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T H Hill Associates, Inc. DEA Project 74 Standard DS-1™ Drill Stem Design and Inspection Second Edition March 1998 Standard DS-1™ 2" Edition Updates ‘January 1999 “To maintain continuity with the latest editions of API specifications, the following are changes to the Inspection Tables section of Standard DS-1™ 2" Edition. INSPECTION TABLES Table Updated Previous Too] Joint Mining OD Value Vabve FA Rer Cas ETF (040) NCGadE SHB 3 Bap clas? 2-71" (685) SL-H80 Sans Sass Pipe? Sinr(I330) NCH Gades 42002, 41909 Updated Previous ool Joint Minimum Shoulder Value Value Cass 2-71 (1040)PAC ise 36 Pisicast? am OS2M6S8FHGaéeE 152 7 P liphren Clas 279°(85)SLHGD Gade E3026 Plfgtom Cus278°(1040)PACGadeE 186436 PF tso Prem Chast" (11.45) 4890 Grade 7168 i P Moron Casre12"(ie62)NCSOGadeS 266 S14 F istPen Cass 6-92520)6.58FHGnéeG 50 ” INSPECTION TABLES Table 38 Pip Relit Diameter ted Value Previous Vale pLSSNCSS Ba = 380 S315. Ise NCD 3racarm Saum3asoa B ISG NCHS Gesne Choi Case pis? NCsO Gn-oe Lam ews PISENCSS Suwcsa7 Site” Soe Pissnest See S89 S564 5564 BIGONCT Gamer Sash sae p I6I NCI? Santa Tash 7a P Ise 412 Rep Beane ioe pissi2 FH Elie ete PAs? sa Res Soe PIstes Reg Saue—sai S2sk4~ S264 Blears Reg (Ful face) 318-639 6:1252- 6382 FI TaReg (Low Tome) S318-6s9 61252-6132 B lel est Reg (Foliace) 7200—7301 TNT 19.66 PAStESReg (Law Targa) 727007301 TIMI6E—7. 1964 “The following are changes and updates to other sections in Standard DS-1™ 2” Eaition. persion Este Di plage 2208 ring Lande F pa ses 9) BF prow (2.17) ESIGN ‘ril Sing Design Workeet Pei sacnan vi Sines Ratio Check = QF HWDP present WD_) BUCKLING ‘Compecttng for Dilerent Mad Weight pose 2293 = fye= (Kas 792 (ce elow) XE Booman factor INSPECTION PROCEDURES. Dimeationl 3 nspection Pa Sce cate Tong Space: HWDP tox and pin ong sce (extuing enc) sll went te roquremans ef Table 29. On arfeed bones and pins the tng Space mesure hall cle te baficing On spi cols, box and fin tong syoce snl be measured berween the shoul evel end nearest ameter regucton and shall nt be Tea tha10 nces [INSPECTION PROCEDURES ‘Stabler Inspection Stree Sach |b Measure sabe nc length on bth pin nd box end ‘Neck leg shal tbe ea ante the sli: by ‘Silas Sarco 12 tebe, whichever per Aa ‘aeepion to the above fin the ese of near bit Statilaers Inthe cae, te minima Tong space 98 the lover eT inches or the (oe sall berejocted INSPECTION PROCEDURES Sub nipection p13) Se 32561 Under Mn. neck eg for pe B wince NOTE: Changes and upd ale reprinted in bod INSPECTION TABLES {eed Heavy Weight Dril Pipe Dimensional Data PiseTatle29 ae SV2MaxBevelDa => 634 inches [FITNESS FOR PURPOSE Pla Neck Length Page Ser GTS Required: Pin nec length may notte more than the ‘minimum sourtebor Sep on ema ox minus 1/36 sen Ths ensures tat bos hea wil avaye fave fl ep) pn ‘breads wath whic mate FITNESS FOR PURPOSE Pin Neck Length Pe gest eTIB Effect: this dimensions to lon, head ress may ovine mating isthe oT that ven Sova hop eves woud ane at ox dreads ‘re ide tp ono the in eck einer dng fenkev. Proper comecton makeup woald be pure, and box flue by spliing wold be mach meee ike APPENDIX ‘Fergus Calesiaton for Rotary Shsldered Connections 256 Esunion A13 (Appendix A) ec os Jas 2 APPENDIX Dri String Design Worksheet, a me et Stns Rato Cesk» (ifno BWDP present D__) Standard DS-1™ (Second Edition) Tom H. Hill, P.-E. Author Roger P. Allwin, PE., Prasad V. Seshadri, Randy C. Money, CQA, ASNT IIT CContituing Authors (First Eatin} ts. Fintan Second lions were pep irogh he Ding Eien’ Associaton ar DEA Prot, TH LAs ne nent SS Orion tir poor compares ado te individuals sae lo. whos np bas cotibd ify oe esis ne ofthe DS-1™ sanded. ‘Sponsor Companies ‘Amoco Production Company ‘co Oil and Gas ‘hand Oi (ges) Company ‘BP Exploration Opening Company Bish Gs E&P ‘Broker Hil Propetry Company Borington Resources Chew, USA sts Deiling Company Conoco Corporation Fina Oi and Chenical Company Gas Revere ne (lob Marne Daling Company Haliburton Energy Services {CO incorparsted Independent Ol Tals Narwsy) KereMcore E&P Company Knight Oi Tools Maths 08 Company ‘Mobi Exploraon end Producing Company ator Insis ecienalIeraina E&P Company Panne Export and Producing Peas AS Oe Gas Retal Services corpored Prnmcl Olfeld Serves Incorporated Shel E & Tectnclogy Company Sua Texaco Grop ncrported “Tomas Tots “Toa Minatomne Corporation “Toscope Veto Iterations Unio Pcie Resomess Union Tes Peso Unnaned Major 0 Company nea! Corporation ‘Weatesfrd Enter Reviewers and Technical Contributors PIS PSSSSPSSS SSP SSS S SS SSP SSH SSEESES HEED Greg Allen, TH HU Assocats, Ine Keith R. Alverson, PE, Coastal Oi! and Ga ‘Wayne D. Avert, Now Tech Systems ‘Oseat Bear, Brish Gas Inge Bra, Sail Bret Chandler, TH Hil Associates, Inc Brian S. Cook, Amoco Production Company 'A.D.Croven, Amaco Production Company Sean L, Daichman, TH Hill Associates, Ine Sonn Bmore, T Hil Associates, ne DeWayne Bverage, 7H Hill Associates, nc . Rent Felden, 7 Hi Assocites, Rick Garand, Cheyenne Servicer ne Ken W Grif, 7 Hil Associates, ne = Joe Haber, Pinnacle Olfeld Services ne Svein A. Haseba, Peas RD, Lynch, Areo China Joe Mackin, ASNT ID, In! Pipe InspectorsAssociation Raymond Macha TH Hl Associates, Ine. Soh Maples, Weatherford Enterta ‘Bob Marin, British Perteum Bill Matin, 7H Hil Associates, nc. Steve Put, C. Eng, Brith Petroleum ML. Payoe, PED, PE. Arco International HLH Prewet, Amoco Norway Butch Quigg. PE. Brith Gas Brent Reeves, Brush Perea HL Alan Reyoods, 7H Hl Associates Tne ‘RW, Robert, Marathon Of! Company Randy Rodof, Mobil Oil Corporation ULB Sathvali, PRD, Arco International Jeff Shepard, Global Marine Dring Company (Glen M Singer, PE. Amoco Production Company Sack Smith, Gran-Prideco ‘Bobby Stinson, 7H HU! Associates, Ie ‘Mare Summers, PE. Amoco Production Company Promod Tatea, PE. Mobil Oi! Conporaton Soe Thomas, CQA, ASNT INT H Hill Assoetares, Ine. ‘Tom M, Wadsworth, PE, Fig Oil and Chemical W. Mat Wadsworth, RE, J and W Engineering Robert Warmaa, Chevron ‘Mike Wiliams, Marashon OU Company ‘Wayne Wisniewski, PE, Ponzoll ‘hen comeno his decane: eset by TH Hl Asc Ine. No endoraemet of is sandal or coment on te par of ay ree of Ms ‘company shoud be inferred. socintes, Te, All Rights Reserved, No part ofthis document may te reproduced without prior wren consent Copyright© 1982 and 1998, 7 Ae tnttin asreiates, Ine. The tems DS-1™ and Registered Under DS-1™ sre Registered Trademarks of TH fil Associate, Ine ei iaal copie contact TH Hil Associates In. 7676 Hllmor, Suite 360, Houston, TX, 77040 Phone. (113) 934-9215 Fax: (713) 934-9236, mail@thhil.cm (email) WAALVSESSS SDS DDD: SSCS US POPP PSDPSSSSVSSSSSSSIIIIFXLITIITISTSITISTHNET NI INTRODUCTION .. DS-1™ Standard Table of Contents DRILL STEM DESIGN 21 22 23 Scope Fatigue Design Factors Part One 24 25 26 27 28 29 210 2a 212 213 214 245 216 217 218 219 Part Two 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 Vertical to Moderate Angle Wellbores Stabilizer and Jar Placement Length of Drill Collar Section:.. Length of the Heavy Weight Drill Pipe Section Other Checks ‘Tension Design Nomenclature... Calculate Allowable Load (PA) Margin of Overpull (MOP) ‘Working Load (PW) ... ‘Maximum Length of the First Drill Pipe Section . ‘Maximum Length of the Second Drill Pipe Section ‘Maximum Length of the Third Drill Pipe Section Burst Pressure mt Collapse Pressure ‘Combined Loading Other Considerations. Extended Reach (ER) Wellbores Torsion 7 Combined Tension/Torsion . Fatigue in ER wells, Drill pipe buckling Build and hold wellbores. Dropping Wellbores... INSPECTION 3a 32 33 Scope oe er 109 Purpose ees 109 How to Inspect Drill Strings Under this Standard, 109 3.4 Visual Tube Inspection... z : ns 35 OD Gage Tube Inspection: an. a : : ns 3.6 Ultrasonic Wall Thickness Inspection ... : ne 3.7. Electromagnetic 1 Inspection emus a ot 16 3.8 Electromagnetic 2 Inspection... . : ug 3.9 MPISlip/Upset inspection . =n 3.10 Ulsasonic (UT) Slip/Upset Area Inspection : sens 120 3.11 Visual Connection Inspection.. 12 3.12 ‘Dimensional 1 Inspection 122 3.13. Dimensional 2 Inspection 124 3.14. Dimensional 3 Inspection 125 3,15. Blacklight Connection Inspection 127 3.16 UT Connection Inspection 128 3.17 Liquid Penetrant Inspection 129 3.18 Elevator Groove Inspection . Bt 3.19 Shop Inspection of Drilling Jars 131 3.20. Kelly Inspection = : a 132 3.21. Shop inspection of MWD/LWD on 34 3.22. Shop Inspection of Motors and Turbines sens 13S 3.33 Shop Inspection of Underreamers Hole Opener, Roller Reamers & Casing ‘Srapers 1136 3.24 Stabilizer Inspection 2 7 Se : snes BT 3.25. Sub Inspection en. 138 3.26. Shop Inopection of Surface Safety Valves, Kelly Valves, and Inside Blowout Preventers nnn 139 3.27 Field Inspection of Specialty Tools — a 141 3.28 Inspection Personnel Qualification 142 REGISTRATION OF INSPECTION and THREADING VENDORS 4.1 Scope and Field of Application .. 165 165 4.2 Definition and limits of Registration : oo = 43 Registering AgeMts woonnensesenenonenininmrnne 165 44 Registration Categories 166 4.5 Registration Requirements 166 4.6 Registration Process 167 4.7 Vendor Directory 168 48 Quality Program Changes ... 168 49° Re-egistration = : soon 168 410 Description and Use of Registration Mark... a a sone 168 FAILURE PREVENTION 5.1 Scope and Definition... ae : v 1 5.2. The "ADIOS" Elements... —— 2 vennene TL 5.3. Two Failure Mechanism Groups im 1m 5.4 Failure Mechanism ee oe 55. Ifa Failure Occurs. : = — von ITD 5.6 Fatigue Failures 13 5.7 Torsion Failure 18 180 5.8 Tension Failure : _ : 5.9 Combined Tension/Torsion a vevenen IBD 5.10 Burst Pressure. 182 5.11 Collapse Pressure — eee sone 18. 5.12. Sulfide Stress Cracking worn . 2 = 183 5.13. Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) su. — ' 184 5.14 Verifying Material Properties ve soe vw eee ica WSLS SSS OSSD PSPSPS SSSSSSSSSSPSSPFSSFSITIFSTIPTHV IVINS FITNESS FOR PURPOSE 6.1 SeOpE inevrsnnnnnnnn : semen 18S 62. Acceptance Criteria a . = 185 63. Fitness for Purpose 186 64 Types of Acceptance Criteria ——— 186 65 Adjusting Acceptance Criteria ...2ucunmnn oe 188 6.6 Acceptance Criteria on Drill Pipe Tubes 188 6.7 Acceptance Criteria for Tool Joints... : 191 68 Acceptance Criteria for Rotary Souldered Connections on BHA Components. sone 198 6.9 Acceptance Criteria for Elevator Grooves on Drill Collars 201 STRENGTH AND DESIGN FORMULAS |A.l_ Collapse Pressure for Dil Pipe .. 205 A2 Intemal Pressure 206 A3. Tension 206 Ad AS AG aq Ag Ag GLOSSARY ‘Torque Calculations for Rotary Shouldered Connections 206 AA.1 Makeup Torque: a 206 ‘42 Torsional Strength 206 ‘A43 Combined Torsion and Tension 207 Drill Pipe Torsional and Combined Load Yield Strength. eee 207 AS.1 Pure Torsion Only. 207 ‘A'S. Torsion and Tension. 207 Drill Collar Bending Strength Ratio... 208 Derivation of Equation 2.14 .. 208 Drill Pipe Buckling. : sone 208 ‘Weight of Dril Pipe Between Two Points in a Constant Rate Build Section om vee 210 213 61 62 63 64 68 66 67 68 69 Al A2 A3 Ad AS As Aq AB Ag VVVEse se rrr DDD DSHS PSPS PVPS SS PPSHSSPIPITTSTSV SRST TIES GLOSSARY .. FITNESS FOR PURPOSE, Scope ‘Acceptance Criteria Fitness for Purpose ' ‘Types of Acceptance Criteria Adjusting Acceptance Criteria ‘Acceptance Criteria on Drill Pipe Tubes Acceptance Criteria for Tool Joints ‘Acceptance Criteria for Rotary Souldered Connections on BHA Component “Acceptance Criteria for Elevator Grooves on Drill Collars, . STRENGTH AND DESIGN FORMULAS Collapse Pressure for Drill Pipe Internal Pressure . Tension ‘Torque Calculations for Rotary Shouldered Connections. ‘Ad.1 Makeup Torque. ‘AA Torsional Strength e ‘A43. Combined Torsion and Tension =o Drill Pipe Torsional and Combined Load Yield Strength. AS.1 Pure Torsion Only. sn 5.2 Torsion and Tension... Drill Collar Bending Strength Ratio Derivation of Equation 2.14 wa. Drill Pipe Buckling. ‘Weight of Dill Pipe Between Two Points in a Constant Rate Build Section 185 185 186 186 188 188 191 198 201 207 207 207 207 208 208 208 210 213 = a a a a a a a a 2 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 2 2 a a a 2 2 s a » s s a s » » » a > o > a a DS-1™ Drill Stem Design and Inspection - Second Edition Section 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Foreword LL Bistory: DS-1 is a standard jointly sponsored by members of the Drilling Engineers Association (DEA) and other parties as DEA Project 74, The first edition of DS-1™ was published in December, 1992. This second edition expands the scope and coverage of the first edition. 1.1.2 Sponsorship: Sponsorship of DS-1™ is open to any company or institution having an interest inthe design, inspection and failure prevention of drill stems or drill stern components. The current sponsorship group includes 23 oil and gas operating companies, 9 contractor and rental com- panies, 3 inspection companies and one reseerch institute. Sponsorship fees are paid to T H Hill Associates, Inc. and are used to write, update and maintain the standard. For information on becoming a sponsor of DS-1™, contact: Engineering Manager ‘TH Hill Associates, Inc. 7616 Hillmont, Suite 360 Houston, Texas 77040 (713) 934-9215 (phone) (713) 934-9236 (fax) mail @thhill.com (email) L.3 Objectives: The primary objectives of this standard a. To publish procedures for inspecting used drill string components that, when employed, will optimize the iiformity and economic benefit of inspection to the inspection buyer, "Inspection buyer" means the party at ‘economic risk in the event of a drill stem failure. b. To provide an engineered approach for accepting or rejecting used drill sem components during inspection con the basis of their fitness for the intended purpose. instead of on arbitrary attributes. c. To provide the user with methodology and data needed for Grill stem design. 