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Abstract- Transformers is a device on which cost effective supply of electricity mostly depends. Hence, to manage the
life of transformers, to reduce failures and to extend the life of transformer, some measures are being adopted. Dissolved
gas-in-oil analysis (DGA) is a common practice in transformer fault diagnosis. Some classical methods that depend on
gases concentration in transformers oils are used to interpret transformer faults such as Dornenberg, Rogers, Duval
triangle and key gases methods. These methods in some cases did not give the same results; therefore, an expertise
method is developed to give the fault type according to the dissolved gases concentration in oil. A software code is
designed using logic functions to get the type of the faults in transformers. Comparing the results from this software with
the real laboratory cases as well as some cases in literatures is developed. The results explain the validation of software
to detect the fault in transformer.
Key words: Dissolved gases analysis; Transformer oil; Interpretation of transformer faults.
40
ratios which are CH 4 /H 2 , C 2 H 6 /CH 4 , C 2 H 4 /C 2 H 6 and
20
C 2 H 2 /C 2 H 4 for diagnosis. The refined Rogers method
0 uses two tables: one defined the code of the ratio, and the
CO H2 CH4 C2H6 C2H2 C2H2 other defined the diagnosis rule. The ratio C 2 H 6 /CH 4
Gases only indicated a limited temperature range of
(a) decomposition, but did not assist in further identification
of fault. Therefore, in IEC standard 599, the further
Overheated Oil
100 development of Roger's ratio method, was deleted.
80 Roger's ratio method and IEC 599 have gained popularity
60 in industrial practices. However, it may give no
%
C2
C
80
H4
%
60
D1 D2 DT
%
40
T3
20
0
CO H2 CH4 C2H6 C2H2 C2H2
Gases
%C2H2
(d)
Fig. 1: Key gas method and four typical faults Fig.2: Duval triangle as a diagnostic tool to detect the incipient faults in
transformer.
(T1 the zone of low thermal fault <300oC, T2 the zone of medium
2.2. Dornenburg ratio method thermal fault 300oC<T<700oC, T3 the zone of high thermal fault
>700oC, D1 discharge of low energy arcing, D2 discharge of high
energy arcing, DT attributes to mixtures of electrical and thermal faults
The Dornenburg method utilizes four calculated gas and PD indicates partial discharge)
ratios to indicate a single fault type from three general
fault types. This procedure requires significant levels of 3. Decision Tree as an Expertise Method
the gases to the present in order for the diagnosis to be
valid. The four ratios and their diagnosis values are given
[17]. Dornenburg method uses five individual gases or When four classical methods of transformer fault
four-key gas ratios, which are:- diagnosis such as Key gas method, Dronenberg method,
R 1 =CH 4 /H 2 , Roger's method and Duval triangle method are applied to
R 2 =C 2 H 2 /C 2 H 4 , interpret the cause of the fault in transformer, conflicts
R 3 =C 2 H 2 /CH 4 , may occur. To overcome this problem a decision fault
Sherif S. M. Ghoneim & Sayed A. Ward, AEES, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 152-156, 2012 154
Fault type
Discharge Thermal
7 3
Partial Arcing <300oC >300 and >700oC Fig. 5: The final report
8 11 4 <700oC 6
5 Figure 6 illustrates the flow chart that used to determine
the main cause of the fault using if statement and logic
functions. It depends on the code from the decision tree
Low High Low High Thermal Cellulose
14 fault.
9 10 12 13
Fig. 3: Decision fault tree
Fig. 6: Flow chart to determine the main cause of the transformer fault
Table 1: Comparison between the expertise method results and lab Table 2: Comparison between the expertise method results and results
results in literatures
CASE 1 2 3 4 5 CASE Sample 2 in Example 2 Case in [11] Case III in
H2 191 154 36 86 10 [20] in [21] [22]
CH 4 47 11 245 187 24 H2 59 206 769 127
C2H2 0.0001 3 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 CH 4 93 42 999 24
C2H4 15 8 332 363 24 C2H2 1 221 31 81
C2H6 43 14 144 136 372 C2H4 6 82 1599 32
CO 634 487 538 26 343 C2H6 89 16 234 0.0001
CO 2 6623 3395 2326 198 2583 CO 736 334 - 0.0001
LAB. Therm. Disch. of Therm. Therm. Thermal CO 2 1519 3432 - 2024
RES. 300-700 high >700oC >700oC 300-700 LAB. Therm. Arcing Thermal fault Arcing not
o o
C energy C RES. decomp. Disch. with involve
EXP. Med. High High High Med. temp.>700oC cellulose
METH. thermal arcing thermal thermal thermal EXP. Low therm. High High thermal High
fault discharge fault fault fault METH. fault arcing fault arcing
disch. disch.
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