DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

SUMBER UTAMA ----

Flexural and Strength Analysis of Beams and one-Way Slabs

Harun Alrasyid

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER
2 FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
Uncracked Concrete Stage

At small loads when the tensile stresses are less than the modulus of
rupture (the bending tensile stress at which the concrete begins to
crack), the entire cross section of the beam resists bending, with
compression on one side and tension on the other.

Concrete Cracked–Elastic Stresses Stage

As the load is increased after the modulus of rupture of the concrete is
exceeded, cracks begin to develop in the bottom of the beam. The
moment at which these cracks begin to form—that is, when the tensile
stress in the bottom of the beam equals the modulus of rupture—is
referred to as the cracking moment, Mcr. As the load is further
increased, these cracks quickly spread up to the vicinity of the neutral
axis, and then the neutral axis begins to move upward.
3 Uncracked Concrete Stage
4 Concrete Cracked–Elastic Stresses Stage

The cracks occur at those

places along the beam
where the actual moment
is greater than the cracking
moment, as shown in Figure
(a).

The stresses and strains for

this range are shown in
Figure (b). In this stage, the
compressive stresses vary
linearly with the distance
from the neutral axis or as a
straight line.
5 BEAM FAILURE

Moment–curvature diagram for Ultimate-Strength stage

reinforced concrete beam with
tensile reinforcing only.
6 CRACKING MOMENT
 The area of reinforcing as a percentage of the total cross-sectional
area of a beam is quite small (usually 2% or less), and its effect on the
beam properties is almost negligible as long as the beam is uncracked.

 The stress in the concrete at any point a distance y from the neutral axis
of the cross section can be determined from the following flexure
formula in which M is the bending moment equal to or less than the
cracking moment of the section and Ig is the gross moment of inertia of
the cross section:

The cracking moment is as follows:

Where: fr is the modulus of rupture of the concrete and yt is the distance from the
centroidal axis of the section to its extreme fiber in tension. The “lambda” term is 1.0
for normal-weight concrete and is less than 1.0 for lightweight concrete,
7 BEAM - EXAMPLE 1
8 BEAM - EXAMPLE 1
9 Ultimate or Nominal Flexural Moments
To obtain the nominal or theoretical moment strength of a beam, the
simple steps to follow are illustrated

1. Compute total tensile force T = As fy .

2. Equate total compression force C = 0.85fc ab to As fy and solve for a.
In this expression, ab is the assumed area stressed in compression at
0.85fc .The compression force C and the tensile force T must be
equal to maintain equilibrium at the section.
3. Calculate the distance between the centers of gravity of T and C.
(For a rectangular beam cross section, it equals d − a/2.)
4. Determine Mn, which equals T or C times the distance between their
centers of gravity.
10
Compression and tension couple at nominal
moment.
11 BEAM - EXAMPLE 2
12 BEAM - EXAMPLE 2

Beam cross section

 13
STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF BEAMS ACCORDING TO
ACI CODE
To accurately estimate the ultimate strength of a structure, it is necessary
to take into account the uncertainties in material strengths, dimensions,
and workmanship. This is done by multiplying the theoretical ultimate
strength (called the nominal strength herein) of each member by the
strength reduction factor, φ, which is less than 1. These values generally
vary from 0.90 for bending down to 0.65 for some columns.

Derivation of Beam Expressions

Nonlinear stress
distribution at
ultimate
conditions.
14 Some possible stress distribution shapes

The values of β1 given by the code (10.2.7.3) are intended to give this
result. For fc values of 4000 psi or less, β1 = 0.85, and it is to be reduced
continuously at a rate of 0.05 for each 1000-psi increase in fc above
4000 psi. Their value may not be less than 0.65. The values of β1 are
reduced for high-strength concretes primarily because of the shapes of
their stress–strain curves conditions.
 15 STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
For concretes with fc > 30 MPa, β1 can be determined with the following
expression:
β1 = 0.85 − 0.008 (fc − 30 MPa) ≥ 0.65

The usable flexural strength of a member, φMn, must at least be equal to

the calculated factored moment, Mu, caused by the factored loads

φMn ≥ Mu

Beam internal forces at ultimate conditions.