4. To establish uniform benchmarks against which the internal process quality control of inspection and threading companies can be evaluated by their customers. 1.14 Copyright Notice: Anyone who wishes to use this standard may do so, but no part of the standard may be pho- tocopied, electronically duplicated, entered into a computer, or otherwise reproduced without prior written permission from T H Hill Associates, Inc. 1.1.5 Content: The content of this standard is determined by acommittee composed of engineers and technicians from sponsor Companies. Suggestions for improvement to this standard are welcomed. They should be sent to the address in paragraph 1.1.2 above. 1.1.6 Revisions and Corrections: Revisions and correc- tions of this standard are published from time to time. Be- fore using the standard, be sure to call the above number to ‘make sure you have the latest edition. 1.1.7 Assumptions: This standard is written and published solely for the convenience of the user. The data presented herein is based on assumptions about material properties ‘and operating conditions which will not apply in all cieurn- stances. Since actual material properties and operating con- ditions cannot be foreseen, each user must first ascertain how local equipment or operating conditions deviate from the assumptions herein, then employ sound engineering and technical judgement in deciding when to employ any part of this standard. 1.1.8 Limitations: This standard is not a training manual, not should it be used by untrained or inexperienced person- nel, or people who are not qualified in drilling engineering, threading technology, inspection technology, quality assur- ance, or applicable codes, standards and procedures. This standard is not intended to meet the duties of employers to ‘properly train and equip their employees in any of the above fields. 1.1.9 Disclaimer of Liability: T H Hill Associates, Inc. and the editorial committee have made diligent effort to en- sure the reliability of the data presented in this standard. However, T H Hill Associates, Inc, its officers and diree- tors, the editorial committee members and their companies ‘make no representation, guarantee, claim, or warranty of any kind as to the validity of engineering formulas used, or the accuracy of any data presented herein. TH Hill Associ- ates, Ine, its officers and directors, the editorial committee ‘members and their companies hereby expressly disclaim any responsibility or liability for loss or damage, or for any vio- lation of any law or infringement of any patent arising out of the use of this standard, a a a a 5 a a a a a a a a = a a =a =a a = a > a a a = = » a a a a a a a a a a » a a a a na a » * Ca a a 2 o > ? DS-1™ Drill Stem Design and Inspection - Second Edition Section 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Foreword Ld History: DS-1™ is a standard jointly sponsored by members of the Drilling Engineers Association (DEA) and other parties as DEA Project 74, ‘The first edition of DS-1™ was published in December, 1992. This second edition expands the scope and coverage of the first edition. 1.12 Sponsorship: Sponsorship of DS-1™ is open to ny company of institution having an interest in the design, inspection and failure prevention of drill stems or drill stem components, The current sponsorship group includes 23 oil and gas operating companies, 9 contractor and rental com- panies, 3 inspection companies and one research institute. Sponsorship fees are paid to T H Hill Associates, Inc. and. are used to write, update and maintain the standard. For information on becoming a sponsor of DS-1"™, contact: Engineering Manager ‘TH Hill Associates, Inc. ‘7616 Hillmont, Suite 360 Houston, Texas 77040 (713) 934-9215 (phone) (713) 934-9236 (fax) ‘mail @thhill.com (email) 113 Obje: ‘The primary objectives of this standard a. To publish procedures for inspecting used drill string components that, when employed, will optimize the uniformity and economic benefit of inspection to the inspection buyer. "Inspection buyer” means the party at economic risk in the event of a drill stem failure. b. To provide an engineered approach for accepting or rejecting used drill stem components during inspection on the basis of their fitness for the intended purpose instead of on arbitrary attributes. ¢. To provide the user with methodology and data needed for drill stem design, 4. To establish uniform benchmarks against which the internal process quality control of inspection and threading companies can be evaluated by their customers. 1.1.4 Copyright Notice: Anyone who wishes to use this standard may do so, but no part of the standard may be pho- tocopied, electronically duplicated, entered into a computer or otherwise reproduced without prior written permission from T H Hill Associates, Inc. 1.5 Content: The content of this standard is determined by a committee composed of engineers and technicians from sponsor Companies. Suggestions for improvement to this standard are welcomed. They should be sent to the address in paragraph 1.1.2 above. 1.1.6 Revisions and Corrections: Revisions and correc- tions of this standard are published from time to time. Be- fore using the standard, be sure to call the above number to ‘make sure you have the latest edition, 1.1.7 Assumptions: This standard is written and published solely for the convenience of the user. The data presented herein is based on assumptions about material properties and operating conditions which will not apply in all circum- stances, Since actual material properties and operating con- ditions cannot be foreseen, each user must first ascertain how local equipment or operating conditions deviate from the assumptions herein, then employ sound engineering and. technical judgement in deciding when to employ any part of this standard. 1.1.8 Limitations: his standard is not a taining manual, nor should it be used by untrained or inexperienced person- nel, or people who are not qualified in drilling engineering, threading technology, inspection technology, quality assur- ance, or applicable codes, standards and procedures. This standard is not intended to meet the duties of employers to properly train and equip their employees in any ofthe above fields. 1.1.9 Disclaimer of Liability: T H Hill Associates, Inc. and the editorial committee have made diligent effort to en- sure the reliability of the data presented in this standard. However, T H Hill Associates, Inc, its officers and direc~ tors, the editorial committee members and their companies ‘make no representation, guarantee, claim, or warranty of any kind as to the validity of engineering formulas used, or the accuracy of any data presented herein. TH Hill Associ- ates, Inc, its officers and directors, the editorial committee ‘members and their companies hereby expressly disclaim any responsibility or liability for loss or damage, or for any vio- lation of any law or infringement of any patent arising out of the use of this standard Va 1.1.10 Responsibility for Compliance: Responsibility for compliance to any requirement of this standard can only be established by one user of this standard upon another user by agreement between the two parties. 1.2 SCOPE 1.2.1 Introduction: Section 1 gives the scope, general in- formation, and definitions forthe standard. 1.2.2 Design: Section 2 gives procedures and data for drill stem design. 1.2.3 Inspection: Section presents recommended inspec- tion methods and required procedures for used drill pipe, rotary shouldered connections, heavyweight drill pipe, drill collars, and other drilling equipment, TH Hill Associates, Inc. 1.2.4 Service Company Registration: Section 4 outlines 2 registration program for service companies that perform dill stem inspections and threading, 1.2.8 Analysis and Corrective Action for Drill Stem Fail- tures: Section 5 shows how to recognize common failure ‘mechanisms in drill sem components, and gives corrective actions to prevent a reoccurrence. 1.2.6 Fitness for Purpose: Section 6 outlines a process for modifying acceptance criteria so that drill stem compo- nents may be accepted or rejected based on fitness for in- tended purpose, rather than on arbitrary acceptance criteria VWUVSSFPSS OSS PPI SPV SSIS SSO PPPOE HVS VOUS VONEENNUNUUUY DS-17™ Lyil Stem Design and Inspection Section 2 DRILL STEM DESIGN 2.1 Scope 2.1.1 Design Considerations Covered: Part One of this sec- tion covers simple drill stem design for vertical to moderate angle wellbores. Part Two covers design for Extended Reach ‘and horizontal drilling, Loads applied by tension, torsion, com- bined tension and torsion, burst pressure, collapse pressure, compression, slip crushing and stability forces are considered. Design steps to reduce fatigue damage are also covered, 2.1.2 Limitations of this Section: This section does not cover techniques for vibration analysis, torque and drag, hy 6-7/8 inches PAC 0.795 NIA 1-90 0.511 f=0.562 Other 568 £20,625 (The factor “is simply the decimal fraction of torsional yield strength that forms the basis for the makeup torque values in this standard) 2.5 Stabilizer and Jar Placement 2.8.1 Stabilizers: The size and placement of stabilizers is of- ten determined by directional considerations. However, sabi lizers also impact other important design concerns a, While rotary drilling ina vertical hole, the lower part ofthe BHA will be buckled and supported by the sides ofthe hole. Stabilizers reduce connection stress by restricting the freedom of lateral drill collar movement. This lengthens connection fatigue life, other things constant. . Ifmechanical sticking is aconcern, more or larger stabilizers ‘may increase the chance of getting stuck. On the other hand, stabilizers can reduce the chance of differential sticking by holding drill collars away from the side of the hole. SOS SSSSPESESESISILILOSSSSSISSPESISISrErereririaerrs) DS-1™ Drill Stem Design and Inspection —_ 2.5.2 Jars: Aside from the need to maximize jar impact at the probable stuck points, the main consideration for jar placement is preventing jr fatigue failure. Until recently, the rule of thumb was to run jars in “tension” (meaning above zero mechanical tension point, which in a vertical hole, is also the buckling neu: tral point). More recently, because of high hole angles, it has ‘become acceptable to also run jars in compression but not in the zero mechanical tension point. The problem with these rules of thumb is that there is still much confusion about the difference between tension and compression and buckled and rot buckled, Whether a drill string component is in tension or ‘compression is rarely a matter of pressing concern, but whether ‘or not the component is buckled is always a matter of concern if itis being rotated. “To simplify matters, the above rules should be replaced by the following: Do not run jars buckled at any time. Obviously, this rule prohibits running jars in mechanical compression in vertical or near-vertical hole sections. However, in high angle holes, the compressive load a jar may carry without buckling. ‘can be quite high. This load will depend on many factors, but ‘can be easily estimated using the curves in figure 2.18 of this standard, 2.6 Length of Drill Collar Section: 2.6.1 BHA types: The length of the drill collar section will be determined by the type BHA in use and whether or not HWDP is to be used for bit weight. Three types of BHA configura tions are covered in these design recommendations and are il- Justrated in Figure 2.1 a, Type A: This configuration uses heavy weight drill pipe above the drill collars as a transition to smooth the abrupt section change. Full weight on bits sil applied with drill collars. b. Type B: This configuration has only enough drill collars 0 achieve desired directional control or other objective and applies bit weight with both collars and HWDP. It provides ‘easier and faster rig floor handling of the BHA, reduces differential sticking tendency and has apparently reduced drill collar connection failures. Type C: The type C configuration has more than one drill, collar size but still applies bit weight with both collars and HWDP. 2.6.2 Type A BHA’s: If the type A BHA configuration is used, the minimum length of the drill collar section is calculated as follows: Del Sem Design ri teebe FoR woe Fon cmaneroll ‘TRANSMON ouuy ‘aNDWOB HwopFoR ‘TRANSITION. ‘aNOWOR Powr | ‘TAPERED DAIL COLLAR STRING coLLARs| TYPE «TYPE — TYPE A B c Figure 2.1. Three BHA configurations are covered in this text. bac —(WOB)x( DF) a (Woe)x(Ke)x(c0s) Where: Lye = Minimum length of DC section (ft) WOB = Maximum weight on bit (Ibs) DF,,, = Design factor for excess BHA weight Ky = Buoyancy factor (table 2.14) @ = Maximum hole angle at BHA (degrees) W, = Air weight of drill collars (tb/ft) ‘The design factor for excess BHA weight (DF,,,.) is chosen to ensure that the neutral point stays below the top of the BHA. This factor is assigned a value of 1.15 in most applications, Hard drilling conditions may require higher values. After the minimum drill collar section length is calculated, itis often rounded to the next full stand of collars for convenience. 