“Research” as / in “Career”

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Job Vs Career…

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Job Vs Career…

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Job Vs Career…

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Job Vs Career…

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Job Vs Career…

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Job Vs Career…

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Job Vs Career…

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Job Vs Career…

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Job Vs Career…

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Job Vs Career…

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Job Vs Career…

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Development…

• Research & Development

• Design & Development
• Product Design & Development

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Research & Development…

• Research
• noun
– (in industry) work directed towards the innovation, introduction, and improvement of products and
processes.

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Design & Development…
• Design
• verb
– decide upon the look and functioning of (a building, garment, or other object), by
making a detailed drawing of it.

• noun
– a plan or drawing produced to show the look and function or workings of a building,
garment, or other object before it is made.

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Development…
• Product
• noun
– an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale.
– a thing or person that is the result of an action or process.

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Research…
Re ……….Search
• Re means
– Once more, afresh, anew or
– Back; with return to a previous state

• Search means
– Look thorough or go over thoroughly to look something or
– Examine to find anything concealed

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Research…
Research is an ORGANIZED and SYSTEMATIC way of FINDING ANSWERS to
QUESTIONS.

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Research…
Research is an ORGANIZED and SYSTEMATIC way of FINDING ANSWERS to
QUESTIONS.
ORGANIZED … in that there is a structure or method in going about doing research. It is a
planned procedure, not a spontaneous one. It is focused and limited to a specific scope.

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Research…
Research is an ORGANIZED and SYSTEMATIC way of FINDING ANSWERS to
QUESTIONS.
SYSTEMATIC … because there is a definite set of procedures and steps which you will
follow.
There are certain things in the research process which are always done in order to get the
most accurate results.

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Research…
Research is an ORGANIZED and SYSTEMATIC way of FINDING ANSWERS to
QUESTIONS.
FINDING ANSWERS … is the end of all research.
Whether it is the answer to a hypothesis or even a simple question, research is successful
when we find answers.
Sometimes the answer is no, but it is still an answer.

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Research…
Research is an ORGANIZED and SYSTEMATIC way of FINDING ANSWERS to
QUESTIONS.
QUESTIONS … are central to research. If there is no question, then the answer is of no
use. Research is focused on relevant, useful, and important questions. Without a question,
research has no focus, drive, or purpose.

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Research is …
Research is used as Basis of knowledge

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Alternative to Research
• Authority
• Tradition
• Common sense
• Media myths
• Personal experience

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Alternative to Research
• Authority
– When you accept something as true just because
someone in a position of authority says it is true
or it is an authoritative publication, you are using
authority as basis of knowledge.
– Parents, Teachers, Books.

• Tradition
– Tradition is a special case of authority-the
authority of the past.
– It means you accept something as being true
because “it’s the way things have always been.

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Alternative to Research
• Common sense
– You rely on what everyone knows and what “just
makes sense”.
– It is about ordinary reasoning.
– It can originate from tradition.

• Media myths
– Media tends to perpetuate the myths of a culture.

• Personal experience
– If something happens to you, if you personally
experience it or see it, you accept it as true.

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A Brief History of R&D
• Since the mid-1960s the “Research and Development – R&D” outlook has become the dominant
approach for technology development and investments in the scientific infrastructures.
• Since the mid-1990s shortcomings and limitations of this linear model have gained attention. Yet,
due to lack of alternative models for innovation, the linear R&D has been able to continue to act
like a default model for innovation.
• This presentation reviews the role of R&D in four outlooks:
1) R&D as a Set of Activities
2) R&D as a Paradigm of Innovation
3) R&D as a Counterpart for Design and Development (D+D)
4) R&D as a Source of Idea

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A Brief review of R&D
The R&D model makes a linear and one-way outlook between three consecutive stages:
1) Basic Research,
2) Applied Research and
3) Development Research.

Basic Applied Development

Research Research Research

The Triple Helix Model for technology development (Academy, Business and
Government) is also based on the R&D outlook toward innovation.

