NAMA : Ery Angreyni

NIM : 20166123032
PRODI : DIII Keperawatan Singkawang

A. Definitions
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease that often occurs and is caused by the virus Hepatitis B. This
virus attacks the liver, causing inflammation and cause symptoms of the disease. Hepatitis B infection
may occur prolonged / chronic or sudden / acute. Prolonged / chronic infections can cause hardening /
cirrhosis of the liver and severe liver damage.
There are 2 forms of hepatitis B:
1. Acute hepatitis B virus infection: a temporary illness that occurs during the first 6 months after a
person is exposed to HBV. Acute infection may cause chronic infection, but not always
2. Chronic viral hepatitis B infection: long-term illness that occurs when the virus persists in a
person's body

According to the World Health Organization, more than 200 million people are affected by the
disease worldwide. In some areas of the world, such as Africa and Asia, infections have been
recorded at 10% of the population. This condition particularly occurs in patients infected at a young
age. Approaching 90% of patients who get infections during infancy and 30-50% of patients who get
an infection before the age of 5 years will become chronic Hepatitis B at an older age. More than 70%
of patients die from symptoms and complications of hepatitis B infection each year.

B. Etiology
Hepatitis B is primarily caused by the Hepatitis B virus, also known as HBV. This virus can
survive for 7 days outside the body, in that period, the virus can infect the patient. Transmission of the
virus is through the blood, which means moving from one person to another through the presence of
exposure to blood or infected body fluids.
In general, transmission is by transfusion of blood with infected blood, frequent needles or needle
syringes that often occur in drug users, sexual contact with an infected person, and mother-to-child
transmission (decreased spread). If no treatment is done, an infected mother has a 20% risk of
transmitting the virus to her baby during childbirth.
Prevention strategies have been implemented worldwide to prevent transmission of the virus.
These include screening of blood products during blood donation, safe injecting strategies, proper
disposal of waste needles, and use of barrier protection (condoms) during sexual intercourse.

C. Treatment
1. Treatment for acute hepatitis B infection
Acute HBV infection is short-term and usually disappears by itself. Therefore, you may not need
treatment. Instead, your doctor may recommend that you take more rest, divide the food into
smaller portions to spend in a day than eat a lot at one time, and consume more high-calorie foods
to meet energy needs.
2. Treatment for chronic hepatitis B infection
If you are diagnosed with chronic HBV infection, you can undergo treatment to reduce your risk
of liver disease and prevent transmission of infection to others. Treatment includes:
 a. Antiviral drugs. HBV infection is treated with antiviral drugs intended to clear the virus from
the body, including lamivudine (Epivir), adefovir (Hepsera), telbivudine (Tyzeka) and
entecavir (Baraclude).
b. Interferon alfa-2b (Intron A). These drugs are used with injections especially for young
people to fight off infections, who do not want to undergo long-term treatment or who may
want to get pregnant within a few years. Side effects can include depression, difficulty
breathing and chest tightness.
c. Liver transplantation. If your liver has been severely damaged, liver transplantation may be
an option. The doctor will lift your damaged heart and replace it with a healthy heart.
d. Other drugs for treating HBV are still being developed

D. Discharge Planning
An effective step in the prevention of hepatitis B is to do the vaccine. In Indonesia alone, hepatitis
B vaccine includes mandatory vaccines in immunization. The vaccine delivery process is done three
times, that is when the child is born, when the child is 1 month old, and when the child aged 3-6
months. However, adults of all ages are encouraged to receive hepatitis B vaccine, especially if they
are at high risk of contracting hepatitis B. Examples are:
1. People who have more than one sexual partner.
2. People who use injecting drugs or have sex with injecting drug users.
3. Health workers (paramedics) at risk of exposure to hepatitis B virus
4. People who live in a house with hepatitis B.
5. Patients with chronic liver disease.
6. Patients with kidney disease.

Hepatitis B examination is also applied to pregnant women. If the mother has the disease, her
baby should receive the vaccine at birth (12 hours after delivery) to prevent mother-to-child
transmission. Other measures that can be taken to reduce the risk of getting hepatitis B include:

1. Stop or do not use illegal drugs.

2. Avoid sharing of goods such as toothbrushes, earrings, or shaving tools.
3. Be careful when you want to pierce ataumenato body.
4. Do not have sex without a safety device unless you believe your partner does not have
hepatitis B or other sexually transmitted diseases.

If you have been in contact with one of the hepatitis B patients within the last 24 hours, consult a
physician immediately. The risk of transmission of this disease can be reduced by administering
immunoglobulin hepatitis B injection. This is a drug solution containing antibodies against
hepatitis B virus.