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es) a BS 2600: Part 1: 1983 ena a [F eoveeca. | LIBRARY | |L_Bocunenr © British Standards Institution. No part of this publication may be photocopied or otherwise rapraduced without the prior permission in writing of 85! British Standard Radiographic examination of fusion welded butt joints in steel Part 1. Methods for steel 2 mm up to and including 50 mm thick Examen radiographique des joints bout-&-bout soudés par fusion dans I'acier Partie 1. Aciers d'épaisseur comprise entre 2 et 50 mm inclus Durchstrahlungspriifung von schmelzgeschweigten Stumpfnahten an Stahi Teil 1. Verfahren bei Stahl von 2 mm bis einschlieGlich 80 mm Dicke Westbury Tubular Structures PLC British Standards Institution BS 2600 : Part 1 : 1983 Contents Page Foreword Inside front cover Committees responsible Back cover Method 4. Scope 1 2. Techniques i 3. Gamma-ray sources 4 4. Protection i 5. Surface condition 2 6. Weid image location 2 7. Indentification of radiographs 2 8. Marking 2 8. Density of radiograph 2 10, image quality indicators 2 11) Intensifying screens 2 12. Casseetes 2 13. Odject-film distance 2 44. Alignment of X-ray or gamme-ray bear 2 15. Overlap of film 2 16, Interception of unwanted and seattered radiation 3 17, Processing 3 18. Viewing 3 49. Iodividual techniques 3 19.1 Technique 1, X-rays using ultra-fine-grain direct type film 3 19.2 Technique 2. X rays using fine-grain direct ype file 3 Foreword ‘This Part of 8 2600 has been prepared under the direction of the Welding Standards Committee. [tis a revision of 85 2600 : Part 1 : 1973, which is withdrawn, It is essential ta quote the technique number in addition to the BS umber whenever this standard is used ‘The standard is divided into two Parts, not only to align with the thickness division aclopted in the ISO recommen: dations, but also to allow more definite requirements to be giver in BS 2600 Part 2 for the greater thicknesses ‘The same number of techniques has been maintained, the methods being svitable for all types of application, but no mandatory direction is given of when a particular Technique should be used, As so many factors affect the exposure time, minimum values have not been made Page 19.3. Technique 3. X-rays using mediurn-10ys and garima rays for radianraphie purposes. in there may bo local regulations and recuivernents wt Be kn into consideration 1 whenever ‘Some radiographic anulpment reccmmnendstio in 8S 6650, [Advice on radiation zafy may be obtained from she Naticnel Fadiologieal Protection Bosrd, Harwell, Oident. Oxon, X11 ORO Table 1. Individual techniques Technique | Type of film | Film densiey of number? | | eid grea uncer Radiation 1 Ultra-fine-gra high-contrast ditectype | | Fine-grain | high-contrast sirect-typ Xrays girecetype | Gamma-rays Uttea-fine-grain | | | 1 nigheontrat || recenpe | | eee NOTE 1. Tho type of film used wath Inad sevenna ie knoven both te nonsserten’ ane "direct type" Mn NOTE 2, 85.5290 explains how inoustril fil speeet and conta fra mecsured. Until moaaura ilable the type of film should be au NOTE 3, A density higher then 3 isexamined on a high itensiy tluminatr. (cae be unc, provide! the fle Table 2. Minimum thicknesses for Gammeray Minimum thicknase | Rsxirnine thickness Iridium 192 10 ove 80 Cacsium 137 25 above 50 Yetorbium 169 | 2 10 Thulium t70r | 2 hulium gis inferior sults to ytterbium andl the otter should be used urien available NOTE, tr ic emphasized thar the minimum thicknesses on vite garam rays may be ured, se given in table 2, raul nak be inte preted as ienplying that on these ttuckasses the flaw sensitty ‘with gamer ie equivalent to ha Haw eancitvty with rape Gomma-rays should be used enly on the understanding that apse: from goometrie consilerations the len aeraltiity wil inferior to that of # good Xray eechnigue BS 2600 : Part 1: 1983 5. Surface condition In ordee to obtain maximum flaw sensitivity, the part of the work ta be examined shall be smooth and free from irregularities such as weld ripples and grinding or chipping marks, The contour of the weld surtace shall be smooth and any change in section shall be gradtuat, Temporary backing shall be removed prior to radiography, NOTE 1.1 the above conditions not be mat the expedient Uiserined in A.2 may Oe use uy agrecmert betwen the contracting NOTE 2. Ay agraninant betvman the contracting partis, 186 weld riay He examined in the wei consitian 6, Weld image location Morkers, usually in the form of lead arrows or other symbols, shall be placed afongside, but clear of, the outer ‘edges of tha