cHAPLER 15 = Sound Practice Problems 15.1 Properties and Detection of Sound pages 403-410 page 405 1. Find the wavelength in air at 20°C of an 7 You are in an auto traveling at 25.0 m/s HERS form var wien i aoe oft toward a pole mounted warning ste. IF lowest frequencies that is detectable by the the sirens frequency is 365 Hz, what human ea Frequency do you heat Use 343 mjs asthe ne t= 2808 9m speed of ound eH = 343 mis, fg = 265 He, ve = 0, 2. What isthe wavelength of an 18-4 sound 25.0 mis wave in seawater at 25°C7 ast 13, Find the frequency of a sound wave moving through iron at 25°C with a wavelength of jo = Sime = asoxto? He £8. Yoo areinan to treling a 55 mph © (24.6 mjs). A second auto is moving toward 4 tf you shout cose a canyon and bear the You at he Same speed shor is sounding ‘tho 0.60 late how wie isthe canyon? 3475 Ha What fequency do you hear? 4, Use 343 mys.as the speed of sound. 475 Hz, v, = +246 mis, $020») = 040s ‘30 d= vi= (348 mis}(0.40 s) = 140m . Az280:2 sound wavehasawawdenghof f= f*="8) (0.655 m in an unknown medium. Identify rs the medium, 248m) ne = (7S Hel ie aks ms if = 548 Hz 0 v= AF = (0855 mx280 H2) aan 4. A submarine is moving oward another febmaine a 9.20 m/s emits a3.50-MHz ‘This speed corresponds to wator at Sitanound. What quency would he 20. Second soy atest detect The sped of Sound in waters 182 mis = 1482 i, f = 380 Mz, page 409 a pepest Example Problem 1 butwitihecar My 820 mi y= OV moving ay from you What frequency zn ‘would you hear? $=) -Pyscs Pines ond Poems Solin Mania! 329 Se ee| | i } | | | | | Chapter 15 continued ~ 050ml tran) = 9.82 Miz 10, A sound source plays middle C (262 Hz) iow fast would the soure have o g0 (0 raise the pitch ta C sharp (271 Ha}? Use 1343 mis a8 the speed of sound, v= 349 mis, fy = 262 Ha, vg Omis, ¥ te the=v) Solve ths equation ari He, wor hema ~200 ne — ( ee mis ~ Orvis) Section Review 15.1 Properties and Detection of Sound pages 403-410 page 410 4. Graph The cardsum moves back and forth in response to the presse variations of Sound wave Sketch a graph of the displace: tment of the eardrum ves ime for wo {eles ofa LOkiz tone and for ewo ges ofa 20-KHs tone Time rs) Diplacement = 20K 12, Effect of Medium List wo sound charac teristics that are afected by the medium through which the sound passes and wo haracteretis that are not affected affected: speed and wavelength; ‘unaffected: period and frequency 330, Soations Manual 13, u, 16. ” Sound Properties What physical charac teristic ofa sound wave shouldbe changed to change the pitch of the sound? To change the loudness? frequency; amplitude Decibel Scale How much greater isthe ‘sound pressure level of atypical tock band's ‘music (110 dB) than a normal conversation (oaa)r “The sound pressure level Increases by 1 factor of 10 for every 20-48 increase In sound level. Therefore, 60 dB corre- ‘sponds to a 1000-fold increase in SPL. arly Detection In the nineteenth century, people put their ears to a rload track to fet an early warning of an approaching train, Why did this work? ‘The velocity of sound Is greater in solids than in gases. Therefore, sound travels faster in steel ralls than in air and the rails help focus the sound so it does not die out as quickly as ina. Bats A bat emits short pulkes of high frequency sound and detects the echoes {In what vay would the echoes fom large and small insects compare if they were the same distance from the bat? They would differ in intensity. Larger ingoots would reflect more of the ‘sound energy back tothe