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I. INTRODUCTION
DWDM utilizes a large aggregate bandwidth in a single fiber
by taking advantage of advanced optical technology that is able
to launch and multiplex many wavelengths in one fiber, switch
wavelengths optically with channels having spacing of 0.8nm
or less, and at the receiving end, de-multiplex and read each
wavelength separately. In DWDM, each wavelength constitutes
a separate channel capable of carrying traffic at a bit rate that
may not be the same on all channels. DWDM systems take
advantage of advanced optical technology (e.g., tunable lasers,
narrowband optical filters, etc.) to generate many wavelengths
in the range around 1550 nm. ITU-T Recommendation 0.692
defines 43 wavelength channels, from 1530 to 1565 nm, with a
spacing of 1000Hz, each channel carrying an OC192 signal at
10 GbitsHowever, systems with wavelength channels of more
than 43 wavelengths have been introduced, and systems with
many more wavelengths are on the experimenter's workbench.
Currently, commercial systems with 16, 40, 80, and 128
channels (wavelengths) per fiber have been announced. Those
with 40 channels have channel spacing of 100 GHz, and those
with 80 channels have channel spacing at 50 GHz. This
channel separation determines the width of the spectral

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(wavelength) narrowness of each channel, or how close (in
terms of wavelength) the channels are. Forty channel DWDM
systems can transmit over a single fiber an aggregate
bandwidth of 400 Gbits (10 Gbpsper channel). The number of
channels also depends on the type of fiber. A single strand of
single- mode fiber can transmit over 80 km without
amplification. Placing eight optical amplifiers in cascade, the
total distance is extended to over 640 km (this is typical for 80-
channel systems at 10 Gbits per channel). There is race among
companies and experimenters to break new records; longer
distances, more channels, and higher bit rates frequently make
the news. And this trend is expected to continue until all limits
back.
peak with a lower gain centered at 1550nm. So different
DWDM signals are amplified by different amounts.
II. (')$23(5$7,21
Electrons from ground level (E1) are excited to higher energy
state (E3) by pump laser signal as shown in Fig. 1. However,
E3 is not stable and erbium ions are soon dropped to the meta-
stable state E2 via a radiation less decay process (i.e. no photon
is released).

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Population inversion is obtained at E2. When an optical signal
of wavelength 1550nm passes through this erbium-doped fiber,
particles in the meta-stable state are transited to the ground
state via stimulated radiation and generate photons identical to
the photons of the incident signal light. Hence signal
amplification is obtained with a gain given by
Gain (dB) = 10 log10(Pout/Pin) 1
At high input power, Gain saturation occurs, decreasing gain of
EDFA as gain is proportional to the difference in the
population of intermediate level and lower level. This
phenomenon results in the effects shown in Fig. 2 [8]
The noise figure based on signal-noise beating is given by:
Fn = PASE(ȜS)/[hfGBW(ȜS)] 2
Where ȜS, is the signal wavelength. Also Noise Figure can be
Fn = 2nSP 3
It follows directly from above formula that if nSP is 1, the SNR
of an amplified signal decreases two fold (by 3dB). Typical
840
value of nSP is 1.4 to 4, which is why noise figure
approximately varies from 3.5 to 9dB for EDFA’s.
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 placed at the intermediate level. Since the lifetime of Erbium
III. SYSTEM SETUP
We simulate a 16 channel DWDM system in the range of 1550-
nm. System configuration is shown in Fig.2. Modulation used
is NRZ. The 16 multiplexed channels are normally simulated in
the range of 1546-nm to 1558-nm, which is however
sometimes changed to analyze the system performance for
varying wavelength. Frequency spacing between various
channels is set normally to 0.8-nm, having wavelength range of
12-nm. Power of each channel is -26dBm, which is however
varied to analyze the effect of varying input power on Gain and
Noise of the active fiber. The optical isolator is also used to
achieve stable amplifier operation, which functions to block the
reflected light into the amplifier. Pumping at 980nm is used to
excite the doped atoms to a higher energy level.
Results are obtained for APD and PIN Photo-detector on BER
Analyzer. Low Pass Bessel Filter used limits the noise power.