2.6.3 Type B and C BHA’s: If a type B or type C BHA con- figuration is used, the number of drill collars is determined by directional control, equipment availability or other consider- ations. The amount of HWDP required to apply the necessary WOR and keep the neutral point in the BHA can be determined by formula 2.3. 7 2.7 Length of the Heavy Weight Drill Pipe Section 2.7.1 Type A BHA's: For a type A BHA configuration, the ‘mount of HWDP for transition is determined by past experi- fence. Anywhere from 9 to 30 joints is common. 2.7.2, Type B and C BA's: When HWDP will be used for bit ‘weight, the minimum length of HWDP to provide the desired ‘weight on bit is calculated as follows: {ocx La + Woerdx(Lee)}] = i) heyatco58) Minimum length of HWDP section (ft) = Maximum weight on bit (Ibs) Design factor for excess BEA length HWDP air weight (Ib/it) ‘Air weight of drill collars in fist section (Ib/ft) = Length of first drill collar section (ft) ‘Air weight of drill collars in second section (Ib/ft) LOS = Length of second drill collar section (ft) Buoyancy factor 2 = Maximum hole angle at BHA (degrees) ‘As hole angle increases, the point is reached when a heavy BHA js more detrimental due to increased tensile and torsional drag. than itis beneficial for adding weight on the bit. Formulas 2.2 ‘and 2.3 for calculating necessary BHA weight will not apply beyond this point. Athigh hole angles, itis customary to apply bit weight by running the normal weight drill pipe in the high angle hole section in mechanical compression. (These issues are covered in paragraph 20 of this Section). 2.8 Other Checks 2.8.1 Check Too! Joint Torsional Capacity: To prevent down- hrole makeup and resulting torsional failure, maximum operat- ‘ng torsion should never exceed too! joint makeup torque. When high operating torsion is expected, makeup torque may be in- creased above the standard 60 percent of tool joint torsional Yield strength. A procedure for accomplishing this is given in paragraph 2.21.4, Always be sure to confirm connection di- fnensions and check the accuracy of torque gauges, whether oF not it is planned to exceed standard makeup torque. 2.8.2 Calculate Stiffness Ratio: The Stiffness Ratio (SR) of the sections above and below each transition must be compared tohelp quantify the abruptness of the section change and deter- 8 ‘TH Hill Associates, Inc mine the need for transition pipe. This is accomplished by di viding the section modulus (Z) ofthe lower section tube by the section modulus of the upper. (Zuower) (Zoran) ea Section moduli for drill pipe, heavy weight drill pipe and drill collar tubes are given in this standard. Like BSR, stiffness ratio is not a strictly quantitative perfor- ‘mance limit, and experience should be a major determinant in setting the desired maximum SR . If drill pipe failures are oc- curring near the top of the BHA despite adequate drill collar weight for applied WOB, transition pipe may be needed to ‘mooth the section change, Criteria for permissible stiffness tatio varies between different operators and areas. The follow- ing maximums are typical: ‘a. Forroutine drilling or very low failure rate experience, keep SR below 5.5. b. For severe drilling or for significant failure rate experience, keep SR below 3.5, 2.9 Tension Design Nomenclature 2.9.1 Basis: The basis for selecting various pipe grades to make up a dril string is to always maintain at leat the desired Mar- fin OF Overpull (MOP) at all points in the string, This is ac- ‘complished by adding the lowest pipe grade a joint at a time starting from the top of the BHA and working upward. Each joint must support the BHA weight plus the drill pipe below that joint. When the working load (P,) is reached for that grade of drill pipe, the drill pipe is switched to a higher grade. This process continues unt the string is complete, ‘Tensile design hhomenclature is reviewed below and illustrated in Figure 2.6. a. Tensile Load Capacity (P,): This isthe calculated tensile pull to yield the pipe body.” Tensile capacities are given in table 2.5. b. Design Factor in Tension (DF,):The factor used to erate the tensile load capacity 1 obtain allowable load (P,). Many ‘operators use a DF, of 1.1. c. Allowable Load (P,): This is the maximum load typically placed on the pipe, including an allowance for possible trouble. Itis the tensile capacity (P,) divided by DF,. 4. Margin Of Overpull (MOP): The design excess pull ‘capacity above working load (Py) to compensate for expected drag, possible sticking, slip crushing and the effeet of circulating pressure on tension, VOVUOS TS VV VF TSP PPP SVSDOD ODO PSS SPS PUS SS PHS PPVUSHN HHH VEN DS-1™ Drill Stem Design and Inspection S-inch 19.50 Ib/ft grade E, Premium Class DP (assume: DFr=1.15 MOP=100,000 Ibs) TENSILE LOAD CAPACITY (Pr) (From DS-1™,Table 2.5) TENSILE LOAD (1000's Ibs) Figure 2.2 Tensile design nomenclature. ce. Working Load (P,,): Working load is the expected ‘maximum tension that will occur during normal operations. (Note on drill pipe weight: The nominal weight of drill pipe is what it's called, not what it weighs, The actual weight in air of rill pipe will always differ from nominal weight. Approxi- rate actual weight, also called adjusted weight or simply air ‘weight, can be found in table 2.2. It should always be used in the calculations below. Nominal weights are useful only to communicate the type of pipe to which you'r referring.) 2.10 Calculate Allowable Load (P,) ‘The allowable drill pipe load is determined as follows: Pr Pe es) DF Where P, = Maximum allowable tensile load (bs) y= Pipe tensile capacity (Ibs) (table 2.5) DF, = Design factor in tension 2.11 Margin of Overpull (MOP) MOP is the desired amount of excess tension above working. Toad (P,) to account for hole drag, to provide excess pull ca- pacity inthe event the pipe becomes stuck and to compensate for the effects of circulating pressure on tension. The first two clements are determined by local conditions or company policy. ‘The effect of circulating pressure can be estimated by the fol- lowing: AP=(APrar):(Ai) - (2.6) Where: AP = The estimated increase in drill pipe tension due to circulating pressure (Ibs) APrir = Pressure drop across the bit (psi) ‘A, = Drill pipe internal area (in*) (table 2.1) ‘MOP values from 50 - 150,000 Ibs are common. MOP is usu- ally bigher for larger drill pipe sizes, when the probability of sticking is higher, and where high hole drag is expected. Some references recommend taking slip crushing forces into account ‘when setting MOP, while others recommend ignoring these forces. See paragraph 2.19.3 in tis section for instructions on hhow to include slip erushing forces when setting MOP. 2.12 Working Load (P,,) ‘Maximum working load (P,) is the allowable load minus the ‘margin of overpull: Pw = Pa- MOP en Where: P., = Working load (Ibs) B,_ = Allowable load (Ibs) MOB. = Margin of overpull (Ibs) 2.13 Maximum Length of the First Drill Pipe Section ‘The maximum length of the pipe of a specified grade (begin- ring with the lower strength grade) in the first drill pipe sec- tion above the BHA is calculated by formula 2.8. If this amount isrun, the design will exactly conform to the design constraints Of course, less pipe of a lower strength grade may be run. If so, the actual MOP will be higher than the design MOP. ((Woei)x( Loe) + | wi 28) sone (22)-lememacony Ke} L {cwvieor)x(Lirwor)| | Maximum length of drill pipe in Section 1 (f) Working load of drill pipe in Section | (ft) ‘Air weight of drill collars in first section (Ib/ft) Length of frst drill collar section (ft) W, L WY! © Air weight of drill collars in second section (Ib/ft) Liz = Length of second drill collar section (f) KK, = Buoyancy factor Wiyune = Air weight of HWDP (Ib/ft) Liner = Length of HWDP section (f) W. = Air weight of drill pipe in Section 1 Ib/t) 2.14 Maximum Length of the Second Drill Pipe Section ‘To calculate the maximum length of the second drill pipe sec tion (if required), use formula 2.9. i fa) Lor: = : 29) L wax) Where: Py, = Working load of dril pipe in section 2 (Ibs) Pe. = Working load of drill pipe in section 1 (Ibs) & Air weight of dril pipe in section 2 Ib/f) K, = Buoyancy factor ‘ength of drill pipe in second section (f0) 2.15 Maximum Length of the Third Drill Pipe Section “To caleulate the maximum length ofthe third drill pipe section (if required), use formula 2.10. [eer Pe] en eV woke J (2.10) Working load of drill pipe in Section 3 (Ibs) ® = Working load of dil pipe in Section 2 (bs) W. = Air weight of el pipe im Section 3 (Ib) Buoyancy factor Length of dil pipe in second section (8) L, 2.16 Burst Pressure In general, drill pipe is not used in applications requiring high burst pressure loading if gas is the source of the high pressure, Tubing with premium connections is often better suited to this 10 ‘TH Bill Associates, Inc. service than used drill pipe. In no event should drill pipe of any grade be used to carry gas containing hydrogen sulfide ata paral pressure greater than 0.05 psia, For other appicetions, purst pressure ratings for drill pipe tubes are given in table 2.7. ‘These ratings have been calculated assuming minimum mate- rial properties and no axial load. The design factor in burst pressure (DF,,) should be divided into the burst rating of the Grill pipe tube to set its maximum burst pressure differential While simultaneous tension increases tube burst pressure ca- pacity, this benefit is ignored in most cases. 2.17 Collapse Pressure ‘The net collapse pressure at any point on the drill string under static conditions is Cay Pro=Pra-Prop+ D(Ga~ Gor) Where: Pr, = Net collapse pressure on drill pipe (psi) Pr, = Surface annulus pressure (psi rgb = Surface drill pipe pressure (psi) B = Depth of interest (f) G, = Fluid gradient in annulus (psi) Gi = Fluid gradient in drill pipe (psi/f) Simultaneous tension reduces drill pipe collapse capacity ‘Therefore, collapse capacity should always be derated for an- ticipated tension, as outlined below. 2.18 Combined Loading Most published load capacity tables, including those in table 2.5-2.8, assume that loads operate independently of each other. However, simultaneous bidirectional loads can reduce the load capacity of a component in either direction. The most com- mon examples in drill strings are: ‘a, Simultaneous tension reduces drill pipe collapse pressure capacity, and vice-versa. 'b. Simultaneous torsion reduces drill pipe tube tensile capacity, and vice-versa c. Connection makeup (torque) past a given point reduces connection tensile capacity 4. Simultaneous tension reduces the torsional yield strength of pin-weak connections, “These cases are discussed in the remainder of this section. WVVVVVVD DDO SS OSS P VDSS PSS SPSESUPPPP UV UVES DPPPSERUEER UUOY DS-1™ Drill Stem Design and Inspection 2.18.1 Derating Collapse Pressure Capacity for Simulta- ‘neous Tension: The nominal collapse pressure rating of drill pipe is given in table 2.8. If the drill pipe is under combined tension and collapse pressure loads, the collapse rating must be derated. The derating factor can be obtained from Figure 2.3 Figure 2.3 requires assuming an “average” yield strength for the drill pipe. For this purpose it is more conservative use the ‘minimum yield strength for the drill pipe grade (Table 2.3 ). but API RP7G recommends using an assumed “average” yield strength (Table 2.3a ) that is slightly higher. ‘Table 2.3 MINIMUM Ytetp STRENGTHS Grade Yield Strength (psi) 75,000 95,000 105,000 135,000 woxm Table 2.3a AssumeD “AVERAGE” YIELD STRENGTHS Grade woxnm 2.18.2 Example Problem: Determine the collapse pressure ca- pacity of 5 inch, 19,50 Ib/ft grade E drill pipe under a tensile Toad of $0,000 Ibs, Solution: First express the axial load as a percent of minimum yield strength, We will use the more conservative method which ‘assumes the drill pipe has minimum yield strength atthe point of interest Where: ‘Axial load = Axial load at the point of interest (Ibs) Minimum YS = Minimum yield strength of drill pipe (psi) PL = DP ube tensile capacity (Ibs) (table 2.5) (50,000 t6s)=100 % Minvs (11,5350) Drill Stem Design Entering Figure 2.3 on the horizontal axis at 16%, reading ver- tically to the curve, then horizontally to the vertical axis yields a derating factor of 0.90. Next, multiply the nominal collapse capacity (from Table 2.8) by the derating factor to obtain the derated collapse capacity. (7041 psi)x(0.90) = 6337 psi ‘Assuming a design factor in collapse (DF,) of 1.125, the al- Towable collapse