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IPC2006-10554
For the turbulent regime, Re > 2500, the friction factor was In this approach Ue in Eq. (8) is the inner convective heat
approximated by Miller’s correlation (Fox and McDonald, transfer hin, and Tref is Tis, the inner wall temperature, which
2001), was determined by solving the transient heat conduction
equation, taking into account the thermal capacity of the
-2 materials. As already mentioned, to simplify the problem, the
⎧⎪ ⎡ ε / D 5.74 ⎤ ⎫⎪ axial diffusion was neglected, and at each axial location, the
f = 0.25 ⎨log ⎢ + ⎥⎬ . (9)
⎪⎩ ⎢⎣ 3.7 Re 0.9 ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭ radial conduction equation was solved
∂ Ti 1 ∂ ∂ Ti
Between Re= 2000 and 2500, a linear variation of the friction ρ i c pi = ( r ki ) 1≤ i≤ N (13)
factor with the Reynolds number was assumed, to avoid ∂t r ∂r ∂r
numerical instabilities due to abrupt changes in the friction
factor from the laminar to the turbulent value. where Ti is the wall layer temperature, ρi, cpi and ki are the
The energy conservation equation can be written as density, heat capacity, and thermal conduction of the material,
respectively, and N is the number of layers including the pipe
2 wall. These thermal properties were considered constant for
dT
dt
=
βT dP
+
f V V
ρ cp d t 2 cp D
−
4 Ue
ρ cp D
T − Tref ( ) (10) each layer and were evaluated at the mean temperature between
ambient and inlet temperature. The boundary conditions at the
inner and outer walls of the main pipe are:
Pr ( f / 8) (Re − 1000 )
Nu in = (18)
[ 1 + 12.7 ( f / 8) (Pr 2 / 3 − 1)]
For the transition zone (2000 < Re < 2500) the following Figure 1. Pipeline configuration.
50 50 Olga_U
TLNET
40 40
T T
(ºC) 30 (ºC)
30
20
20 Simdut_W Olga_U Critical temperature
Simdut_U TLNET
10 Simdut_W
10 Olga_W
Simdut_U
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x (m)
Time (hours)
(a) oil (a) oil
60 60
Simdut_W Olga_W
Simdut_W Olga_U
50 Simdut_U Olga_U
50 Simdut_U TGNET_W
TGNET_W
Olga_W TGNET_U
40 TGNET_U
40 Critical temperature
Critical temperature
T T
(ºC)
30 30
(ºC)
20 20
10 10
0 0
0 4 8 12 16 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x (km) Time (hours)
Figure 3 – Axial temperature distribution, after 4 hours. Figure 4 – Time temperature evolution at center of pipeline.
To illustrate the influence of the internal Nusselt correlation on that the Simdut_W solution agrees with the Olga_W solution
the temperature distribution inside the pipeline, the same when V_limit = 0.1 m/s, explaining why Olga_W presented a
problem was solved for the gas, employing different limit smaller temperature drop.
velocity to neglect convection. Figure 5 shows that the limit The influence of the insulation parameters in the flow can
velocity to employ the pure conduction approximation plays a be appreciated in Figs. 6 and 7 for the oil and in Fig. 8 for the
significant role in the temperature drop. Since the “conduction” gas, where the time temperature evolution at the center of the
Nusselt number is almost half of the forced convection Nuin, a pipeline is shown. The solution was obtained with Simdut_W
smaller temperature drop is obtained. Further, it can be seen and Simdut_U, maintaining the same fluid, pipeline, initial and
50 60
V_limit (m/s) 1 x 10 -8
45 k iso / k = 0.29
Simdut_W model 1 x 10 -4 50
40
1 x 10 -2
35 Simdut_W
1 x 10 -1 40
30 Simdut_U
T T
25 (ºC)
30
(ºC)
20 k iso / k = 2.89
20 k iso / k = 28.9
15
Olga
10 10
TGNET_W
5
0 0
0 4 8 12 16 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x (km) Time (hours)
Figure 5 – Gas axial temperature distribution, after 4
hours. Influence of correlations. Figure 6 – Oil. Time temperature evolution at center of
pipeline Influence of insulation thermal conductivity.
For the first test shown in Fig. 6, the thermal diffusivity α
was kept constant and the conductivity k was varied. The
reference parameters for the base case are: kiso/k =2.89 and 60
αiso/α= 136. The reference value kiso/k was divided and
multiplied by 10. It can be seen in Fig. 6 that, as expected, there
is a smaller temperature drop when the conductivity decreases. 50 Simdut_U
Figure 7 illustrates the effect of the thermal diffusivity on
the temperature variation with time at x= 500 m. The thermal
conductivity ratio was kept constant. The reference α was 40
divided by 20, and since the temperature variation was small
with larger α values, a very large value (equivalent to zero ρ cp) T
was specified. The influence of the thermal capacity (ρ cp) can (ºC)
30
be observed in Fig. 7, where a smaller temperature drop can
also be observed when α decreases. In Fig. 6, k was varied Simdut_W
20
maintaining α constant; therefore, ρ cp was also varied. Since α α iso / = 6.8
is the ratio of these two quantities and both have the same
influence on the temperature, there is an optimum value of k for iso / = 136
10
a given α, as one can see by the reduction of the influence of iso / =
the stored energy as k increases and decreases from the iso / = w/ =
reference case. 0
Still analyzing Fig. 7, one can compare the prediction
obtained with Simdut_U, which employs a steady state over-all 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
heat transfer coefficient and it is independent of α (since it Time (hours)
neglects the thermal capacity of the pipe and insulation) and the
prediction of Simdut_W neglecting the thermal capacity of the Figure 7 – Oil. Time temperature evolution at center of pipeline
pipe and insulation. It can be observed that the solution Influence of insulation thermal diffusivity
obtained neglecting the thermal capacity of the pipe wall and
60 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Simdut_W The authors acknowledge the support awarded to this
research by the Brazilian Research Council, CNPq.
50 iso / = 1.77
REFERENCES
iso / = 35.4
Barrera, J. J., 2005, Modelagem transiente de transferência
40 iso / = de calor em dutos de petróleo ou gás, termicamente isolados,
Master thesis dissertation, Dept. Mechanical Engineering,
iso / = w/ = PUC/Rio, in Portuguese.
T
(ºC)
30 Barrera, J. J., Nieckele, Azevedo, L.F.A., 2005, Transient
Thermal Analysis In Subsea Pipelines, Proc. of COBEM 2005,
18th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering,
20 November 6-11, 2005, Ouro Preto, MG, paper no. 0166.
Barrera, J. J., Nieckele, Azevedo, L.F.A., 2006, Gas
Cooldown Of Heavily Insulated Pipelines, Considering The
Simdut_U
10 Pipe Wall Thermal Capacitance, Proc. of CONEM 2006,
Recife, PE, Brazil, paper no. 03-545
Brown, S.T., Clapham, J., Danielson, T.J., Harris, R.G.,
0 Erickson, D.D., 1996, Application Of A Transient Heat
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Transfer Model For Bundled, Multiphase Pipelines, PE 36610,
SPE Annual Technical Conference.
Time (hours) Danielson, T.J., Brown, L.D., 1999, An Analytic Model For
A Flowing Bundle System, SPE 56719, SPE Annual Technical
Figure 8 – Gas. Time temperature evolution at center of
Conference.
pipeline Influence of insulation thermal diffusivity
Dwight J., Nigel M., Janardhan D., 2004, Prediction Of
Cool Down Times And Designing Of Insulation For Subsea
Production Equipment, OTC 16507