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Yun-Sik Oh, Joon Han, Gi-Hyeon Gwon, Doo-Ung Kim, Chul-Ho Noh, Chul-
Hwan Kim, Toshihisa Funabashi & Tomonobu Senjyu
To cite this article: Yun-Sik Oh, Joon Han, Gi-Hyeon Gwon, Doo-Ung Kim, Chul-Ho Noh, Chul-
Hwan Kim, Toshihisa Funabashi & Tomonobu Senjyu (2016) Detection of high-impedance fault in
low-voltage DC distribution system via mathematical morphology, Journal of International Council
on Electrical Engineering, 6:1, 194-201, DOI: 10.1080/22348972.2016.1228493
Download by: [Library Services, University of the West of England] Date: 12 May 2017, At: 05:56
Journal of International Council on Electrical Engineering, 2016
VOL. 6, NO. 1, 194–201
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/22348972.2016.1228493
OPEN ACCESS
1. Introduction
Mathematical morphology (MM) based filters, which
Recent developments and trends in electric power con- is one of the time domain signal processing schemes, have
sumption clearly reveal the increasing use of DC in end- been utilized for detecting abnormal conditions specifi-
user equipment. According to the trends, a new DC power cally in AC based systems. The filters, however, are more
distribution system has been researched and developed. appropriate for DC-based systems because DC system
[1,2] Compared with the conventional AC power distri- has only information of signal’s magnitude and it can
bution system, a DC distribution system obviously has be fully dealt with MM-based filters with time domain
advantages, such as high efficiency and reliability, low characteristic. Furthermore, the MM based filters using
conversion stage and uninterrupted power delivery.[3,4] only simple calculations have faster calculation time than
Despite these advantages, several challenges remain with other integration technique based ones usually used in
respect to the protection devices for detecting various AC systems. Given the fact that a fault in DC distribution
faults, including high-impedance faults (HIFs), given that system should be cleared very quickly due to damages of
only a few systems are in operation globally. diodes in power electronic devices, the MM-based filters
As in the conventional AC distribution system, an HIF, have a lot of advantages for DC systems.
which may cause a failure of protective relay, can also In this paper, we present a method for detecting HIF
occur in a low-voltage DC (LVDC) distribution system. in the LVDC distribution system via mathematical mor-
However, detecting this fault is difficult because a change phology (MM), which is composed of two elementary
in the magnitude of the current caused by the fault is exces- transformations, namely, dilation and erosion.[6] Various
sively small to be detected by the protective relay through MM-based filters, such as open–close medium (OCM),
the overcurrent element. Therefore, the protective relay for dilation–erosion difference (DED) and closing–open-
the distribution line should be equipped with the function ing difference operation (CODO), which are effective in
of detecting not only the fault with low impedance but detecting disturbances in waveforms, are used to detect
also HIFs. Although many researchers have been devel- the abnormal signals of current waveform. The LVDC
oping algorithms for HIF detection,[5] the target of these distribution system, including power conversion devices,
algorithms is mostly the existing AC distribution system. such as AC/DC and DC/DC converters, is modelled with
70
60
7.0
50
6.5
normal 6.0
current
5.5
5.0
40 4.5
iarc[A] 4.0
3.0
20
10
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Time[s]
electromagnetic transient program (EMTP) software to presented in [8] analyses the arc current in the deter-
verify the proposed method. The HIF arc model in the DC ministic perspective, whereas the current shown in (1) is
system is also implemented with EMTP/MODELS, which derived based on laboratory observations. The arc current
is a symbolic language interpreter for EMTP. We conduct in (1) is applied within only (2nπ + π/3 < ωt < 2nπ + 2π/3,
computer simulations considering various conditions and where n = 0, 1, 2, …) to reflect the characteristic of repet-
performance comparison of filters. itive extinction and reignition.
k
Rij + + 35 − VDC × sin 𝜔t
2. Modelling of HIF in the DC system ij1.2
ij+1 = ij − 1.2k
, (1)
2.1. HIF R− ij2.2
16
14
12 Magnitude of SE : 10
10
yd [p.u.]