pressure on this pipe under these conditions would be: (6337 psi/1.125 = 5632 psi 2.18.3 Derate Drill Pipe Tensile Load Capacity for Simulta- ‘neous Tension/Torsion: When backreaming, pulling on stuck pipe or fishing, high magnitude combined tension and torsion Toads on the drill pipe tubes may occur. The simultaneous ap- plication of both loads reduces the capacity of drill pipe tubes, tocarry either. The combined tension/torsion capacity of drill pipe tubes can be read directly from curves in figure 2.11. These ‘curves were drawn from formulas in Appendix A of API RP7G. Always check the combined load capacity of the tool joint to which the tube is attached. as this may be weaker 2.18.4 Tool Joint Tensile Load Capacity at Applied Makeup Torque: Makeup torque should not exceed the value recommended for ‘measured tool joint dimensions without considering the effect the increase may have on the tensile capacity of the string. Ten- sile capacities of tubes are normally significantly lower than the tensile capacities of the tool joints to which they're attached. ‘Therefore, its commonly assumed that the string tensile ca- pacity is limited by the tube. But makeup imparts a tensile PERCENT OF NOMA COLLAPSE RESISTANCE 20 40 gogo ‘x0 THHSON: PERCENT OF AVERAGE" ELD STRENGTH ° 100 Figure 2.3 Ellipse of biaxial yield stress (Taken from API RP 7G, after Holmquist and Nadai, “Collapse of Deep Well Casing” API Drilling and Production Practice, 1939. Applicable to plastic collapse only) ML stress to the tool joint pin neck which can be additive to string. tension. As makeup torque is increased, a point will be reached when the pin neck (not the tube) is the weak member in ten- sion, ‘Combined load capacities of several common tool joints may be read directly from figure 2.13. These curves were built from formulas given in Appendix A of API RP1G. They are ap- proximations that do not take the effects of pressure and bend- ing into account, For this reason, the values in these curves are derated by 10% from calculated values. Severe pressure and bending loads may reduce tool joint combined load capacity to below the values shown. More on this topic is given under extended reach considerations at the end of this section. 2.19 Other Considerations 2.19.1 Stability Forces and Drill Pipe Buckling: Given that full circulation is established with the bit off bottom, the ten- dency of stability forces to buckle drill pipe can safely be ig- nored in drill string design. This greatly simplifies design cal- culations. However if bit pressure drop is increased while the bit is on bottom, the drill pipe can buckle above the BHA (with resulting fatigue damage) even though the point of zero ten sion is still below the top of the BHA. This occurs because the pipe is not allowed to stretch to accommodate the increase in internal pressure. If buckling happens however, it will be tem- porary. Once enough hole has been made to accommodate the stretch that would have occurred had the pipe been hanging freely, pressure-induced buckling will disappear. Whether or not the drill pipe will temporarily buckle depends ‘on operating conditions atthe time, Shallow drilling, thin-wall rill pipe, large changes in bit pressure drop while drilling, and. high bit weight for available BHA weight all favor temporary pressure-induced drill pipe buckling. The following rule will eliminate pressure-induced buckling: Any time an increase in pump rate occurs while the bit is on bottom, pick up the drill string until a gain in weight is first noticeable, This allows the string to stretch and relieves the tendency to buckle. 2.19.2 Slip Crushing: Slips exert hoop compression on drill pipe which can deform the pipe if conditions are unfavorable, ‘A unit tensile stress (S) from hanging weight will result in & hoop stress (S,) that is a function of many factors, such as stip length, coefficient of friction between slips and bowl, pipe di- ameter and others. The "Slip Crushing Constant” defined by Casner' fora given set of conditions isthe ratio of the hoop to tensile stresses (S,/S,) resulting from those conditions. (If stip crushing occurs a les than predicted loads, the cause could be slicker than expected dope between slips and bowl). 12 TH Hill Associates, Ine Casner tabulated slip crushing constants for a variety of condi- tions, some of which are listed in Table 2.4 Table 2.4 SLir Crustinc Constants (S/S,) PIPE SIZE SLIP LENGTH (in) (im) 12 16 2-3/8 125 118 2-718 131 1.22 3.2 139 1.28 4 1.45 132 412 132 137 3 159 1.42 su 1.66 147 6-5/8 1.82 159 (from Casner? - Assumes coefficient of friction between slips and bowl = 0.08) Given that the pipe is not stuck, the maximum tension carried by the slips will be Working Load (P,). To check if there is sufficient margin to take care of slip crushing effect, multiply ‘Working Load by the slip crushing constant. The result should not exceed the Allowable Load. (sh) Pw)x < (Px ¢ G y} (2.13) Where Working load (Ibs) Slip crushing constant owable load (Ibs) (Note: If the pipe is stuck and itis desired to set the slips with ‘more tension than the working load, perform the calculation substituting the total tension on the pipe when the slips are set forP,.) 2.19.3 Slip Crushing and MOP: The slip crushing constant may be taken into account when setting the margin of overpull (MOP) to ensure that equation 2.13 is always true. To do ths, first determine MOP, then make sure that MOP satisfies the following relationship: mor > Pey{ 2-1) 2.14) i (2.14) If necessary, increase MOP to satisfy equation 2.14. WVVEVVP OOTP SPP POPP POPP SPSS SSPPP PSM SPPPVURUH RTS REUNEEEY 1pS-1™ Drill Stem Design and Inspection Problem: Are the conditions in Figure 2,2 satisfactory from the standpoint of slip crushing? What minimum MOP would be satisfactory under these conditions assuming the pipe was not stuck? Slip length is 16 inches. Solution: For 5-inch drill pipe, S/S, 1.42 (from above) P,, = 170,100 Ibs (Figure 2.6) P,, = 270,100 ibs (Figure 2.6) (170,100 tbs) x (1.42) = 241,542 Ibs < 270,100 Tbs “Therefore the conditions ae satisfactory, ‘To calculate minimum MOP to satisfy slip rushing MOP = (170,100 tbs) x (1.42 1) = 71.442 ths ‘The slip crushing analysis above assumes that slips, slip ele- ments and bowl are in good condition. This should be con- firmed regularly by both visual inspection and slip contact tests as outlined in the [ADC Driller's Manual. 2.19.4 Welded Components: In general, welded components jn the drill stem should be avoided. Most components are made from relatively high carbon steels that are heat treated to achieve desired mechanical properties. Welding permanently alters these properties unless the component is re-heat treated, nor~ ‘mally an impossibility in the field. Even when strength is nota ‘major concern, welds and heat affected zones can be extremely brittle unless the weld process is carefully designed and ex- ecuted. If itis absolutely necessary to run a welded compo- nent, the following procedure should be followed: ‘a. Design a weld procedure that will control all the essential variables necessary to obtain a weld with the desired properties. ‘These variables will include weld process. position, pre-heat, post-heat, feed rates, filler metal specification and many others. . Qualify the procedure by welding it exactly as written, then confirming that all desired properties are met in the finished product. This almost always requires destructively testing the first piece welded. cc. Ifawelder other than the one who made the initial weld is used, he or she must also be qualified to the specific procedure, Welder qualification is done in like manner a5, procedure qualification, 2.19.8 Buoyancy Factor for Non-Steel Components: The buoyancy factors given in this standard and other references apply only to steel components or components having the same density as steel. Ifa tool is less dense than steel, it will have more tendency ‘loat”, and therefore will have a smaller buoy- Drill Stem Design ancy factor. This will make the buoyed weight of BHA com- ponents less than supposed and move the point of buckling in the BHA for a given weight on bit upward in the string. In most cases, differences in density are small and safely handled vith the design factor for excess BHA weight (DF,,,)- Ifvery Tong non-steel BHA sections are run, a revised buoyancy fac- tor for those sections can be determined as follows: roa B= Da] D -- 2.15) where: Kynay, = Revised buoyancy factor ‘D = Density of BHA component Dp = Density of mud (Densities may be expressed in any consistent units) ‘After calculating the revised buoyancy factor, total buoyed BHA, weight can be determined as follows: Wana = (Wsrees)x(Ke) + (Worten)x(Kecnevs) (2.16) Wey, = Total Buoyed BHA weight (Ibs) wits Tas wcight of el component (8) "EZ posyany foto forsee Woe cela ipo er omponent (=) We = Boayaney fect for ote materia Part Two 2.20 Extended Reach (ER) Wellbores 2.20.1 Scope: Part wo of this design section covers basic drill stem design for extended reach (ER) and horizontal wellbores. ‘Topics addressed include load prediction, load analysis, jar placement, fatigue mitigation and buckling. Directional con- trol, hydraulics and vibration analysis are not covered in this section. 2.20.2 Design Considerations: The design approach in high angle and ER wells differs from the approach in vertical holes in the following respects. a. Inhigh-angle holes, traditional BHA components are often climinated. Bit weight is likely to be applied by running normal weight drill pipe in compression, a practice never recommended in a vertical hole. wh TH Hill Associates, Ine. Figure 2.4. Designing a drill string for ER driling may involve ‘many considerations. b. For a given measured depth, surface tension load from hanging weight decreases in a high-angle hole due to wall support, but torque and drag required to move the drill string are higher compared to vertical holes. The load limit for the drill string will be its tensile capacity in a vertical hole, but is mote likely tobe its torsional capacity in an ER hole. €. In vertical wells, loads are calculated based on hanging weight. Friction effects are often small and are traditionally ignored or handled by adding design factors or margin of overpull (MOP). In ER wells, friction effects will probably be large enough that they cannot be ignored. Load prediction is relatively straightforward in a vertical hole, but requires ‘computer simulation for an ER well. 4. Drill string design for vertical holes in Part 1 of this design section is a once-through calculation. In ER wells, dill siring design is an iterative process. 2.20.3 Design Overview: Figure 2.4 outlines most of the fac- tors that wll be considered in selecting drill string components for an ER well. As for most wells however, the dominant con- sideration for selecting a drill string will probably still be avail- ability, That is, the designer will first ask if the well can be drilled with the pipe thet is already on the rig, If so, this will usually be the lowest cost alternative 2.204 Estimating Drill String Loads: Hand-calculating pre- dicted torque and drag for an ER well, though theoretically pos- sible, isnot practical due tothe volume of calculations required. ‘Therefore, a computer program is required for predicting drill 14 SS string loads. Many commercial programs are available, most B86 of which are based on the model by Johancik etal.) This ap- socewsuts secu proach involves breaking the wellbore into discreet intervals, See Seaee Calculating the tension, normal force and torsion for each inter ‘ona eco val, then summing the tension and torsion over the length of Seton casecrves the hole rmciesues sTomae sce SRE SRE SESimier oFcow magnons | 5 Sees tae Fra wa(sind) * ue ean) [Fr derxsinB} + [(Frx 40) + (Wo xsinB)) .. (2.18) MP x ure 219) Where: ‘Tensile force in the pipe in an interval (Ibs) ‘Normal force against the side of the hole (Ibft) Coefficient of friction Average hole angle over an interval (degrees) Change in azimuth over an interval (radians) Change in inclination over an interval (radians) ‘Torque generated by rotation (ft-1b) Outside diameter of the component (ft) ‘Buoyed weight of pipe in an interval (Ib) 2.20.5 Drag Coefficient: Torque and drag programs base their predictions on an assumed friction coefficient, as in the above calculations. Once drilling begins, the programs are calibrated against actual loads to refine the torque and drag model against real conditions, However, torque and drag arise not only from friction, but also from the effects of hole tortuosity, cuttings accumulations, swelling shale, differential sticking, and other rechanical impediments to drill string movement. Thus, the friction coefficient” in the torque and drag programs could ‘more accurately be considered a “drag coefficient,” that is, a ‘composite coefficient that includes all factors affecting torque and drag. Furthermore, the drag coefficients for rotational ‘movement, for axial movement or for a combination of the two, will often be different, and may also vary with the direction of ‘movement. Finally, because these mechanical impediments to string movement frequently change with changing hole condi- tions, drag coefficient will also fluctuate, particularly for axial ‘movement. 