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com

+ + =
+ =−
+ =

! "
# $ %
&' !

* − *
( )&' − 
→ −

+( )= +( ,
!) =
-

. /
−0 =

−
1 2 ! =
= + # = +
&' #
( )&' 3 % )

−0 = 4 ( )= 4 ( )=

) #/ = + 4 = + 4

=0 +0 =0

5 ( )= − ,τ
4 )) 66τ

+ ! − − # +
τ τ τ
&' !

( )&' ( )= − ,τ
4! 7 ) / = + +
8
+
8
+

− ,τ
= − + − + << τ
τ τ 9τ
− ,τ
= − / ) τ
τ
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0 ) 9 .
) / )

9 ! 9 9 # 9
&'
( )&' 0 < 9 A : B

: )
;: 8
; = = 9
98 8 98 8

< ( × )
0
0
= % "$ % % %
>
− 0
! #
−
&' #
( )&' 3 % )
0 0
$) & = =0 %
0
0 − −: −
$) ! & = =0 %
0 0
0 0 9 0
$) & = =0 %
0 − − −
0
$) # & = =0 % / %
0
'? % / % 0/0

9 . ) / ) < @ . ) %

) ) % / ) %

γ=
)
/ ) %
γ

γ−
γ γ
! # <
&'

A . )
) /
3 ! 3 '% )
- % ) # -
&' !

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: . ) ) /
) / % ) /

) / % ) / "
. / CC / / %
% / $"( >
( ) D*( (* )
! ( ) (EF 3 )
( ) 3(-- )
# ( ) G(*$
&'

B 5 % /
) H )
) ; >
H ) ;
! H ;
H ;
# H ) ;
&' #

= )) 3 .
)) / % / ) )
))
# ! # 9
. # . 9
&' !

0E
,
µI3 π# : µE3
( )&' 5 / ∆ρ = = =
# # π#0

I E 0E
I= = =
)) π# π#
0
∆) α ( )
#0
0 0
# # ∆)
∴ ∆) = ∆) = ∆) =
# # 9

%
; ! I * # $
&'

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5 ' ) ) *
/ + ( )%
δ
)
δ∝ ,0
! δ∝ ,
δ∝ ,
# δ∝
&'
( )&' 5 % ) / + δ %
<

:
% )

. + ) % * (> 0
)/
) / )

, ! ,
0 0 #
&' #
( )&' 5 +/

( #)
<
#<
; / ;= + # ρ
<
; = (; ) = (; ) # = ;
#< ( )

0 5 /
"$ ! % ) >
% ) %

! ) )
) )
# ) )
&' #
#
( )&' ! = →
+
%
=
% %
$ ! ?/ %
∴ ) )

< ) )
% ) ) )
. ) /

! # 0
0
&'

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( )&' = + /
−
= ) −
∞ − ;

0
J = π & = ρ% = ρ π( )
) /

) − = ) −
) )

0π 0×
= =
0 0
π ρ π ρ

= = ( ) = ( ) = =

9 . " " )) % *
* " ∝* :
/ % % )) /
% )) #
− : − :
# ! # # # #
&' !
:
# Iρ#
( )&' " α * :
α
H µ
# I :
ρ :
# :
α α I :
ρ :
#− H
H µ :

∴5 % % / α #−

A . K' ' / ' )

' % ) ' % '
) /
- ) % ) ! 3 )
- % ) # -

&' !
( )&'
( ) ( )=3 )
( ) ( )=-
( )
( 0) ( )=K % )
5 I )
(< ) ( 0) = - % )
(< ) = - ) % )

∴ )

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: 5 / ) )
' >
; %
E %
* ' '

- ' '

;LE ! ;L* ;L- # EL*

&' !

B ' )
$
! $
$
# /
&' #

( )&' 5 / − =+

−
− = + = + +
− +
= (+ ) ( − )
$

5 / 1 , = $

− +
− − +
= + ( + ) +
−
− =H ( + )

=
( < −
− ) −

H( − )

=
( < −
− ) −

+( − )

&

→ ! →
+ +

! ' % + + :
+M
, / ) % ? !/ )
- * ) ! ;5* )
- * ) # ;5* )
&' !

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( )&' 5 % /
H H
!
= H −H ! → ! →

: × ×
− −
0×
= H :
−H : 0×
!

∴ J )
!

. ) %
; ")
! ;
D
# 3
&'

) / / ) D$
%
D C C D$ C
! 3 C D$ C C
D$ C C C C
# 3 C C D$ C
&'

) )
-* / ) ) ;- / )
3 =D- )
J =D- )
-*4
3 =D-4J =D-4;- ! ;- 4-*43 =D-4J =D-
-*4J =D-43 =D-4;- # ;- 4J =D-43 =D-4-*
&'

0 N )) 1 /
< N . ) N /

B: ! < 9 # B
&' #
( )&' 5 /
( )= ( ) − − ,

() = − − ,

J =< / () = / =
−
∴ = < − = B

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< ! ))
D ) %
! D % ) %
D % ) %
# D % ) %
&' !

