Introduction to Vitamins and Hormones.

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Mr. S.S Chauhan Mayank Kashyap
 Mrs. Kavita Pandey Mr.
Shivam Singh Chauhan,

s
 This is to certify that a student of
class 12th has successfully completed the project title
“Introduction to Vitamins and Hormones.” under the
guidance of (Subject Teacher).
During the academic year 2017-2018 in partial
fulfillment of Chemistry practical examination
conducted by _____________

Signature of Signature of
External Examiner Chemistry Teacher
Signature of Principal
 INTRODUCTION to vitamins
Have you ever wondered how we stay healthy? The proper answer lies in
our balanced diet our balanced diet contains all the vital nutrients
including vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates.

The body needs vitamins to stay healthy and a varied diet usually gives you
all the vitamins you need. Vitamins do not provide energy (calories)
directly, but they do help regulate energy-producing processes. With the
exception of vitamin D and K, vitamins cannot be synthesized by the
human body and must be obtained from the diet. Vitamins have to come
from food because they are not manufactured or formed by the body. So
let’s find out the uses and the importance of vitamins in our daily life.

A
 To find out the importance of vitamins in daily life.
 To find out how much vitamins are needed for human in one day.
 To find out the sources of vitamins.
 To find out the structure of vitamins.
 To find out the diseases caused by deficiency of vitamins.

Classification of vitamins:
 Vitamins are natural substances found in plants and animals and
known as Essential nutrients for human beings. The name vitamin is
obtained from "vital amines" as it was originally thought that these
substances were all amines. Human body uses these substances to
stay healthy and support its many functions.
 Vitamins are generally regarded as organic compounds required in
the diet in small amounts to perform specific biological functions
for normal maintenance of optimum growth and health of the
organism.
 Types of vitamins
There are two types of vitamins: Water-soluble and Fat-soluble.

Water-soluble vitamins
Water-soluble vitamins cannot be stored in the body, so you need
to get them from food every day. They can be destroyed by overcooking.
These are easily absorbed by the body. Human body doesn't store large
amounts of water-soluble vitamins. B-complex vitamins and vitamin C are
water-soluble vitamins that are not stored in the body and must be replaced
each day. These vitamins are easily destroyed or washed out during food
storage and preparation. They are eliminated in urine so, body need a
continuous supply of them in diets.

Proper storage and preparation of food can minimize vitamin loss.

To reduce vitamin loss, refrigerate fresh produce, keep milk and grains away
from strong light, and use the cooking water from vegetables to prepare
soups. An excess of water soluble vitamins should not result in any side
effects as they will disperse in the body fluids and voided in the urine.
Nine of the water-soluble vitamins are known as the B-complex
group: Thiamin (vitamin B1), Riboflavin (vitamin B2), Niacin, Vitamin B6,
Folate, Vitamin B12, Biotin, Pantothenic acid and Vitamin C. These vitamins
are widely distributed in foods.

F at - soluble vitamins
The fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E and K - since they are
soluble in fat and are absorbed by the body from the intestinal tract. The
human body has to use bile acids to absorb fat-soluble vitamins. Once these
vitamins are absorbed, the body stores them in body fat. When you need
them, your body takes them out of storage to be used. Eating fats or oils that
are not digested can cause shortages of fat-soluble vitamins.

Fat soluble vitamins should not be consumed in excess as they are stored in
the body and an excess can result in side effects. An excess of vitamin A may
result in irritability, weight loss, dry itchy skin in children and nausea,
headache, diarrhea in adults.
Characteristics of the vitamins are:
 Most of the vitamins have been artificially synthesized.
 Some of vitamins are soluble in water and others are fat-soluble.
 Some vitamins are synthesized in the body. Some members of vitamin B
complex are synthesized by microorganisms in the intestinal tract.
 Vitamins are partly destroyed and are partly excreted.
 Vitamins can be stored in the body to some extent, for example the fat-
soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and subcutaneous tissue.
 Vitamins can perform their work in very small quantities. Hence, the total
daily requirement is usually very small.

