BLADE FLUTTER

Flutter is a self excited vibration.th e damping would become negative from zero.
This would lead to amplitude building and finally leading to destruction .as
previously mentioned wide chord blades help reduce flutter.

Consider a case where damping is nonlinear i.e, proportional to some power to

velocity other than one and also may depend upon from amplitude of vibration as
well. As a consequence the response to the initial disturbance may not die but
further grows with time. What is important here is not external forces act on the
system. Consider a symmetric body subjected to air pressure blowing across it .due
to electric restoring forces body has a displacement in the direction of Axial and it is
in equilibrium.

Now consider our airfoil where result that force does not coincide with the air flow
direction it is at an angle (variable depending on velocity) to the direction of
velocity. For various values of air speed and angle of attack force may aid the
motion rather than suppress it.

The renowned failure of Tacoma Bridge, flutter of wing and blade are examples of
this type of situation which led to failure. This phenomenon well understood and
explained through karman vortex or vortex shedding.

Vanderpol damping modal

F damping = (-c1 +c2x2)

Note:
Damping coefficient ‘c’ is zero x=

If instantaneous response is < 2

Damping is negative > 2

Signal analysis techniques

This is direct analysis providing useful data although this method does not give
directly information about all frequencies involved, it can be easily and transformed
into frequency domain, the tools used could be fast Fourier transforms and faster
microprocessor.

An important analysis is orbit analysis carried out exclusively on rotating machinery.

Plot resulting could give lot of information about the whirl of the shaft a perfect
rotation obviously would result in a circle.
 Frequency domain analysis
This is all about determination of the spectrum of a vibratory signal

F (ω) = F f (t) =

f (t) = F-1 f (ω) =

The integral is the representation of a vibration record, taken over ‘N’

intervals of duration ‘T’ to give Discrete Fourier transform (DFT). The N time
values in the interval 0 to T are

T 2T ( N −1)T
t k 0, , ......
N N N

nT
≈ n = 0,1,2..... ( N −1)
N

In the reciprocal space

ωr =

iωt = I , forward transform, also dt =

F0 =

F1 = ………..

FN-1 =

Generalizing

DFT = = r = 0, 1, 2, 0 …
N-1
Also inverse DFT =
 ft = = n=0, 1,
2………(N-1)
The equation now becomes –

1 N −1
Fr =
N
∑ f n e −i 2πrn / N r=0, 1, 2… (N-1)
n =0

1
= [ A] N ×N { f } N ×1
N

= arn = =

= +

�=

To complete ‘F’ there are now N X N multiplications i.e, N2 FFT reduces it to

N log 2 N .