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R&D as set of activities
R&D is a method of investigation where it is assumed new scientific knowledge is discovered due to
a series of linear and sequential stages that consists of Basic Research, Applied Research and
Development

Basic Applied Development

Research Research Research

The R&D model assumes that science has a monopoly over knowledge, technology is an outcome of
science, and economic development is due to technology development. The R&D model confines
innovation to technology and then technology to R&D.

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Examples of R&D based products

Penicillin

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Examples of R&D based products

Atomic Bomb

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Examples of R&D based products

Nuclear Power Plants

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“R&D Spending” Versus “Sales and Profit”
Money Is Not Everything concludes:
• “There is no discernible relationship between R&D spending levels and nearly all
measures of business success including sales, growth, gross profit, operating profit,
enterprise profit, market capitalization, or total shareholder return.” …
• “No relationship exists between the number of patents issued to an organization and
its business results.”
– Money Is Not Everything. 2005.

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Basic difference between…

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Researcher Vs. Innovator

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Idea, Invention & Innovation

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R&D as a Paradigm of Innovation
A Paradigm Shift Around 1975?
*** *** Microsoft,1975
Apple, 1976
*** Compaq,1982

***

1975
Lotus, 1982
Dell, 1983

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R&D as a Paradigm of Innovation
A Paradigm Shift Around 1975?
Around 1975, a major change happened.
In the mid-1970s and later, new companies emerged such as: Microsoft, Apple, Dell,
Compaq and Lotus Software.
The founders of these companies did not have strong scientific background.
Indeed the founders of Microsoft, Apple, CNN and Dell all were college dropouts.
This was a very different pattern compared with the founders of previous successful
ventures, that were dominant in the years before 1975.

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Paradigm of Innovation

(Industrial revolution)
1880 1940 1975 2000
1775
• Boulton & Watt, 1775 • GE - Edison, 1890 • Polaroid,1937 • Microsoft, 1975 • Linux, 1991
• Commercialized steam • Westinghouse, 1890 • Tracor, 1955 • Apple, 1976 • E-Bay, 1995
Engine • Wright Brothers’ • DEC, 1957 • Compaq, 1982 • Wikipedia, 2001
Airplane, 1902 • Intel,1968 • Lotus, 1982 • You-Tube, 2004
• Ford (Mass produced • Dell, 1983 • Face-Book, 2004
Car), 1914 • CNN, 1980

Basic Applied Development

Research Research Research

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Paradigm of Innovation
(Industrial revolution)
1775
(Trial and Error Invention)
• Boulton & Watt, 1775
• Commercialized steam
Engine
2/23/2018
1940 1975
1880 2000
(Research & Development - (Technology & Customer -
(Systematic Invention) (User-Created Contents)
R&D) T&C)
• GE - Edison, 1890 • Polaroid,1937 • Microsoft, 1975 • Linux, 1991
• Westinghouse, 1890 • Tracor, 1955 • Apple, 1976 • E-Bay, 1995
• Wright Brothers’ Airplane, • DEC, 1957 • Compaq, 1982 • Wikipedia, 2001
1902 • Intel,1968 • Lotus, 1982 • You-Tube, 2004
• Ford (Mass produced Car), • Dell, 1983 • Face-Book, 2004
1914 • CNN, 1980
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Paradigm of Innovation

(Industrial 1880 1940 1975 2000

revolution) (Systematic (Research & (Technology & (User-Created
1775 Invention) Development - Customer - Contents)
(Trial and • GE - Edison, 1890 R&D) T&C) • Linux, 1991
Error • Westinghouse, • Polaroid,1937 • Microsoft, 1975 • E-Bay, 1995
1890 • Tracor, 1955 • Apple, 1976 • Wikipedia, 2001
Invention) • Wright Brothers’ • DEC, 1957 • Compaq, 1982 • You-Tube, 2004
• Boulton & Watt, Airplane, 1902 • Intel,1968 • Lotus, 1982 • Face-Book, 2004
1775 • Ford (Mass • Dell, 1983
• Commercialized produced Car),
steam Engine 1914 • CNN, 1980