Action in human body

Nutrient Action
Vitamin A helps cell
VITAMIN A
reproduction. It also stimulates
immunity and is needed for
formation of some hormones.
Vitamin A helps vision and
promotes bone growth, tooth
development, and helps maintain
healthy skin, hair, and mucous
membranes. It has been shown
to be an effective preventive
against measles.
Daily need
10,000 IU/day (plant-
derived) for adult
males.
8,000 for adult females
- 12,000 if lactating.
4,000 for children ages
1-3
5,000 for children ages
4-6
7,000 for children ages
7-10

Alpha-carotene, beta-carotene
and retinol are all versions of
Vitamin A.

Vitamin B1/thiamine is important 1.2 mg for adult males

VITAMIN B1 and 1.1 mg for women -
in the production of energy. It
helps the body cells convert 1.5 mg if lactating.
(THIAMINE) carbohydrates into energy. It is
Children need .6 to .9
also essential for the functioning
mg of B1/thiamine per
of the heart, muscles, and day.
nervous system.
 Vitamin B2 or riboflavin is 1.3 mg for adult males
VITAMIN B2 and 1.1 mg for women -
important for body growth,
(RIBOFLAVIN) reproduction and red cell 1.5 mg if
pregnant/lactating.
production. It also helps in
releasing energy from
Children need .6 to .9
carbohydrates mg of B2/riboflavin per
day.
B6 plays a role in the creation of 1.3 to 1.7 mg for adults
VITAMIN B6 - 2 mg for women who
antibodies in the immune
(PRYIDOXINE) system. It helps maintain normal are pregnant or
lactating.
nerve function and acts in the
formation of red blood cells. It is
Children need between
also required for the chemical .6 to 1.3 mg.
reactions of proteins. The higher
the protein intake, the more
need there is for vitamin B6

Like the other B vitamins, 2.4 mcg for adults and

VITAMIN B12 2.6 - 2.8 mcg for
vitamin B12 is important for
metabolism. It helps in the women who are
pregnant or lactating.
formation of red blood cells and
Children need .9 - 2.4
in the maintenance of the central mcg per day.
nervous system.

Vitamin C is one of the most 60 mg for adults - 70

VITAMIN C
important of all vitamins. It plays
a significant role as an
antioxidant, thereby protecting
body tissue from the damage of
oxidation.
mg for women who are
pregnant and 95 for
those lactating.
Children need between
45 and 50 mg

Vitamin D is known as the 5 mg for most adults.

VITAMIN D Between 50 - 70 yrs 10
"sunshine vitamin" since it is
manufactured by the body after mg, and after 70 15 mg.
being exposed to sun.Vitamin D
Children need about 5
is vital to the human body as it
mg/day.
promotes absorption of calcium
and magnesium, which are
essential for the normal
development of healthy teeth
and bones. It also helps maintain
adequate levels of calcium and
phosphorus in the blood.
 Like vitamin C, vitamin E plays a 30 IU for most adults.
VITAMIN E
significant role as an antioxidant, Children need between
thereby protecting body tissue 6-11 mg/day. (1 IU is
from the damage of oxidation. It equal to approximately
is important in the formation of .75 mg)
red blood cells and the use of
vitamin K. Many women also use
it to help minimize the
appearance of wrinkles.

Vitamin K is fat soluble and plays 70-80 micrograms/day

VITAMIN K
a critical role in blood clotting. It
regulates blood calcium levels
and activates at least 3 proteins
involved in bone health.
for adult males, 60-65
micrograms per day for
adult females.
Children need about half
the amount, depending
on age.

Natural Sources
Nutrient Fruit source Vegetable Nut source
source
Vitamin A Most fruits contain Sweet potato Pistachios
vitamin A, but the Kale Chestnuts
following fruits have Carrots Pumpkin Seeds
a significant Spinach Pecans
amount: Avocado Pine Nuts/Pignolias
Tomatoes Broccoli Sunflower Seeds
Cantaloupes Peas Almonds
Watermelon Asparagus Filberts/Hazelnuts
Peaches Squash - summer
Kiwi Green Pepper
Oranges
Blackberries

Vitamin B1 Watermelon Peas No nuts contain a

Avocado significant amount of
vitamin B1.

