Practice Questions for the Final Fall 2017

Part 1: Cholesterol through Ketogenesis:

1. The following statements refer to cholesterol. Which of the statements in (A) through (D) is
INCORRECT ?

A. It has three 5-membered rings and one 6-membered ring fused together.
B. It contains an –OH functional group on one of the rings.
C. Cholesterol provides the chemical backbone for Vitamin D biosynthesis.
D. Liver is the major site for cholesterol biosynthesis.
E. No statement in (A) through (D) is incorrect.

2. From the list below, select the sequence of steps involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. ( Not
all steps are included.)

1 farnesyl pyrophosphate 4 squalene

2 HMG CoA 5 3-isopentenyl pyrophosphate
3 acetoacetyl CoA 6 geranylpyrophosphate

A. 3-5-2-1-6-4
B. 3-2-5-1-6-4
C. 3-2-5-6-1-4
D. 2-3-5-1-6-4
E. 2-3-5-6-1-4

3. The rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis yields this product:

A. Activated isoprene units

B. Malonyl CoA
C. Mevalonate
D. HMG CoA
E. Acetoacetyl CoA

4. The following statements in (A) through (D) all apply to HMG CoA reductase EXCEPT

A. It is inhibited by phosphorylation in response toAMP-activated protein kinase.

B. HMG CoA reductase is regulated allosterically by feedback inhibition by its product.
C. Activation of the gene for HMG-CoA reductase to increase the amount of the protein.
D. HMG CoA reductase has a short half-life—it’s stability in the cell is dependent on the
level of cholesterol.
E. All statements in (A) through (D) apply.

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5. The cyclization and hydroxylation reactions in cholesterol biosynthesis require ___________
and ____________. These reactions occur in the _____________.

A. Activation; cleavage of pyrophosphate (PPi); cytoplasm

B. oxygen; ATP; smooth endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasm
C. cleavage of pyrophosphate (PPi); oxygen; smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D. oxygen; NADPH; smooth endoplasmic reticulum
E. ATP; NADPH; smooth endoplasmic reticulum

6. What can happen if there is a mutation in the LDL receptor?

A. LDL would not be produced.

B. Cholesterol biosynthesis would increase in liver.
C. Reverse cholesterol transport would not occur
D. Selections (A) and (B) apply.
E. Selections (A), (B) and (C) apply.

7. The following statements refer to glycogen degradation. Which statement in (A) through (D)
is CORRECT?

A. Glucose is a (+) allosteric modifier of liver phosphorylase b.

B. AMP activates both glycogen phosphorylase b and glycolysis in muscle.
C. Phosphorylase cleaves α-1,4-glycosidic bonds within the linear chains of the glycogen
molecule.
D. Splitting of pyrophosphate (PPi) drives the cleavage of glycosidic bonds.
E. No statement in (A) through (D) is correct.

8. Gluconeogenesis

A. Occurs in all tissues of the body since it is essentially the reversal of glycolysis.
B. Occurs in liver and muscle along with glycogen degradation.
C. Occurs in liver along with glycogen degradation.
D. Occurs in liver and adipose tissue when fatty acids are oxidized.
E. Occurs in kidney along with the urea cycle.

9. Which of the following in (A) through (D) can NOT provide carbon skeletons for
gluconeogenesis.

A. acetyl CoA
B. lactate
C. alanine
D. α-ketoglutarate
E. All of the above can provide carbon skeletons for gluconeogenesis.

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10. The following statements refer to Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) Which
statement in (A) through (D) is INCORRECT?

A. Gluconeogenic enzyme that opposes the pyruvate kinase step in glycolysis..

B. Its activity is increased following phosphorylation.
C. It catalyzes the synthesis of a high energy bond.
D. It is one of the energy consuming steps in gluconeogenesis.
E. None of the statements is incorrect.

11. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and phosphofructokinase (PFK-1) are inversely regulated by

__________ and _________________.

A. ATP; the insulin-glucagon ratio

B. Fructose-6-phosphate; AMP
C. Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate; AMP
D. Glucose-6-phosphate; ATP
E. Phosphorylation; the insulin-glucagon ratio

12. During gluconeogenesis all of the following occur EXCEPT

A. High acetyl CoA, NADH, and ATP/ADP from -oxidation inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase
and prevent the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA.
B. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is phosphorylated and activated.
C. Pyruvate kinase is inactivated by phosphorylation.
D. Pyruvate carboxylase is activated by high acetyl CoA.
E. ATP and GTP are consumed in reactions of gluconeogenesis because high energy
bonds are made.

13. Mutations in glucose-6-phosphatase exist in the human population. How can this affect
metabolism?

A. The person would be hypoglycemic and unable to maintain glucose levels adequately
during an overnight fast.
B. Glycogen would not be degraded.
C. NADPH could not be produced.
D. Selections A and B would apply.
E. Selections A and C would apply.

