA OF ASCC

NOT CLASSIFIED AS A DANGEROUS GOOD BY THE CRITERIA OF THE ADG
CODE
UN Number: None allocated

Hazchem Code: None Allocated
SUSDP Classification: None allocated.
Risk Phrases: Not Hazardous according to criteria of ASCC
Safety Phrases: Not Hazardous according to criteria of ASCC
Emergency Overview
Physical Description & colour: White/Off white granular solid

Odour: No odour
Major Health Hazards: No significant risk factors have been found for this
product if used in accordance with this MSDS.
Potential Health Effects
Ingestion: Ingestion of large amounts may result in serious injury. If swallowed

may lead to oral and gastrointestinal irritation and local tissue damage. Nausea,
vomiting, diarrhoea and gastrointestinal bleeding may follow.
Eye Contact: This product is irritating to the eyes. It will cause discomfort such
as stinging pain, watering and redness of the eyes. Effects may last after exposure
has ceased, and in severe exposure, long lasting or even permanent effects such
as corneal damage can occur
Skin: Dust may cause irritation to skin.
Inhalation: Inhalation of dust may cause irritation to the respiratory tract due to
sulphuric acid formed by moist tissues. Symptoms may include coughing and
shortness of breath.
Chronic Effects: Repeated or prolonged contact with dilute solutions may cause
skin irritation.
Carcinogen Status:
ASCC: No significant ingredient is classified as carcinogenic by ASCC

NTP: No significant ingredient is classified as carcinogenic by NTP.
IARC: No significant ingredient is classified as carcinogenic by IARC.
Composition/Information on Ingredients
Ingredients CAS No Conc.% TWA (mg/m3) STEL (mg/m3)

Aluminium Sulphate 10043-01-3 >95 not set not set
This is a commercial product whose exact ratio of components may vary slightly.
Minor quantities of other non hazardous ingredients are also possible.
The TWA exposure value is the average airborne concentration of a particular

substance when calculated over a normal 8 hour working day for a 5 day working
week. The STEL (Short Term Exposure Limit) is an exposure value that should not
be exceeded for more than 15 minutes and should not be repeated for more than 4
times per day. There should be at least 60 minutes between successive exposures
at the STEL. The term "peak "is used when the TWA limit, because of the rapid
action of the substance, should never be exceeded, even briefly
First Aid Measures
General Information:
You should call The Poisons Information Centre if you feel that you may have been
poisoned, burned or irritated by this product. The number is 13 1126 from
anywhere in Australia and is available at all times. Have this MSDS with you
when you call.
Ingestion: If swallowed, immediately rinse mouth out with water. Give copious
quantities of water to drink. Contact Poisons Information Centre or doctor
immediately. Do not induce vomiting.
Eye Contact: Hold eye open and flush gently with copious amounts of water for
15 minutes and seek medical attention.
Skin Contact: Remove contaminated clothing and wash skin thoroughly with
soap and water. Thoroughly wash contaminated clothing before re-use.
Inhalation: Remove victim to fresh air. Recovery is rapid after removal from
exposure. Seek medical attention if irritation persists or breathing difficulties arise
Advice to Doctor: Treat symptomatically
Fire Fighting Measures
Fire and Explosion Hazards: There is no risk of an explosion from this product
under normal circumstances if it is involved in a fire.
Fire decomposition (above 770oC) will result in toxic fumes of sulphur oxides
Extinguishing Media: Not Flammable. Use extinguishing media suited to

burning materials.
Fire Fighting: If a significant quantity of this product is involved in a fire, call the
fire brigade.
Flash point: Non Flammable

Upper Flammability Limit: Not applicable
Lower Flammability Limit: Not applicable
Auto ignition temperature: Not applicable - does not burn.
Flammability Class: Does not burn.
Hazchem Code: None Allocated
Accidental Release Measures
Spillage: Minor spills do not normally need any special cleanup measures. In the
event of a major spill, prevent spillage from entering drains or water courses. As a
minimum, wear overalls, goggles and gloves. Stop leak if safe to do so, and contain
spill. Sweep up and shovel or collect recovered product into labeled containers for
recycling or salvage, and dispose of promptly. After spills, wash area preventing
runoff from entering drains. If a significant quantity of material enters drains,
advise emergency services. Ensure legality of disposal by consulting regulations
prior to disposal. Thoroughly launder protective clothing before storage or re-use.
Advise laundry of nature of contamination when sending contaminated clothing to
laundry.
Handling and Storage
Handling: Before use carefully read the product label. Use of safe work practices
are recommended to avoid eye or skin contact and inhalation. Observe good
personal hygiene, including washing hands before eating. Prohibit eating, drinking
and smoking in contaminated areas.
Storage: Store in cool, dry area removed from foodstuffs, combustible materials,
herbicides and fungicides. Ensure containers are labeled, protected from physical
damage and sealed when not in use. Keep from extreme heat and open flames and
make sure that the product does not come into contact with substances listed
under "Materials to avoid"
Exposure Limits TWA (mg/m3) STEL (mg/m3) ADI (mg/Kg/day) NOEL

(mg/Kg/day)
Aluminium Sulphate not set not set not set not set
Exposure limits have not been set for other ingredients in product. The STEL
(Short Term Exposure Limit) is an exposure value that should not be exceeded for
more than 15 minutes and should not be repeated for more than 4 times per day.
There should be at least 60 minutes between successive exposures at the STEL.
The exposure value at the TWA is the average airborne concentration of a
particular substance when calculated over a normal 8 hour working day for a 5
day working week. A TWA has not been established by Work safe Australia for any
of the major ingredients in this product. There is a blanket limit of 10mg/m3 for
dusts or mists when limits have not otherwise been established. The nature of this
product makes it unlikely that this level will be approached in normal use. ADI
means Acceptable Daily Intake and NOEL means No-observable-effect-level.
Values taken from Australian ADI List, Dec 2003.
No special equipment is usually needed when occasionally handling small

quantities. The following instructions are for bulk handling or where regular
exposure in an occupational setting occurs without proper containment systems.
Ventilation: Avoid high dust concentration and provide local exhaust ventilation
where necessary.
Eye Protection: Eye protection such as protective glasses or goggles is

recommended when using this product.
Skin Protection: Wear gloves or gauntlets and long sleeves when using this
product to protect against skin irritation
Respirator: Use P2 type canister respirator where high concentrations of airborne

dust is present Provision of eye wash facilities and safety shower recommended.
Wash hands before eating, drinking, smoking or going to toilet, launder protective
clothing before re-use.
Physical and Chemical Properties:
Physical Description & colour: White to off white granular solid

Odour: No odour
Melting Point: No data
Decomposition Temperature: 770oC
Flash Point: Non-flammable
Vapour Pressure: N/A
Specific Gravity 2.71 at 20oC
Water Solubility: Soluble 470g/l (25oC)
pH (1% solution): 3.5
Auto ignition temp: Not applicable
Stability and Reactivity
Reactivity: This product is unlikely to react or decompose under normal storage

conditions.
Conditions to Avoid: Heat, flames.
Incompatibilities: Bases, oxidising agents, zinc, tin, aluminium and their alloys.
Fire Decomposition Products: Ammonia & sulphur trioxides
Polymerisation: This product is unlikely to undergo polymerisation processes.
Disposal Considerations
Disposal: There are many pieces of legislation covering waste disposal and they
differ in each state and territory, so each user must refer to laws operating in their
area. In some areas, certain wastes must be tracked. The Hierarchy of Controls
seems to be common - the user should investigate: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle
and only if all else fails should disposal be considered. Special help is available for
the disposal of Agricultural Chemicals. The product label will give general advice
regarding disposal of small quantities, and how to cleanse containers.
Transport Information
ADG Code: This product is not classified as a Dangerous Good. No special

transport conditions are necessary unless required by other regulations.
PLANT LAYOUT
Raw material
storage
1000 Sq.Mtr Production shed
4000 sq.mt.
Finished
Products
Storage
1000 Sq.Mtr
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Admn. Building
Xxxx GREEN PATCH xxxx 100 sq.mt.
Testing Lab xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
100 Sq.mtrs.
OUT Security
Toilet GATE Parking Guard Room
IN GATE
Total Land Area 12,000 Sq.mt.
COMPLETE PLANT SUPPLIERS OF FERRIC ALUM PLANT
Megatech International Private Limited