wold ta identify ite position 7. Identification of radiographs Each section of weld radiographed shall have suitable symbols affixed uniquely ta identify {a} the job o¢ workpiece: tb) the joint; (cl the section of the joint. ‘The symbols, usually consisting of lead letters or numerals, shall be pasitioned so thet their images appear in the radiograph to ensure uneau vocal identification of the section, Radiographs of weld repairs shall be appropriately ‘identifi. A wiriteen record detailing the identification of the radiograph shalt be made. & Marking In general, permanent marking of the workpiece shall be used ta provide reference points for the accurate re-location of the position of each radfograph, Where we nature of the material and its service conditions render stamping undesirable, other suitable means of marking shall be used 9. Density of radiograph In the image of the fength at weld under examination, the film density corresponding to the sound weld metal shell e nat less than 2.0 and not greater than 3.0, Unless special arrangements are made for the adequaze viewing of higher density film, NOTE, These values ore inclusive of the fog dersity* of rot ‘oreater than 0.3 Gee leo AS! 10. Image quality indicators In order to provide a quide to the quality of the radio. graphic technique used, an Image Quality Indicator (iC), otherwise known as @ penetrameter, af one of the types rocommended in BS 3071 shall be used, with dimensions apnropriate to the thickness of the wel. ‘The method of assessing the radiographic sensitivity shall be that described in BS 3071 face olso A.A “Density f a processed unexnosed fm 11. intensifying screens Sntensifying sereens shail be used in all the techaiques except where otherwise indicated. The material of which they are to be macie and their thickness ranges shall be in accordance with the details given in table 3 (see also AS} Table 3. Intensifying screens Paaion Teen | Frontseeon aka | murat |uines”” fino xrays below 120K | Lead [None ft mi rays i ya2so%v — | bead 0.01 200.125 ]0.1 min Krave zsoaoev | Lee — [o,08%00.16 for min, Gamma-ray: Bip BACs Lead 0.06 to 0.16 |0.16 min. Sommaaye 1b, Tm Lead 0.05 10 0.161 |0.1t min. {Below 5 mm wed thickness image quslity is improved atthe sponse af exposure times by the Omsion of the lead seraone 12, Cassettes In all cases procautions shall be taken to ensure good ‘iim-sereen contact irrespective of whether rigid cassettes, lnftich are recommended, or flexible cassettes are used. NOTE. When sparepriate and agrees between thy contrecting pertas, tng lenges ef Few sommercia) packs, with integral ‘ral intensifying soreens, may De see, 18. Object-film distance “The distance between the film and the adjacent weld surface shall be as small as possible, ‘Where » gop between the surface of the weld and the cassette is unavoidable, the minimum focus or source-to- ‘film distance as derived from figure 1 or 2 shalt be increased in the ratio (@ + bi/a where a isthe thickness of the metal immediately adjacent to the film and & is the gap. 14, Alignment of X-ray or gamma-ray beam “ihe beam of radiation shall be directed to the mice of the section under examination and shall be nermal to the rmeterial surface at that point, except in a special examina- tion for certain defects which itis known would be best revealed by 2 different alignment of the beam, e.g. defects at a fusion face when the exposure may be made with the beam directed along the fusion face. 45. Overlap of film “The separate radiographs of @ welded joint shall overlap sufficiently to ensure that no portion of the joint remains unexamined {see also A.6). Roatan LERNER 16. interception of unwanted and scattered radiation fn cases where no back Intonsifying screen ie used, the film, shall be shielded from back-scattered radiation by lead sheet at least 1 mm thick placed hefsind the filmscreert combination, except when using Y tterium-168 radiation when the backing shall be elumintum or athet low material In order to reduce the effects of scattered radiation, bboth on the radiograph and for personnel protection purposes, the beam of radlistion from: the source shall be collimated to spproximately the size of the radiograph to be coverad and if the specimen has 3 smaller ares then the radistion field, adequate masking shail be provided sa as to limit the area irradiated, as far as possible, to the section being radiograptied (see also AAT. 17, Processing ‘The film shail be processed in accorclance with recognized good practice using either manuat or automatic equipment. A standard type of X-ray developer shall be used and the processing solutions shal! be maintained in good working condition. in manual dovolopment the film or the processing solution, or bath, shal he agitated during development, The development time and temperature Shall be in accordance with the film manufacturer's recommendations, NOTE, Extended dewlosment may be used to increase radiographic contrait and effective fim seed, ut suck an oxtension sneuid be ‘within the limit esoremenised by the manufacturer. “The radiographs shal be free fram imperfections due ra processing, or other detects which would interfere with interpretation. 