Vitamin B2 Kiwi Avocado No nuts contain a

significant amount of
vitamin B2.
Vitamin B6 Bananas Avocado No nuts contain a
Watermelon Peas significant amount of
Potatoes vitamin B6.
Carrots

Vitamin B12 None None No nuts contain a

significant amount of
vitamin B6.

Vitamin C Kiwi Artichoke No nuts contain a

Strawberry Asparagus significant amount of
Orange Avocado vitamin B6.
Blackberries Broccoli
Cantaloupe Carrots
Watermelon Cauliflower
Tomatoes Corn
Lime Cucumber
Peach Green Pepper
Bananas Kale
Apples Lima Beans
Lemon Mushrooms
Grapes Onions
Peas
Potatoes
Spinach
Squash - summer
Squash - winter
Sweet potato

Vitamin D None Mushrooms No nuts contain a

significant amount of
vitamin B6.

Vitamin E Blackberries None Almonds

Bananas Sunflower Seeds
Apples Pine Nuts/Pignolias
Kiwi Peanuts
Brazil Nuts

Vitamin K None Vitamin K is found Pine Nuts/Pignolias

in significant Cashews
quantities in dark Chestnuts
green leafy Filberts/Hazelnuts
vegetables such as
spinach, broccoli,
and kale.
Structure
Vitamin A
Vitamin A (retinol) is required for the formation of rhodopsin, a photoreceptor
pigment in the retina. Vitamin A helps maintain epithelial tissues. Normally, the
liver stores 90% of the body's Vitamin A.

Retinol (Vitamin A)

Vitamin (B1) Thiamin

Thiamin or Thiamine (vitamin B1) is widely available in the diet. Thiamin is
involved in carbohydrate, fat, amino acid, glucose, and alcohol metabolism.

Thiamin (vitamin B1)

Vitamin (B2) Riboflavin

Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is involved in carbohydrate metabolism as an essential
coenzyme in many oxidation-reduction reactions.

Riboflavin (vitamin B2)

Vitamin (B6) pyridoxine

Vitamin B6 includes a group of closely related compounds: pyridoxine,
pyridoxal, and pyridoxine. Vitamin B6 is important in the biosynthesis of
hemoglobin and nucleic acid, as well as in lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid
metabolism.

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)

Vitamin B12
Cobalamin is a general term for compounds with biologic vitamin B12 activity.
These compounds are involved in nucleic acid metabolism, methyl transfer, and
myelin synthesis and repair. They are necessary for the formation of normal red
blood cells.

Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)

Vitamin C
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) plays a role in collagen, carnitine, hormone, and amino
acid formation. It is essential for wound healing and facilitates recovery from
burns. Vitamin C is also an antioxidant, supports immune function, and
facilitates the absorption of iron.
 Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

Vitamin D
Vitamin D has two main forms: D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol).
Vitamin D3 is synthesized in skin by exposure to sunlight (ultraviolet radiation)
and obtained in the diet chiefly in fish liver oils and egg yolks

Cholecalciferol
(Vitamin D)

Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a group of that have similar biologic activities. These compounds
act as antioxidants, which prevent lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty
acids in cellular membranes.

Alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E)

Vitamin K
Vitamin K1 (phyllo Quinone) is dietary vitamin K. Dietary fat enhances its
absorption. Infant formulas contain supplemental vitamin K.

Vitamin K (phyllo Quinone)

Deficiency disease
Vitamin A

Deficiency Disease: Night-blindness and Keratomalacia, Keratinisation of the

nasal and respiratory passage epithelium.

Deficiency Symptoms: Defective Teeth and Gums, Allergies, Dry Hair,

Retarded Growth, Susceptibility to Infections, Night Blindness, Eye Irritations,
Sinus Trouble, Dry Skin, Loss of Smell.

Deficiency Occurs in:

 People who limit their consumption of liver, dairy foods, and beta-
carotene-containing vegetables can develop a vitamin A deficiency.
 Extremely low birth weight babies.