Contact Person :
Parveen Sharma (Managing Director)
Mr. Rajneesh Raghuyal
Address : G-1,1428, RIICO Industrial Area,
Phase V, Bhiwadi, Alwar (India) - 301019
Mobile : +(91) - 9772214144, +(91) - 9811019495
Phone : +(91) - (1493) – 512430
Gayatri Fertiplants International Pvt. Ltd

Contact Person : K. R. Sharma. (Managing Director)
Address :C – 15, Double Storey, Ramesh Nagar,
New Delhi – 110015 (INDIA)
Mobile No: +91 9772964748, +91 9352530222
Telefax : +91 11 25937061
E – mail : krsharma27@gmail.com, gayatri@fertilizerplants.in ,
krsharma27@yahoo.com
Website : http://www.fertilizerplants.in
TO GET REQUIRED CERTIFICATION & OTHER FORMALITES FOR
EXPORTING NON FERRIC ALUMINIUM SULPHATE
Basic Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Export

Promotion Council
Jhansi Castle,
7, Cooperage Road,
Mumbai-400039
Ph: 202-1288/1330, 202-6549/6684
ADDRESSES OF CONSULTANTS
DRA Chemicals Research & Developments Pvt.Ltd.

RM-12, Milap Nagar
Dombivli – 421203, Dist- Thane
Maharashtra
Ph: 0251-2456263
Fax: 0251-2456263
Email:rpbansal@rediffmail.com
Larson & Toubro Ltd.

L & T House, Ballard Estate
Mumbai-400001
Ph : (022)- 22685656
Fax: 022-22685656
Technimont ICB (P) Ltd,

Building No. 2, Plot No. 504
Chincholo Bunder Link Road,
Malad (W), Mumbai-400 064
Ph: 022-56945555, 56945500
Fax: 022-56945599
E-mail:info@teb.com
Uhde India Ltd.

Wide House
LBS Marg, Vikhroli
Mumbai-400 083
Ph: 022-55968000
Fax:022-25786187
Email:Ohdein@vsnl.com
ADDRESSES OF PILOT PLANT SUPPLIERS
Acmefil Engineering Systems (P) Ltd.

535, Phase-II,
GIDC Industrial Estate,
Vatva, Ahmedabad-382445
Ph: 079-25890722
Fax 079-25890722
Email:acmefel@icenet.net
Chemac Equipments (P) Ltd.

MJ B souza Compound
Saphed Pool, Saki Naka
Mumbai-400072
Ph: 022-285107777, 28592352
Fax: chemac@bom4. vsnl.net.in
Star Scientific Glass Cor.

C-14-A, Serdar Estate,
Ajwa Road, Vadodara-390019
Gujarat
Ph- 0265-2514417
Email:info@star scientific india.com
Xytel India (P) Ltd.

EL-31/14, J-Block
MIDC Industrial Estate,
Bhosari Pune-411026
Ph- 020-27126554, 27124548
Fax: (020)-27125048
Email:Xytel@vsnl.com
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIAL (INDIAN)
BAUXITE
Shree SiddhiVinayak Enterprise

Meet
Mr. Vasant Bhai Bhatt
No. 34/3, Madhav Residency,
Opposite Modi School, 150 Feet Ring Road
Rajkot - 360007, Gujarat, India
Mobile: +(91)-9427158929, +(91)-9427444514
Sree Bhagyalaxmi Coal and Minerals Trading Pvt. Ltd.

B. Laxminarayana (Managing Director)
Police Line, Opposite DCP Office,
New Tirumala Nagar, Amberpet
Hyderabad - 500013, Telangana, India
Mobile: +(91)-7095395721, +(91)-9441642929
Telephone: +(91)-(40)-27400900
Fax: +(91)-(40)-27400900
Ceramics International
S. Srikrishna (Chief Executive)
T1 & T2, Green Palace,
Bharathi Street, Subramania Nagar
Salem - 636 005, Tamil Nadu, India
Mobile: +(91)-9003923346
Telephone: +(91)-(427)-2334697
Fax: +(91)-(427)-2334696
Global Impex
Prashant Kumar
Call Us: 08046033163
No. 68, V.H.B. Colony, Chandan Nagar,
Medical Square, Nagpur - 440024
Maharashtra, India
Anico
Anil K. Dutt
Call Us: 08048400078
No. 502, 5th Floor, Samir Building,
kothi road, Vadodara - 390001
Gujarat, India
Shanker Agencies Private Limited

Mohan Tenja
Call Us: 08048429342
553, Main G.T. Road Shahdara
New Delhi - 110032, India
SULPHURIC ACID
Krunal Acid Agency

Krunal R. Patel [Manager]
(Mobile : +91-98987 28965)
Plot No. 3209, Phase-IV, G.I.D.C.
Vatva, Ahmedabad-382445. INDIA
Phone : +91-79-2584 0982 [O] ; 2584 1654 [F]
Email : info@krunalacid.com
Sai Chemicals
404, Atria, Street opp, Atithi Restaurant,
Judges Bungalow Road, Bodakdev,
Ahmedabad - 380 054
Tel : +91-79-65222201
Fax: +91-79-30178953
Email : info@saichemicals.com
Virgin Acids & Solvents

Plot No. 581, Sy. No. 167,
Phase-v, Extension Dhoolapally,
Road IDA Jeedimetla
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
Pin Code : 500055
Phone : +91-40-23092444
Fax : +91-40-23092444
Email: virginsolvents@gmail.com
Mobile: +91-9393436690
Web Site : www.virginacids.com
BIC Chemicals And Packagings Pvt Ltd's

Phone: 91-2525-278142
Mobile: 919930429234
Website: www.biccppl.com
Office Address:N-215, MIDC TARAPUR
boss: Mr. Shyamlal Laxminarayan Sharma
BARIUM SULPHIDE
Triveni Chemicals
No. 135, Pancharatna Char Rasta,
G. I. D. C. Vapi - 396195, Gujarat (India)
Telephone: +(91)-(260)-6618618
Fax : +(91)-(260)-6618624
Mobile No :+91 92277 88155
Call Us : +(91)-8447574103
Website: www.triveniinterchem.com
E-mail : response@trivenichemicals.com
Valour Impex
Rushi Singhania (Chairman)
No. 302, Rupa Plaza, 3rd Floor,
Jawahar Road, Near L. I. C. Office,
Ghatkopar East, Mumbai - 400077,
Maharashtra, India
Mobile: +(91)-9820947737, +(91)-9769551110
Telephone: +(91)-(22)-25011866, +(91)-(22)-25011862
Fax: +(91)-(22)-25010865
Sri Kailash Chemicals

Lakshmanan B. (Partner)
No. 3, 2nd Street, Ganapathy Colony,
Ekkattuthangal, Chennai - 600032,
Tamil Nadu, India
Mobile: +(91)-9381168311, +(91)-9444915827
Telephone: +(91)-(44)-43563021, +(91)-(44)-22251911
Fax: +(91)-(44)-22253099
Quality Barium Chemicals Private Limited

Sanjay Mittal
Call Us: 08049676586
E - 56, Indraprastha Industrial Area
Kota - 324005, Rajasthan, India
SS Chemicals
reddaias
Call Us: 08048422172
Plot No-101,102,113 & 114
MIP Kopparthi, Kadapa, Kadapa - 516004
Andhra Pradesh, India
Rahul Barium Chemicals Private Limited

Chandu Tamma
Mobile: 09849421233
Phone: 040-23160823
Plot No 14(Part), APIIC -Gollapuram,
Near Tumukunta Check Post, Hindupur,
Anantapur, Anantapur - 515211
Athiappa Chemicals Private Limited

Phone: 0413-2271351
Phone: 0413-2272288
A 52 to A 55, PIPDIC Industrial Estate
Mettupalayam - 605009, Tamil Nadu, India
Maharshi Barium Salts Private Limited

B. P. Reddy
Call Us: 08042959221
No. 6-8-973, 502, 1st floor,
NGO Colony, Tirupati - 517501
Indian Barytes & Chemicals Limited

Madan Kandula
Mobile: 09966177666
No.148, Vanguard House, 2nd Line Beach,
Parrys, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS (GLOBAL)
Zhejiang Friend Chemical Co.,Ltd

No.1111 Yashan West Road,Zhapu Town,
Jiaxing City,Zhejiang Province,China
Jiaxing city, Zhejiang province 314201
China
Tel: 13750795308
Fax: +86 573 89170303
Website: http://www.friend-chem.com
Contact: Daisy Cai, sales manager
Zhengzhou Grandchem Imp.&exp.co.,Ltd

Address : No.38,Nongye Road,Zhengzhou,
China, Zhengzhou, HENAN, China
Telephone : +86-37186097690
Mobile Phone : +86-37186097690
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT & MACHINERY
Praj Industries Limited,
"Praj Tower" 274 & 275/2,
Bhumkar Chowk-Hinjewadi Road,
Hinjewadi,
Pune : 411057, INDIA.
Phone : +91-20-71802000 / 22941000
Fax : +91-20-71802000 / 22941000
E-mail: info@praj.net
Linde Engineering India Pvt. Ltd.