18. Viewing ‘The radiograph shall be examined by diffused fight in a darkened roam and the iltuminated area shal! be masked to the minimum required for viewing the radiographic image; the edges of the radiograph shall always be masked, ‘The tuminance {or brightness} of the iuminated radio- raph shall be it less than 30 cd/m” and whenever possible approximately 200 cdim® (see also A.7) Sutficient time shail be allowed for the film reader's eyes to become adapted to tre fighting conditions ia the viewing room before radiographs ere examined ‘The film reader shall have his eyes tested annually Yor ability to see small detail at the normal film viewing stance, This film viewing distance should be about 400 mm and the film reader shall be able to read # good print type of 0.5 mm letter height at thie distance, NOTE. The use of slow penser megnifying ln {2 oF X83) of reasonable area fe recommend 19, Individuat techniques 19.1. Technique 1. X-rays using ultrafine-grain direct-type file 19.1.1. Type of film. The film shall be of the ultea-tine ‘grain high-contrast dirsct-type, 19.1.2 Focus-to-film distance". For 2 focal spot with a maximum effective dimension of 4 mm the minimum focus-to-film distances for different thicknesses af ‘material shal! be determined froma curve A af figure 1 “See sl AB. See also A.20. BS 2600: Part 1: 1983 19.1.3 Disgnostic film iength. The longth of weld undoe examination at each axposure shall be such that the thicksess of the material at the extremities of the exposed area, meesured in the direction of the ineigent beam at that point, does not exceed by mare than 6 % ‘the actual thickness st that point (see also figure 3} 19.1.4 Xray tube voltager. The voltege values for different thicknesses of material obsained from curve R of figure § shall not be exceeded, 19.2 Technique 2. X-rays using fine-grain direct-type film 19.2.1. Type of fim. The Film shall be of the fine-grain high-conirast direct-type, 19.2.2 Focus-te-film dierance*. Far a toeal spot with maximum effective dimension of 4 mm the minimum Focus-tosfiim distances for different thicknesses of material shat! be determined from curve A of Figure 1 19.2.3 Dlagnostic ites fength. The lenath of weld under ‘examination st each exposure shall be such that the thickness of the material at the exzremisies of the ‘exposed area, measured in the direction of the incident bbeem at that point, does not exeaed by mare than B % the actual thickness at that point (see alsa figure 3), 19.24 X-ray tube voltaget. The vottage values for different thicknesses of material obtained from curve S of figure 5 shall nat be exceeded 19.3 Technique 2. X-rays using medium-speed direct-type Film 193.4. Type of fitm, The film shall be of the medium-speed irect-type. 19.3.2 Focus-to-film distance”. For a focal spot with maximum effective dimension of 4 mr the minimums fecuste-film distances for different thicknesses of material shall bo dotsrmined from curve 8 of figure 1 19.3.3 Diagnostic film length. The lenath of weld under examination st each exposure shall be such that the thickness of the material at the exzramities of the exposed area, measured in the direction af the incident bbearn at that point, does not exceed by more than 10% ‘the actual thickness at that Doint {see also figure 4) 19.3.4 Xray tube voltaget. The voltage values for ifferent ehieknessas of material abtained tram curve T cof figure 5 shall not be exceeded, 19.4 Technique 6. Gamma-rays using ultra-fine-grain direct-type film 19.4.1 Type of film, The film shall be of she ultee-Finegrain high-contrast direct-type, 19.4.2 Source-r0-film distance*. The minimum squree-to-flm distancos far different thicknesses af material shall be desermined from figure 2 19.4.3 Diagnostic film tength. The length of weld under ‘examination at each expasura shall bo suck thot the thicleness of the material a the extremities of the exposed ares, measured in the ditection of the incident beam at that point, does not exceed by more than 10 % the actual thickness at chat point (see also figure 4). 