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Five Main Paradigms of Innovation
1) Trial and Error (Semi-Systematic) Invention: Represented by the steam engine.
2) Systematic invention: Represented by the light bulb and electricity.
3) Research and Development - R&D: Represented by the A-bomb, rockets and main-frame computers.
4) Technology and Market Development – T&C: Represented by personal computers.
5) User-Created Contents: Represented by Linux, Wikipedia, You-Tube and Face-book.
• Research and Development – R&D is one of the five main
• Paradigms of Innovation, since the start of the Industrial Revolution. There are at least four other paradigms
of innovation.
• Paradigms of Innovation are NOT mutually exclusive! During the same time span, different types of industries
may follow different paradigms of innovation.
• Previous paradigms may be influenced by more recent paradigms

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Potential Future Theoretical Studies Related to
Paradigms of Innovation?

Adam Smith Karl Marx Joseph Schumpeter John M Keynes Paul Romer
1723-1790 1818-1883 1883-1950 1883-1946 ???

(Industrial 1880 1940 1975 2000

revolution) (Systematic (Research & (Technology & (User-Created
1775 Invention) Development - Customer - Contents)
(Trial and Error • GE - Edison, 1890 R&D) T&C) • Linux, 1991
Invention) • Westinghouse, 1890 • Polaroid,1937 • Microsoft, 1975 • E-Bay, 1995
• Wright Brothers’ • Tracor, 1955 • Apple, 1976 • Wikipedia, 2001
• Boulton & Watt, Airplane, 1902 • You-Tube, 2004
1775 • DEC, 1957 • Compaq, 1982
• Ford (Mass • Intel,1968 • Lotus, 1982 • Face-Book, 2004
• Commercialized produced Car),
steam Engine • Dell, 1983
1914
• CNN, 1980

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Economic Waves - Economics of Industrial
Innovation (1997) by C. Freeman & L. Soete
Cycle number, First Wave, Second Wave Third Wave Fourth Wave Fifth Wave
Approx. Timing. 1780s - 1840, 1840s – 1890s 1890s – 1940s 1940s – 1990s 1990s – ?
Age of mass
Industrial Age of
Age of steam production of
Kondratieff revolution, Age of electricity microelectronics
power and automobiles and
Waves factory and steel and computer
railways synthetic
production networks.
materials
Professional Industrial R&D
Apprenticeship, Large-scale
mechanical and labs, chemicals Data networks,
Science, learning by industrial and
civil engineers, and electrical, R&D global
Technology, doing, dissenting government
institute of national networks, lifetime
Education, and academies, R&D, mass
technology, laboratories, education and
Training scientific higher
mass primary standards training
societies education
education laboratories
Motor highways, Information
Transport Canal, carriage Railways (Iron) Railways (Steel),
radio and TV, highways, digital
Communication roads telegraph telephone
airlines networks
Energy Systems Water power Steam power Electricity Oil Gas/oil
Cheap Key Factors Cotton Coal, iron Steel Oil, plastics Microelectronics

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R&D as a Counterpart for Design and
Development (D+D)
A familiarity with Design and Development (D+D) provides a better understanding
about R&D

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Design versus Science
• To have a better understanding of Design, we first look at Science.
• Science is systematic investigation to have a better understanding of an existing
phenomenon.
• Design is about systematic thinking about, before or as part of, an action to make a new
phenomenon.
• Science pursues and applies analytic methodologies, as the goal is to figure out the
structure of an existing phenomenon.
• Design follows synthetic (non-analytic) and integrative approaches, as the goal is to
integrate a new thing.