'Linde House'
Opp. VUDA office
VIP Road Karelibaug
Vadodara 390018, Gujarat
India
Phone: +91.265.3056789
Fax: +91.265.2461757
Email: india@linde-le.com
Nuberg Engineering Ltd

Nuberg House
Noida (U.P.)
Mob. 9810566294, 9582107889
Ph: 91-120-2403102, 2403103
Regional Offices
Ashok Gaur
K-101/G, Sheikh Sarai, Phase II
New Delhi, 110017
India
Phone: +91.11.2925-0270
Fax: +91.11.2925-4649
Email: ashok.gaur@linde-le.com
Shibaditya Sen
Rupa Solitaire, Millenium Business Park,
Office No.1514, 15 Floor,
Mahape, Thane Belapur Road,
Navi Mumbai - 400 710
Phone: +91.22.6174 1200 (Ext.211)
Fax: +91.22.6174 1210
Mobile: +91 99099.31421
Email: shibaditya.sen@linde-le.com
REACTOR
Dipesh Engineering Works

Sej Plaza, 1-3, 3rd Floor, Junction Of S. V. Road
& Marve Road, Near Nutan High School, Malad West,
Mumbai, Maharashtra - 400 064, India
Phone: +(91)-(22)-40736736
Fax: +(91)-(22)-40736737
Website: www.jbpatelgroup.com/agitators.html
Jaya Industries,
No. 543, Jessore Road, Kolkata,
West Bengal - 700 028, India
Phone: +(91)-(33)-25513568 / 25600361
Website: www.jayaindustriesgroup.com/reactor.html
Nes India Engineers,

Sector No. 10, Plot No. 106, P. C. N. T. D. A.,
MIDC, Bhosari Near IMES Of India Press, Pune,
Maharashtra - 411 026, India
Phone: +(91)-(20)-65100608
Preferred Number: +(91)-8447524763
Website: www.nesindiaengineers.com/industrial-reactors.html
Air Care Equipments,
Dreams Aakruti, C - 102, Plot No. 1, S. R.
No. 52, Kalepadad, Near Dhere Concrete Company,
Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra - 411 028, India
Website: www.aircareequipments.com/chemical-reactors.html
Ahlada Industries Private Limited

Sy.67, Bahadurpally, Qutbullapur Mandal,
Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad,
Andhra Pradesh - 500043, India
Phone: +(91)-(40)-23094301 / 23194302 / 23094300
Fax: +(91)-(40)-23094300
Website: www.ahladaindustries.net/jacketed-reactors.html
Kwality Process Equipments Private Limited

Plot No. 198, Sector - 1, Vasai Taluka,
I. E. Gauraipada, Thane,
Phone: +(91)-(250)-6417968 / 2453438
Website: www.kwalityengineeringcorporation.com/jacket-type-reactor-vessel.html
D.M. Engg. Co
Unit No. 4, Building No. 5 - A,
Rajprabha Mohan Industrial Estate,
Off W. E. Highway, Naikpada, Vasai,
Phone: +(91)-(250)-3217484
Fax: +(91)-(250)-2456877 / 28803259
Website: www.frpaquatech.com/chemical-process-equipment.html
Excel Plants & Equipment Pvt Ltd
Gat No. 611, Mouje Kuruli, Chakan M. I. D. C.,
Tal- Khed, Pune, Maharashtra - 410 501, India
Phone: +(91)-(2135)-679717 / 679704 / 679705 / 679701
Fax: +(91)-(2135)-679706
Website: www.excelplants.com/chemical-plants-equipments.html
Raymer Engineering
No. 20, Thakkar Industrial Estate, 3rd- Floor,
Unit No. 7, Chapsi Bhimji Road, Mazgaon,
Phone: +(91)-(22)-23774333
Fax: +(91)-(22)-23729904
Website: www.raymerengineering.com/ball-mill.html
PM Industries,
Gate No. 53, Chikhali - Dehugaon Road,
A. P. Talawade, Pune, Maharashtra - 412 114, India
Phone: +(91)-(20)-27690777 / 27690888
Fax: +(91)-(20)-27690777
Website: www.pmindustriesindia.com/plough-shear-mixer.html
YSM Biotech International

B- 96, Ground Floor, Part-2, Asoka Enclave,
Sector- 37, Faridabad, Haryana - 121 003, India
Phone: +(91)-(129)-4175203
Fax: +(91)-(129)-4175203
Website: www.ysmbiotech.com/pharma-processing-plant.html
Pratham Engineering
A - 04, Bharat Compound, Opposite Dhodiya
Petrol Off W. E. Highway, Kashimira,
Mira Road East, Thane,
Phone: +(91)-(22)-28457360
Fax: +(91)-(22)-28457360
Website: www.paintindustrymachines.com/contra-chem-fab.html
V. Venuvinod, Partner
A M POWER EQUIPMENT
Ashok Chambers, 4-6,
S D Road, Secunderabad-500004,
Andhra Pradesh
Phone: +91 40 27892919, 27893818
Email: skmk_10873@yahoo.com
Mr. A. E. Lalu
AFFAN ENGINEERS
D-222/31, T.T.C. Ind. Area,
MIDC, Shirwane, Navi Mumbai-400706,
Maharashtra
Phone: 022-27631182/26125388
EVAPORATORS
Mr. Harmeet Singh (Dir)

Airfrige Industries
10/65, Kirti Nagar Indl. Area
New Delhi-110015
Phone:011-25931909, 25931972, 25927219
Email: airfrige@vsnl.com;afi@del3.vsnl.net.in
S. Muthaiah, Executive Personal Officers
Anmas Ahlstrom Ltd
304 - 305, Iv Floor,
Guna Buildging, Anna Salai, Teynampet
Chennai-600018, Tamil Nadu
Phone: +91 44 24338050, 24338051
Email: eal@md2.vsnl.net.in
Shachi Engineering Private Limited

Gat No. 271, A/Po Bhare,
Tal. Pirangut, Dist., Pune,
Phone: +(91)-(20)-66546900
Mobile: +(91)-9822019088 / 9689944881
Website: www.shachiindia.com/industrial-evaporators.html
S. S. Gas Lab Asia Pvt. Ltd

No. A-6/3, Jhilmil Industrial Area,
G. T. Road, Delhi - 110 095, India
Phone: +(91)-(11)-22583963 / 22583247 / 22134816
Fax: +(91)-(11)-22592770 / 22134814
Mobile: +(91)-9811044011
Website: www.hydrogengasplants.com/evaporators-vaporizers.html
Fenix Process Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

K - 6 / 1, Malini, Near Mangeshkar Hospital,
Erandwane Cooperative Housing Society,
Pune, Maharashtra - 411 004, India
Phone: +(91)-(20)-65008772 / 65008773
Fax: +(91)-(20)-25458454
Mobile: +(91)-9970063744 / 9860723222
Website: www.chemicalprocessingplant.com/evaporator-system.html
Shamboo Scientific Glass Works
No. 9, Pooja Vihar, Near Industrial Area,
Ambala Cantt, Ambala, Haryana - 133 006, India
Phone: +(91)-(171)-2699441
Fax: +(91)-(171)-4005910 / 2699441
Mobile: +(91)-9215540769 / 7206040769
Website: www.ssgwlab.com/laboratory-equipment.html
Advanced Drying Systems

