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METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This study has employed various methods and data collection. The primary data in this study is
obtained through both qualitative and quantitative methods. Meanwhile, secondary data was
obtained through literature reviews of journals, articles and research paper.

Study Site

This study is conducted at one of the village that is affected by the implementation of Pan Borneo
Highway, namely Kampung Seroban, Serian. Through government intervention, Kampung
Seroban has been included in the area that is affected by the Pan Borneo Highway project. Most
of the villagers in Kampung Seroban, Serian are from Bidayuh ethnicity. According to the Head
of Villagers, the total population in the village is 679 people (based in 2015). There are
approximately total of 136 doors in Kampung Seroban, Serian. It is reported that 8 doors (5
Chinese, 2 Bidayuh, and 1 Iban) are significantly affected by the project implementation since they
have to move from their house to enable the Pan Borneo Highway to be done.

Sampling Method

The sampling method used in the study is non-probability, convenience sampling. The
respondents are selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researchers.
Since the most affected doors has left the village, the sample selected are the villagers living
nearest to the road and inside the village. Besides, snowball sampling method also used in this
study for it is more convenience since only small proportion of the population are affected by the
Pan Borneo Highway development. Researchers observe and asked assistance from the villagers
to locate those who are affected.

Data Collection

A total of 30 doors in Kampung Seroban, Serian are chosen as sample population to obtain the
data for the purpose of this study. In gathering the necessary data, three survey methods are used;
key informant in-depth interviews, household survey, and observation. The use of various data
collection methods enable researchers to collect both quantitative and qualitative data on the
demographic characteristics of the respondents, impacts of the Pan Borneo Highway development
on the villagers of Kampung Seroban, Serian.

i) In-depth Interview
The interview with the key informant in the village is conducted without a planned
precise questions. The questions asked are based on the flow of the topic discussed
with the Head of Villagers in Kampung Seroban, Serian.

ii) Household Survey


The household surveys are conducted through questionnaire, which combines open-
ended, closed ended questions, and Likert-type scale. It consumed less time compared
to the semi-structured interview. The questionnaire was constructed through a
discussion to develop a relevant and focused questionnaire to identify the impacts of
the Pan Borneo Highway development on the villagers of Kampung Seroban, Serian.
The questionnaire is divided into nine parts;
1. Part A: Background of Respondent
This part includes the demographic characteristics of the respondents, level of
education, employment, types of employment, income, and number of
household.
2. Part B: Residence
This part is included in the questionnaire to identify the period of settlement
and the purpose of settlement in Kampung Seroban, Serian.
3. Part C: Characteristics of Residential
This part includes the status of residential possession, type of house and the rate
of monthly rental.
4. Part D: Transportation and Appliance
This part identify the possession and number of possession of transportation
and appliances possessed by the household.
5. Part E: Perspectives on Basic Facilities
This part is a Likert-type scale (1: Satisfying, 2: Neutral, 3: Unsatisfying), to
identify the villagers satisfaction of the facilities provision in Kampung
Seroban, Serian.
6. Part F: Development Impact to Socio-economy
This part is included in the questionnaire to know whether the respondent is
informed about the development, the source of information, whether the
respondent is affected by the development, and to identify the extent of the
development’s impacts on the respondent.
7. Part G: Development Impact to Health and Security
This part explore whether the development has affected the health and security
of the villagers.
8. Part H: Development Impact to Local Aesthetics and Culture
This part explore whether the development has affected the local aesthetics and
culture of the villagers.
9. Part I: Suggestion and Assessment
This part includes open-ended question that enable the respondents to give their
perspectives on the prospects of Pan Borneo Highway project to their village,
the overall impact of the project and whether the respondent for or against the
project.
iii) Observation
Visiting the research area enable researchers to observe some of the impacts due to the
implementation of Pan Borneo Highway. The direct observation in the area allow
researcher to obtain first-hand knowledge about the situation in Kampung Seroban,
Serian.
iv) Secondary data
The secondary data are obtained from the library and online sources including the
literature review, articles and research papers regarding the Pan Borneo Highway.

Data Analysis

This section briefly explained the process of data analysis of this study. The data is analyzed using
Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 11.05 and Microsoft Excel 2013 which
include the use of descriptive statistics data. The result of the analysis using SPSS are diagram
such as bar chart and pie chat, and frequency statistical information. Besides the software is also
use to visualize the overall impact of the Pan Borneo Highway development encountered by the
villagers in Kampung Seroban, Serian.

Limitation of Study

There are limitations encountered by researchers during the assessment in Kampung Seroban.
These limitations include language barrier. Most of the villagers communicate in their mother
tongue which is Bidayuh language and barely understand or speak Malay language. Therefore, it
is hard to approach and gain information from them. Most of the affected villagers moved out. Out
of 8 doors there are 7 who already moved out from their houses. We managed to locate two of the
significantly affected door. However, one of them are unwilling to cooperate in the assessment.

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