bat. ‘In what way would the ech from an insect lying toward the bat differ from that ofan insect fying away fom the batt An insect flying toward the bat ‘would return an echo of higher fre- queney (Doppler shi). An Insect fly- ing away from the bat would return ‘an echo of lower frequency. (Critical Thinking Can a trooper using a radar detector a the side of the oad determine the speed of a carat the instant the cat passes the wooper? Explain No, The car must be approaching or Physics: Principles and Problemschapter 15 continued receding from the detector for the Doppler effect to be observed. ‘Tranaverse motion produces no Doppler effect. Practice Problems 15.2. The Physics of Music pages 411-419 page 16 Ma. A 440-11 tuning forks eld above alse pipe Find the pacing between the x0 hanees when the ai temperature is 20°C. tonting clu to determine he ‘Rloty of und in belt gn the Tpadng beeen esonance ae 10 en. Bhnie he wlocy of sound in eam gt Resonance spacing = ¥= 1:1 m son 22m (2.2 my(aao Hz) = 970 mis 20, The fiequency of ting forks unknown, ‘pataden wes an air column at 27°C and finds eronances spaced by 20.2 cm. What ie the fejuency ofthe ning fork? Use the spend cleulated in Example Problem 2 for theaped ofsound in ar at 27°C y= 347 mis at27°C Resonance spacing gives 4 = 0202 m, ora = 0408 m 257 mis ‘atm ~ 859 Hz 21. Abugle can be thought of as an open pipe Ifa bugle were straightened out it would be 2.65-m long. ‘a Ifthe speed of sound is 343 m/s find the lowest frequency that is resonant for 1 bugle (ignoring end corrections). Ay = 2L = (2\2.65 m) = 5:30m “The lowest frequency is Physics Principles and Problems a8 gare fate Se 07 by. Find the next swo resonant frequencies forthe bugle 9 ms sas mie — 129 He ‘av _ x48 min) 2. @kzssm) so0Hz Section Review 15.2. The Physics of Music pages 411-419 page 419 32. Origins of Sound What is the vibrating ‘object that produces sounds in each of the following? a ahuman voice vocal cords be. addrinet areed fe aruba the player's lips 4. aviolin ‘asiring 23. Resonance in Air Columns Why isthe tube ffom wich a tuba is made much longer than that of a comet ‘The longer the tube, the lower the resonant frequency it wil produce. 24, Resonance in Open Tubes Hov must the length of an open tube compare to the wavelength ofthe sound to produce the Strongest resonance! ‘The length of the tube should be one-half the wavelensth 25, Resonance on Strings A violin sounds 2 note ofFsharp ith a pitch of 70 Ha ‘What are the frequencles ofthe next dhe harmonies produced with this note! [Astring’s harmonies are whole number ‘multiples of the fundamental, so the fre- ‘quencies a Sotions Manual 331 oo eaChapter 15 continued f= 2fy = (2870 Hz) = 740 He f= Bf; = (@XS70 Hz) = 1110 He = 1100 Hz 26. Resonance in Closed Pipes One closed ‘organ pipe has a length of 2.40 m. fa, Whats the frequency ofthe note Daye by thi pie! A= AL = (9(240 m) = 9.60” este fa hn Mims = 5.7 Hz . When a second pipe is played atthe same time, a1 40-Hz beat notes head By have much isthe second pipe 100 longt f= 967 Hz — 140 Hz = 34.3 Hz 2838 0.0m waans ~ 10 f aaa s00m_ t-4= 100" 250m ‘The difference in lengths is 2.50 m ~ 240 m=0.10™m 27, ‘Timbre Why do various instruments sound different even when they play the same note? Each instrument produces Its own set fof fundamental and harmonic frequen- cles, 80 they have different timbres. 28, Beats A tuning fork produces three beats per second with a second, 392-Hez tuning fork. What is the frequency ofthe fst tuning fork? itis elther 389 Hz or 395 Hz. You can't tell which without more information. 