9 '

∂ ∂ ∂
= +
∂ ∂ ∂
. ! / %

( )=− + +! ! ( )=− + +!
0

( )= +! # ( )= + +!
0
&' !
∂ ∂ ∂
( )&' = +
∂ ∂ ∂
∂
5 / =
∂
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
+ = =− ()
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
∂ ∂
= − + = − +
∂ ∂

=− + +!
0

∞
−
A . / %

, ! #
&'
∞
−
( )&' D % / 43 − = =−

F)) 3 = −∞ =
∞ −∞
−
∴ −
= = − = − ( − ) −∞
=
−∞

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: " '* )
( )= − π ≤ ≤
. </ %
! 9 << # :
&' #
( )&' ( )= − π ≤ ≤
" '* ) ( )
( )4
= − ( )= − (
π 47 )= +π π
7( )
π π
= − = 47 = +π = +π

= − = :
+π

A?+
B . = − / % ? ?<
?? +( )
π ! −9 π # 9π
&' !
A?2
( )&' = − 4 ? ?<
?? +( )
; ?1 / ?1 ± / )
?=
! 7* /
A?2 π
?= * ( ?= ) + * ( ?= ) + * ( ?= ) −
(
?? + ) ?=
A?+ A?+ A?+
= π + + = π −0 + =
?→ ?+ ?→
( +
?? ) ?→−
( +
?? )

/ % ))
) ;/ ) / ) % %
) ;
)) / + )
. ) % ) )
% / ) % (γ = ) , % )/ )

γ ! (γ − ) # (γ − ) ,γ
&' !

) ) ; .
) / ∆J = < /
) ) % / )
∆- = −* + ( *1: 0M
, H) / %
D H
= ! = = 0 # = <

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&' #
( )&' D % / ∆J = < 4 ∆- = − * +
D = J− -
∆D = ∆J− ∆-
∂ ( ∆D )
5 ∆D / =
∂
∂ ∂
∂
(< )−∂ −* { + } =

< − −* + − − =
< − −* − =
) = = <

) + , / / )
< ? + , % ;
* ) )
. 1 ,/ % , ?

−0 −
× ! × #
&'
( )&' 5 ) + /

∆;
=
< µF ( − ε)
3 #; ε

∆; = 3 ( (
− ε ) ρ) − ρ )( ? )
3 ( − ε ) ρ) − ρ ( )=( < ) (µ) F ( − ε)
3 #) ε

×( − <)
( < )( ) (F ) ( − <)
( − )=
( × −
)
−0
F = × ,

5 )
* 1 * / % +

O
*

! P
*
,

# Q

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&'

( )&' 5 =5 = =
π *( )=
π( * ) 0

= σ / 5 ( 0
− 0
)
∴5 =
0

0 J =
( =< / 1 ) ))
+ % =, H
) N % %
? =, H
) N
! 0 # 0:0
&'

< . ' )) / = + ,/ ) = +M,+ N

B N 0 N = + ,/ ) = 0 +M,+ N

N
< " / %
(+= , H )
A0 ! A0 A0 # 0A<
&'
( )&' J
× × (B − 0 )= ×0 ( − )
= 0
=9 = B
∴ 3K # =
∴F (∆ ) = )∆

× × (< ) =
F = = A0 = 9
9× −
×<× π× ( A + )

9 ) ? %
+ ! 
→
+ ! % .
; ) ) ) . H )
) ./ 3 'J
)
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; ;! ; ;!
∝ ! ∝
+ H ; + H!;! + H ; ( + H ; + H!;! + H ; )
; ;! ; ;!
∝ # ∝
( )
<
+ H ; + H!;! + H ; ;

&' !

A )
< + , <+ ,

S =
S = <

<@
@
<< ! A< < # 0 <<
&'
< − <
( )&'
<
( <− )+( − <)
− <
= <

: ! %
+ ,/ )
0 @ . % % 9/ % ) ) + ,
! < # 0<
&'

( )&' 5 = 3 + I =
α
=
(9 ) ( 0)
+ (α − ) +<× 0

5 = 3 +% %

< −0
( )( <) = ( − I) 0+ I( :) = : I= = <
0

B ) % ) N < N
? < I/ ) % ) .
R ) N N/
I
! B 9 #
&'
( )&' - / ) /

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( < )
" R 1 ( − )= 9 0 I
( < − )

0
+B + 9 + ( +H )=
F * / % H + ) %

B ! :0 A< # <
&'
( )&'
*

9
B ( +H )
B× 9 − ( +H )
B

5
B× 9 − ( +H ) > H > A<

∴$ % H = A<

0 % ')
+ !
' / ' )
) ?
% / % ) G

! #

G G G G
&' !