4
Magnitude of SE : 1
2
Magnitude of SE : 0.1
0
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Time[s]
the case of steady-state events. Steady-state events do not the distribution line is 5 km, and the HIF presumably
usually occur frequently, whereas repetitive extinction and occurs at 1 km on the line. The protective relay placed at
reignition of the arc constantly occur within a few cycles. the second side of the AC/DC converter measures the line
Therefore, we can effectively detect the HIF by sensing the current, and the calculation is conducted with MM filters,
repetitive change in outputs from MM operations regard- such as OCM, DED and CODO.
less of the change in magnitude. The sampling rate of the current signal is 10 kHz, whose
performance can be possibly achieved with high-speed
4. Simulation digital relay. As shown in Figures 4 and 5, filtering perfor-
mance depends on the magnitude and length of the SE.
4.1. Simulation system and conditions
The results of dilation and erosion have an offset compo-
We conduct the modelling of a simple LVDC distribu- nent according to the magnitude of the SE. However, the
tion system, as shown in Figure 3, to verify the perfor- offset may disappear after applying the difference opera-
mance of the proposed HIF detection method. An AC/ tion between two results, such as CODO. By contrast, as
DC converter is used to convert AC to DC and feed lines indicated in Figure 6, the influence of the length of the SE
with 1,500 VDC, where the AC/DC converter is used to on CODO can be large. Thus, attention should be focused
interconnect the AC and DC grids. The total length of on its selection. In this study, the magnitude and length
198 Y. S. Oh et al.
0.100
0.078
CODO [p.u.]
0.056
Length of SE : 30
0.034 Length of SE : 20
Length of SE : 10
0.012
-0.010
0.285 0.295 0.305 0.315 0.325 0.335 0.345
Time[s]
0.5
0.140
DED
0.4 0.096
CODO
0.052
0.3
MM output [p.u.]
0.008
-0.036
0.2 OCM
-0.080
0.290 0.295 0.300 0.305 0.310 0.315 0.320
(f ile PASI_new_20kW_eachload+MM.pl4; x-v ar t) m:OCM m:DEDF m:CODO
0.1
0.0
-0.1
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Time[s]
of the SE are chosen as 0.01 and 30, respectively, based on as an indicator to detect abnormal events in power sys-
the guideline provided in.[10] tem. We can obviously use the filters as an indicator of
The simulations considering various conditions are HIF detection because all outputs through MM filters are
conducted to verify the performance of the proposed changed at every moment when the extinction and reig-
method. Steady-state events, such as load change and line nition caused by HIF occur. However, the output of DED
switching, which should not activate protective relays, are has small offset components, whereas the others do not
also considered to check the possibility of incorrect oper- have those. A problem that the output is not zero even at
ation. In case of the load change event, the amount of load steady state can occur.
injected is 20 kW, which is 12.5% of the total load. Load Between the remaining two filters, the result of CODO
is changed repeatedly (i.e. 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 s) to verify is larger than that of OCM. Therefore, CODO is more
the accurate performance. helpful than OCM when considering the sensitivity of
protective relay. In conclusion, the occurrence of CODO
output exceeding the predetermined setting can indicate
4.2. Simulation result and discussion
that HIF is detected.
Figure 6 shows the results of various MM filters (i.e. OCM, Figure 7 indicates CODO outputs according to vari-
DED and CODO) which are generally considered effective ous events, including steady-state events. Figure 7 shows
Journal of International Council on Electrical Engineering 199
0.4000
0.10
0.3393 0.08
HIF
0.06
load change
0.2786 0.04
switching
CODO [p.u.]
0.02
0.2179
0.00
0.1571 -0.02
0.295 0.300 0.305 0.310 0.315 0.320
CODO_HIF.ADF: mCodo
CODO_switching.ADF: mCodo
CODO_slowloadchange.ADF: mCodo
0.0964
0.0357
-0.0250
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Time[s]
Appendix
Table A1. The pseudo code of opening operation [9].
Determine the SE, including its definition domain and the value of each element. Suppose m ≤ s ≤ n;
for (each sample of the signal f(x))
for (m ≤ s ≤ n)
Calculate ω(s-m + 1) = f(x + s) - g(s) // erosion operation
end
Return the minimum element of ω and ε(x) = min(ω);
end
for (each sample of the signal ε(x))
for (m ≤ s ≤ n)
Calculate ω(s-m + 1) = ε(x + s) + g(s) // dilation operation
end
Return the maximum element of ω and γ(x) = max(ω);
end