29, Critical Thinking Ske a tuning fork with a ubber hammer and hold it at ams Tength. Then pres its handle against a desk, door, filing cabinet, and other object ‘What do you hear! Why? ‘The tuning fork’s sound Is amplified 382 Solutions Maral ‘gretly when itis pressed against other ‘objects because they resonate like a sounding board. They sound different because they resonate with ifforent harmonics; therefore, they have different timbres. Chapter Assessment Concept Mapping pogo 426 $0. Complete the concept map below using he folowing em: amplinde pac, pth Mastering Concepts page 424 31. What ate the physical characteristics of sound waves? (15.1) ‘Sound waves can be described by frequency, wavelength, amplitude, and speed. 82, When timing the 100: run, offal atthe finish line ate instructed to stat thei top watches at the sight of smoke from the sare’ pistol and not atthe sound ofits fring. Explain. What would happen the times for dhe runners if the timing stated when sound was heard? (15.1) Light travels at 3.00%108 m/s, wile sound travels at 343 m/s. Officials Would see the smoke before they would hhoar the pistol fre. The times would be less than actual i sound were used. Physics Principles and Problemsww chapter 15 continued 433. Name wo pes of perception of sound and the physical characteristics of sound waves that corespond to them. (15.1) pitch—frequency, loudness—amplitude ‘88, Does the Doppler shift ocour for only some types of waves ot for all types of waves? (5.2) all types of waves {85,.Sound waves wit fequencies higher than ‘an be eatd by humans called ultrasound fan be transmitted through the human body. How could ultrasound be used to measure the speed of blood flowing in veins o ater fest Faplain how the waves change to make ‘this measurement possible (15:1) Doctors ean measure the Doppler shit ‘rom sound reflocted by the moving blood cells, Because the blood Is mov- ing, sound gets Doppler shifted, the ‘compressions elther get piled up oF fs the frequency 136, What is necesary forthe production and transmission of sound? (15.2) ‘a vibrating object and a material medium 7, ‘Singing How can a certain note sung by an copra singer cause a crystal gas o shatter? (52) “The frequency of the note Is the same ‘as the natural resonance of the crystal, ‘causing its molecules to increase thelr ‘amplitude of vibration as energy from the sound is accepted. 38. Marching Inthe military as marching solders approach a bridge, the command ‘out sep" is given, The soldiers then alk ‘utofstep with each other as they cross the bridge Explain. (15.2) While marching in step, a certain ‘requency is established that could resonate the bridge into destructive ‘oscillation. No single frequency is ‘maintained under “route step.” Physics Principles and Problems 39. Musical Instruments Why don't most ‘sical instruments sound like waning forks? (15.2) ‘Tuning forks produce simple, single- frequency waves. Musical instruments produce complex waves containing many different frequencies. This gives them thelr timbres. 40. Musical Instruments What propery dis fingulshes notes played on both a trumpet tnd a clarinet if they have the same pitch ‘nd loudness? (15.2) the sound quality or timbre ‘a1. ‘Trombones Explain how the slide of a trombone, shown in Figure 15-21, changes the pitch ofthe sound in tems of tom: bone being resonance tube. (15:2) se Figure 1521 ‘The slide ofa trombone varies pitch by Changing the length of the resonating ‘column of vibrating air Applying Concepts pages £24425 Te Estimaton To eimate the distance in Tilometrs between you and lighting fan, count the secands between the Bash fd the thunder and divide by 3 Explain tow ths rle works, Devise 2 smlar mule formiles ‘The speed of sound = 349 mis 0.349 kine = (1/282) ks; of, sound travels approximately 1 km in 3 8. ‘Therefore divide the number of s00- fonds by three. For mile, sound travels Spproximatay 1 mile in $s. Thorefore, divide the numberof seconds by five. Solutions Manual 333 |eee —_—_—_—_ chapter 15 continued 443, The speed of sound increases by about (0.6 mjs foreach degree Celsius when the air temperature rises. Fo a given sound, 28 the temperature increases, what happens 10 the following! fa. the frequency “Thote Is no change in frequency. the wavelength ‘The wavelength increases. 444, Movies In a scence fcion movie, satellite blows up. The crew of a neaby ship immed ately heats and sees the explosion Ifyou had ben hired as an advisor, what two physics ‘rors would you have noticed and corected? First, if you had heard a sound, you ‘would have heard it fter you saw the explosion, Sound waves travel much ‘more slowly than electromagnetic ‘waves. Second, in space the density of matter is 20 small that the sound waves do not propagate. Consequently, no ‘sound should have been heard. 445, ‘The Redshift Astonomers have observed that he light coming fom distant galaxies appears redder than light coming from ‘nearer galanes, With the help of Figure 15.22, which shows the visible spectrum, explain why astronomers conclude that di tant galaxies are moving away from Ean. Axim Sem XITm 7X10 m se igure 1523 Fed light has a tonger wavelength and therefore, a lower frequency than other colors. The Doppler shift of ther light ‘0 lower frequencies indicates thet dis- tant galaxies are moving away from us. 46. Does a sound of 40 dB havea factor of 100 (10?) times greater pressure variation than the threshold of hearing ora factor of 40 times greater? [A 40-dB sound has sound pressures, 4100 times greater. 394 Solutions Manual a 50. st. arte pitch of sound isincesed what thechinge inthe ellen! a the tency € Frequency wil ineease fs thewnelengh ‘Wavelength wil decrease. othe warveloty Wav volo wil omain the ss a theample ofthe wave ‘Ample wil emain the same. “The speed of sound increases with tempera ture, Would the pitch of a closed pipe ‘increase or decrease when the temperature ofthe arises? Assume thatthe length of the pipe does not change ‘Aland v= fa's0 v= 4flity increases and J remains unchanged, f increases and pitch increases. Marching Bands Two Nuss ae tuning up If the conductor hears the beat frequency increasing are the wo flute frequencies get. ting closer tether or farther apant “The frequencies are geting farther apart. Musical Instruments A covered organ pipe plays a certain note Ifthe cover is femoved to make it an open pipe isthe pitch increased or decreased? ‘The pitch is increased; the frequency is twice as high for an open pipe as for a closed pipe. Stringed Instruments On a harp, Figure 15-23, long strings produce low notes and shor strings produce high notes. (Ona guitar, Figure 15-23b, dhe sings are all the same length. How can they produce notes of different pitches? Vd Physics Principles and Problemsw ‘chapter 15 continued ‘The strings have different tensions and masees per unit length. Thinner, ighter Strings produce higher notes than do thicker, looser strings. Mastering Problems 16:1 Properties and Detsotion of Sound pages 429-420 Levelt $2 You hea the sound ofthe fing ofa distant Tehnon 505 afer seing the fash, How ft Srey fom te cannon? = vt= (949 mi5)6.0 8) = 1.7 km 59, Ifyou shout across a canyon and hear an eho 30 ter how wide the canyon? d= vt = (943 ms\@.0 ) Is the total die- tance traveled. Te distance to the wall te (940 mis)3.0 5) = 51x10? m ‘54, Asound wave has a fequency of 4700 Hz and waves along a steal rod. Ifthe distance between compressions, oF regions of high presse is 1 m what is the speed of the y= Af= (11 my(a700 Hz) = 5200 mis 155. Bats The sound emitted by bats has 3 seavelength of 3.5 mm. What isthe sound's femeny inet fs fa t= SBS = sextot ne ‘56. Photography As shown in Figure 15:24, ome cameras determine the distance to the Subject by sending out a sound wave and measuring te time needed forthe echo to umn tothe camera. How long would it {ale the sound wave 1 return to such & tamera ifthe subject were 3.00 m aay? Figure 1524 ‘ysis Principles and Problems a. “The total distance the sound must travel is 6.00 m. aod t 600m sot= 2 = S00m = o.0175 8 Sound with a frequency of 261.6 Tz travels through water at 25°C. Find the sounds travelengt in wate, Do not confuse sound raves moving dhrugh water with surface raves moving through wate vy _ 1499 ms ae mls = 5707 m i Ihe wavelength ofa 4.40% 10% sound in feshwater is 330 m, what is the speed of sound in fesbwater? v= Af (8.30 myaa0rc10? He) = 145x108 mis Sound with a frequency of 442 Hz travels ‘through an iron beam. Find the wavelength of the sound inion, Aireraft Adam, an airport employee is ‘working near jt plane taking off, He experience a sound level of 150 dB. ff Adam wears ear protectors that reduce the sound level to that of a ypical rock concer, what decease f8 Bis provided? ‘Atypical rock concert is 110 48, so 440 dB reduction is needed. If Adam then hears something shat sounds lke a barely audible whispes twhat wil a person not wearing the eat protectors heat? ‘Abarely audible whisper Is 10.68, ‘30 the actual level would be 50 ¢B, of that of an average classroom. i Rock Music A rockband plays at an 80-¢8 foun level, How many times greater the ound presure from another rockband play- ingat each ofthe following sound lees? Solutions Metal |ee ‘Chapter 15 continued ‘a. 100 dB factor of 10,60 10 times greater pressure. b. 12048 (10x ‘of 4.0 Ha such that standing waves are isthe speed of propagation ofthe wave? v= af = (0.50 myo s~*) = 2.0 mis 663. A baseball fan on a warm summer day fom home plate ‘a, What is the speed of sound in air at 30°C? hat does the fan hear the crack of batt t 52m 4 = 152m - 0.4365 Each 20 dB incroases pressure by 8 62. A coiled spring toy it shaken a fequency fbserved with a wavelength of 0.50 m. What (20°C) sits in the bleachers 152 m away “The speed Increases 0.6 mis per °C, ‘30 the increase from 20°C to 30°C Is How long after seeing the ball hit the Level 2 (65, Medical Imaging Ultrasound with a fiequency of 4.25 Mt can be used © produce images ofthe human body I the Speed of sound in the body isthe same as Jn salt water, 1.50 kms, what is the length ‘of a4.25-Mbz pressure wave in the body? 1soxtch mis — 9.59x10-4 m = 0353 mm a= Sonar A ship surveying the ocean bottom sends sonar waves straight down into the Seawater from the surface. As illustrated in Figure 15-26, the fist reflection, off of the mud at the seafloor, i received 1.74 after ‘twas sent. The second reflection, from the bedrock beneath the mud, rewmns afer 2.36 s, The seawater Isat temperatute of 25°C, and the speed of sound in mud is 1875 ms. (84, Ona day when the temperature is 15°C, person stands some distance, d as sown in Figure 15-25, from a cif and claps his hands, The echo returns in 2.0 s. How far away isthe cif? sigue 1526 8 How deep isthe water? “The speed of sound Inthe seawater Js 1539 mvs and the time fora one- way tipi 087s, so y= Vy = (1598 1/5)'0.87 8) "= = 130m How thks dhe mud? “The rounelip time Inthe mud is 2ase- 1748-0825 “The one-way tine in the mud is 031 5, £0 dy = Wig = (1875 mis}0 8) 580 m f gare 1525 [At 15°C, the speed of sound is 3 m/s slower than at 20°C, Thus, the speed of ‘sound Is 340 mis. ‘940 mis and 2¢ = 2.08 t= (240 rv/9y1.0 5) 3.4x102m 386 Solutions Manual Physics: Principles and Problemschapter 15 continued (67, Determine the variation in sound pressure fof a conversation being held ata sound feel of 60a = 2a0ni0 He ‘The pressure variation at 0 dB is 'b, a train moving away from the first train : Bros pa For every 20 eran, the Upedortom Pentre vation Icreass by fect ea Bro, Therefor, 60d has pressure fete) ‘aration amit of 2x10-# Pa, (0s ny mis = 21.0) (68, A fire truck is moving at 35 m/s, and a c Leaked oe Aateatof he wks moving the same = 2eaxto? He Sincion a5 ms fa 37-Ha sen Blas aoe Hometime bh se a Ps i Sos ret | ioe Ya tevel | fe tz Fae A veri tube with a tap atthe bases af ft) filed with water, and a tuning fork vibrates te theme) Sieitmouh As de waertevel istovered « Mahe ue resonance sea when te = ca ra Wider elas dropped 17 an and aga “fer a) em of dance ex om the ater Level 2 ae fhetopof the tbe Whats he equncy 69. A train moving toward a sound detector ‘of the tuning fork? 203.0 mis blows a 305-Hz whistle. What 4g.em — 17 em frequency is deteced on each ofthe following? 2 em or 0:32 m 4) exists betoon pots of resonance a a sony tain h-osem te tde=) A= 064m 4 ce = os tayota mis “0 + 2 38m. geo He a = Glamis = 31.0 mis $= 5 = Germ ~ 5404 smoke 72, suman Hearing, Te aio canal ec ‘b. a train moving toward the first tain at ing to the eardrum is a closed pipe that is home Siem long ind the approximate vale Sg {ignoring end coreon) ofthe lows eH) resonance frequency , Ty onor em (OS HeygAS ms = (21.0 mis) L semis = sta 356 Hz 27, Te ain inthe previo problem moe Ine ay fom the deter What frequency meee ee Re eae ee en {eos and hitone eh wit hamme "7 Sista tea open pie, Aninodes fof) “Hpseurecorespond to nodes of moles z Cimon, so three a pressure antnode ihe centr ofthe bae The speed sound 1. stationary tain Physics: Principles and Problems Solaons Manual ldee eee Chapter 15 continued fn aluminum is 5150 ms. What would be 78, -Musleal Instruments The lowest note on the bar's lowest fequency of oscillation? an ongan is 16.4 Ha, ‘Tho rod tength le 42, 80 = 24m ‘a Whats the shortest open organ pipe that wil resonate at thi frequency? ‘150s 94 ute sts mls — 2 74. One tuning fork has a 445-1z pitch, When ‘a second fork s struck, beat notes occur ‘with a frequency of 3 Hz. Whatae the two = f= 28m 105m posible equendes of he second okt Log waynes 08 Gare eee arn pichfthe ame orm pe indosed? | Beles emi Since a closed pipe produces a fun- | 78. utes A fute acts as an open pipe Ifa damental with a wavelength twice as i flute sounds «note with a370-Hz pitch, Tong as that of an open pipe ofthe I wat are the frequencies ofthe second, game length, the troqueney would be t {hird, and fourth harmonics ofthis piteh? O18 Ha) = 820 He, ae CMe ah ae ala ‘Musical Instruments Two instruments are fa = Bf; = (81870 Hz) = 1110 He) Playing musical A (440.0 Hz). Abeat note wrth a frequency of 2.5 His heatd topes ‘Assuming that one instrument spaying fa = Mf, ~ (4N970 Ha) = 1480 He the correct pitch, whats the frequency of 500 Hz the pitch played by the second instrument Ik ooula be oither 440.0 + 25 = 442.9 Hz 76. Clarinets A darinet sounds the same note, or d00 ~ 25 = 497.5 Hz with a pitch of 370 Hz, asin the previous Jroblem. The clarinet however acs asa__-_-80. A leble,comugated, plastic tube, shown ‘losed pipe. What are the fequencies ofthe in Figure 15-27 is 0.85 m long. When itis lowest three harmonies produced by th sorung around, it creates a tone thats the insinment? pF. lowest pitch fran open pipe ofthis enh. 8f, = (@N970 Hz) = 1110 Hz = 1100 Hz 3777? Whats the frequency? S-OGDH)= 10H = (2870 He) = 2500 Hz = 25002" wire 1327 [7 string tnstruments A ui stngi L=095m=4,s00=17m G50. long and is tuned to produce & ieee ie fa t= MEME — pox? He {Whats the speed ofthe wave on the sting? ape 81. The tube from the previous problem is dong fester producing a higher pitch Ay = 2L = (2)(0.650 m) = 1.30 m ‘What is the new rey v= Af = (1.30 {196 Hz) ~ 255 me fa" By ~ @N20x10 Ha) = 40x108 He What are the nat two higher resonant Fequencies for this aig! ae fo = 2fy = (2)(196 Hz) = 392 Hz 82. During normal conversation, the amplitude f= Af, ~ (04106 He) = 588 He ofa prenure wave 0.020 Pa 338 Solutions Mowal Physics: Principle and Problemschapter 15 continued ‘a ifthe aea ofan eardrum is 0.52 om?, what is the force on the eardrum? F=PA = (0.020 Wim2y0.52x10-# m?) = 10x10-§ N . The mechanical advantage ofthe three bones in the middle ear is 1.5. fhe force in partais transmitted undiminished to the bones, what force do the bones exert ‘on the oval window, the membrane 10 ‘which the third Bone is tached? fe a= Fi 50, = (ANE,) = (1.5) 1.0%10°8 N) = 1.5x10"° N ‘e. The area of the oval window is 0.026 cm?, What i the pressure Increase transmitted to the liquid in the cochlea? 4sxt0-N N= 058 Pa 183. Musical Instruments One open organ pipe has a length of 836 mm. A second ‘pen pipe should havea pitch thats one Imajor third higher. How long should the second pipe bet a 4,s0A = aL and A= r = 205 He pah= git Hae Terao fequeny one major hed higher ie 5:4, 20 (205 Ha[8) ~ 256 He “The lensth of he second pes ee a b= 35 Gayass hey ~ 67OXI0* eA shown n igre 15.28, mscbox Coning a t tel ag Samped Se Genrer tne aie eet eet ana Suge tba 2408 te Sd pign nao 170 Ht Stel fingers se rigare 15:28 Physics Principles and Problems ‘The length of the stee! finger clamped ‘at one end and free to vibrate atthe wavelength. Therefore, other is + awa = 17xi 102 mvs Mixed Review pages 427-428 Level 1 85. An open organ pipe is 1.65 m long, What fandamentl frequency note will t produce ifitis played in helium at °C? ‘An open pipe has a length equal to cone-haif its fundamental wavelength. z Therefor 4(0.024 m) = 0.096 m, and v= fa = (1760 H2y(0.096 m) "A = 3,80 m, The speed of ‘sound in hellum is $72 m/s. Therefore, las S72 mils 330m 295 Hz Ifyou drop a stone into a well that is 122.5 m deep as illustrated in Figure 15-29, how soon after you drop the one will you hear it hit the Bottom of the well? Figure 1529 First find the time it takes the stone to {all down the sha by fe Po oF s0 Bases “The time it takes the sound to com back up Is found with d= vt, so 225 m 349 ms = 08578 ‘The total time is 5.00 6 + 0.957 8 = 5268, Sohions Manual 339 ir a eee= (Chapter 15 continued 87. Abitd on a nevly discovered plane les toward a surprised astronaut aa speed of 19.5 mjs while singing at a pitch of 945 He. “The astronaut hea 2 tone of 985 Hz. What isthe speed of sound inthe atmosphere of this planet? 