19.5 Technique 7. Gamma-cays using fine-grain sirect-type film 19.5.4 Type of film. The high-contrast direct-2ype, im shall be of the fine-grain enemies COST PRRBeAS OARS < 5 BS 2600 : Part 1: 1983. 195.2 Source-to-film distance”. The minimum. thickness of the material at the extremities of the source-to-film distances for different thicknesses of exposed area, measured in the direction of the incident ‘material shall be determined from figure 2, beam at that point, does not excezd by more than 10 % 19.5.3 Diagnostic film length, The tength of weld under the actual thickness at shat point (see also figure 4) exemination at each exposure shall be such that the “See alo AB aR Appendix A Explanatory information on the techniques A.A General, White some latitude may be permissible in the techniques described, i¢ will be Found thet an alteration in any ane factor wil in genera, invotve changes in other factors such that the overall result may be worse than before. The techniques represent the best balance hetween the many factors The flaw-detection capability of a radiographic technique ‘ncre2ses asthe oraininess of the film is eeduced and is aso dependent upon the filmsereen combination. The basic philosophy of weld radiography isto recommend @ technique which gives the best possible chance of detecting small planar flaws such as cracks {in general, any gamme-cay technique will be less sensitive than an Xray technique on thicknesses of material less than 50 mm. The thinner the material, the larger the difference between radiographs taken with X-rays and gamma-rays. On steel welds 50 mm thick, the difference in sensitivity is not so marked if the correct gameavray techniques are used A2 Surfece condition. Excess weld metal and weave marks can praduce sudden changes of film density, particularly in thin sections, which may obscure flaws in the deposited wold motal and at the junctions of weld and parent metal For critical examination, excess weld metel should be either removed or ground to a smooth contour merging into the parent metal at the weld boundaries. An increase of up to 10% In the weld throat thickness will not seriously reduce the flaw sensitivity, Where excess weld matal is not removed, the permissible coverage, i.e. length of weld per exposure, may be reduced, but wivere the coverage is to be maintained, radiographs may be obtained in one of the following ways: (a) make separate exposures, each to cover part of the ange of thickness (b) simultaneously expose films of different speeds interoreting the fastest film for the maximum thickness {c) increase the Xray energy slightly and use a fitter on the X.ray tube, (The resulting flaw sensitivity may be appreciably reduced by this method.) It is emphasized that the shove techniques are expedionts only and are not included, sherefara, in the special techniques, A.3 Density of radiograph*, Optical density, O, is expressed as ¥y of the incident light: J is the Intensity of che transmitted light. \With films of density 2.0 oF 3,0 the transmitted light has an intensity of 1/100 or 1/1000 respectively of its original velue, Densitometers are available commercially for density ‘measurement; alternatively @ visual comparison cen made using a calibrated dencity step-awedge, Routine checks should be made to ensure thet the fog level of the film used is within the limit quoted. BS 2600 : Part 1: 1983 With direct-type film the contrast increases with film density up to very high densities, A maximium density of 3.0 has been quoted as this represents the usual limit of most film viewing equipment, but higher densities may be used with advantage where the viewing light is sufficientiy bright to permit adequate interpretation {see also 7) A Image quality indiestors. If the surface of the weld facing the source of radiation is inaccessible for placement cof an 1Ot the following procedure may be used, Place the 1Q1 on the film side of the specimen and place the letters “F.S" next to it, Set up a test weld of the same dimensions as the weld to be examined and on which IOs cean be placed on both source and film sides. Take a reference radiograph of this test weld using the same technique as will be used on the praduction weld, Use the source side IO to achieve the contractual sensitivity and, for correlation with the radiographic sensitivity for production welds, record the carvespanding sensitivity on the film side tO}, When the 101 is on the film side, the sensitivity data