Vitamin B1

Deficiency Disease: Beriberi

Deficiency Symptoms: Symptoms include fatigue, depression, decreased

mental functioning, muscle cramps, nausea, heart enlargement, and eventually
beriberi. Alcoholics are at increased risk of a deficiency.

Deficiency Occurs in:

 Most commonly found in alcoholics
 People with Malabsorption conditions
 Those eating a very poor diet
 Also common in children with congenital heart disease
 People with chronic fatigue syndrome
 Individuals undergoing regular kidney dialysis

Vitamin B2

Deficiency Disease: Ariboflavinosis, Painful tongue and fissures to the

corners of the mouth, chapped lips.
Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include red, swollen, cracked mouth and tongue; fatigue;
depression; anemia; and greasy, scaly skin. The formation of cataracts may be a
result of this vitamin deficiency.

Deficiency Occurs in:

 Alcoholics
 People with cataracts or sickle cell anemia
 People with chronic fatigue syndrome

Vitamin B6

Deficiency Disease: Anemia

Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include Weakness, Mental Confusion, Irritability, Nervousness,
Inability to sleep, Hyperactivity, Anemia, Skin lesions, Tongue Discoloration, and
Kidney Stones.

Deficiency Occurs in:

 Alcoholics
 Patients with kidney failure
 Women using oral contraceptives
 People with chronic fatigue syndrome

Vitamin B12

Deficiency Disease:
Megaloblastic or Pernicious Anemia
Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include nausea, loss of appetite, sore mouth, diarrhea, abnormal
gait, loss of sensation in hands and feet, confusion, memory loss, and
depression. Harmful anemia may be a result of this deficiency.
Deficiency Occurs in:
 Alcoholics
 Vegetarians who also avoid dairy and eggs
 People with malabsorption conditions
 Older people with urinary incontinence and hearing loss
 People with tinnitus and related disorders
 People with psychiatric disorders
Vitamin C
Deficiency Disease: Scurvy

Deficiency Symptoms:
Prolonged healing of wounds, Easy bruising, Frequent infections, Prolonged
colds, Scurvy: weak muscles, fatigue, loss of teeth, bleeding gums, depression,
bleeding beneath the skin, Swollen or painful joints, Nosebleeds, Anemia: tired,
paleness

Deficiency Occurs in:

1. Smokers
2. Women with Preeclampsia, who have lower blood levels
3. People with kidney failure

Vitamin D
Deficiency Disease: Rickets and Osteomalacia

Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include bone pain and tenderness and Muscle Weakness. In
children, Rickets may occur, in which bones lose calcium and become soft and
curved. Without proper intake, there is an increased risk of Osteoporosis,
Arthritis, and Cancer.

Deficiency Occurs in:

1. More common in strict vegetarians
2. Dark-skinned people
3. Alcoholics
4. People with liver or kidney disease
5. People with hyperparathyroidism
6. Also common in men with advanced prostate cancer
Vitamin E
Deficiency Disease:
Deficiency is very rare; mild hemolytic anemia in newborn infants

Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include in Infants irritability, Fluid Retention and Anemia. Adult
symptoms may include Lethargy, Loss of balance and Anemia. There may be
increased risk of Heart Disease, Cancer, and Premature Aging with marginal
deficiencies.

Deficiency Occurs in:

1. People with a genetic defect in a vitamin E transfer protein called
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
2. Women with Preeclampsia
3. Very old people with type 2 diabetes

Vitamin K
Deficiency Disease:
Bleeding Diathesis, Delayed clotting & Hemorrhaging, Cholestatic Constipation,
Patients may show signs of bruising easily and have nosebleeds.

Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include prolonged clotting time, easy bleeding, and bruising. This
deficiency is rare in adults and normally limited to those with liver or food
absorption disorders. However, it may occur in premature babies.

Deficiency Occurs in:

1. People with certain Mal absorption diseases
2. Hospitalized patients who had poor food intake and were receiving
antibiotics
3. Sometimes develop in breast-fed infants.
Pictures of deficiency diseases

Night blindness(vitamin A) Beriberi(vitamin B1)

Anemia (vitamin B6) Pernicious Anemia (vitamin B12)

Scurvy(vitamin C) Rickets(Vitamin D)
How to overcome these deficiencies
 Food
The best method available to overcome these deficiency is by proper diet
which includes proper amounts of vegetables, fruits and some amount of
meat.
 Medicine
To avoid the deficiency of any Vitamin B we can use B complex. Vitamin B
complex is a group of 12 related water-soluble substances. The eight
water-soluble vitamins including thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin
(B3), pantothenic acid (B5), biotin (B7), pyridoxine (B6), folic acid (B9),
and cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12).