2.20.6 Critical Hole Angle: As hole angle in a well increases, the BHA is less able to stide downward impelled by its own weight, Eventually sliding mode drilling will require pushing the BHA with pipe higher in the hole. The angle at which fur- ther downward movement of a component in sliding mode be~ comes impossible without pushing the pipe is called the ert cal angle, and is given by the following formula: WNVOVDDDEDHVPSPISUSSISITISSTUSDVE VUDUDUDUD DUD DD DD DI DS-1™ Drill Stem Design and Inspection 1 @crrr = arctan| — (2.20) () ae Where: critical hole angle (degrees) coefficient of hole drag Geer f 1 2.21 Torsion 2.21.1 Torsion Capacity: Tool joints are normally weaker in torsion than the tubes to Which they're attached, To prevent downhole makeup, the torsion capacity of a tool joint is con- sidered to be its makeup torque. If predicted surface torque is, above makeup torque, the string will be torsion capacity lim- ited, and the following approaches should be considered: 4 Thediameter and weight of drill string components in high angle hole sections should be minimized. This reduces the ‘operating torque required orotate them, and lowers torque loads higher in the hole, Of course, this must be balanced against the conflicting needs for minimizing internal pressure loss and maintaining te stability of normal weight drill pipe (NWDP) waile itis being compressed in rotary mode drilling. A procedure to maintain NWDP stability is. ‘given in the section under "Buckling." b. Makeup torque on the existing drill pipe tool joints may be ‘increased, This will have no detrimental effect on rill string performance, so long as the tool joint is not overstressed by ‘makeup and the capacity of the pin neck to carry external tension is not reduced to less than will be required by the drilling operation. A procedure for increasing makeup torque is given in this section. ©. Drillpipe on the rig may be replaced using pipe with higher torsional capacity tool joints. If hydraulics permit, replacement tool joints may simply be standard tool joints with smaller ID's and larger OD's. If pressure loss does not permit heavier tool joints, special proprietary connections are available that provide higher torsional capacity at given diameters than do standard tool joints. Operating torque may be minimized . This can be addressed by using mud systems or additives which reduce friction, and by minimizing wellbore tortuosity 2.21.2 Nonstandard Tool Joints: New and premium class tool Joints are designed to be about 80 percent as strong in torsion as the tubes to which they're welded. This ratio is based on historical precedent and API specifications. Nevertheless, con- tractors often purchase nonstandard to01 joints for a variety of Drill Stem Design good reasons. Nonstandard dimensions are of no particular concern as long as you adjust makeup torque accordingly. How- ever, because of the widespread practice of using nonstandard sizes, it is essential that you verify the actual dimensions of ‘oo! joints in the string. Do not assume thatthe pipe is equipped with standard sized tool joints unless you know this to be true 2.21.3 Factors Affecting Torsion Capacity: Since all API tool joints are made from material having the specified minimum yield strength of 120,000 psi, tool joint torsional capacity is ‘determined only by connection type, pin ID and box OD. To show the impact of dimensions on capacity, the table below lists standard NC-50 tool joint dimensions for 5-inch 19.50 ppf, ‘S-grade drill pipe. Also shown are the tool joint makeup torques using standard thread dope (friction factor = 1.0). Properriss oF New "StAnbARD” Sizep Toot Joints ON 5 INCH 19.50 ree Draw. Pre Standard Standard Gmde IDG) ODGm Makeup Tongue (ft E 334 65/8 22840 x BIR 658 27080 G 34 6S 31020 8 236 6518 38040 2.21.4 Procedure for Increasing Makeup Torque: If predicted ‘operating torque exceeds makeup torque, the lowest cost alter- native for increasing torsional capacity is simply to increase ‘makeup torque. When doing this, keep in mind that higher ‘makeup torque will increase pin neck tensile stress and there- fore reduce the pin neck's capacity to carry external tension. If this alternative is chosen, the practical limit for increasing makeup torque should probably be the makeup torque at which connecronNC5O PPe5" 19.50 ppt 1500 : ra ed z eae 3° — su = ee = +1000 — 334 i 2 0 2x0 ° 0 mw MAKEUP TOROUE (1000 tub) Figure 25 Combined load capacity for too! joints are given on curves like this example from figure 2.13. 15 rsa external tensile capacity of the pin neck is equal to the tensile capacity of the tube, To determine if the proposed increased ‘makeup torque meets this requirement, go to the curve in fig tre 2.6 for the tool joint in question. Enter the curve on the x axis at the makeup torque you need to use in the present appli- cation. Read upward until you intersect the line forthe pin ID. ‘Move horizontally to the left to read the reduced pin neck ten- sile capacity at the increased makeup-torque. If the lowered tensile capacity still exceeds the tensile capacity of the drill Pipe tube, you may safely increase makeup torque to that level. If not, you should take some other corrective actions listed in paragraph 2.21.1 2.21.5 Example Problem: You are using 6-5/8 x 3-1/4 inch NC50 tool joints on Premium Class 5-inch 19.50 ppf grade G -4.0 owe: If upper eronsover connection BSR is above desired range, use a boteneck crossover, ITuriag¢ TYPE C assembly, check BSR of all BHA crossovers, VL STIFFNESS RATIO CHECK ————_——__————— EDR COLLAR:_70.7 {en in) B-ZDRILLCOLLAR,_4:9.3 _(euin) C.2HWDP,_10.7_(u.in) D.2 DRILL PIPE:__£3.Z (on a) ‘Note any rato exceeds the desied limita wansiion Nat BCA CD_LO too HwDPpreret AC a re ewoesary. See 282 Vil. MAXIMUM LENGTH OF DRILL PIPE SECTIONS > 2 vner senate ro Lice test) (aa) =e oe] | am 83216) P60 , 192.270 x 147 (270 63.7)] | ao a5, 4243 vn SBE? 20 192. 270.17 270.682] Types, 228" oe )- Pa (359.785) -\ 133,214.) sno secronin ef aeetet]| , EES aaa, “Oso Lath) (B20 )x(—s J (OK FOR REMAINDER) THIRD SECTION Lops (ft) =| Foot) Fao) a fy mame | r— VIII. TORSIONAL CHECK One poate n“ NcsO_ 63/8 31/2 26,800 44,670. 18,000 n NESO 6'2 25/4 34190 56,980 18,000 "Note: Makeup torque shoul always exceed maximum expected operating trae 9x3 75/8R_ __90__90 Pai coLLnen 2x3 62/2R 270 360 39,690 33,022 47399 _ |S! wor 5X3 NCBO_ 270 630 14499 12,063 59,462 |i pruueree SUI95OE 4245 4,873 88,636 73,745 133207 _180,007 priuswen 519505 7327 12,200 165,590 157,771 270,978 238,806 DRILLPIPE #S (— X. DEFINITIONS ‘A;:Cross sectional area Inside the dril pipe (sain.) ‘Ac: Cross sectional area outside the dil pipe (s.in.) ‘DF gua: Design Factor for excess BHA weight (>1.0) DFy: Design Factor for Tension (DFT = Py/Pa) (>1.0) gr Buoyancy Factor (Table 2.14) (<1.0) Fg: Stability force tending to buckle drill pipe (Ibs) Lipo: Length of a dril collar section (ft) LLpp: Length of a dril pipe section (t) LLawop: Length of a HWDP section (tt) Z Section modulus (cu.in.) Tables 2.1, 2.3, 2.4) MOP: Margin Of Overpuil desired for drag and stuck pipe (ibs) Pa: Maximum allowable load for drill pipe (Ibs) (Pa = Pr/DFr) i: Pressure inside dril pipe at top of BHA (psi) Pg: Pressure outside dril pipe at top of BHA (psi) Py: Theoretical load to yield cril pipe (Ibs) (Table 2.5) yy: Design working load on drill pipe (Ibs) (Pw = Pa~ MOP) W: Air weightft of dri collars (bit) Woe: Air weighttt of dit collars (bt) Wrwop? Air weightft of heavy weight drill pipe (Ib) WOB: Weight On Bit (lbs) ‘DIGHE, LETH HA Assocs, Ie 24 'DS-17 Drill Stem Design and Inspection Dimensions and Weights Table 2.1 New DRILL PIPE TUBE DIMENSIONS Nomste Nom. Nom. Nom. a «a @: (0D) weight 1D wall 0.0.(m) Seesion Area (it) Section - — Mods ) (by (in) ), Mi, Max °D ee) 2s 485 1.995 1902344 2.406 443031251305 0.661 665 1815 280 2587 18430867 2s 685 2441 217 2a44 2.906 6492 467918121121 10.40 2151 362 3634 2858 1.602 3'h 950 2.992 ass 3.469 3531 9621 7031-2590 1.962. 1330 2.764 368 6000 3621-2572 1550 2.602 “49 S317 4304 2.923 11.85 3.476 262 396 «= 4031-12567 9.480 3.078.700 14.00 3340 330 8762 3.805 (3.229 1570 3.240 380 244 43223579 4h 13.95 3.958 an 4478 4545 15904 12303 3.600 3.592 16.60 3.826 337 149744074272 20.00 3.640 430 10.406 = 5498 S116 22.82 3.500 500 9621 6283 5.673 5 16.25 4.408 296 A975 5050 19.685 «15.261 «4.374 4.859 19.50 4.276 362 1436e $275 5.708 25.60 £000 ‘S00 12566 7.069 (7.245 5% 1920 4892 30 5473 5555 23.7598 1879649626. 21.90 4778 361 vss «$828 7.081 2470 4670 ais 11128 66297844 65s 2520 5.965 330 6592 6691 34472-27945 6.526 9.786 2.70 5.901 362 2149112310578 la") Note; The preceding formula is one of two tat are used in API RPTG for the term “Section Modulus” To avoid confusion, this formula is ised consistently throughout this standard. The values of section modulus herein will be one-half ofthe “polar sectional modulus” given in RP7G. However, this wll not cause any celeulation error as long as values from this standard are not mixed with those from RPG. 25 . » 2 s a » » » » » » 2 » » 2 a » a » » » » » » » » » 4 » = » a » a » a » a a a 2 » a a Ly a » a a 2 a a 2 a Ved TH Hill Associates, Inc. ‘Table 2.2 DRILL PIPE “STANDARD” CONNECTION SIZE, ADJUSTED WEIGHT/FOOT AND DISPLACEMENT (Caution — See note athe end of this table) 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 i) Sie Nome. Upsed Adjusted ve. “Standard” sie fo) DisprTple (o) (fe) Grde Connection (or oD D Stand (8) 2% 4.85 EUE NC26 5.16 338 13 174 EU OH 499 318 2 165 EU ‘SLH9O 491 34a 2 168 BU ‘WO 5.06 3308 2 7 66s BUE NC26 692 338 134 234 EU OH 683 31a 134 231 wu PAC 671 278 1308 27 Eu ‘SLHSO 673 314 2 28 EUX NC26 701 3398 13/4 237 BU SLH90 639 314 113/16 233 EUG NC26 101 33/8 13/4 237 EU SLH9O 689 Bus 113/16 233 2h 685 EUE NC3I 136 418 28 249 EU On 65 334 2716 232 EU SLH9O 696 378 2716 235 EU ‘WO 719 48 2716 243 1040 FUE NCH 1076 418 218 364 EU ‘OH 1051 378 2532 356 wu PAC 1015 318 12 a4 EU ‘SLO 1051 3718 2582 356 w xe 10.99 4aua 178 37 w NC26 30.28 33/8 134 348 EUx NC3 1036 ae 2 371 =u SLHi90 10.84 4 2 367 EUG NC3I 10.96 418 2 an au SLH90 10.84 4 2 367 EUS NC31 1138 438 158 385 EU SLH90 1112 48 158 316 3% 950 EUE NC38. 10.44 4314 26 383 EU OH 9.89 412 3 335 BU SLH9O 10.05 458 3 340 EU ‘WO 10.20 434 3 345 1330 BUE 190 1441 sus 234 488 EU NC38 1377 454 zine 466 ~ EU OH 1377 43/4 zine 466 ww NC3I 1340 48 218 454 BU XH 1394 438 2716 an BUX 190 1463 Sus 23/8 495, EU NC38 1441 5 2916 488 EU SLH90 1407 434 296 476 EUG NC38 () 14.49 5 2716 490 ru ‘SLO 1407 a3r4 2916 496 EUS NC38 140 3 218 497 EU SLH90 1469 3 28. 497 EU NCAO 15.04 338 26 509 15.50 EUE NC38 1639 5 2916 5 BUX NC3E 1669 3 276 565 EUG NC3B 1688 3 218 7 EU NC#O 16.96 sua 29n6 314 EUS NC3E 16.88 5 208 sm NC#0 1756 sin 2a 534 26 ‘pS-1™ Drill Stem Design and Inspection Dimensions and Weights. ‘Table 2.2 (continued) DRILL Pipe “STANDARD” CONNECTION SIZE, ADJUSTED: WEIGHT/FOOT AND DISPLACEMENT (Cason — See note ashe end ofthis abe) t 2 3 4 5 ‘ 7 8 ) Size Nome Upset! Adjusted wt “standard” size (n) Disprple (i) (te) Gnde Connection (bi) oD © Sand (8) 4 118s we 190 13.07 san 236 42 Ev NCa6 1351 6 34 457 EU OH 20 sa 3.15832 409 EU wo 291 5314 3716 437 1400 WE cao 15.06 sua 213/16 510 1 1190, 1a Se 2136 322 EU CAG 1585 6 Bell ‘337 BU ‘OH 1503 san 3.14 509 v SH 1437 458 2916 86 wx NCO 1530 ss zune 518 w +190 1555 S12 2136 526 EU NCAS wes 6 34 546 UG NCO 1590 sa 246 38 w 1190 1555 512 236 526 BU NCHS 1614 6 34 46 wus NCO 1618 sl 2 548 w 190 i855 sap 2136 ‘26 BU NCHS 1638 6 3 354 15.20 WE eso 1681 sus ns 569 Ww 90 1707 SD 236 518 EU NCa6 1751 6 3/4 393 wx ca 1755 52 246 598 vw 1190 mit sua 236 581 EU NCIS 1775 6 3.1/8 ol wG CAO 1755 512 246 508 w 1190 mn sua 581 EU NCa6 1775 6 01 EUS NCA6 1803 6 610 an 1375 WE 190 1321 6 sua ss EU N50 1493 638 33/8 505 EU O# 14.06 53/4 33182 476 BU wo 14.79 es 378 SOL 16.60 UE FH 1814 6 ous IEU #90 1781 6 603 EU C50 1798 638 609 EU oH 1710 578 519 EU NC38 1679 3 216 ‘568 EU NCS 1837 et 3d 2 TEUX FH 1862 6 3 630 EU 90 1839 6 314 63 BU C50 1834 6318 334 621 EU CaS 18.88 ous 3 639 TEU-G FH 18.62 6 3 1630 EU 90 1839 6 34 23 EU, N50 1834 638 33/4 621 IEU NCA 1888 ous 3 639 IEUS FH 19.28 ela 212 553 EU 190 1842 6 3 624 EU NC5O 1861 638 340 630 EU NCAS 19.09 ous A 546 [Note: “Standard too joint diameters on this table refer to those listed in APY documents of manufacture’ iterate, or hos 9 Gore vse. These dimensions should be used only to estimate actual 1 weight per foot. Too! join ‘sare often ordered in nonstandard dimen: ae a ne jot OD. Therefore, oo ont sional steng and makcop torque must be based on measured ook joint diameters, not these assumed “standards” 27 Table 2.2 (continued) RD” CONNECTION SIZE, ADJUSTED WEIGHT/FOOT AND DISPLACEMENT ganpd pihaat apes ienpartarently 3 4 5 6 Lx 8 ™ pseu Acta “Sundard" s(n) Dapp Joe we Grade Connection ‘or oD iD Stand (Bo om: Sue Noor) IEUE FH 2163 6 3 m2 ey iv 90 2183 é 3 2 30.00 EU Ncs0 a8 638 258 ma vn eu NCMG 20» ee 3 2 Ux Ft 2» 6 ain 738 EU 90 2139 é ale me EU