given, jn 8S 3971 do not apply and the IQ! readings are of little value in checking the quality of the radiographic technique NOTE 1. With idemticalradionraphic tzchniques the aumericat valu of the LOI sensitivity will gereraly be citferent for diferent types of IG, NOTE 2. (OF sensitivity sz means by which the quaity of radiogrosie techniques moy be compares and isnot & measure of : flow sensitivity. Te late is complex funetion ofthe geometry, ‘AS Intensifying screens, With X-ray energies below about : 120 kV, che absorption of the front screen is greater than the intensifying action produced if lead sereens of the usual thickness are employed, For this reason a front soreen of tin issometimes recommended for use st low X-ray energies, In general the thickness of lead intensifying sereens to be employed is not critical within the eanges given in teble 3. A thicker front screen tends to absorb more scattered radiation but alves a smaller intensifying factor. This addi tional filtration is sometimes employed with advantage fon material of irreguler section, ‘The thickness of the back sereen also is not critical, provided it exceeds 0.1 mm, There seems to be no deleterious effect from using a very thick back sereen wwithin the X-ray energies covered by this standard. AS Overlap of film, The requirements of this standard can be met by the careful positioning of identification markers 2t the ond of each section of every seam to be radiogrenhed. To ensure adequate overlap, markers shuld be placed at each enc af the section to be examined Whenever possible they should be placed on the source side of the weld, 7 Viewing, The conditions under which radiographs are viewed are very important, To achieve @ luminance of the iltuminated radiograph of 30 cd/m? minimum, the luminance of the illuminator needs to be: 3.000 cd/m? far a film density af 2.0; 30.000 cei/in* for a film density of 30. The brightness (luminance) of a viewing screen can be checked with some ordinary photographic exposure meters if a suitable light meter is not available, The exposure meter should he set for a film sneed of 100 1S0 with its sensitive element close to the screen then a meter reading BS 2600 : Part 1: 1983 of an exposure of 1/1005 at £:20 corresponds toa screen brightness of 1000 can? The radiograph should be examined in a darkened room or enclosure, with care being taken that as ite light as possible reflected off the film surface directly towards the film ceader A.B Focus-to-ilm distance (source-to-ilm distanc. “The distances quoted inthe techniques have been chosen bearing in mind the related factors of definition, Film grain, exposure time and the size of the field iradiazeds To obtain the best definition, the geometric unsharpness should be as email as possible, but in any case itis desirable thet it should not exceed the inherent unsharp: ress of the filn-sereen combination, The latter condition is fulfilled in gamma-radiography by the requirements of the appropriate clauses, but an improvement in sharpness may result from the use of larger source to-film distances than those caleulated from these clauses, With X-cays the inherent unsharoness of direct-type films is much smalicr than for gamma rays, For some X-ray techniques the focus-to-film distances calculated to satisty the above criterion are so large that to use them without very long exposure times would require such an increase in voltage that the loss in contrast may completely offget the gain in definition, Accordingly, a compromise has been made in some cases between the desirable focus-to-film distance and exposure time. {See figures 1 and 2.) For the calculation of the desirable focusto+film distance oF source-to-film distance, the following values of inhorent film unsharpness have beon used Rediation Inherent unsharpness X-rays mm 100 kV 0.05 200kVv 0.09 300k 0.12 400k a5. Garnma rays: Wy 027 » 017 0.07 10 0.13. 