5-B, Madhu Kunj, Vinod Baug,
Upashana Lane, Off. Juhu Lane, Andheri West,
Phone: +(91)-(22)-26202463
Fax: +(91)-(22)-26202437
Mobile: +(91)-9820000907
Website: www.advanceddrying.com/falling-film-evaporator.html
S. S. Gas Lab Asia Private Limited,

G. T. Road, Delhi - 110 095, India
Phone: +(91)-(11)-22583963 / 22583247 / 22134816
Fax: +(91)-(11)-22592770 / 22134814
Website: www.co2gasplants.com/fumigation.html
Food And Biotech Engineers India Private Limited

Chaprola Road, Prithla,
Tehsil- Palwal, District - Faridabad,
Haryana - 121 102, India
Phone: +(91)-(1275)-262157 / 262158
Fax: +(91)-(1275)-262259
Mobile: +(91)-9312069945
Website: www.dairyfoodtech.com/evaporators.html
S. S. Gas Lab Asia Pvt. Ltd.
G. T. Road, Delhi, Delhi - 110 095, India
Phone: +(91)-(11)-22583963 / 22583247 / 22134816
Mobile: +(91)-9811213893
Website: www.liquidgasplants.com/evaporators-vaporizers.html
SSP Pvt Limited

13 Mile Stone, Mathura Road,
Faridabad, Haryana - 121 003, India
Phone: +(91)-(129)-4183700 / 4183799
Mobile: +(91)-9350049747
Website: www.sspindia.com/industrial-evaporators.html
Innovative Engineers
S. No. 821 / 2, Charholi B. K.,
Behind Maharashtra Ware Housing Corporation,
Nasik Road, T. A. L. Haveli, Pune, Maharashtra - 411 038, India
Phone: +(91)-(20)-20280144 / 25388341
Mobile: +(91)-9860179168 / 9011537142
Website: www.innovativeindustries.net/falling-film-evoporators.html
New Era Dairy Engineers (I) Pvt Ltd.

B-68, Sector-64, Noida,
Uttar Pradesh - 211 001, India
Phone: +(91)-(120)-4549160 / 4549161
Mobile: +(91)-9810396782
Sanjivani Phythopharma Pvt. Ltd

C-209, Belapur Railway Station Complex,
C.B.D Belapur, Navi Mumbai,
Phone: +(91)-(22)-27563816
Fax: +(91)-(22)-27574535
Mobile: +(91)-9323409461
Website: www.sanjivaniphytopharma.com
Chemie Prozessors,
No. 10-11, Ajay Society,
Gotri Road, Near T. B. Hospital,
Vadodara, Gujarat - 390 021, India
Phone: +(91)-(265)-2398340
Mobile: +(91)-9898077236
Nes India Engineers,

Sect No. 10, Plot No. 106, PCNTDA,
Bhosari, Pune, Maharashtra - 411 026, India
Phone: +(91)-(20)-65100608
Mobile: +(91)-9860753071 / 8805985241
Website: www.nesindiaengineers.com/
Excel Plants & Equipment Pvt Ltd

Gate No. 611, Mouje Kuruli,
Chakan M. I. D. C., Tal- Khed, Pune,
Phone: +(91)-(2135)-679717 / 32334808 / 679704
Mobile: +(91)-9822094773 / 8149223600
Website: www.excelplants.com/industrial-equipment.html
Enviro Solutions & Services

10/2, Fifth Cross Extension, Bharathi Nagar,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu - 641 006, India
Phone: +(91)-(422)-6556501
Mobile: +(91)-9843030427
Excel Plants & Equipment Private Limited

Gate No. 611, Mouje Kuruli,
Chakan M. I. D. C., Tal- Khed, Pune,
Phone: +(91)-(2135)-679704 / 679711 / 679717
Mobile: +(91)-9960994160
Website: www.excelspraydryers.com/centrifuge-machine.html
Crystal Engineers
No. 207, Indulal Complex,
L.B. Shastri Road, Navi Peth, Pune,
Phone: +(91)-(20)-24530532 / 24530554
Mobile: +(91)-9822009549

"Gat No. 271, A/Po Bhare,
Tal. Pirangut, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Phone: +(91)-(20)-66546900 / 31026954
Mobile: +(91)-9822019088 / 9689944881
Padmavati Fabrications
No. C-1, 6028, Phase-IV, G. I. D.C.,
Vapi, Gujarat - 396 195, India
Phone: +(91)-(260)-2452304
Mobile: +(91)-9227803237
Comp Engineering And Exports

3025/8, Shreenidhi Chambers,
Senapati Bapat Road, Pune,
Phone: +(91)-(20)-25658205 / 25658206
Mobile: +(91)-9823028337 / 9422004125
Website: www.compevaporators.com/falling-film-evaporators.html
Shri Sai Technic

No. 396, Bhavani Niwas,
Ram Mandir Road, Khar West Khar Danda,
Opp Vastav Tea Stall , Khar West, Mumbai,
Phone: +(91)-(22)-26054323 / 26055129
Mobile: +(91)-9819068939
P Square Technologies
D- 304, Ganesh Nabhangan,
Raiker Nagar, Dhairee, Pune,
Phone: +(91)-(20)-24305381
Mobile: +(91)-9970173967
Website: www.psquaretech.in/drying-system.html
Triveni Engineering
Plot No. 62, Yamuna Estate,
GIDC, Phase- II, Vatva, Ahmedabad,
Gujarat - 382 445, India
Phone: +(91)-(79)-25830411
Fax: +(91)-(79)-25830411
Mobile: +(91)-9825095243 / 9879476859
GRADING SCREEN/ VIBRATING SCREEN
International Wirenetting Industries

V. S. Jain
1, Marudhar Industrial Estate,
Tembhode-Satpati Road , Village Aliyali,
Palghar, Mumbai - 401404, Maharashtra, India
Mobile: +(91)-9324278215, +(91)-9321134002
Telephone: +(91)-(22)-23464884, +(91)-(22)-23464885
Fax: +(91)-(2525)-251188
Head Office ::
Contact Person : Mr. KVM Bhat

Address : Plot No. 690, Udyamag Industrial Area
Belgaum -590 006, Karnataka, (India)
Call Us : +(91)-8447496367
Email : durgametal@gmail.com, durgametal@rediffmail.com
Tel : +(91)-(831)-2440107/4202526/4202527/4202529
Mob :+(91)-9611165669
Fax : +(91)-(831)-2431976/2440107
Branch Office ::
Address : Plot No. 690, Udyamag Industrial Area,

Belgaum - 590 006, Karnataka, (India)
Email : durgametal@rediffmail.com
Tel : +(91)-(831)-2440107 / 4202526 / 4202527 / 4202529
Mob : +(91)-9611165669
Fax : +(91)-(831)-2431976 / 2440107
Amsons Industries
Radhanpuri (Owner)
Near Railway Line, Old Khallakpura, Dholka
Ahmedabad - 387810, Gujarat, India
Mobile: +(91)-9825303601, +(91)-9173472747
Telephone: +(91)-(2714)-221265
K. V. Metal Works
Krishna Verma (Proprietor)
No. 137 - A, Adarsh Mechanic Nagar, Bhamori
Indore - 452001, Madhya Pradesh, India
Mobile: +(91)-9302106108
Telephone: +(91)-(731)-2559245
Fax: +(91)-(731)-2559245
Kiran Wirenetting Stores

Krishna Dudhoria / Mr. Vikas Jain
No. 113A, N. S. Road, Ground Floor
Kolkata - 700001, West Bengal, India
Mobile: +(91)-9830547721, +(91)-9903702019
Telephone: +(91)-(33)-22707331
COOLING TOWERS
Sant Engineering Industries

No. 580, Main Faiz Road, Street No.17,
Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005, Delhi, India
Mobile: +(91)-9868107361, +(91)-9717263888
Telephone: +(91)-(11)-23521090, +(91)-(11)-23679498
Email: charanjeevmalhotra@gmail.com
EPP Composites Pvt. Ltd.