NCSO 23 638 sin 749 eu NCA 2236 eu 23 764 10-6 Fit 2239 6 aan 334 iv 50 2130 6 3 7a Bu NCO nis 638 ain 9 iv Ncis 21 eure 22 70 BUS Ncso Bae ese 3 7s iv News 255 oe ae 718 EvE cso uo 638 298 sis io Nets 439 ein 3 A oe IEUx Ft 3583 ein 2m $61 Bo NCSo 2438 eae hip 2 IU NCS 3806 eile 2 ss UG NCO 3515 ein ae 1 Nes 3525 ei Zin a5 Bus NCSD 2583 és 234 em HUE SIRF 226 7 33 153 NCso 2089 658 3am a0 950 pux sin aa 7 aan 760 : 1160 nos 63 2 NSO alas és 3a 6 mo | sinPH tg 7 a 160 50 na ein 3 186 NCO aise ese am 7a US SanFH 340 oe Bin im ‘NCSD neo ose 2 765 BUR «SNF 26 1 ain 951 NCO 2689 638 bin ‘sto 350 pux sin as 7 Sin 963 'Noso 236 ein 3 38 uc | Sin Don Te ain 2 iNCso 2832 és 334 9 mvs Ncso 2818 saa 2p m6 sinPa 2035 Tle Sa oe HH an 7 4 0s i or i aus 3190 0 ase i 3a te * 7H 3531 ne Ban 853 a 2633 aa 3 1 FH 2633 7 4 sot Fa 76 wap cn) a0 FH ne wie Sp suo FH 287 han 3 om FH 230 8 s ou 30 658 ‘otal toy 2soxn yt paxtu on axe prepuRTS SH Hos) o i snes s0 Bu aMoH. “OLA tUoul ,snyopous eu0nse8 Bod, ap 30 sTEY-2U0 29 4 UND SmNpORH oNDeS Jo Senge, a | epteis snjuoo proa® O.,SOIMPOW uioySuypanard au, ON 0 Yaz sa a0 he ooo'00T-—00N'001 LTE LOL'ST cane sy MARIS LIT i: son ik Oooo OSS SBI OFI'ST Lee Haurs ore € res : waar 99st Lene SON IE € 001 £67 : 665L S86 LENT SON LIZ € sus ow sus ole ane ON LIZ € oi Le mee ono Le BON LIT € sic est ) C) & oo Cc} fim ” sninpon Kop eg (aid atau) saquny soup we 00 opoeg ease wong aA eRe IRD mM only jRIWON Be ww bs ee o00'001 oL¥ ze, Hagis9 eo so : Ooo'ss sare Haz r60't res ooo'ss 79901 (00't cor 5: OOo'ss 66 sus ow : ows sees ei Lee ooo'ss OLE 6 st © wy “ Co C oso ry awofiee sano a0 ah S90 wd. f ‘Giion pAIRUATUU —voRSAS easeuoDes yeowon : +i ee) - LHOTAM-H (AVANVIS ODBANIGINVAD (V (-suonoynaqoo uBisop uy mays Buxkoqdus aiofog moyeg s1oquem 1a Kapuedapin pjnoys s08n ays ‘ouofaioyy, uonoorfizads fay uo kq pataao> sou 8} ‘suossumuap wonoowuon ay140frdooxe ‘add up 1yBt2% Ka9q1 :210N)) HLONAULS TATA GNV ‘SLHOTAM ‘SNOISNAWIC Fle THC LHOTAMA-AAVAEL evan, THTTKHECTECTEKE TEE EEE EEE EEE OEE OEE EEE EE EEEEERAABA LS ane ‘outoof napa 205, oss: = cesta omigs9 7 1 16 ws zor soszt zeke OSON z I evs s 6'L © $966 TART PON t 1 sop love Sposa 8EON z 1 ose a) ea) (a) @ a) awffex__sau_snpowy —épog tg (aid) 88007 ed pfu) go sequny SPI xem do “yivans paRUMUNNGY ones ale vous are (ona — eA veuddy — uWon, Xl ) st or Ee T co's owez coset exis, S31 1 £901 e90 Ooo'ss styl ZIReLeeuKe sar 1 £90'1 Lo ooo'ss — zaorsaszr eis, S81 1 000"t ors O'S 5'L_ SHH ees sal 1 sus osy oooss Seas Owe cause sai 1 61 one Ooo'ss §—6hE HOS ees, sat 1 sz Loe & Cc) tw Cc) et, wey do equ ssp gh HAM. vosddy ——euony ooo'ss owe Haeso z 1 uy wo ooo'ss 1091 avis z 1 wee ous cow's zavor CG 1 € Le Oo0'ss 669 SON 1 wet Ob vos sez's eNO gee THE o's are mez HON TT mt tee (9 ® Cy wefioo, ent st wm go_squny co “vans PAM eer ay eon st wt eh ee ee (RIVONVIS) @SLLVM-TATH - OOTRIGO HLONDALS TAL ONV ‘SLHOLAAA ‘SNOISNAWIC Idle THA LAOTA\A-AAVAEL (Bam Hoo) € 4K, 30 or puofrry fo yowapo4 05} 2t04-TOds to ons JO Ope OH aM L004 ‘arowoof snojsaud 275, F owe 1 $901 ss as savet 1 e190 sas soot 1 ooot ves urs wet 1 asco rs us za90t 1 oot ees 66 1 suo er : sas 1 sivo ee : ert yt 5290 a9 own 1ssz suse 1 eso Ist coool 690"T oarIsez METZ MTT sto sor (sd) () few) &) } J) wo) cua) } wwofreo1__or__HrpoH et ym] gO aqua MMA (Pens PRAURUIN — uonDes oo'00t worn weue naues ovo St o00'ss gost pele O5ON oor € 90s ooo'ss sos veld SYN sivo ez oo0'ss owe wee oon sico 9s COE ono'ss ss veut 820N soo tev © C) a “ ow sani snnpon, Arogedg (waist) gol a a0 WROD PRUE uomes meuomes aT SL euddy —_UNON @ HIDNTDALS (TATA GNV ‘SEHDTIAA ‘SNOISNAWIC ald TINA THDTTAA-KAVSEL (panupuos) ¢-7 91481, RAPA TTC CELE EEE TEEPE CEE EEE EE EEO EEE EEE EEE CER RAAAAA a me LeRHEROVTASIG ANY SYTRGOIN NOLIOAS HOH AVTION THI, Common yea aa ar AG WH TI DS-1™ Drill Stem Design and Inspection Dimensions and Weights Table 24 (continued) DRILL COLLAR WEIGHT, SECTION MODULUS AND DISPLACEMENT * See joomote, Table 21, 33 = = = = a = = = 1 2 3 4 5 é = Dimersins (ir) (Woe) @)!_—_Dispacerenstand (ob) = Wie Secon (open ended) as 00 . (oie) Modis Go?) “ple Doutle = 5 1p ov nin 1.989 1326 ey 134 9 12.088 Lois 1218 . 2 56 11.958 1836 124 = aa 3 1.70 178 Lez = ze 50 1505 1639 1083 = su 1 68 wa 2213 ans = 134 6 14.081 212 L498 e 2 8 13907 2060 1373 a 24 0 13727 1967 Bt = 22 37 B45 1863 De = sn Lun 5 16283 2488 1632 a 13/4 B 16.166 2377 1585 2 70 16.048 2295 1530 » 24 or 15.876 2.202 1.468 = Ear a 15.636 2.098 1399 23/6 o 15.216 1953, 1302 a = 534 Li 2 18.578 2.604 1.796 134 80 18.504 2603 1388 a 2 8 18391 2541 1.694 a 2 6 18.206 2448 1832 a 22 n 11997 234 1563 23/6 a 17395 2199 1466 a 3 a 17281 2104 v3 a aus o 16.759 1967 1311 = 6 Lin 90 212 29s 1967 n 134 88 21082 2880 1920 : 2 85 20.944 22798 1.865 » zu 8 20.786 22705 1803 * zu2 3 20567 2.01 L734 z13N6 35 20181 2.456 1637 a 3 2 19.880 2361 1574 » a4 “8 19380 224 1483 a. oud Li 98 23.889 3.218 2.145 » 134 96 23821 3107 2.098 2 2 4 2m 3.065 2083 2 31 23366 290 1.981 2 zn 88 23355 2869 198 a 2136 8 22985 273 185 3 0 22.696 2.628 1782 a xi %8 n26 2492 1661 a B42 n 21611 2344 1563 a on 1p 107 26.885 3497 2331 a 134 105 25.819 3426 2284 2 102 26.719 33a 2229 » 2a 99 26574 3.251 2167 » 212, 96 26371 347 2098 236 31 26.016 3.000 2001 - 3 % 25.738 2907 1938 2 sua 8 25216 277 1ee7 ? san %0 24.095 2023 49 2 ve ea amano, NON NOUAS “LHOFIAA ¥YFIOD IRN (oonnmoy ye 3004, DS-1™ Drill Stem Design and Inspection Dimensions and Weights Table 2.4 (continued) DRILL COLLAR WEIGHT, SECTION MODULUS AND DISPLACEMENT L 2 3 4 5 6 Dimensions (n) (Woe) Zi Displacemendsand(@b) Weight Section (open ended) oD 0 (oir) Modulus (ea) Triple Double 8 na 165 50.203 3399 3.599 13a 163 50.150 3328, 3552 2 160 50.069 5246 3.497 214 137 49951 3153, 3.435 212 154 49.786 5049 3366 nae 150 49.497 4.904 3269 3 a7 49271 4.809 3206 34 “3 48.896 4672 Bus 32 138 48.424 4528 3016 338 133 47.839 4366 2a 4 ico} 47.124 4.196 2197 saa Lin 176 35.066 574 3.936 138 14 ss.015 5683 3789 2 m 54936 3.601 373 24 168 54822 3.508 3672 22 165 54.662 S408 3.603 2136 160 54.382 5259 3.506 3 158 541163 S68 348 318 154 53.199 5027 3351 312 149 S3341 4.880 3253 334 144 52.773 4m 3147 a 4 133, 52.080 4552 3.035 =m aun 1a 187 60.233 6.120 4.080 ~ 13/4 185 60.183 6.089 4033 ° 2 182 60.107 5.967 3978 = 28 179 59.996 S87 3916 22 176 39.840 5770 3347 = 21316 mm 59,568 5625 3750 a 3 169 59356 5530 3.687 a 34 165 591003 5393 3.595 - 312 160 58.558 5246 3.497 _ 334 155 58.008 3087 3301 ” 4 150, 57.335 4918 3279 a ° 12 210 sis 688s 4590 a 13a 208 71467 6si4 4543 2 206 71395 6732 4.488 a 244 203 71290 6.639, 4026 a an 200 71143 6535, 4357 - 236 195 70886 6300, 4260 » 3 192 70.686 6.295 4191 2 34 188 70382 6158 108 302 184 69.932 6011 4007 a 334 19 e412 5.852 3.901 a 4 174 6777 5.683 3.789 a oan 1p 234 84.120 1.694 5.129 a 13a 232 84076 763 S082 2 230 84007 7.541 5027 a 214 27 83.908 7448 4.965 212 24 83.769 7344 4.896, Ld 236 220 83.526 isa 4799 a 3 216 83.336 Tos 4736 a 3a 212 83.020 6967 4645 2 See foomete, Table 2.1 Ed 2 35 (momma ANIIEIDYTASIG/ AN SrTNGOW NOLIDAS “LHOTAAA AVTI0 “Tr (romnaen) Dail pipe Tensile capacity isthe tensile load to yield a dail pipe tube. ‘These values assume minimum wal thickness for Premium and Class 2 pipe and norainal wall thickness for Cass 1 (new) pipe. Minimum yield strength is also assumed for each grade and no simultaneous torsional leads are assumed Note: Numbers inthis table for Premium Class pipe also apply to Premium Class, Reduced TSR pipe. CAUTION: 1. Wall thickness on Clas I pipe may be as low as 87-1/2 % of aominal and still meet the requirements of API Spee. SD for new pipe. If this is known or suspected to be the case, tensile capacity of Class | pipe shouldbe reduced accordingly. 2. Ifa simukaneous torsional load is being applied, the tensile capacity of a dil pipe tube is reduced, See figure 2.11 37 . 5 DS-1™ Drill Stem Design and Inspection Load Capacities . » . » 2 Table 2.5 » a DRILL PIPE TENSILE CAPACITY (LBS) a (Pr) » = LJ 1 Soe ich ob On be eh ie IR a3 eT: a Size » weight Chass 1 (New) Phe Premium Class Pipe ats Pipe ee a a 7x 6s » Da 48597817 123902 136044 176071 76583 97398 107650 138407 65685 84469 93360 120035 2 5S 13H2ld 195072 198800 2487H6 —NOT6IG 136813150662 193709 SET 11766 130019 167167 a ‘21 685 135902 172143 190263 244624 196946 135465 149725 192503 92801 117549 129922 167043 a odo 21¢344 271503 500082 385820 166835. 210945 233149 299764 143857 181K 009K 258403, a 342 9.50 194264 246068 271970349676 152979 193774 214171 275363 132793 168204185910 239027 » 1330 271569 349988 380197 488825 212150 268723 297010 381870 183398232304 256757 330116 s 155) 322779 doses SSI885 S80095 BSMeRD 317452. 350865. 4SINIS 215967 Z73SSB a 4 1185230755 292200 323057 415360 182016 230554. 254823327630 158132 200301 a 1400 288359 Selds4 380502 SIseue 241K 269963 SINISE O3S27 19853246153 a 1570 S2ail8 0590. asa7es SeBe13 © BSMASL SSAA SEEIOL aseOBL 21978 77ENIS a Aan 1375 70034 340043 37HD47 486061 213NSB 2TOLET 298S6L_sesHG4 «ESTED 23EEDT_Ds9545 229701 a 16d) 330s58 at6707 62781 S9S004 ——-DoDES 229542 S631 460207 «225771285877 316D80 TKDE ano 4izsse 522500 577301 740044 «$2206 MODNRG 4sD0E2 SELB —7VSOD_ 354095 391302503103 a 2282 471239 $9690 659735 848232 —367S6G 46554 514593 661620 317497 402163 444496571495 a a 5 1625 329073 418889 459302 590531 259155 328263 SARRIT 466AT9 ———225816 285400 31542405558 Iso 395598 s0i0s7 | S53833 710070 «SHISRS.SoNel2 B6LSD SeITGL «270182 MOAB 37RGRS 486778 a 2560 S30le8 G7ISIS 74220 954259414690 525274. SROSGS. 746449 «388731 454392 502223, OS4TIS ” S-U2 19:20 372181 471429 521053 669925 294260 372730 411965 529669 (255954 324208 358335 460717 * 2190 git $53681 611963. 7609 -S44TSOAIOTRIaaze52 cROGOH «200535. STBAID_4I9BME 539160 a Zany soraia. e29614 GOL] 854909 «NDS 49SGRT SATB TORI «339533. 430076ATSBAT.III6O a G51 2520 499464 619988 685250 881035 387466 490790 S42452 697438 337236 427166 472131 607026 . Tray 42a) 616510 17937 961632 2DAIB 535069. SONSKS T6ORSD ——«S6U4SS SHS S14BT GSL4L9 a » Basis of these numbers: a a a » a a a a 2 a eto dn ey pe uae Whi ean aH E : (asa) AuDVavg manssmg isung sata TIM 2 renee. exe, Se aT Sa RS TEA 'DS-1™ Drill Stem Design and Inspection _ Load Capacities ‘Table 2.7 DRILL PIPE BURST PRESSURE CAPACITY (PSI) ' 2 34 56 Tea Ce 0 Sah ER a Size Nom ole Cass | (New) Pipe Premium Class Pipe Chass 2 Pipe we — xX G Ss pee xeec) ex 6S za 485 10500 1330014700 18900-9600 2160 1344017280, 400 1062011760 15120 66s 15474 19600 21653.«-27R83«=««NaAT 17920 19806 25465, 12579 1568017331 22282 27m 685 -99OT«12548— «13869 17H32— STATS 1268016803, yrs 1003909514265 mao 16506 20033-23137 29747 SIO. 19139-21153 27187 aa2l 1614618809 23798 31m 950 9505 1206513885 «17145—= 709 Mos asa S675 76965210668 13716 1330 13600 1748019520 248402617 3598217664 2271 Hos 1398413456 19872 1550 16838 21528«23573« 3080815394 T9499 2158227710 13470 os 18858 24246 4 858597 1088912036 se74—— 869956 HOOK 1414 em e799 12380 1400 10828 «1371615159 194019900 12840 1386017820 8653 1097312128 15593, 1570 124695794 1745622444400 14440 5960 20520, 997512585 1396517955, 42 1375 7904 10012, 0514228 BT tse 1011713008 6323-8010 8S3 1382 1660 9829124501376) 17683987 3KS SEL 16176 7863 9960 1100914154 2000 1254215886 «1755822575 MHaT 14524 16083-20640 1003312709 1404718060 2282 14583 18472-20817 265013383 16889 18667 24000 1166714779 1633321000 5 1625770982087 13986 == THO 8998 994612787 cus 784m 1850 950312037 1330417105 B6BB_ M1005 216315638, 7602 9629 1064313684 2560 1312516625 18375 23625 12000 15200 16800 21600 0500 1530018700 18900 S12 1920 7255 918910156 13058663 SHON 928699, ser Tas 82S 10447 2190-8615 1091212061 155077876 9977 MOT 4177 662 87309649 1240S 2470 «950312544 —«SRGS «178256 OSS 1146926761698 7903 10035 os 14261 Gsm 7520 © 653k MB] «9NSS LIT S9T7 STL BB 10159 5230 6s Taman 277071729085 1004712910557 URS 9179 OD sms 7255801910810, Basis ofthe numbers: Drill pipe burst pressure capacity isthe burst pressure differential to yield the drill pipe tube. Ii calculated using the formola in Appendix A of APIRP7G and assumes {) minimum dimensions for Premium and Class 2 pipe, 2) minimum dimensions (87-1/2% of nominal wall) for ‘Class 1 pipe, 3) minimum yield strength for each grade, and 4) no simultaneous tension loads, 4) uniform wear and nominal O.D. Note: Numbers in this table for Premium Class pipe also apply to Premium Class, Reduced TSR pipe. CAUTION: 1, Simultaneous tension and torsion loads may affect burs ratings. 39 » » » » a. » > = Ld » = ~~ = = ~ = =» = Cd > » ~ = > =» > = » = = = » = » » » » » = = » = cd =» = » ” = = "0 520!) sms (sara 0000) NoIston Conwy a0 u ape seu 60642 oy forema20 snsar suous tonya tansbord Bld Soconaey 20? 5 Lg -S9 Jo woape In) au sn a un “ns ean 0 tas see pot oa "p20 prunes ood yi 1) seins oro onan) 9309 mage a 4 er a pg any oy Bene (ist) Aupwayp aunssmig asavri09 aata rime scateer, Tae BT os FSP SSS SSSOSCSCS SSS SSS SSSSSCSCSVCSVETCUCTCTCTC UC OUCTTLECEuTLUEE 1DS-1™ Drill Stem Design and Inspection _ 2.27. Combined Loading - Drill Pipe Tubes 2.27.1 Overview: Drill pipe tube tensile and torsional capaci- ties are listed in most references as if the two loads acted inde- pendently of each other. However, any situation involving si- ultaneous application of both loads in large magnitudes re- Quires taking their mutual effects into account. The curves given here allow the user to quickly accomplish this. ‘The curves are plots of the combined load formula from API RP7G and as- ‘ume minimum yield strength for the grades listed. They also assume wall thickness is the minimum allowed for premium class. 