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R&D versus D+D (Design and Development)
• Three examples serve to underline the main difference between R&D versus D+D: Atomic Bomb,
Airplane and Light Bulb.
• The A-Bomb probably is the best example of an R&D invention. Basic Research was done Albert
Einstein, who had no clue about it final application.
• The invention (design) of Aircraft is good example of D+D. The Wright brothers, from day one
knew the final goal, a heavier than air aircraft and they did everything to get it.
• The invention of the Light bulb by Edison is another example of a D+D case. The idea was to
make a electric-base light source (bulb) that can compete with gas-base light source.
• D+D always starts with a product in mind and going back to get it.
• The invention of the Marine Chronometer to solve the Longitude problem is likely another
important and less studied case of D+D.

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Example of Products Based on Designed and
Development
Airplane and Light Bulb were two inventions based on D+D rather than R&D. The Wright
Brothers, and Edison were not scientists.

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D+D Model
Design and Development – D+D is one of the key aspects of Technology Innovation /
Development. D+D aims at Production, and intends at satisfy Market / Customer needs.

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The Combined Model of R&D and D+D
The combined model of D+D plus R&D is more practical and comprehensive than the
R&D model for the following reasons:
1) The combined model already includes the R&D model, but the other way is not
applicable.
2) The D+D model provides a non-linear outlook that cover both Forward Design and
Reverse Design. While the R&D model is linear model that goes from Research to
Development.
3) The D+D model embraces an integrative methodology, which is nonlinear but it already
includes linear methods which is consistent with the R&D.

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The Combined Model of IR&D and D+D
1) The new model combines Basic Research, Industrial Research and Development (IR&D) and D+D
(Design and Development).

2) D+D is one of the key aspects of Technology Innovation/Development and it is not the same or inferior to
R&D.

3) D+D often acts like a link between successful R&D and Production to satisfy Market/Customer needs.

Basic
Design and
(Fundamental) Market / Custom
Development
Research

Industrial
Research and Production
Development

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Forward and Reverse Design
1) Design and Development (D&D) embraces both Forward Design and Reverse Design.
2) Forward Design includes the forward flow of information that initiates from Design and
Development to provide information needed for Production which leads to new products for the
Market.
1) Example: developing a new idea and take it from design to the market.

3) Reverse Design involves the activities to legally make a product similar or superior to one
already available on the market.
1) Example: taking an existing product in the market and then re-design it.

4) Forward and Reverse Design actually work hand in hand with each other. Reverse Design is
often complementary to Forward Design that including activities from D&D to production and
then marketplace.

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Forward versus Reverse Design
1) Forward Design: From D&D to Product.
2) Reverse Design: From an existing Product to D&D and back to Product, to improve it.

Design and Development

Production Market / Customers
– D+D

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Inception: The Origin of Business Ideas
Each new business ideas has a distinctive patterns of development form its inception
(origin).
New business ideas may originate form many sources, which can be classified into 12
overlapping groups:

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Inception: The Origin of Business Ideas

Reverse Design:
Design and Reverse Engineering
Research and
Invention and Patent Development (D+D) and Benchmarking
Development (R&D)
– Forward Design (Copying, Imitation
and Adaptation)

Technology “PUSH”

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Inception: The Origin of Business Ideas

Extensive Market Research to explore

Feedbacks: from customers, employees,
business opportunities:
suppliers, etc. to
Societal changes, Demographic changes,
uncover unarticulated needs
etc.

Market “PULL”

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Inception: The Origin of Business Ideas

Innovation Inspired by
Creativity (Individual, Nature (Biomimetics,
Previous Experience: Work, Group and Organizational): Symbiotic Ideas: Biomimicry): new
Education and Hobby of such as lateral Combining two or more New regulations: Example Eureka and Serendipity:
business ideas based on
the existing ideas for a new Child safety regulations New business ideas due to
thinking, mind mapping, observing natural
and Child’s Car Seat unexpended events!
Entrepreneurs. metaphors, and brain application phenomena. Example:
storming. Kook-and-loop fasteners
(Velcro).

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Inception: The Origin of Business Ideas

Reverse Design:
Design and Reverse Engineering
Research and
Invention and Patent Development (D+D) and Benchmarking
Development (R&D)
– Forward Design (Copying, Imitation
and Adaptation)

Technology “PUSH”

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