0.1 100.2 unsharpness is calculated as follows: Geometric unsharpress = == where ig the maximum effective focal spot size (or maximum effective source diameter) Tis the thickness of metal peneteated: F is the focus-to-film distance (or source-to-ilm distance} If the film is not close to the weld surface, the thickness of metal penetrated plus the gap thickness should be taken instead of T (see also clause 13}, ‘The use af a greater distance than the recommended minimum may often be more converient, since a larger area ccan thereby be examined in one exposure, On the other hand, in gamms-radiography the total time of examination can often be reduced appreciably by examining shorter lengths of weld at each exposure, and using a correspond: ingly shorter source-todilm distance A. Effective focal spot size, The application of the recommended distances depends on the knowledge af the effective size of the focal spot or saurce of radiation ‘which should be taken as the groatest projacted dimension, The radiographer should determine the size, therefore, of the focal spot af each new X-ray tube when installed and periodicelly throughout its fife For a focal spot of maximum effective dimension, (other than 4 mm), the focus-to-film distance F, shoulel be equal to or greater than the value caleulated from the following formula. SF a where Fy is the focus toil distanc effective foal snot. ‘There is no British Standard on the messurement of focat spot size for industria X-ray tubes but reference may be made to BS 5269 : Part 1 for medical X-ray tubes. A.1O Tube voltage and exposure, The X-ray tube voltage used depends on such factors as the thickness of material +0 be penetrated, type of distance and exposure time, Fre Fa 4mm ‘The maximum recommended vottages given in figure 8 are intended to sorve as 2 guide to the rating of the X-rey equipment required, ‘An improved radiographic sensitivity ean usually be ebtained by raducing the X-ray tube voltage, but this entails an increate in exposure time, assuming that other conditions are maintained constant. Conversely, the exposure time can be reduced by increasing the X-ray tube voltage, but this will usually result in an inferior radiographic sensitivity owing to the lower image contrast. ‘As so many factors, including the type of electrical circuit, affect the exposure time, the following average exposures are quoted os a guide in order to achieve the film density spocitiog, Technique number Exposure macmin 1 30 2 20 3 18 Exposures shorter than these may indicate thet either the ocus-to-film distance is toc short or the tube voltage is +00 high, This will be confirmed if the radiographic sensitivity obtained does not meet the specified value. LUitra-Fne-grain and fine-grain high-contrast films are slower thao other types and therefore for the same exposure the voltage has to be Increased, The loss in contrast owing to the increased voltage Is more than counter-balanced, however, by the higher contrast of these films compared with other types, A.11 Back scattered radiation, A convenient way to check if hack seatter is reaching the film isto place a lead letter on the back af the film holder. Ifthe image of the letter appears on the film then further precautions are ry to remave back scatter ee 1000 1] 1 1 900 : | 800 4 1 700 600 soo 400 300 tra fine-grain fitm ace a fits tine gran Fine-geain film Minimum focus ~to-film distance {millimetres} 20 30 40 Material thickness (millimetres) MOTE. Fara foca soot of maximum effective dimension, ¢ fosher than @ mim! the focus to-iln cistonce F, should be equsl to or greater than the value calculated from she Fllawing forraule Fy -sFyit where F, isthe focuste-iim datenee fora 4 mm effective focal spot Figure 1. Minimum values of focus-to-film distance caleulated for 9 4 mm focal spot 100 —+——_—- B Medium~speed film BS 2600 : Part 1: 1983 50 22 EES CON SO RSMAS = Sickness (miltimetres) Material 8 (sa.jausjyw) a2uoysip wyry- o4- a2znes wnwrUly 2 3 Figure 2. Minimum values of source-to-film distance BS 2600 : Part 1 Length of film Bite spp | «so wt 350+ we uo os 20 2254 200 vs v0 600+- 125 ‘00 soo asoq- | coop : so 2004 sot 225 Oe esate Tay 200+ 7 fin att Hactnotin sok Ratio -O4 b NOTE, Join given ameter and ratio of focus-tosim aletance 10 ciemerer, Plead off fength of fia ot Inersaction with mil ine Figure 3. Alignment diagram for choosing lenath of film with source on convex side of circumferential weld and with limiting variation in thickness of 6 % BS 2600 : Part 1: 1983 BS 2600 : Part 1: 1983 Length of flim Dvameter aso BP ; 1860 —- eee 4 | S00 4500 a3 1400 1300 45 1200 Pre art s100 : 350-+ 325 1000 300 900 2s stag 2st 2st 200+ 178 +09 ooo 150+} +08 vast Pale: toot 00 ar 64> 300-L sos aso + tele 225 Diameter 200 pas 195 bengtiet Focus -ta-film tot distance F Los OTE. doin given diameter anc ratio of faeus-to-tikm distance to clemeter, Read off foegth of film at intersection vith middie ine Figure 4, Alignment diagram for choosing length of film with source on convex side of circumferentiat weld and with limiting variation in thicknoss of 10% 10 400 300 200 |. X-ray tube voltage kV 100 Fine grain film | T=Mecium-speed film 10 20 30 40 Material thickness (millimetres) Figure 5. Maximum X-ray