Additional information
Vitamin Facts
1. A lot of the vitamins in fruits and vegetables are lost between the farm and
your plate. The longer the foods are stored before you eat them, the more
nutrients are lost. Heat, light, and exposure to air all reduce the amount of
vitamins, especially Vitamin C, thiamin, and folic acid.
2. About 25% of US households do not have balanced meals to meet the
requirements that the body needs in digesting enough nutrients to sustain
the body's health and fuel factors.
3. Research has shown that almost all varieties of disease can be produced
by the deficiency of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and other nutrients.
Vitamins are vital for your skin. The most important factor of nutritional
deficiencies is the intense processing and refining of foods like cereals and
sugar.
4. The human body uses food to manufacture all its building blocks as well as
to provide fuel. To do this, it performs several thousand different chemical
reactions. Each reaction is controlled by "enzymes" and "coenzymes".
Some of the coenzymes contain vitamins which the body cannot make by itself
and which must be obtained from outside the body.
Conclusion
Vitamins are in every aspect essential
to our life. First of all, vitamin is that component of a
balanced diet which the human body generally cannot
manufacture on its own. So you must consume vitamin
directly in the form of food or through supplements as
tonic or pills. The whole process of assimilation of vitamins
depends on ingestion of food. Once you have it as a part
of your meal, say for tomatoes, lemon, spinach and other
stuffs, it is more helpful.

To maintain a healthy life, we must

use regular proper balanced diet. The diet must contain
vegetables, fruits, meat … The body's metabolism is also
dependent on vitamins as on carbohydrates, fats, minerals
and other basic components of a complete diet. Always
remember that vitamins are not food but should be a part
of your food.
 Introduction to Hormones
Hormones are compounds that are also known as signaling molecules. They
are produced by the glands in multi-cellular organisms. Hormones are
transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs in order to
regulate the physiology and behavior in living beings. A hormone is actually
a chemical messenger which is directly secreted into the blood stream. Blood
carries these hormones to various organs and tissues to exert their function.

Functioning of Hormones?
Hormones act on different aspects of body functions and processes such as:
Development and growth of the body. Metabolism of food items which have
been taken. Sexual functions and reproductive growth of an individual.
Cognitive functions and alters mood. Maintenance of body temperature and
thirst. Secretion of hormones is controlled by the endocrine system of the
body. The endocrine system is ductless hence the hormones are directly
secreted into the blood rather than ducts. The major endocrine glands in the
body include pituitary gland, pineal gland, thymus, thyroid, pancreas, testes,
and ovaries. These organs actually secrete very small amount of it but even
this small amount is sufficient to bring about a significant visible change in
the human body.
Hormonal imbalance causes diseases, it can result in a case of excess or
deficiency of any hormone. Hence a proper balance is to be maintained for a
healthy body.
Hormonal disorders are a result of hormonal imbalance. These disorders are
diagnosed in laboratories and by clinical appearance and features. Body fluids
such as blood, urine, and saliva are tested to check for any hormonal
abnormalities. In case a person is suffering from a hormonal deficiency,
a synthetic hormone therapy can be used to restore the balance. Whereas for
cases in which there is an excess production of hormones, medication is
prescribed to curb the effect and sustain normal functioning.
For example- A person suffering due to an underactive thyroid gland can be
treated by providing synthetic thyroxine which can be taken in the form of a
pill. On the other hand, a person suffering from an overactive thyroid can
take in drugs like propranolol to counter the effect.