0 + ) )
F

+ +
* H
− + τ) +

τ +

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) ) ) % H ) %
) ) F1 / τ) = : τ =
0 ! <: < #
&'

( )&' T =
H
=
H ( + )
(τ ) + ) H + (: + )( + )
H
+
(τ ) + ) (τ + )

=
H ( + ) =
H ( + )
: +B + +H : B
+ +
+H +H
5 ) / ε=
B B 0<
ετ = τ= τ=
+H +H +H
:
τ =
+H

0< :
∴ = < = :( + H ) H = < <
+H +H

0 ) × <
+ ) )
+ ;! / ;! ) ) +
+= ,+ ) ,
9
* 0 ;! *
) ? + R
A0: ! :A B< # 0:
&'
× <
( )&' =
;!

× <
∴ = × + ;! + 0 ;! + × 9

;!
∂( ) − × <
×
5 ) = + 0 =
∂ ;!
× (;! )

;! = B0 A9 ;! = B< :+

9
00 J ) ) ) % *
% DM) .
<@ ) / + % /
* ; DM R /
< ! 0 : <0 # 9<0

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&' !

( )&' * =
) ( + ) =
× 9
× <( + <)
( +) − ( + <) −

( ) ( ) = :A<B< B A = 0 ABA 9B9 0 :

0< . ' ) ) /
1 < 4 1 ) )
% B =, H/ "
=, ⋅H

! 0 : #
&'

09 K ) 3 . 3 ..
!"# !"##
; 5 ' ) " +
E 5 5 $

* J % - %
- # ? 0
;' / E'0/ *' / -' ! ;'0/ E' / *' / -'
;'0/ E' / *' / -' # ;' / E'0/ *' / -'
&'

0A K ) 3 . ) 3 ..
!"# !"##
; ; (
E ; ' ) 5
* ; ) )
- ; 0 )
;' / E'0/ *' / -' ! ;'0/ E' / *' / -'
;' / E' / *' / -'0 # ;'0/ E' / *' / -'
&'
$$ % " & ' "
! ( )

' % BB@
% ) % !
2 @/
+ , . ) T1 S/ T 1 ,
S1 , !

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0: % ! + ,
0<0 ! <:0 9A9 # :A0
&' !
( )&' ( + )/ . = + ,

∴ = × = +
= − =: +
5 = @ = × =
∴T =

= ×
( B: )
: !
! = <:0 + ,

0B . ! 0 + ,/
/ H U R
< ! B #
&'

$$ % " & ' "

! ( )

( ) + !( ) 
→ ( ) + #( )
) &
T*! / 5*D
5;D
55! 5!
* - ) 5

5
" &
K ! 55!
K 5
K 5*D
K ! T*!
K ) 5;D
K 5
5
J 55!1 ,4 5 1 ,4 ! = < ) %
5

< . T*! = / ) (5*D ,5;D )

! < A #
&'

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< . ) (5*D ,5;D ) 0/ T*!

,
: ! ,
< , # ,
0
&'

*" " $ "& ! +, ' "

! ( )

" % µ ) )
) / % % I
))

I →

< / % ) '

I ! I − I − # I −

&' !

< ) '
)
µI −µI µI − µI
! #

&' !

*" " $ "& ! +, ' "

! ( )

) →; )
< % % ,
,

'
<0 . < , / /
9 ! : 0 # 90
&' !
( )&' 5 ) /
−
τ= = +τ
+

< 0 −
+= = = AA
τ <

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<< ) ) /
% % @
<B ! < < A A # B0 :
&'

( )&' −S =
( + +τ )

S = − = − =A 9<B@
( + +τ )
+ :×

<9 = ) %
>
!
"!-"
# ! #% # # #
&

<A )) ) % ) %
) &
% .!" / 01111111111 " $! ! ' ++! !
" "
" $." "
0
/ " &
0!"
) ! + #
& !

<: ) % < /
) ) + ) * < )
) )
?
< ! < # <
&
( )&' ; =< −<
) )
=< − 4 <

∴) < − = / =<
( + )

<B )) ) % ) %
) &
*' 2 + -! " 11111111 ' "! " " $. +
! #
&
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9 # 33 &
% + % J
)
! 7 ) !
+ 5 3 + ) /

# 7 ) %
& #

9 ) + )) S T
S )) 9 @ T )) 0 @ + +
R )
$ S7 + / B9@ $ T7 + /A @
) + / /
T
:: ! 0 99A # A
& !
( )&'
- )) 9 @ 0 @
* B9@ A @
$% <A9 ::
::
∴ ;( )= = 0
<A9 + ::

9 ) )
% ) = −
)

: ! # 0
& !
( )&' = −

= −

< ∴ − =

=
∴ = − =

9 = ) /; ' ) ) 5 . %
) % * & J
- ') / % # / (% - +
) ) / )
= % % >
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D '
! S )
" + ) %
# " '
&
( )&'D % !

90 D% / # D 5H M
;/
$I ! $= ;I # ;=

&
+ + +0 +<

# / D / 5H / M
; / $I

+ +0 +< +9

9< = $**( >

;& A A
E& A A %
*& #
-& # % %
;/ E ! E/ * ;/ * # */ -
&
( )&' ; *
( ) V/ / / 0W +

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written permission.