tube voltage i BS 2600 : Part 1: 1983 ‘ j Publications referred to 251984 Messurement of photographie transmission density 18S 2600" Rcioarapnic examination of fusion welded tit joints i steel Pore 2 Methods for stee! over SO mm up to and including 200 mm thick | BS 2910 Methods for radiographic examination of fusion wld eircurnforonial butt joints insted! pipes BS.9971 Specification for image quality indictors for inducrialrediagrephy including guldanee on their Use BS 5220 Method for the measurement of speed and contrat af civct-type ime for ineactrial radiography 8S 5259 Madical electrics! end radiological equipment Pare 1 Measurement of rhe dimensions of focal spots of diagnostic X-ray tubes using @piahola method BS 8650 Specification for aaparatus Tor gamma radiography “Referred <0 inthe foreword only For information about 8S! services ralatng to third party certfcation to suitable British Standard product specifications, schemes {cr the registration of firms of assessed capability, testing and inspection facilities, please contact the Director, Quality Assurence Division, BSI, Mayiands Avenue, Heme| Hempstead, Herts HP2 450. Tol. Hemel Hempstead 3111 “This British Suandard, having Baan propared under the deesion| Gr ho Wetting Srncares Committee, 95 published under the fuitorty of the Boor! at BSI amd camer inte effect on 21 October 1983, © Brie Standatds Instation, 1982 Firs published, Birch 198, First revision, Qecember 1962 Seeond revision, Getober 1972 Third revision, Octaber 1983 ISBN 0 580 13865 2 British Standards Institution Treorparated ay Roval Charter, BSI isthe independent national body forthe preparstion of British Standards tis the UKE member ff the international Organization for Standardization and UK. Sponsor of the Britin National Commitee ofthe fate national (etroteehisieal Commision Cconysight User of British Standords are remindeu thot copyrlao subsist in SI'BS! publications. No part af thi publication may be reproduces In any form without the prior permission in weting af 8S. This ‘ons at preclude the fee ue, nthe caurse of implementing the ‘andard, of nesesiary details such os symbols and sie, type OF Committees responsible for this British Standard ‘The preparation ofthis Brsieh Standard was enteosted by the adn Stendards Commicier (WEE/— | zo Techical Commiree VIEE/24 upon which the Tollaying bodies were represented Aseociated Otfiees Technical Commitee Brash Constructions! Steswork Aeseciation Brain Insieute of Nondestructive Testing Brin Shpbuilers Control and Automation Manutacturars! Association (BEAINA) Electricity Supply ledustty in Engand avd Wiles Engineering Eauipmont and Materia Users’ Assoeistion Health ana Safery Excoutin Intute of Physics Amendments issued since pubfication Amd. No. Date of ive | Text aftected BS 2600: Part 1: 1983 rade designations. Enquiries by pest shouts be adaressed to the 7 Puslizations Monsser, Eni Stoneards intutien, Linford Wood, Bion Keynes lei 4 GLE. The number for telaatone enciities is (01-837 880% ane fer cele 23218, Contract requirements british Standard dows not purport 10 Include all the necessary provisions of contract, Users of British Standards ate responsible for their eorrect application Rovsian of British Stanclsrls British Standards oe evan, vhen necesery, by the isu either Sf amendments ar of reused! actions, It fs Important that users of British Standards should ascertain thet they are in possesion of the later! amendments or eitions. Information o” all BSI Dubliatians isin the BS Yseréaok, supplementad exch morth by BSI Now which ix auailable to subscribing members ofthe {institution and glues details of ren publications, revisions, “riendmunts nd wither standares. Any person whe, when aking ust of a British Stenderd, encounters an inaccurscy or Embiguty, fe eoquorted 10 aotiy BSI without delay W order hat the matter may be invertisnted and appropriate action token, ‘The fotiowing B81 relereneesselae 10 the work on this stondord Commitee relevance WEE/24 Dratt for comment 82/7484 OC lngtitution of Praducsion Engineers Ministry of Defence Nationat Coal Board Nationat Reiologies Proteeion Board Power Generation Association (BEAMA races Plant Aerocivion Society of British Aerowece Companies Limited Scoiey of iotar Menutserurere ne Traders Limes aang insite “united Kinador Atomic Eneray Aurnoriy Wiacarwube Boilermakers Assosiation British Stondards Institution - 2 Park Street London W1A 2BS - Telephone 01-629 9000 - Telex 266933 9907-6-03k-8 wees ss a Rr L Hed 0092 SA €86L

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