Plot No. 2646, Kranti Gate Main Road, GIDC,
Lodhika Industrial Estate, Kalawad Road,
Metoda, Rajkot - 360021, Gujarat, India
Mobile: +(91)-9099072581, +(91)-9099072505
Telephone: +(91)-(2827)-287060, +(91)-(2827)-287059, +(91)-(2827)-287061
Fax: +(91)-(2827)-287063
Email: businessdevelopment@epp.co.in, marketing@epp.co.in
Ram Tech
3/914, Kundrathur Road, Madanandapuram, Porur
Chennai - 600125, Tamil Nadu, India
Mobile: +(91)-9841187346, +(91)-9551695172, +(91)-9176687346
Telephone: +(91)-(44)-65417494, +(91)-(44)-24826319
Fax: +(91)-(44)-24826319
Email: ramtech05@yahoo.co.in, info@ramtech.org, sai@ramtech.org,
enquiry@ramtech.org
Dakle Industrial Plastics

713, 40 Shed Area
Vapi - 396195, Gujarat, India
Mobile: +(91)-9898574796, +(91)-9377550067
Telephone: +(91)-(260)-2431646
Fax: +(91)-(260)-2432359
Patel Engineering Associates
No 4, Kailash Complex, Near Galaxy Cinema,
N.H. 8, Naroda, Ahmedabad - 382330, Gujarat, India
Mobile: +(91)-9825282185, +(91)-9825500444
Telephone: +(91)-(79)-22840605
Precision Cooling System

No. 2 - B, Maduvankarai, 1st Street,
Off M. K. N. Road, Alandur,
Chennai - 600016, Tamil Nadu, India
Mobile: +(91)-9444254152, +(91)-9840037621
Telephone: +(91)-(44)-22343185, +(91)-(44)-22311587
Fax: +(91)-(44)-22311587
Email: precol@vsnl.net, coralequip@vsnl.net
Coron Cooling Towers Private Limited

W-50, Sector-11, Noida - 201301,
Uttar Pradesh, India
Mobile: +(91)-9810899089
Telephone: +(91)-(120)-4590000
Fax: +(91)-(120)-4335001
Worldtech Group Of Companies

No. 428, AB Road, Opposite United Petrol Pump,
Rau Indore - 452010, Madhya Pradesh, India
Mobile: +(91)-8889711182, +(91)-8889711180, +(91)-9754034449
Telephone: +(91)-(731)-3291180
K. G. Corporation
Address : No. 306, Sarita, Jain Temple,
St. Xavier's College Road Off C. G. Road,
Navarangpura - Ahmedabad - 380 009, Gujarat, India
Mobile : +(91)-9824250640
Email : kgccorporation@yahoo.co.in
info@trulyengineered.com
bhadreshnagori@gmail.com
Telefax : +(91)-(79)-26564875/26441292
BOILERS
Saz Boilers
Plot No. 44, Swami Vivekanand Indl. Estate,
Sasane Nagar, Hadapsar, Pune - 411028,
Maharashtra, INDIA
Tel. No. : + 91-20-26970840,
Telefax : + 91-20-26970420
Mobile : + 91 - 98220 36995
Email: response@sazboilers.com, sales@sazboilers.com
Visit Also: www.sazboilers.com, www.sazboilers.in
www.steamboilersindia.com, www.thermalfluidheaters.net
www.sazboilers.co.in, www.hotwater-generators.com
Balkrishna Boilers Pvt. Ltd.

Mr. Manish Patel +919825024450
Mr. Paresh Patel +919898011090
Plot No. 78/8, GIDC Vatva,
Opp. Abad Bread, Ahmedabad-382445,
Gujarat, India.
Ph:(O) +91- 079 - 25894701, +91- 079 - 25894702
E-mail: info@balkrishn.com, balboilers@yahoo.co.in
Web: www.balkrishn.com
Kumar Metal Industries Private Limited

101, Kakad Bhavan, 30th Road,
Opp. Gaiety Galaxy Cinema,
Bandra (West), Thane, Maharashtra - 400 050, India
Phone: +(91)-(22)-26441667 / 26441664 / 26441663 / 26427982
Website: www.solvent-extraction-plant.com/oil-mill-category.html
Real Boilers Pvt. Ltd.

No. 906, Span Trade Center,
Opposite Kochrab Ashram,
Near Paldi Cross Road, Paldi,
Ahmedabad, Gujarat - 380006, India
Phone: +(91)-(79)-26577222
Mohit International
No. 176/3, Street No. 1, Kailash Nagar,
Backside Mohan Dai Oswal Cancer Hospital,
Sherpur Road, Ludhiana, Punjab - 141 010, India
Phone: +(91)-(161)-2673300
Fax: +(91)-(161)-2673300
Website: www.expellermachine.com/oil-mill-boiler.html
Piyush Steel Pvt. Ltd.

No. 54, Bhandari Street, 1st Kumbharwada,
Mumbai, Maharashtra - 400004, India
Phone: +(91)-(22)-23867540 / 67437649 / 67437267
Fax: +(91)-(22)-23898587
Website: www.stainlesssteelfittingsindia.net/boiler-tube.html
PSA Nitrogen Ltd.

No. D-9/6, Okhla Industrial Area,
Phase-I, New Delhi, - 110 020, India
Phone: +(91)-(11)-30884060 / 65959790 / 26815336 / 26815337
Fax: +(91)-(11)-26815337
Website: www.psanitrogen.net/
Isotex Corporation Pvt Ltd

1st Floor, Sambhaav House,
Ahmedabad, Gujarat - 380054, India
Phone: +(91)-(79)-26871911 / 26871912 / 22804249
Website: www.isotexindia.com/industrial-boilers.html
Popular Science Apparatus Workshops Pvt. Ltd.

3724, Opposite Kali Bari Mandir,
Ambala Cantt, Ambala, Haryana - 133 001, India
Phone: +(91)-(171)-2600082 / 4006082
Fax: +(91)-(171)-2641462 / 4004082
Website: www.popularscientific.com/physics-lab-equipment.html
Prime Thermals Private Limited
P - 214, C. I. T. Road, Kolkata,
West Bengal - 700 010, India
Phone: +(91)-(33)-23708506 / 23536029
Fax: +(91)-(33)-23731718
Website: www.primethermals.net/agro-wastefired-boiler.html
Shambhavi Impex
No. 108, Neco Chamber, 1st Floor, Plot No. 48,
Sector -11, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai,
Maharashtra - 400614, India
Phone: +(91)-(22)-27561320
Fax: +(91)-(22)-40125630
Website: www.shambhaviimpex.com/educational-laboratory-equipment.html
H. L. Scientific Industries
No. 175/10, Bank Road, Opposite Power House,
Mohan Lal Building, 1st Floor, Ambala,
Haryana - 133 001, India
Phone: +(91)-(171)-2643035 / 4009035 / 2631642
Fax: +(91)-(171)-2643035 / 2631642
Website: www.hlscientific.in/physics-research-instruments.html
CRUSHER
R. D. Mining Equipments Pvt Ltd

A - 18 / 1, M. I. D. C. Industrial Area,
Ambad, Nashik, Maharashtra - 422 010, India
Phone: +(91)-(253)-6619944 / 2387799
Fax: +(91)-(253)-6607591
Mobile: +(91)-9028008433
Asian Engineers
No. 78 / 1 - W, G. I. D. C., Makrpura,
Vadodara, Gujarat - 390 010, India
Phone: +(91)-(265)-2658927
Mobile: +(91)-9227106509
Rajco Scientific And Engineering Products

36/1, Ground Floor, Ashok Nagar,
Delhi - 110 018, India
Phone: +(91)-(11)-25130328 / 25595857 / 25529384
Fax: +(91)-(11)-25130329 / 25529384
Mobile: +(91)-9810293322
Website: www.rajcoscientific.com/material-testing-equipment.html
Acquavir International
15, Parijat Bldg, Sunder Lane,
B J Marg, Byculla West, Mumbai,
Phone: +(91)-(22)-23011914
Fax: +(91)-(22)-23011915
Mobile: +(91)-9869107335
Website: www.acquavirinternational.com/
MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
Future Equipment's
D - 11/3, 1st Floor, Shreeji Estate Sutar Karkhana,
Opp. BSNL Telephone Exchange, Naroda
Ahmedabad - 382330, Gujarat, India
Mobile: +(91)-9687405856, +(91)-9727773696
Telephone: +(91)-(79)-22823159
Fax: +(91)-(79)-22823159, +(91)-(79)-22823158
Email: info@futuremhe.com, ashok@futuremhe.com
Technovision Engineers Private Limited