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Questions 14 and 15 refer to the following enzymes:

A. PFK-2
B. Glycerol kinase
C. FBPase-2
D. Lipoprotein lipase
E. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

14. ______ This enzyme is important for both triglyceride biosynthesis and gluconeogenesis.

15. ______ This enzyme is less active due to phosphorylation in response to a decrease in the
insulin-glucagon ratio.

16. Transport of fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix requires:

A. Albumin
B. ATP
C. Carnitine
D. CTP
E. None of the above; they are hydrophobic and freely diffuse through the membrane and
all of molecules listed in A –D are polar or charged.

17. From the items 1-6 listed below, select the sequence of 4 reactions in the -oxidation of a
saturated long chain fatty acid? (Not all selections will be used.)

1. oxidation/reduction involving the conversion of a ketone to an alcohol

2. hydration to form an alcohol group at the -carbon
3. oxidation/reduction involving the conversion of a saturated C-C bond to an
unsaturated one.
4. cleavage and formation of a thioester bond.
5. oxidation/reduction involving conversion of a alcohol to a ketone
6. hydration to form a ketone at the -carbon

A. 1-3-2-5
B. 6-1-2-4
C. 5-2-3-4
D. 3-2-5-4
E. 1-3-2-4

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18. How is fatty acid oxidation regulated?

A. The ratio of ATP/ADP.

B. It is dependent on the rate of oxidation of NADH and FAD(2H) in the electron transport
chain.
C. Feedback inhibition by acetyl CoA.
D. Selections A and B apply.
E. Selections B and C apply.

19. Ketosis can develop from a diet very low in carbohydrate but otherwise sufficient in calories.
This is due to:

A. Inhibition of gluconeogenesis
B. Inhibition of transport of fatty acids into mitochondria.
C. Low insulin in the circulation.
D. Feedback inhibition of fatty acid synthesis by high levels of acetyl CoA.
E. None of the above

20. Which of the statements about ketone body metabolism is INCORRECT?

A. The first 2 reactions involved in ketone body synthesis are identical to those used to
synthesize cholesterol.
B. Ketone bodies can increase blood pH.
C. Ketone bodies are produced in the liver following fatty acid oxidation.
D. The NADH/NAD+ ratio is important for the regulation of ketone body synthesis.
E. No statement (A) through (D) is incorrect.

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Part 2: Integration Questions:

1. Which of the following DOES NOT have an important role in the regulation of glycolysis?

A. the equilibrium: ADP + ADP  AMP +ATP

B. NAD+/NADH
C. phosphorylation / dephosphorylation of key regulatory enzymes
D. Oxygen
E. Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

2. The TCA cycle is regulated by:

A. the availability of acetyl CoA and OAA..

B. the rate of ATP utilization.
C. the availability of oxygen.
D. NAD+/NADH.
E. All of the above.

3. Respiratory control refers to

A. the regulation of the electron transport chain by the rate of breathing.

B. the regulation of the electron transport chain complexes directly by phosphorylation and
dephosphorylation
C. the regulation of oxidative phosphorylation by ADP
D. the regulation of oxidative phosphorylation by NADH.
E. the coupling of oxidative phosphorylation with substrate level phosphorylation

4. What effect does muscle contraction have on oxidative phosphorylation?

A. ADP increases.
B. The proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane decreases.
C. The activity of the electron transport chain increases to restore the proton gradient.
D. The activity of the TCA cycle enzymes increases to provide more NADH.
E. All of the above would occur.

5. Glucose-6-phosphate has different pathways that it can enter in liver during the fed state. All
of the following are possible EXCEPT:

A. It is oxidized to acetyl CoA for fatty acid biosynthesis.

B. It is a substrate for glucose-6-phosphatase.
C. It can enter the pathway for glycogen biosynthesis.
D. It is oxidized in glycolysis to provide energy for the body.
E. It is oxidized in the pentose phosphate pathway to provide NADPH.

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6. During prolonged exercise, such as a marathon, all of the following enzymes in (A) through
(D) would be altered as indicated to meet the body’s demands EXCEPT for:

A. phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase

B. inhibition of CPT1 (carnitine acyl transferase)
C. phosphorylation of glycogen synthase
D. allosteric activation of pyruvate carboxylase
E. phosphorylation of hormone sensitive lipase

7. Which of the following metabolic changes in (A) through (D) would NOT be induced during
the early phases of a low carbohydrate diet?

A. a decrease in the insulin / glucagon ratio

B. increased fatty acid oxidation
C. increased ketogenesis
D. increased gluconeogenesis
E. None of the changes in (A) through (D) is incorrect

8. If the amount of ADP or AMP increase in a cell, what would happen?

A. There is a decrease in the energy charge and the cell needs to synthesize ATP.
B. PFK-1 would be activated and glycolysis would increase.
C. Isocitrate dehydrogenase would be activated and the TCA cycle would increase.
D. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex would be activated.
E. All of the above would happen.