195 ms, 88. In North America, one ofthe hottest ‘door temperatures ever recorded is 57°C and one ofthe coldest is ~62°C. What are the speeds of sound at those two tempera: (7) = MO°C) + (06 me)T, where ‘Mo"0) = 331 mis. So, M87°C) = (931 me) + ("45"*)67°0) = 05 me 08-6) = atm) + °8224)-e20) 2 mis Level 2 89, Aship’s sonar uses a frequency of 22.5 kit, ‘The speed of sound in seavater is 1533 m/s ‘What isthe fequency received on the ship that was reflected from a whale traveling at 4.15 mjeaway from the ship? Assume that the ship is atest. Part 1. From ship to wheal vg $4.15 mis, v= 1533 m/s, Ja = 22.5 Kitz, v,= 0 fon HCE) = eas wel SH) = 22.4 kz Part 2. From whale to ship: vg = 4.15 mis, v= 1538 mis, 340 Saluins Menual a f= 224 We, vg = fa HAGE) = Coa wah s-r a) = 72.3 ki “When a wet finger is rubbed around the rim fof glass, loud tone of frequency 2100 Hz is produced. Ifthe glass has a diameter of. 6.2 cm and the vibration contains one wavelength around it sim, whats the speed ofthe wave in the glasst ‘The wavelenath is equal to the circumference of the glass rim, A= ard “Therefore the speed is. oof ‘(0.062 m)(2100 H2) = 4.1X102 mis History of Science In 1845, Dutch sien- tis Christoph Buys-Ballor developed a test ‘of the Doppler fect. He hada trumpet player sound an A note at 440 Ha while Fiding ona flatcar pulled by «locomotive ‘Ache sume time, a stationary mmpeter played the same note, Buys-allo heard 5.0 beats per second, How fast was the tain roving toward him? fig= 440 Hz + 3.0 He = 449 He fate) 80(v— wala = (¥~ vee and vay eta I Ta =23mis You try to repeat Buys Ballot’ experiment from the previous problem. You plan to have a trumpet played in arapily moving car Rather than listening for beat nares, however, you want to have the car move fst ‘enough s0 that the moving trumpet sounds fone major third above a stationary umpet ‘a, How fast would the car have to move? 5 ‘major third ratio = = Physi Prinpes and Problemschapter 15 continued = 153 mph, ; s0 the car would be moving dangerously fast. Do not try eee a te ce alee thcon ie igo he ma se ng of resin iar sane See Gaa gana cane ee ancient eens? ah p= 2982 4.9410" aim (085 m) = 120 Vp a Hex) = 191 ms (191 mvs)2(4.910-? kg/m) ‘Attain speeding toward a tunnel at 37-5 mis sounds its hom at 327 Ha. The ound bounces off the tunnel mouth. What isthe frequency ofthe reflected sound, heard on the train? Hint: Solve the problem ‘nwo parts Fist assum tha the tunnel fra stationary observer and find the frequency Then, assume tha the tunel i ‘ationary source and find the frequency ‘measured onthe rain Part. vg = 427.5 mis, v= 949 mis, ee fanfare ~ Physics Principles and Problems = 367 Hz Part 2. vy = —97.5 mis, v= 249 mis, f= 967 Me fan GH) = 087 Hoa”) 7 He Thinking Critically age 420 te Make and Use Graph The wavelengs of the sound waves produced by a oft {ng forks wit given equencies are shown intable 152 below "ble 15-2 Tuning Fors Frequency Giz) [Wavelength (mo a 22 15 208 196 175 20 156 20, 2 ‘a. Plota gaph of the wavelength versus the fequency (contolled variable). ‘What ype of relationship does the gzaph show? ‘The graph shows an inverse rla- tionship between frequency and wavelength. cco 3 130 140 amie it “oo 140 TD 220. 260 02) bb. Plota graph ofthe wavelength versus the inverse ofthe frequency (1/f). What ind of grap is this? Determine the Sohions Manual 341 On