Gate No. 1559-1560, Dehu Alandi Road,
Shelarvasti, Chikali, Pune, Maharashtra - 412 114, India
Telephone: +(91)-(20)-66346500/ 66346502
Mobile: +(91)-9325096610
Fax: +(91)-(20)-66346555
Email:uday.kalyankar@technovisionengrs.com
Website: www.technovisionengineers.net
Megatech International Private Limited

Address: G-1,1428, RIICO Industrial Area,
Phase V, Bhiwadi, Alwar,
Rajasthan - 301 019, (India)
Tel : +(91)-(1493)-512430/226000
Mobile : +(91)-9772214144/9314080017
Email : mipl2003@gmail.com
Hitech Bulk Handling System Pvt. Limited

Address : J3/191, 2nd Floor, Rajouri Garden
New Delhi - 110 027, Delhi (India)
Phone : +(91)-(11)-25432334
Fax : +(91)-(11)-41448266
Mobile : +(91)-9711988875 / 9711988876
E-mail : hitech_enterprises@yahoo.com
hitech@hitechenterprises.net
LABORATORY TESTING EQUIPMENTS
Kamal Metal Industries

Mr. Mahesh Shah (Director)
No. 3, Subhash Industrial Estate,
Ramol Road, C.T.M., Ahmedabad - 380026,
Gujarat, India
Mobile: +(91)-7925855880
Telephone: +(91)-(79)-25855880, +(91)-(79)-25255881, +(91)-(79)-25855919
Fax: +(91)-(79)-25855921
Vmag NDT Automation Systems Pvt Ltd

Mr. Venkat Chintham (Managing Director)
1047, Udyog Nagar Industrial Area,
Handewadi Road, Near Ganga Village Apartments,
Handaspar, Pune - 411028, Maharashtra, India
Mobile: +(91)-9665097004
Telephone: +(91)-(20)-26970310
Sarvasv Machinery & Equipments Private Limited

Mr. Varun Kapoor (Director)
B- 200, Okhla, Phase 1
Delhi - 110020, India
Mobile: +(91)-9871163831, +(91)-9810063630, +(91)-9810633630
Telephone: +(91)-(11)-66401582, +(91)-(11)-66401583
Fax: +(91)-(11)-66401584
Corporate Resource Group

No. 2, Ground Floor, Keshav Apartment,
Conductor Colony, Burari
New Delhi - 110084, India
Mobile: +(91)-9810084725
Telephone: +(91)-(11)-27619228
Email: bijujosephhello123@yahoo.com
info@crgroupequipments.com
ETS Intarlaken Technologies
5th Floor, No. 117 BT Road,
Kolkata - 700 108, India
Phone: +(91)-(33)-25770637 / 25772260
Fax: +(91)-(33)-25772260 / 25770637
Mobile: +(91)-8100224488
Website: www.ets-test-equipments.com/
B. K. Chemicals
B - 2, Shrushti Apartment, 1st Floor,
Near Century Enka, Colony No. 2,
Pune - Nasik Highway, Bhosari, Pune - 411 039, India
Fax: +(91)-(20)-27111941
Mobile: +(91)-9371020040 / 9881418345
Website: www.bkchemicals.in/

Gat No. 271, A/Po Bhare,
Tal. Pirangut, Dist., Pune - 411 001, India
Phone: +(91)-(20)-66546900
Mobile: +(91)-9822019088 / 9689944881
Website: www.shachiindia.com/
M/s. Contech Instruments Limited

301, Punit Indl. Premises,
Turbhe, Navi Mumbai - 400 705, India
Phone: +(91)-(22)-27611176 / 27611177 / 27611180
Fax: +(91)-(22)-27618421
Mobile: +(91)-9323995730 / 9821325817
Website: www.contechbalance.com/
Associate Agencies
No. 1- GF, Jila Panchayat Building,
Lal Darwaja, Ahmedabad - 380 001, India
Phone: +(91)-(79)-25507814
Fax: +(91)-(79)-25510550
Mobile: +(91)-9825049653
Website: www.surveyinginstrument.in/fabric-testing-tester.html
Woven Fabric Company

No. 19, Hindustan Kohinoor Industrial Complex,
L. B. S. Marg, Vikhroli West, Mumbai - 400 083, India
Phone: +(91)-(22)-25770813 / 25770812 / 25770814
Fax: +(91)-(22)-25786839
Mobile: +(91)-9967981505
Website: www.wovenfabriccompany.net/
Ravi Kiran Industries

No. 213, Mittal Estate, No. 2, Marol Naka,
Andheri East, Mumbai - 400 059, India
Phone: +(91)-(22)-28506569 / 28597856
Fax: +(91)-(22)-28506135
Mobile: +(91)-9820478893
Website: www.pharmamachinerymanufacturers.com/
Labtop Instruments Private Limited

Labtop House, Plot No. 59, Opposite Amarson,
Near IPOL,Walive Phata, Sativali,
Vasai (E), Dist., Mumbai - 401 208, India
Phone: +(91)-(250)-6457376 / 6457377 / 6457379
Fax: +(91)-(250)-2481431 / 2481428 / 6454661 / 6516378 / 6525838
Mobile: +(91)-9323733519
Website: www.labtopindia.com/laboratory-incubator.html
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERIES (IMPORTED)
Lcec Beton Rouge , 1A

P.O. Box 65064
7911 Wrenwood Blud,
Suite A
Baton Rouge 1A 70896
PH: (225) 92 3-3602
FERRIC ALUM [EIRI/EDPR/2002] J.C. 904
J.C. 904 Page A- 1
PLANT ECONOMICS
Rated Plant capacity = 50.00 TON/day

= 15000.00 TON/annum
FERRIC ALUM
Basis
No. of working days = 25 days/month

= 300 days/annum
No. of shifts = 1 per day
One shift = 8 hours
Currency - Rs.
J.C. 904 Page A- 2
LAND & BUILDING
1. Land Area Reqd. 12,000 sq.mt.

@ Rs. 3000/- sq.mtrs. Rs. 3,60,00,000.00
2. Production area 4000 sq.mtrs.

@ Rs. 10,000/-sq.mtrs. Rs. 4,00,00,000.00
3. Raw material storage 1000 sq.mtrs.

@ Rs. 10,000/-sq.mtrs. Rs. 1,00,00,000.00
4. Finished Product storage 1000 sq.mt

@ Rs. 10,000/-sq.mtrs. Rs. 1,00,00,000.00
5. Testing Lab 100 sq.mtrs.

@ Rs. 10,000/-sq.mtrs. Rs. 10,00,000.00
6. Administrative Expenses 100 sq.mtrs

@ Rs. 10,000/-sq.mtrs. Rs. 10,00,000.00
7. Misc. Boundary wall, Gate etc. Rs. 30,00,000.00
------------------------
TOTAL Rs. 10,10,00,000.00
------------------------
J.C. 904 Page A- 3
PLANT & MACHINERY
1. Jaw Crusher with Manganese steel

Balls with 7.5 H.P. motor and
other accessories Cap:3.5 Ton/hr 1 No. Rs. 12,00,000.00
2. Pulverizer Cap:3.5 Ton/hr 1 No. Rs. 14,00,000.00
3. Reactor (Epoxy lined) with

agitator and motor alongwith steam
coil and discharge valve Cap:15 MT 2 No. Rs. 70,00,000.00
4. Settling Tank (M.S.) conical

Bottom with discharge valve and
other fitting Cap:15 MT 2 No. Rs. 50,00,000.00
5. Sulphuric Acid storage Tank (M.S.)

