Lecture 08: Diffusionless

transformation. Shape memory.

Superelastic materials. Martensite transformation and
her properties.

Autor přednášky: Ing. Pavel Hanus, Ph.D.

Pracoviště: TUL – FS, Katedra materiálu

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Thermodynamic of diffusionless
transformation
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Properties of martensitic
transformation
• Diffusionless transformation – carbon staying in a
place
• Temperatures Ms, Mf are independent on cooling rate
• Practically infinite transformation rate [km/s]
• Without incubation time
• Martensite quantity is given by temperature, not by
time
• Grains not enlarged with fall of temperature but their
number is increased – nucleation of new grains
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Nonreversible transformation

Reason
is very
different
rate of
carbon
and iron
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Reversible transformation

Nitinol, steel –
deformation
and elastic
martensite
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Transformation mechanism
Difussionless – shear
transformation in
whole needle
(a) blue – martensitic
transformation
(b) result, black –
austenite lattice –
fcc
blue – martensite
lattice – tetragonal
body centered
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Dimensions modification
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Shape shift compensation

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Martensitic transformations
• Fe – C system .... steel quenching
names austenite – martensite – generally used
• Fe – Ni system .... maraging steels
• Ti – Ni system .... alloys with shape memory
– Nitinol
• Cu – Me system .... brass, nabob
everywhere is tendency to use names
austenite - martensite
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Strain influence on Ms
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Superelasticity
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Superelasticity of Nitinol
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Shape memory
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Shape memory - second type

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Usage of deformation martensite

• Austenitic anticavitation steels: Ms about -
40°C, cavitation induce inception of
martensite in surface layer
• TRIP oceli (Transformation Induced
Plasticity) – superplastic. Austenitic steels,
Ms about 0°C, during tensile deformation
is inception of martensite in prolongated
place
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Usage of shape memory

• Ms above room temperature (RT): self-extracting
parts of satelites – transformation about 200°C,
needed deformation of parts for start is canceled
by warming-up
• Ms below RT: e.g. gudgeon pin circlip,
transition temperature below -100°C, cooling in
liquid nitrogen, deformation and assembling,
subsequently warming on RT and anihilation of
deformations