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IV. PUMPING
To attain population inversion we need to pump Erbium ions at
the intermediate level. There are two ways to do this: pumping
them directly at 1480-nm wavelength or indirectly at the 980-
nm wavelength.
In indirect method (980-nm) Erbium ions are continuously
moved from the lower state to the upper level, there they non-
radiatively decay to the intermediate energy level from where
they fall to the lower level radiating the desired wavelength
(1500 to 1600-nm). This is known as three level mechanism.
The key to using this three level mechanism is the lifetimes of
the two upper levels. Lifetime or time of spontaneous emission
2014 International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom)
( sp), is the average duration atoms stay at a specific level
before they move spontaneously down to the next energy level.
The lifetime of erbium ions at the upper level is only about 1
—s, while the lifetime of Erbium ions at the intermediate level
is more than 10 ms ( with this long lifetime, such a level is
called metastable). Therefore, Erbium ions pumped at the upper
level will descend to the intermediate level very quickly and
will stay at that level for a comparatively long time. In other
words, Erbium ions will accumulate at the intermediate level,
creating population inversion.
When pumping is done directly (at 1480-nm), only two energy
levels are involved. Erbium ions are continuously taken from
the lower level by external optical energy at 1480-nm and
ions at this level is long, they accumulate here, again creating
population inversion.
V. RESULTS
At pump power of 120mW, Gain obtained is in the range of
33.37 to 33.39dB for 7m length over the wavelength range
from 1546 to 1558nm. For the same parametric condition Noise
Figure obtained is in the range of 7.22 to 6.07 dB. Fig. 3 shows
variation of Gain and NF with varying input power of a
channel. As Input Power varies from 20dBm to -80dBm, Gain
varies from 5.8895 to 42.41913 dB and Noise Figure varies
from 13.8445 to 8.82067 dB. In Fig. 4 the pump power is
varied to measure the output power for the different fiber
length at a constant input power of -26dBm. With increase in
pump power, output power increases linearly. Fig. 5 shows
Gain Flattening obtained over wavelength range of 1540 nm to
1560nm.
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Fig.6 shows Gain increases initially with increase in
concentration of Erbium ions from 200ppm for various values
of Pump Power. Noise Figure for 10mW pump power increases
tremendously after about 800ppm, as excessive ions are
pumped to the higher level. For other cases of pump power i.e
50mW, 100mW, 250mW Noise figure shows normal behavior
up-to 1400 ppm of Erbium concentration. This phenomenon is
explained in Fig. 7. Fig. 8 shows output shown on BER
analyzer for channel 14 when using APD. Fig 9 shows output
which appears on BER Analyzer for channel 14 using PIN
photodiode.

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 has a good performance of BER which is in the range of 10-14
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Comparing results of the Fig. 8 and 9, PIN has lower BER of
the order of E-16 compared to BER of APD, which is E-14.
Hence PIN photodiode is having lower ISI during reception of
DWDM signal.

VI. CONCLUSIONS
The system for 16- channel amplification was analyzed with
34±3.5dB intrinsically gain flatness from 1546nm to 1558nm
bandwidth. The output power of 21.33dBm for a fiber length of
7m and 250mW pump power and an average noise figure of
7.4dB were obtained from the simulation. This DWDM system
to 10-16. Varying concentration of Erbium ions changed the
gain and the best performances were obtained for a
concentration of 1000ppm-wt and pump power of 250mW at
which Q-value of 7.33 was obtained. Also BER values were
obtained for APD and PIN for channel 13 and 14, which was in
the range of E-14 to E-16. Also input power was varied from
5dBm to -40dBm, and the optimal values of gain and noise
figure were obtained for a value of -26dBm. All the values
were taken at pump wavelength of 980nm.
REFERENCES
[1]. Kaur Inderpreet, Gupta Neena, “Enhancing the
Performance of WDM Systems By Using TFF in Hybrid
Amplifiers”, IEEE 2nd International Advance Computing
Conference 2010, IACC 2010, pp. 106-109, Feb.
2010,ISBN:978-1-4244-4791-6/10.
[2]. Liang Xing, Li Zhan, Lilin Yi, Yuxing Xia, “Gain-
enhanced double-pass long wavelength-band erbium-
doped fibre amplifier using backward pumping”, optical
engineering 46(12), 124203 December 2007.
[3]. Tadashi Sakamoto, Shin-ichi Aozasa, Makoto Yamada,
and Makoto Shimizu, “Hybrid Fiber Amplifiers
Consisting of Cascaded TDFA and EDFA for WDM
Signals”, Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 24,
NO. 6, June 2006.
[4]. Inderpreet Kaur and Neena Gupta, “A Novel Approach
for Performance of DWDM Systems Using TDFA-
EDFA Configuration”, International Journal of
Electronics and Communication Technology, Vol.1,
Issue 1, December 2010.
[5]. M.A. Othman, M.M. Ismail, H.A. Sulaiman, M.H.
Misran and M.A.M. Said, “EDFA-WDM Optical
Network Analysis”, International Journal of Electronics
and Computer Science Engineering, ISSN 2277-
1956/V1N4-1894-1904
[6]. Inderpreet Kaur and Neena Gupta, “Optimization of
Fibre Length for EDFA to Enhance the Channel
Capacity of DWDM System”, 2012 International
Symposium on Instrumentation & Measurement, Sensor
Network and Automation (IMSNA), 978-1-4673-2467-
0/12.
[7]. Banaz O.Rashid and Perykhan.M.Jaff, “Gain and Noise
Figure Performance of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers
at 10Gbps”, University of Sulaimani / College of
science.
[8]. Djafar K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner- Fibre Optic
Communication Technology, Second Edition, Pearson
Education, 2001.
[9]. John M. Senior: Optical Fibre Communications:
Principles and Practices, Third Edition, Prentice Hall,
2010

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