Epoxylined Rs. 30,00,000.00
6. Evaporator for concentration

(open pan) 1 No. Rs. 50,00,000.00
7. Vibratory Screen with conveyor

system Rs. 12,00,000.00
8. Cooling Chamber with all

accessories 1 No. Rs. 18,00,000.00
9. Granulator suitable to make

2-4 mm granuler 1 No. Rs. 22,00,000.00
10. Flaker 1 No. Rs. 15,00,000.00
11. Laboratory Equipment Rs. 12,00,000.00
12. Material Handling Equipment Rs. 22,00,000.00
13. Instrument & Process Control Rs. 15,00,000.00
14. Packaging Machine 1 No. Rs. 25,00,000.00
15. Boiler 2 Ton/hr (LDO Based) Rs. 35,00,000.00
16. Misc. pipes & pipe fitting Tools,

valves, Motors spares etc. Rs. 15,00,000.00
------------------------
TOTAL Rs. 4,17,00,000.00
------------------------
J.C. 904 Page A- 4
OTHER FIXED ASSETS
1. Office equipment, furniture plus

other equipment & accessories Rs. 11,00,000.00
2. Erection, Installation &

Electrification Rs. 30,00,000.00
3. Preoperative & Preliminary

Expenses Rs. 5,00,000.00
4. Consultancy & Technical Know how Rs. 3,00,000.00
5. Miscellaneous Rs. 1,00,000.00
------------------------
TOTAL Rs. 50,00,000.00
------------------------
J.C. 904 Page A- 5
FIXED CAPITAL
1. LAND & BUILDING Rs. 10,10,00,000.00
2. PLANT & MACHINERY Rs. 4,17,00,000.00
3. OTHER FIXED ASSETS Rs. 50,00,000.00
------------------------
TOTAL Rs. 14,77,00,000.00
------------------------
J.C. 904 Page A- 6
WORKING CAPITAL REQUIREMENT/MONTH
RAW MATERIALS
1. Bauxite (50% Al2O3) 430 MT

@ Rs. 1650/-Ton Rs. 7,09,500.00
2. Sulfuric Acid (98%) 630 MT

@ Rs. 5500/-Ton Rs. 34,65,000.00
3. Flake glue 4 MT
@ Rs. 22,000/-Ton Rs. 88,000.00
4. Barium Sulphide (70% B.S) 114 MT.

@ Rs. 15000/-Ton Rs. 17,10,000.00
5. Packaging Material (HDPE Woven

Sacks) Cap: 50 Kgs 25,000 Nos
@ Rs. 20/-each Rs. 5,00,000.00
6. Laboratory Chemicals & Misc.

Consumable Rs. 4,00,000.00
------------------------
TOTAL Rs. 68,72,500.00
------------------------
J.C. 904 Page A- 7
SALARY & WAGES / MONTH
1. Manager Cum Technologist 1 No. Rs. 80,000.00
2. Supervisor 2 No. Rs. 40,000.00
3. Chemist 2 No. Rs. 60,000.00
4. Engineers 9 No. Rs. 3,60,000.00
5. Skilled Workers 20 No. Rs. 2,40,000.00
6. Unskilled Workers 15 No. Rs. 1,50,000.00
7. Marketing Personnels 3 No. Rs. 90,000.00
8. Accountants 2 No. Rs. 40,000.00
9. Clerk/Computer Operators 3 No. Rs. 45,000.00
10. Pen/Security Guards 6 No. Rs. 60,000.00
------------------------
TOTAL Rs. 11,65,000.00
------------------------
Plus perks @ 33% p.a.

Rs. 3,84,450.00
------------------------
TOTAL Rs. 15,49,450.00
------------------------
J.C. 904 Page A- 8
UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
1. Power Consumption of 100000

Kwatt hrs @ Rs. 8.00 per Kwatt hr. Rs. 8,00,000.00
2. Water Consumption of 2000

KLs @ Rs. 5.00 per KL Rs. 10,000.00
5. Repair & Maintenance Rs. 1,50,000.00
6. Conveyance & Transportation Rs. 1,60,000.00
7. Advertisement & Publicity Rs. 3,00,000.00
8. Administrative Expenses Rs. 2,00,000.00
9. Fuel for Boiler 15,000 ltr

@ Rs. 60/-Ltrs. Rs. 9,00,000.00
------------------------
TOTAL Rs. 25,20,000.00
------------------------
Total load is 550 Kwatts
J.C. 904 Page A- 9
TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL/MONTH
1. RAW MATERIAL Rs. 68,72,500.00
2. SALARY & WAGES Rs. 15,49,450.00
3. UTILITIES & OVERHEADS Rs. 25,20,000.00
------------------------
TOTAL Rs. 1,09,41,950.00
------------------------
1. WORKING CAPITAL FOR 3 MONTHS Rs. 3,28,25,850.00
2. MARGIN MONEY FOR W/C LOAN Rs. 82,06,462.50
COST OF PROJECT
TOTAL FIXED CAPITAL Rs. 14,77,00,000.00
MARGIN MONEY
Rs. 82,06,462.50
------------------------
TOTAL Rs. 15,59,06,462.50
------------------------
J.C. 904 Page A- 10
TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
TOTAL FIXED CAPITAL Rs.14,77,00,000.00
TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL FOR 3 MONTHS

Rs. 3,28,25,850.00
------------------------
TOTAL Rs.18,05,25,850.00
------------------------
J.C. 904 Page A- 11
COST OF PRODUCTION/ANNUM
1. Working Capital for 1 year Rs.13,13,03,400.00
2. Interest @ 13.50% on T.C.I Rs. 2,43,70,989.75
3. Depreciation @ 10.00% on buildings Rs. 65,00,000.00
4. Depreciation @ 20.00% on Plant

and Machinery Rs. 83,40,000.00
5. Depreciation @ 20.00% on office

equipment & furnitures Rs. 2,20,000.00
------------------------
TOTAL Rs.17,07,34,389.75
------------------------
J.C. 904 Page A- 12
TURN OVER/ANNUM
1. By sale of Ferric Alum 15,000 MT.

@ Rs. 16,000/- Ton (Avg.) Rs.24,00,00,000.00
------------------------
TOTAL Rs.24,00,00,000.00
------------------------
PROFIT = RECEIPTS - COST OF PRODUCTION
= 24,00,00,000.00 - 17,07,34,389.75
= 6,92,65,610.25
PROFIT SALES RATIO = Profit / Sales x 100
6,92,65,610.25
= ------------------------------ X 100
24,00,00,000.00
= 28.86 %
RATE OF RETURN = Operating profit / T.C.I x 100
6,92,65,610.25
= ------------------------------ X 100
18,05,25,850.00
= 38.37 %
J.C. 904 Page A- 13
BREAK EVEN POINT (B.E.P)
Fixed Costs of the plant are as under -
1. Interests Rs. 2,43,70,989.75
2. Depreciation Rs. 1,50,60,000.00
3. 40.00% of salaries Rs. 74,37,360.00
4. 40.00% of overheads Rs. 1,20,96,000.00

------------------------
TOTAL Rs. 5,89,64,349.75
------------------------
FIXED COSTS
B.E.P. = ------------------------------ X 100
FIXED COSTS + PROFIT
5,89,64,349.75
= ------------------------------ X 100
5,89,64,349.75 + 6,92,65,610.25
= 45.98 %
LAND MAN RATIO = Total land / Manpower
12000 : 63 :: 190 : 1
J.C. 904 Page A- 14
RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
1. Term loans from Financial institutions

( 65.00 % of fixed capital )
at @13.50% p.a rate of interest Rs. 9,60,05,000.00
2. Bank loans for 3 months

( 65.00 % of working capital )
at @ 13.50% p.a rate of interest Rs. 2,13,36,802.50
3. Self raised capital from even