2.27.2 Using the Curves: Enter the appropriate curve at the applied torsion, Read horizontally until the appropriate grade line is intersected, then verticaly to find the tensile load to yield the pipe. (Reverse the process to go from applied tension to torsional capacity.) Combined Load Curves - Drill Pipe Tubes Question: A tensile Joad of 100,000 Ibs is being applied to 2-3/8 inch, 4.85 Ibvft, grade “S" Premium Class drill pipe. What is the Ari pipe tube torsional yield strength under these conditions? Answer: Reading from the figure below, the torsional yield strength is about 4600 ft-lbs. (Note: These curves for drill pipe combined load capacity will yield answers that are very slightly higher than the curves in the first edition of DS-1™. This is due to an improved plotting program which shows results more accurately. No change was made in the formula.) Figure 2.11 Dri. Pres Tune Compinen Loan Caractry (Premium Class Tubes) TORSION (1000 ft-lbs) 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 TENSION (1000 Ibs) 0 2 «80 75 100 125 150 175 200 TENSION (1000 Ibs) [serseen ss) TORSION (1000 tt-lbs) SEER TORSION (1000 ft-bs) 6 ‘aust we ae 78 100 125 150 175 200, TENSION (1000 Ibs) 100 180 200 TENSION (1000 Ibs) (ear cool) NoISHOL {sara 001) NOIsHOL reign ean (ar 6001) worston (ea 0001) Nor (914 0001} nossuon i T erpaereacar oan S04 00, eres doesn wae as evo) aw 3a eon ous (010008) ArovavO SGN MOSH Md Hien vole (eucotr anyon anne sang 07 saaano of od seams B88 a comscron $40 FH gee 8 & ghee 8 a? ‘Walorol wt aa (en auowano 3H 00H (yarn aneuos aren i at i | g = 5 Bad : mG i ame FE “tf wdse9.eee “ane ‘aH NODS i =i Hee f = i sump sever i H we £ meno AMOf OY, : 7 4 cream al yo 8 om 8 er gz g + bal ie coor wid ovor ere Sau Hel NOLEN worse a9 308 \gees notowc » =» ~ » = » ~ » » » ~ = = = =” » = ~ » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » » 2 » » » » » = » » » » » = s a a DS-1™ Drill Stem Design and Inspection ‘Tool Joint Combined Load Curves PIN NECK TENSILE CAPACITY (1000 ts) PIN NECK TENSILE CAPACITY (1000 os) PIN NECK TENSILE CAPACITY (1000 bs) CONNECTION: HT3t PIPE: 2-7/8" 10.40 ppt 500 + IND Gates Figure 2.13 Toor. Joner Commiven Loapinc Curves 0 2 4 6 8 mB [MAKEUP TORQUE (1000 tbs) CONNECTION: HT38 PIPE: 3-1/2" 13.30 ppt 700 ‘ : PINID rene] 600 2. 2aine: 27/8 400 300 100 Oo 4 8 2 1% 2 m 2% 2 3 MAKEUP TORQUE (1000 bs) connecron: HTD pie; 4" 14.00 ppt +000 L PND ches) 200 — 270, 48 12 16 2 2 28 a2 96 40 MAKEUP TORQUE (1000 tbs) 51 it an oe oc ome or aE (Pome) SON (oo 0 weoyenexsnne ease 4 tages gy) ‘oBeangreonsser mer een 6x ee, SRR po ETI : ~ Wa poe RT HS TN aT Sa Toot Jone Comes Loan Cones i ree 1600 ppt EEGEERaRe8R8 PRESEGRRSRE RES Imac owen NAL oon Me (69 15 sonar woah ns 2 CRG GREET OLEPI Os6OR OSeEZ OSE OFOEL n6LeT SUIEIT oe¥6 Oue9t Osco OFZ O6SHZ ONLI CHAN HET (981 00Ty Ost Ore O6PTT OLALE OHEIL OER — Ble 086, Ou69t aseox oBOST 68957 OTRST ORE 9VIIT O9ET OOTY 0589 ONGE OGeIT OOZET OOEEL oorEI z 0706 OL69F a5607 O8OST CLIT 068% OZ ST 0981 O01 0519 OT6e 086, Osshi oss gict oxe9T os60z OWOST OLLLZ OF6Le OUIRE OeLST OsBSL WET Oz! O569T RIS FG OETET OL69T 05607 ORDST LIS OH6RZ ZIG GHG GELET OL69I OS6OT OROST ONE GUsSE O1T0C O86 OCTEK LET asKuz OBNSe OBST UG80E NOTE OFFS OCHEL L6OK OS6IZ OBDST REEL OFLZE PELE 09ST OUIF 0sN9 O16e (981 001 0st9 O16 ure we mee Bee sey vee ger usr mer Mey s mrs wes us roe 0192 0652 oxez ove orze oLse 009 OF9E 819 OPE O98 COKE OF6E UGE GIT LSE OFE O86r KOS 0405 OTS OBL OLIT OLST OFZE 10S GOI. S19 00E9 08 OLIT 04ST Ovee TOS OHH OMI OEE 1st 060y Oz95 ORL O1SZ O60r 0295 OIL 0157 a60r 0795 OIL 01ST o60r 0795 OIL 01ST 060m 0795 OTL OST a6or 0795 RIL OST a6or 0785 ORL Ouse 060 09S OBIE ousre zene (panau09) Orget sss oceLT 0181 ODIs! axes! OBE! Ovest cect ossst wwii ozz6i oscet asee 95st a ozoz ovzoz ogeoz ou Ovliz orziz oRiz ou woz ociee onze ou rete os0ee oziez OWSSTOLELT OLKe O16re o6uye Lae OWSST OUSLT OcT6T 6c ovarE cose (odes pjog ut usoys suopaeuuos ywou-roq “sayy uy am sioquimu ¥) our EH SIE we SNOLLDANNOD dQMH HO NVTIOD THHC OL ATdA¥ LON OC TAL SIBL NI SUSAN MpBuasng ToUOISOL, 1UIOf Yoo, 6°7 AIaET, uonsedsuy pur wiisaq was a-Sa maananmeananaacaaracaaaaaaaanaaaaanaanaannnenannanecena Table 29 Tol Jolt Torsional strength (Ararat i. Borah omen shown mde NCA6 condoned) Neso 1NC50 continued) NCs6 “6 1 Dil Stem Design and Inspection Table 29 Too Joint Torsional Strength (Albers een. Bese comes hn mal ope) oa J Tol Seah 2amsL oD m0 Pea ee ey ] EE eae Sunsineo 4120 . ha a Se ] IRSA a ee ee Se - cy oa —— a 278 mac fie te toeea ray aoe maa ey 5 sume 4 Sus 298 aan a8 ane 0769 0166 0001 09 suit wee 06rd 09601 wey te (a0 sue ure ae O6H-TS 8/L-T (2dks pjog in unoys suoyaoinues yoou-x0g -sapaf my axm sxoqumu ny) SNOILIENNOD dQMH HO VITO TIC OL XT4AV.JON Od TGV SIM NI SHIEMAN wBuang feuopss0], HOF Joa, 6 >qIqRT, ‘uonaadsuy pue uilsoq wars 114d wil-Sd (R2RO A DODD ADAAADADADADI®AAADADDDDDDDDDDDeDeaeeeeerenee Wa Fin asocaes ne ‘Table 29° Tool Jin Torsional Suensth (dient cen hie Beet certo hw pe) 412 FH 22 kre se ue son sem 9 a8 2.778 HT PAC San FH ia Mo S60) on te dane ep : wes Teale) Mw SSR Ras Ce ae ee oa 6-518 FH ATS8_ : Dar bw ean ae Tae Dm 5 ad 4, (30% 190 L860 LAT LeEHO He He tie Soo 4 he ‘amy sib srexd tet ot 2a KD sm Da Stem Design and aipestion ‘Telia Toon Seng ‘Table 29 Too! Joint Torsional Strength (mantra itt. Baek cnet hn ned pe ‘alae octane ander Hr Pa Connection 04) IDG) Toso Capciy 8) HIs0 ce so woo re re 7 aoe os crc™ Cuomstes 008} D) Tsing) 37 0009s ost ‘o1e9 o0c0c 00909. o09eL o00c9 v0rz9 bit ooste ooere 000ss 08s wee mes Bo wre wee Cua wes ® sou eee Geek f 5S. * we SSLH use 1 9SLM WOISe voz6e oocsr oos6e ooLGE — BLE vont wer L su o0Ise o08r o009% onc9r C099 OOITr oozr costs oues ooses ‘00601 wey 0LGr 0085S ONES ODL6E OEE 00601 wee L 08S 00019 OEL? OO—OL —0OIL ‘00601 » L osu S65 00459 OOBTL OOERL LIE 00a ora ms coors orb 009 oc s vote not SelM 00902 osee o0zsz oossz oonse cose z wer teu ‘orEz ODELz OOFIE OOSTE OOLIE ‘cee onzst oOETE OOSEE OOLEE ovezt wel gee orn wr sats oro wet can nde rouo|sio,, (at) CT u ‘ond say 20g aamoqjaue ay potion aura 0 od 259 mote sex PROMI, 1 pM (24K pjoq wt unoys suonsouuos yooo-x0q “sqrt 210 sxoqu SNOUIANNOD daMH ¥O W¥TI09 TIKia ze Pi RDDD DADDPDDADIADIDADL L2DDDDODD Tle 29 Tel Joa Torsone Strength psty"'Ncs (aman re ifthe. Borah omen save nape o DSTIMINCHS PSSVSECCSSE SEE SeTwwewwwwewveww~ ye +-~~-------- DS- 1h" Dorit srene veige 2.29 Drill Pipe Buckling in Non-curving Inclined and Horizontal Wellbores 2.29.1 Overview: Buckling normal weight drill pipe can be a concern in either sliding oF rotating drilling. However, buck- fing athile rotating 18 the only case that routinely presents @ significant risk of drill string damage. a Rotary mode drilling: Rotating normal weight drill pipe while itis buckled can cause fatigue failure. b. Sliding mode drilling: Buckling in sliding mode can Jncrease drill string side loads tothe point that weight cannot be efficiently transmitted to the bit, though except for the rare cases When the pipe comes out of the hole bent or Corkscrowed, sliding mode buckling probably causes litle — © | 45:incn, 16.60 ppt [1 tote ~ We Fe - CRITICAL BUCKLING LOAD (1000 Ibs) 16 19 20 oe HOLE SIZE (inches) 63 Figure 2.15 Drill Pipe Buckling in Straight, Inclined Wellbores Soke pfydacketeket= f S:inch. 19.5 pot | “2509 mud Ls AG Fo- CRITICAL BUCKLING LOAD (1000 Ibs) 20 15 Set 10 | : sip : iE . +: depot =: ° CPA pep ppp ppd on oe HOLE SIZE (ncnes) 704 Shree nd = || Sinen, 26.60 pot | i e| teomama Fo» CRITICAL BUCKLING LOAD (1000 Ibs) 1416 18 20 ak HOLE SIZE (inches) 78. bree tebe teeth a Ecpoctccenf] 5.5rinch, 21.90 ppt [7 65. a : ‘2ppgmus fr 60. t Z [Er ss eh ei et Ze 20+ Fe - CRITICAL BUCKLING LOAD (1000 Ibs) e+ fo 12" 14 ae ta 20 ae HOLE SIZE (inches) PHP VHIPOPECCREEE” CETECECECEECELE” CEUCCECECCECECEE VECETI {a 0001] O¥OT ONFDAONG WOLD "2a m0, (Ga 2001) vo OMTDON WoIUHD = 4 so20q112AA * Bupany uy Suppo — AN OFT cg)” VR SNVSVVVOSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSVSV PE SPPUVSRRUUREREY REdd DS-1™ Drill Stem Design and Inspection 2.30 Drill Pipe Buckling in Curving ‘Wellbores 2.30.1. Overview: Drill pipe stability under compressive load- ing is affected by hole curvature as well as other factors. These curves give compressive loads for the onset of sinusoidal buck- Jing in curving wellbores. They are based on an approach given in reference 1, Assumptions behind these curves include: 1) Pipe weight and wall thickness are new nominal with X-grade tool joints, 2) mud weight is 12.0 ppg, 3) The effects of torque are neglected, and 4) no azimuth change is taking place. 2.30.2 In Building Wellbores: The critical buckling load in a building (increasing angle) wellbore is always higher than that in a straight wellbore of the same inclination. Axial compres sion increases the side load of the pipe against the outside of the wellbore curve. This effect assists gravity in holding the pipe against wall of the wellbore at nonzero hole angles, and thus increases the pipe's stability 2.30.3 In Dropping Wellbores: The critical buckling load for ‘rill pipe ina dropping wellbore may be more or less than in a straight wellbore of the same hole angle. ‘To visualize ths, neglect pipe stiffness and begin with pipe lying in « dropping wellbore under zero axial compression. Initially, the pipe will be lying on the bottom (inside bend) ofthe wellbore. As axial compression is applied, it will tend to lift the pipe of the bot tom of the hole, opposing the effect of pipe weight and destabi lizing it. As axial compression builds, two different possibilt- ties exist. In wells with low drop rates, the pipe may eventu- ally buckle while remaining more or less in the lower portion of the hole. In sharply dropping wells, the pipe may be forced to the outside ofthe bend before it buckles. Once there, in- creasing axial compression can stabilize the pipe by forcing it against the upper wall of the hole, though it will ultimately buckle there if compression becomes large enough. Thus, pipe under axial compression in a dropping wellbore could be in any one of four states. These ae: 4. Stable on the bottom of the hole. b. Buckled near the bottom of the hole. ©. Stable atthe top (outside bend) of the hole 4. Buckled near the top (outside bend) of the hole. 2.30.4 Using the Curves: To use the curves, enter on the x axis at the build or drop rate, whichever applies. Read verti- cally upward untit you intersect the hole angle at the point of interest. Then read horizontally to the left to find the critical ‘buckling load for the pipe. The upper (blue) curves epply only to building wellbores. The lower (red) curves only to dropping wellbores. Note that for any given bole angle: Buckling in Curving Wellbores a. The y-intercept (zero curvature rate) yields the same critical buckling load as the curves in figure 2.15 for straight ‘wellbores at the same hole angle. b, Buckling load in building wellbore increase steadily with increasing curvature, as a tighter comer results in higher stabilizing side force around the comer. ©. Ina dropping wellbore, axial compression lifts the pipe, so buckling occurs more readily. However, if the wellbore ‘drops sharply enough, the pipe will move to the outside of the curve before it buckles, This movement causes a rapid jump in stability, as axial compression now forces the pipe against the outside bend of the sharply turning hole. However, the pipe will eventually buckle on the outside bend of the wellbore as axial compression increases. 2.30.5 Example Problem: How much axial compression can 5 inch 19.50 ppf pipe carry without buckling in a 12-1/4 inch hole, Mud weight is 12.0 ppg. Hole angle at the point of inter- est is 45 degrees. Hole is: 4. Building at 3.5 deg/100 feet, Solution: About 42,000 Ibs. b. Dropping at 3.5 dep/100 feet. Solution: About 13,500 Ibs. . Dropping at 8 dep/100 feet. Solution: About 52500 Ths Reference 1. He,X., Kylingstad,A., SPE 25370, "Helical Buckling and Lock-up Conditions for Coiled Tubing in Curved Wells, Presented at the SPE Asia-Pacific Oil and Gas Conference, Feb, 1993, vosouere?.25 sce nre8, 0649.50 rr 8 012 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 'BURLODROP RATE (a1) Figure 2.16 Using the buckling curves for curving wellbores. 