Hormones: A special chemical messengers of the body that are produced by

the endocrine glands. These special messengers control most of the body
right from primary needs like hunger to complex system and function like
functions
reproduction and emotions.
Important activities of hormones include:
Growth and development of promoting cell and tissue.
Food metabolism.
Initiating and maintaining sexual development and reproduction.
Maintaining body temperature.
Controlling thirst and hunger.
Regulating mood and cognitive functioning.
Hormones secreted by endocrine glands are the ductless glands of the
endocrine system.
Primary hormone-producing glands are-
Hypothalamus: It is responsible for maintaining body temperature, controls
thirst, sleep, hunger, emotions, moods and allow the release of hormones.
Parathyroid: This gland helps in controlling the amount of calcium present in
the body.
Thymus: It helps in functioning of the adaptive immune system, produces T-
cells and maturity of the thymus.
Pancreas: This gland forms the insulin that helps in maintaining the blood
sugar levels.
Thyroid: It produces hormones that belong to calorie burning and heart rate.
Adrenal: This gland produces the hormones that control the sex drive, cortisol
and stress hormone.
Pituitary: It is also termed as the “master control gland,”. This is because of
the pituitary gland helps in controlling other glands and develops the
hormones that trigger growth and development.
Pineal: Pineal is also known as the thalamus, it develops serotonin derivatives
of melatonin, which can affect sleep.
Ovaries: In women, the ovaries secrete estrogen, progesterone, testosterone,
and other female sex hormones.
Testes: In men, the testes develop the male sex hormone, testosterone, and
produces sperm.
All these glands work together to produce and manage the hormones of the
body.
Types of Hormones
The body has different types of hormones, some have a major role to play in
the well-being and health of a human body. Hence it is important to
understand the roles so as to protect and manage the health.
Estrogen-This is the main sex hormone present in women which cause
puberty, prepares the uterus and body for pregnancy and even regulates the
menstrual cycle. Estrogen level changes during menopause because of which
women experience many uncomfortable symptoms.
Progesterone – This hormone is replicated to estrogen but is not taken as the
main sex hormone. It helps in maintaining menstrual cycle and also assist in
pregnancy like estrogen does.
Cortisol – It has been named as the “stress hormone” by the way it helps the
body in responding to stress.
Melatonin – The levels of this hormone change throughout the day and helps
in controlling the natural cycle of sleeping hours.
Testosterone – This is the main sex hormone present in men which cause
puberty, muscle mass growth, and strength, increases bone density and
handles facial hair growth.

What is Negative-Feedback Mechanism for Regulation of

Hormone secretion?
 Regulation of secretion of some hormones from endocrine
glands is controlled via “Negative-Feedback” Mechanism,
(Long-Loop, Short-Loop negative Feedback):
 Hormone released from one gland regulates the release of
another hormone from a second gland, which then controls
hormone production from the endocrine gland;
 Plasma level of the hormone itself or of a substance produced
by the target tissue in response to the hormone may inhibit
further release of the hormone;
Example: Negative-Feedback control of Thyroid hormones;
What are some of the factors controlling hormone
secretion?
Hormone secretion is influenced by variety of factors:
 Stimulatory and Inhibitory agents, such as: Hypothalamic
Peptides or Neurotransmitters;
 Other hormones: Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH),
are released in a pulsatile fashion;
 Some hormones exhibit Circadian Rhythm:
 Adreno-Cortico-Trophic Hormone (ACTH),
 Cortisol;
 Prolactin, TSH, GH and PTH have peak secretion at different
times during the day or night;
 Stress can increase hormone synthesis and release (e.g., ACTH,
GH and Prolactin);
 Hormones synthesized by target cells may regulate release by
Negative Feed Back control;
 Changes in metabolic products caused by hormone action may
exert feedback control;
 Other hormones or drugs may modulate normal endocrine
responses;
1. Certificate

2. Acknowledgement

3. Introduction to vitamins

4. Types of vitamins

5. Characteristic of vitamins

6. Their Structure

7. conclusion

8. Introduction of Hormones

9. Important activities of hormones

10. Factors controlling hormones secretion

11. Index and bibliography

 1. Help from

internet

2. Help from

library

3. Help from
teachers

Websites:
https://www.chemistscorner.com ›
https://www.enotes.com › Homework Help › Chemistry
https://en.wikipedia.org/