funds & loans from close ones to
meet the margin money needs at a
@ 13.50% p.a rate of interest Rs. 6,31,84,047.50
--------------------------
TOTAL Rs. 18,05,25,850.00
--------------------------
J.C. 904 Page A- 15
INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
================================================================================
Year To Financial To Commercial To others Total
institutions banks
(Rs. 96005000) (Rs. 21336803) (Rs. 63184048)
================================================================================
1 1,92,01,000.00 42,67,360.50 1,26,36,809.50 3,61,05,170.00
2 1,92,01,000.00 42,67,360.50 1,26,36,809.50 3,61,05,170.00
3 1,92,01,000.00 42,67,360.50 1,26,36,809.50 3,61,05,170.00
4 1,92,01,000.00 42,67,360.50 1,26,36,809.50 3,61,05,170.00
5 1,92,01,000.00 42,67,360.50 1,26,36,809.50 3,61,05,170.00
================================================================================
INTEREST PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
================================================================================
Year On term loans On bank loans On self loans Total
(Rs. 96005000) (Rs. 21336803) (Rs. 63184048)
@ 13.50 % P.A. @ 13.50 % P.A. @ 13.50 % P.A.
================================================================================
1 1,29,60,675.00 28,80,468.34 85,29,846.41 2,43,70,989.75
2 1,03,68,540.00 23,04,374.67 68,23,877.13 1,94,96,791.80
3 77,76,405.00 17,28,281.00 51,17,907.85 1,46,22,593.85
4 51,84,270.00 11,52,187.34 34,11,938.57 97,48,395.90
5 25,92,135.00 5,76,093.67 17,05,969.28 48,74,197.95
================================================================================
TOTAL REPAYMENT SCHEDULE FOR 5 YEARS
================================================================================
Year Interest Instalments Total
================================================================================
1 2,43,70,989.75 3,61,05,170.00 6,04,76,159.75
2 1,94,96,791.80 3,61,05,170.00 5,56,01,961.80
3 1,46,22,593.85 3,61,05,170.00 5,07,27,763.85
4 97,48,395.90 3,61,05,170.00 4,58,53,565.90
5 48,74,197.95 3,61,05,170.00 4,09,79,367.95
================================================================================
J.C. 904 Page A- 16
DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
================================================================================
Year Building costs Plant & Machinery fur. & office equip. Total
( Rs. 65000000.00 )
( Rs. 41700000.00 ) ( Rs. 1100000.00 )
@ 10.00 % P.A. @ 20.00 % P.A. @ 20.00 % P.A.
================================================================================
1 65,00,000.00 83,40,000.00 2,20,000.00 1,50,60,000.00
2 58,50,000.00 66,72,000.00 1,76,000.00 1,26,98,000.00
3 52,65,000.00 53,37,600.00 1,40,800.00 1,07,43,400.00
4 47,38,500.00 42,70,080.00 1,12,640.00 91,21,220.00
5 42,64,650.00 34,16,064.00 90,112.00 77,70,826.00
================================================================================
J.C. 904 Page A- 17
PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
================================================================================================
YR CAP. Sales Mfg. Gross Depre- Interest Net profit Net profit
UTIL Expenses Profit ciation before tax after tax
@ 35.00%
================================================================================================
1 70% 168000000 91912380 76087620 15060000 24370990 36656630 23826810
2 80% 192000000 105042720 86957280 12698000 19496792 54762488 35595617
3 80% 192000000 105042720 86957280 10743400 14622594 61591286 40034336
4 90% 216000000 118173060 97826940 9121220 9748396 78957324 51322261
5 100% 240000000 131303400 108696600 7770826 4874198 96051576 62433524
================================================================================================
CASH FLOW STATEMENT FOR 5 YEARS
================================================================================
YR CAP. Net profit Depre- Cash Repayment of Net surplus
UTIL (after tax) ciation in hand Instalment
================================================================================
1 70% 23826810 15060000 38886810 23468361 15418449
2 80% 35595617 12698000 48293617 23468361 24825257
3 80% 40034336 10743400 50777736 23468361 27309375
4 90% 51322261 9121220 60443481 23468361 36975120
5 100% 62433524 7770826 70204350 23468361 46735990
================================================================================
PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR ( 5 YEARS)
LIABILITIES ASSETS
1. Promoters Capital 6,31,84,047 1. Fixed Assets 10,78,00,000

2. Term loans 9,60,05,000 2. Interest during Construction
period @ 13.50 p.a. 1,05,23,686
3. W/C loan 2,13,36,802 3. Surplus funds 6,22,02,163
-------------------- --------------------
18,05,25,849 18,05,25,849
-------------------- --------------------
1 Year 70 % Capacity
1. Promoters capital 6,31,84,047 1. Depreciated value

2. Net Surplus 1,54,18,450 of Fixed Assets 9,27,40,000
3. Term loans 7,68,04,000 2. Working Capital 2,29,78,095
4. W/C loans 1,70,69,442 3. Surplus funds 5,67,57,844
-------------------- --------------------
17,24,75,939 17,24,75,939
-------------------- --------------------

4. W/C loans 1,28,02,082 3. Surplus funds 6,75,30,156
-------------------- --------------------
17,38,32,836 17,38,32,836
-------------------- --------------------

4. W/C loans 85,34,722 3. Surplus funds 8,21,14,573
-------------------- --------------------
17,76,73,853 17,76,73,853
-------------------- --------------------

4. W/C loans 42,67,362 3. Surplus funds 10,14,59,969
-------------------- --------------------
19,11,80,614 19,11,80,614
-------------------- --------------------

3. Term loans 0 2. Working Capital 3,28,25,850
4. W/C loans 0 3. Surplus funds 12,92,15,841
-------------------- --------------------
21,44,48,245 21,44,48,245
-------------------- --------------------

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MARKET SURVEY CUM

DETAILED TECHNO ECONOMIC

(PROJECT FEASIBILITY REPORT)

INDENTIFICATION & EVALUATION DIVISION FOR HI-TECH PROJECTS

EIRI CONSULTANTS & ENGINEERS

ENGINEERS INDIA RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 4449 NAI SARAK,DELHI-110006.

1. COST OF PLANT ECONOMICS

Aluminium sulfate (Al2(SO4)3), commonly called alum, is produced as white

Alum are represented by the general formula R1/2 SO4, R2"(SO4)3.24.H2O.

Ferric alumin is aluminium sulphate containing iron obtained from the

Aluminium Sulphate is covered by three different grade specifications,

Technical grade is intended for use as a mordant in the dyeing of textiles

Owing to hydrolysis its solution is acidic in reaction.

The anhydrous salt can be obtained by dehydrating the crystals at 200-

Clear acidified aluminium sulphate solution can be readily super cooled at

On rapid heating hydrated aluminum sulphate crystal containing more than

Alum (Aluminium sulphate) mainly used in paper sizing in water treatment.

6NaAlo2 + Al2(So4)3 + 12H2O ----> 8Al(OH)3 + 3Na2SO4

Second in importance is the application of Aluminium sulphate in the sizing

The largest use of alum is in water purification.

Used in paper industry and Effluent treatment plant

The main uses of alum are:

* Water treatment: used as a coagulant to remove suspended solids and or some

What happens at a water treatment plant?

Early in the 1800s, scientists began to suspect that diseases could be

Preliminary Treatment Processes Preliminary treatment processes to purify

Chemical Pretreatment. The water is conditioned for removal of natural

Chemicals may be added to oxidize ferrous iron (Fe++), which is relatively

Softening. Sometimes chemicals are included to reduce the hardness or mineral

A primary health concern with cholorination is the formation of disinfection

Fluoridation. In some places fluoride at concentrations up to 1part per million is

If conventional steps in the main treatment process are not adequate,

Coagulation and filtration, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, or activated

Controlling corrosion of inorganic chemicals from the distribution or

Treatment to Remove Organic Contaminants

Methods to remove organic contaminants include activated carbon filtration

Testing - Water samples are taken regularly at many points in the

IS: 260 - 1969 (Aluminium Sulphate) (First revision) (Reaffirmed 1976).

This IS: 260 - 1969 can be had from:

IS : 299: 1989 (Ferric Alum)

SPECIFICATIONS OF ALUMINIUM SULPHATE (NON FERRIC)

(NON FERRIC IN LUMPS/POWDER)

1 Water Soluble Alumina as Al2O3 : 17.0%

The raw materials for ferric alums are

For Ferric Alum:

FOR NON FERRIC ALUM (ALUMINUM SULPHATE):

2. Sulphuric Acid Technical Grade 98.5% pure

Specific Raw Material Consumption (For Alum Containing Alumina as Al2O3 16 %)

Bauxite Containing 50 - 58 % 0.34 MT / MT of

Quantity required daily for 25 TPD Alum Plant

Bauxite Containing 50 - 58 % 8.5 MT

Bauxite is essentially a hydrated aluminium oxide Al2O3.2H2O (Al2O3,

The range of composition of bauxites is usually:

The best french white bauxite contains:

The softer kind of bauxite becomes harder on exposure. Bauxite is

The next important outlet is in water and sewage treatment as a coagulant:

The estimated growth rate in demand is 6 to 7% per annum.

Year Installed Capacity Production % Cap. utilisation

2012-13 6,00,000 5,23,719 87.28

2013-14 6,25,000 5,55,000 88.80

2014-15 6,25,000 5,80,000 92.80

% Trend Growth Rate in Cap. utilization = 88.38% (Average)

Year Production Import Export Apparent

2012-13 5,23,719 35,300 41,500 5,17,519