 16 STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
For concretes with fc > 30 MPa, β1 can be determined with the following
expression:
β1 = 0.85 − 0.008 (fc − 30 MPa) ≥ 0.65

The usable flexural strength of a member, φMn, must at least be equal to

the calculated factored moment, Mu, caused by the factored loads

φMn ≥ Mu

Figure 3. Beam internal forces at ultimate conditions.

 17 STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
For writing the beam expressions, reference is made to Figure 3. Equating
the horizontal forces C and T and solving for a, we obtain

Because the reinforcing steel is limited to an amount such that it will yield
well before the concrete reaches its ultimate strength, the value of the
nominal moment, Mn, can be written as
18 STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
If we substitute into this expression the value previously obtained for a (it
was ρfyd/0.85fc ), replace As with ρbd, and equate φMn to Mu, we
obtain the following expression:

Replacing As with ρbd and letting Rn = Mu/φbd2, we can solve this

expression for ρ (the percentage of steel required for a particular beam)
with the following results:
19 STRAINS IN FLEXURAL MEMBERS
Furthermore, the code states that the maximum usable strain in the
extreme compression fibers of a flexural member is to be 0.003. Finally, it
states that for Grade 60 reinforcement and for all prestressed
reinforcement we may set the strain in the steel equal to 0.002 at the
balanced condition. Then, a value was derived for a, the depth of the
equivalent stress block of a beam. It can be related to c with the factor
β1 also given in that section:

Then the distance c from the extreme concrete compression fibers to the
neutral axis is
20 EXAMPLE 3
 21 STRENGTH REDUCTION or φ Factors

Strength reduction factors are used among these values are the
following:

0.90 for tension-controlled beams and slabs

0.75 for shear and torsion in beams
0.65 or 0.75 for columns
0.65 or 0.75 to 0.9 for columns supporting very small axial loads
0.65 for bearing on concrete

For ductile or tension-controlled beams and slabs where t ≥ 0.005, the

value of φ for bending is 0.90. Should t be less than 0.005, it is still possible
to use the sections if t is not less than certain values.
22 STRENGTH REDUCTION or φ Factors

Variation of φ with net tensile strain t and c/dt for Grade 60

reinforcement and for prestressing steel.
 23 Minimum Percentage of Steel

for the minimum amount of flexural reinforcing can be written as a percentage, as

follows:
 24 Balanced Steel Percentage

An expression was derived for depth of the compression stress block, a, by equating the
values of C and T. This value can be converted to the neutral axis depth, c, by dividing it
by β1:

This is the 
balanced 
percentage, ρb:
25 EXAMPLE 4
26 EXAMPLE 4
 27
DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS
AND ONE-WAY SLABS
Load Factors
 28 Design of Rectangular Beams
Before the design of an actual beam is attempted, several miscellaneous topics need to
be discussed. These include the following:
1. Beam proportions.
2. Deflections.
3. Estimated beam weight.
29 Design of Rectangular Beams

Before the design of an actual

beam is attempted, several
miscellaneous topics need to be
discussed. These include the
following (continued):

4. Selection of bars.
5. Cover.
30 Design of Rectangular Beams
31 Design of Rectangular Beams
 32 ONE-WAY SLABS
Reinforced concrete slabs are large flat plates that are supported by reinforced
concrete beams, walls, or columns; by masonry walls; by structural steel beams
or columns; or by the ground. If they are supported on two opposite sides only,
they are referred to as one-way slabs because the bending is in one direction
only—that is, perpendicular to the supported edges.
 33 ONE-WAY SLABS
The thickness required for a particular one-way slab depends on the bending,
the deflection, and shear requirements.
34 EXAMPLE 5
35 EXAMPLE 5
36 EXAMPLE 5
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
SUMBER UTAMA ----

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Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER