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American University of Madaba

AUM
Faculty of Engineering.
Department of Civil Engineering.

Spring Semester 2016-2017.

Environmental Lab

Report #7
(Chloride)

Names URN: (University Registration Number)


Tamara al-Tawal 1310360

Submitted on: Day.Month.Year (25th of April 2017)

1 | www.aum.edu.jo
American University of Madaba

AUM
Faculty of Engineering.
Department of Civil Engineering.

Spring Semester 2016-2017.

Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 3
Objectives ...................................................................................................................................... 3
Apparatus and Material .................................................................................................................. 3
Steps and procedure ....................................................................................................................... 3
Results and Calculations ................................................................................................................ 4
Discussion ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 4
References ...................................................................................................................................... 4

2 | www.aum.edu.jo
American University of Madaba

AUM
Faculty of Engineering.
Department of Civil Engineering.

Spring Semester 2016-2017.

Introduction
Chloride represents the concentration of Cl ions that are present in a sample, and we should note
that the allowable limit for Cl ions concentration in drinking water is not to exceed 250mg/l Cl.
Any higher values will result in a salty taste to the water.
There are many sources of Chloride which could be from domestic or industrial waste and even
running water that comes into contact with rock and soil, along with waters from the sea and
oceans.
Not only this but also tap water that is intended for everyday use, usually has Chloride added to
it for sterilization purposes.

Objectives
Is to find the concentration of Cholride in mg/l in tap water.
Determine if the sample is Chloride polluted or not, if it has Cl concentrations of more that
250mg/l.

Apparatus and Material


The materials and tools used:
1. Flask
2. Burette
3. Indicator K2CrO4
4. Unknown sample of 100ml, we used tap water.
5. Distilled water of 100ml used as a blank sample.
6. Titrant of AgNO3 with N=0.0141

Steps and procedure


The steps followed in this test:
1. Use 100ml of tap water and have it in a flask.
2. Add the indicator, with a ratio of 1 drop to each 10ml of sample, thus add 10drops to the
100ml of the sample.
3. Start the titration process, at first Ag irons will react with Cl ions, and a white precipitate
will be produced.
4. After all of the Cl ions have been used up, Ag ions start reacting with CrO4-2 ions from
the indicator.
5. During this time the indicator's color starts changing from yellow to brown, hence we
can stop the titration and read the final volume of the titrant. Remember before starting
the process the initial volume was also read.
6. The second part of this test is done using a blank sample of amount liquid that lack
chloride ions, in this case we used distilled water.
7. The same conditions as the first part were met, with a volume of 100ml of the sample,
the same temperature and pressure and also the same amount of indicator was used.
8. Here we keep on titrating until we get the same shade of brown from the indicator, as the
shade obtained in the first part.
9. The find the volume of titrant used to obtain this color, and using these information
calculate the Cl- present using the given equation in the lab manual.

3 | www.aum.edu.jo
American University of Madaba

AUM
Faculty of Engineering.
Department of Civil Engineering.

Spring Semester 2016-2017.

Results and Calculations


Tap water sample :
Initial volume = 14.5ml
Final volume = 36.8ml
A= 36.8-14.5=22.3ml

Distilled water/ Blank sample:


Initial volume = 36.8ml
Final volume = 38.4ml
B= 38.4-36.8=1.6ml

(𝐴−𝐵)∗𝑁∗35450
Concentration of Cl ions = = 103.5mg/l.
𝑉

Discussion
We have found the concentration of the chloride ions to be less than 250mg/l thus we can say
that our sample is not polluted and the amount of chlorine added to the water for domestic used
is within the required limits.
If we add 10 drops of the indicator to the sample but add less of it to the blank sample, then a
higher concentration of the Cl ions will be found, as we have more Cr2O4 ions in the first
sample and it was not accounted for in the blank sample thus these ones will be added to the
volume of the Chloride ions and will yield a higher A-B value giving us a higher final answer.
However, if the amount of indicator in the sample was less than that added to the blank samle of
distilled water, then a lower value will be found because more Cr2O4 ions were taken into
consideration in the second part of the test than the actual amount being present in the tested tap
water sample, hence the A-B part o the equation will be lower than what it should be this was
giving us a lower Cl ions concentration value. Of course with the fixation of all other variables
in the equation in both cases.

Conclusion
Finally, we come to understand the importance and the procedure the chloride concentration
determination. And we can conclude that we have met the objectives of this test.

References
Lab manual.

4 | www.aum.edu.jo
American University of Madaba

AUM
Faculty of Engineering.
Department of Civil Engineering.

Spring Semester 2016-2017.

5 | www.aum.edu.jo

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