67 Figure 2.17 Dau Pe Buci.no wy Cursive Wetiaon Buckling in Curving Wellbores BUILOIOAOP RATE (dop1000) [BUILOIDROP RATE (09/000) BUILDOROP RATE (do/t004) Figure 2.17 Dan. Pre Bucktina iN Cuvino WELLBORES BUILDIOROP RATE oog'1000) BULDDROP RATE (9/000) SULOIOAOP RATE (dop100n) DS-1™ Drill Stem Design and Inspection (240001! avo7 oNro!on WOLD (60000 avon oNInIonE TOAD PRRDL LAIARARARAAARARAL LRORRRRTEKKERETALERERECCRETETaRA oer oman stoNrDOg sug TING LIZ AINE sjooy,asoding wpodg mys ‘ong ye-z FUT TST VSSSESSCSCSSSCS SV SST VEST VETTE TTTTerweees » » a . a . . » , DS-1™ Drill Stem Design ana Inspecuow _ Answers: fa) About 148,000 Ibs. +p) Tool (a)has a ease ID of 6.0 inches. The case ID of too} (b) ieah.0 inches, The critical buckling load for tool (b) is (e)e—) van ip Somes 2.31.6 How to Use the Curves for Jar Placement: In most ‘cases, it will be more convenient to follow the rules-of-thumb above for jar placement. In vertical and shallow angle holes, this places the jar in its traditional position, in mechanical ten- ‘sion above the buckling neutral point. Occasionally however, ‘when drilling with high bit weights, you may want to run the jar in compression at hole angles less than fifteen degrees. If $0, you can use the following procedure to run the jar in com- pression while still keeping it stable. ‘a. Read the estimated buckling load for the jar. Divide the estimated buckling load by a safety factor (usually 1.15 or greater). If the buckling load (divided by the safety factor) exceeds the maximum bit weight you will use, you may place the jar anywhere without fear of it buckling, cc. Ifyour maximum bit weight exceeds the factored buckling load, apply one of the following formulas to determine the ‘minimum distance to place the jar off bottom. For jars placed in the drill collars: wop-(Fe Dm) [ ai ] (Ka)(cos@) Woe, For jars placed in HWDP: FC» DF ou) fata) Lymoy =| HOB= (EC = DF) _73(L20 [asian rex Fa] Problem 2: ‘4.75 inch jars being used to drill a6.5-inch hole. Air weight of the drill collars and drilling assembly below the jar is 47 Ib/ fi. Hole angle is 8 degrees. How far off bottom should the jar be placed to allow drilling with 32,000 pounds bit weight and remain stable (not buckled)? Provide a margin of 15 percent safety factor on buckling load. The case thickness of the jar is 0.75 inches, Mud weight is 12 ppg. Answer: 27,000 Ibs 0817 32,000—(27,0001.15) (0817099) [2] = 22 se 231.7 Finding the Maximum Bit We fithout Buckling a Tool in the String: Suppose the tool is already placed in the string, and you want to know the maxi- ‘mum non-buckling bit weight you can use. First, find the esti- mated buckling load of the too! in question. Then add the buoyed weight of pipe below the tool to its buckling load, The sum is the allowable weight on bit. This procedure is given in the following formula: 2+ (Ka-cosO)[(Woe\ Loe) + (Whvor Lamon) ‘DF na wos= Problem 3: ‘Suppose the jar in problem 2 is already located in the string 180 feet off bottom. How much bit weight can you carry in rotary mode without buckling it? Answer: = 27000 «a1. 0.994 47080] =30221 Nomenclature: WOB = Weight on bit (Ibs) DFy,, = Design factor (safety factor) Buckling load from the appropriate curve (Ibs) Critical buckling for component "a" (Ibs) = Critical buckling for component "b" (Ibs) Buoyancy factor Hole angle Liye = Length of drill collars below tool (f) 1D = Inside diameter (in) OD = Outside diameter (in) Wye = Air weight of drill collars (ib/t) Linen = Length of HWDP below tool (f er = Air weight of the HWDP (Ib/f) Reference 1. Dawson, R., Paslay, PR., “Daillpipe Buckling in Inclined Holes”, Journal of Petroleum Technology, October, 1984. Buckling in Special Purpose Tools S-I'™ Drill Stem Design and Inspection Figure 2.18 Esrimareo BUCKLING LOADS FoR SPECIAL Punrose. Toots vbte reer 8.5 _ pers a i 3 i B30 3 3g 8 ke i Brot a 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 ° Hole Angle (aogrees) 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Hole Angle (degrees) ince ow tones 12.25 res 0 fice. 75 cee - om Estimated Buckling Load (1000 Ibs} re 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 D 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Hale Angle (degrees) Hole Angle (aegroes) Estimated Bucking Load (1000 Ibe) 0 10 20 30 40 so 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 80 70 80 90 Hole Angle (degrees) Hole Angle (degrees) SSSSSSSSSSSSESSSTIFSESEREETEGRLLT VUELUULLULULLLULUUT lari ye Special. PuRrose TOOLS Figure 2.18 EstiwareD BUCKLING LOADS FO} , ’ , ’ a ’ ay ’ g ’ ; , 5 3 , 2 geo | e 8 2 60 , 5 3 i B40 X z » i 20 . . i Gumi ialcole conn onscreen) 470.122 Hole Angi (degrees) , > oe Oamaee 12,25 stn s z ° fe ® 2 ° ; ° 5 ® > ° 3 ° 3 2 i ° é R t= 2) * » Meee ey Py 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 i Hole Angle (degrees) * 160 B75 nem, ygq Tas 00: 80-2 » o t : » Fra0 Bro fo » Bi20 8120 » g 3 » aces Froo » B80 80 » 3 3 » & 60 3 60 » 3 40 40 » E 2 » 5 20 8 20 » ° ° » de geo 70 60 90 8 10 20 30 fe eee ™ Hote Angle (cearee Hole Angle (deo A x a ween eww od one auywerne Lom Oe 8 Fe eee nao es ora, aug yeeaay-rieg a0 se GFZ 3H ‘ i ge fuss (§ 005 05S OGY ruse Weight of Pipe in Curved Wellbores Inspection Figure 2.19 Weicur or Dru. Pure 1v 4 Curve WerL20Re, sbectectertert toreerrt ctort+ 218 inch, 485 16M 2778 ach, 6.85 tot rpg mv 209 rs 24 8 10 12 14 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 BUILD RATE (dogrees!100 1), BUILD RATE (derees/100 1) «Drill Stem Design an WEIGHT OF PIPE IN BUILD SECTION (1000 b=) \WEIGHT OF PIPE IN BUILD SECTION (1000 ts) 20 beret + 2-38 inch, 6.65 1h 34122 inch, BS bi 12 p69 ud {1000 06) \WEIGHT OF PIPE IN BUILD SECTION (1000 bs) a & 5 g + 2 4 6 8B 10 12 14 16 18 20 pera GES 0eri2) aia 16.420) [BUILD RATE (cogrees/100 ft) BUILD RATE (cegrees/100 ft) 2:77@ inch, 10.40 BM = 35 + ct sett = 72 inch, 73.80 lt 4 30 = ‘ae 1 E 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 BUILD RATE (degracs/00 %) BUILD RATE (dgroes!200 TIVTTTT TTT: : gaae eewane: 288 8 woona oe 9 + 2 28988 (eet nouom amare aso. aon oe 9 + 2 a 3 eee PET ee PES al i ‘ og «i al of FRESHERS af of af eon uo 8 8 + z ag @ 8 8 orray nung vatang rig Jo eK rT HL wuce VPESFSSSSSSSSSEE SESSSSSSSSSTEEESE TCHFTCCCTtseeesaa 1DS-1™ Drill Stem Design and Inspection __ Figure 2.19 Wesonr or Daitt, “ 7625 mm 80 eo berpeeretteeeo oe aan + = Hera) ED) BUILD RATE (dogroes/100) WEIGHT OF PIPE IN BUILD SECTION 1000 bs) __ Weight of Pipe in Curved Wellbores Sineh, 19.5 fi WEIGHT OF PIPE IN BUILD SECTION (1000 bs) 2 4 6 8B 10 12 14 16 BUILD RATE (og7005/100f) 18 20 70 + = ‘S:inch, 26,60 Ibi pa mas 60 50 40 30 20 40 WEIGHT OF PIPE IN BUILD SECTION (1000 ibs) 2 4 6 B& 10 12 14 16 18 20 BUILD RATE (degrees!100#) ef 8 50-tep ber hep bertertertet 3 Finn, Tea0 5 f Phnom 3 40 = 3 i zi : 8 o— + 2 20 & 10+ g t g of oo == eer Geo ies 3 a Eo [BUILD RATE (degrees/100 sbecbertortert + Er 4 feeeberbet fan, 21.90 Bik 5-2 eh, 2670 fh 4 EERE EAE Ee WEIGHT OF PIPEIN BUILD SECTION (1000 be) WEIGHT OF PIPE IN BUILD SECTION (1000 ts) BO GO OW) 0 1 we) BUILD RATE (dogroes!t00 83 e@agan a oe 9 wean aoe 8 +z 2a8 Howry ans ¥ jasosneayy ort am 8 00591 e991 991 o8191 OLLAL zRDT_OF991 ae 2 6S81 O}9BT OLE OHL81 see zie eeu osroz O1s0e OB6te wn oeiz cree ostzz oseee oleze vee | IE ouse2 osee oopiz 099K OLE OOREL OMREZ OzEEE Osste OfOR zest OcISt OsiSe OSCSC OEEST OHESE OMEST OEESE ODDSE OLOKE BLT ocest 199% O145% ORLIT OsHDL Oe6HE O66Ne OLDLE OPILE eel HEL Gest ore ous OSes 69 et RIL ose OceSt wx OGISC OLZAC OIE O6sKe ONT OPSRE OT9RE EDK BST GCI mee Ouse OSES 689 czEL OR6LOF08 ozeSe owt OL9KE OEE LSE OBLEC ORBEE OSE OZONE OLDE — we GCI ome Ouse OSES 689 OTS oes O08 GCI FE OLS OSES 6D OISK Om DISH GIL FE USE OSES 0689 O1SB OODL_OLIOT susis 9 ours ous 2 Ure MSE wee LE by HY iv oe _ Rage t es TEON os ont. 95 88 93 oss o9t0r Our 00L OS OBST ODT OID fT OL Ht 9s ats UF O0L OFS ORGT OFZ OHI OBI OURe 395088 iF 00L OF OBST ELL OHz ORE ORK os oat (1 OOL OF OBST 065ECROE OnOE OLDE 93 oss ost0r OF OL OFS OFGL OLDE OHH O6NE GUE (95 O88 OsI01 G1 ONL OF ORGT TOE OFT Oe Ose usr wey wr = 8 omc 06780506 0901 oc6ot ox6or OWL O5c8 05K onze ste Ose sz ste Ost6 wet 6ce oss O82 ste OSes ovust eset wz 6te_0st6 orszt onuet oxset OFEL Och 0586 DISEL OFLEL OGFE 00651 Uy SU6y Bsr + RLY ously § CMa (246 p09 9 unoys suosounoo 700-209) swotraaxaoo — = = ant 40 WV dN indwoL ar DE IMH HO AVTIOD Tita OL A14AV LON O4 FAL SILL AT SHMDWOL Ana anbioy dnayoyy ios 100 AL ANOUOY, UAV IMOf 1001, OFZ AGEL, uonoadsuy pue ulisog wag EC wal-Sd DUETS EET 98 red eed TH Hin Asocaas, a _ Nos conte a Se ae oes eee eee ees ERE ese Bm IN Be Sas gaan aan Tal an tm nie 28 Nes smo saxo saan sou somo sis on 312 Sim Sho Sip foto Sto tom sm smo Si? ae Sa She hn 2a 412 FH eater Dom) Gua Gum 6 528 Sam Sse sun sa sm 5-1 Dil tem Design and lnspection ee “eat ei Mahe Tage ‘Table210 Toot Jone Mase once 1) WEvowararrrroomacouaoninse FTES — wom 2 we m0 mw Sin Stan Soo cone tae Sao 9180 aoe tly ae Ti) 3412 SLH90_ 6s8FH 2am PAC wm 6 oie 6 30m S S30 0 sane sam 4am em 87 a (240 710919 unoys suonzein0s yoou-r09) cODGE 002 006 00665 m9 89 U9 89 Cs mT onbion dnayeyy THRO OL A1dd¥ JON Od T74ME StL AI San Wau anaNYN MOWOL AAWY AMET 001 OZ aIqU uonsadsuy pum wiisaq wi PAA waters sed at assis. In pst EET) be Sab Sa ae eRe Se psTr's-12 FHL DS-1™ Drill Stem Design and Inspection Make-Up Torque Table 2.11 RECOMMENDED MAKE-UP TORQUE FOR DRILL COLLAR CONNECTIONS _(flbs — Box-weak connections shown by asterisk) t 2 3 4 s 6 7 8 9 10 ‘Connection _ Bore of Drill Collar (in) Type ODiin) 7 Tt Tir 1a 2 Dt Tn Dime Nex 3 2510 72510 "2510 34893330 +3330 2670 344010 3420 2690, 237EREG 3 2240 240 1800 308 3030 +3030 1800 Sle 3310, 2620 1800 D7 PAC 3 +3800 3800 2950 a8 4970 180, 2980, 3M 5250 4220 3010 Nowe 32 +4610 4610 3230, 3304 5560 4750, 3790 27BREG 3.172 $3860 "3800 #3860. 334 5780, 4990 4070 318 5830, 5040 4n0, 2RXH 3.3/4 4000 4090 +4090, 3718 5300 75300 +5300 “8 8000 000 7400. Nex 378 4640 74600 #4640 4640 418 #7390 73907300 70 SHRREG 4.18 s6470 3640 6470 +6470 S710 = aus +7390 7890 *7890, n40 3760, - an 10490 9580 8500 760 5840 oo ae 8860 8860 8190 6930, = a 10370 9430 $310 7030, Ness aun +9040 +9080 9080 7460 = +04 12290 10890 9330 7570 = 5 12460 11050 9450, 7670 - SRXH 414 3160 +5160 ss160 +5160 > 42 78480 "3480 e480 320 434 #11900 11700 10000 200 ~ 3 13200 11700 10000 8200 x sus 13200 11700 10900 200, = NC 434 +9990 +9900 9990 9990 Be 3 13950 "13950 12950 11080 8480, = saa 16300 14810 13120 11330 8590, = Sin 16510 +5000 13280 11370 8690 = SUR H90 4-34 +8790 "8790 78790 +190 +8790 = 5 12790 1279012790 #12790 0480 sue 17090 16940 15210 13290 10600 = Sn 18660 17130 15390 13440 10720 a New 3 10910 s10910 1091010910 0910 PY sua 15290 15290 +15200 14980 12230 = Sa “19700 18600 16900 14800 12100 54 20400 18600 16900 14800 12400 » 6 20400 18600 16800 14800 12100 » 490 54 12590 1259012590 +1590 _ S12 1740017400 17400 16570 534 22530 21750 19660 6140 » 6 23870 21980 19870 16820 » oe 24n10 22200 20070, 17090 » a1 ~ a9 it 'SOWOY, ANSNVIN GONSWHOOSTL DS-1™ Drill Stem Design and Inspection Make-Up Torque Table 2.11 (continued) RECOMMENDED MAKE-UP TORQUE FOR DRILL COLLAR CONNECTIONS (lbs ~ Box-weak connections shown by asterisk) 5 i 2 nr an: é 78 Conveton Bere of ri Cali ( no) nine Bu aaa 3.4 esa Ta sussi0 510. assi0assi0 rte sso “sno “smo “sono ~~ : cosmo “Seem 85000, =» ain cio Sta Ss So mock sisi0 38130, 5512058100 = elu ‘esa Ses “eso “taio tin ‘aro “santo sel0 Md = ta sao eam aro aa Ld . joo oom ore HD sine ot seid secu seat - ae "67130 *67130 *67130 63570 39410 ~ tin sao “moe “erst ts. ——So00 ou sao amas teta oa) -: 3 yoo ts) ealde ests ae =~ ein yoo yan Goeso SSR SAD mse sin orm vars s67 6719” gma ~ fa isn esto oases bx 3 wasn i580 7s 000 aD oa Soro 00) ~ oe sno apnea 0 mm xco sismo sso siamo asm aso oa Staaco “ammeoSaamo Stoo ane = on 102350 *102350, 01180 96540 91550 ” one Tosomo‘tostoo=—=«01980== aso. Snan0 aa 0 Tiooso— fovosd)—— tana. Srono.— Snead = von Tioeso —tomezd——tuni30—— Sues S600 3 sionige——sosis0.—ssis0 08180 vos Siatoso—Haaaso—Haans0—aaag0 = roa ‘vow tao "1330 “ls870 roe Meno “Tala ese 0880 = i fanica tata 1240131700 ro 8 ssusossuso sus sts0 = wim ‘immo “sco “anano “elon ¥ tin ‘aim “soson—a8ana. ‘S40 mo rRES ei sow soso ssouon—_ soe ; ue Spr Saimin Sar 3 “tuo Sea" orgo 5000 » on ‘oo “batoo amigo 73580, a sia fono Essa Hl0R0 Tot) ~— crm e730 moa0 eran onion Hin Seat = *99510 #99510 #99510 96410 > ssenes 0 stosto e108 s100310 “ona ” voi Sinseo—iaszeo—sze0 —“as030 : toa aim “hele 151360. aso me RSRKOD o.M sige sino sina suo sd ree Siatmeo—is00e0 "130060 “130080 ee sumo ese a see a rr ae) » - a SNOILANNOD wvTI0 THM. ”, 11 INDAO ANY HONANOD omnes) 128 DS-1™ Drill Stem Design and Inspection Bending Strength Ratio Table 2.12 BENDING STRENGTH RATIO FOR DRILL COLLAR CONNECTIONS NC23 oa aS oe) poy mam 3M a 3am an 14s ug 2172s 300 as 95 tie i am el 38s Se eos i das Sa 35 NC26 Lee le Te 000) mo sun saan Satan ae ae task 20233 Ls Le 0237 26s 295327300 (1 a2 asks Was 2M 2a 275 3h aa SEE 9 aie 10 4 aaa aan ee a 126 145166285 makes FI M34 130 AS17398 2192s 6 a97 358.58 238160 ts 207302258 28s hea au sl 175 200226038) a? 33838 2in LoL a0 nok ak 3S8 898 aka 2 ‘OD (ie) Dim 412 45m a aS SU SAM Sagan 2 131150169209 asks ak ams iva 135 se 73 ge 2S 2372) 28S O37 2 Wiese) fe) A re EY 24149170192 21d 23k 263 DBR 3S 343837 210 23526128837 345377809 9uiaaNN09 WV TIO] THK Hos OLIN MLSS ONION TTL, 29 Tina wos OLY HLONRUIS DSTONSG err ae, rz 9aR, — ——panutid6s) ZEON cSee anee Sa ee ouaNNo9 AV TIOD ‘Tita wos OMLVA HLDSTHAAS ONIONA SNOLIDANNOD ¥¥TIO9 ‘TIM HOU OLLYY HLONTLS ONAN creaiqeL,

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