S A N S K RI T GRA MMA R

FO R B E GI N N E RS ,

D EV A N AO A Ri A N D RO MA N LETTERS THRO UGHO UT,

F MA X MULLE R M A
‘

. .
.
, ,

FR G
O EI N M E M B E R O F T H E F RE N C H I N S T I T UT E ,

S ECON D REV ISED ACCEN TUATED .

LO N D O N

L O N GM A N S , G R E E N, A N D 00 .

1870 .
 QB x f o r h
T . C OM B E, M A
. .
,
E . B . G A B D N E R, ~ A N D E . PI C KA RD H A L L,

P RI N R TE S TO UN I V E R S I TY .
 PRE F A C E

TO TH E FI RS T ED ITI O N .

TH E p r es ent
g r a mm ar , wh i ch i s chi e fl y i nt e nd e d fo r b eg inne r s , is
b e l i eved to o i
c nt a n a l l t h e i n f o r m at i o n t h a t a st u d e nt o f S a n s kr i t
i s l i kel y t o w ant d u r i ng t h e fir s t t w o or th r ee y e ar s o f h is r ea d i ng .

Rul e s i g t o th e l an gu ag e o f t h e
f
r e er r n V e d a s h a ve b ee n e n t ir el y
ex cl u d e d , f o r i t i s n o t d e s i r a b l e t h at t h e difficu l t i e s o f t h at a nc i e nt

d i a l e ct sh ou l d b e ppr o ach ed by any o n e wh o h as n o t ful l y m as t e r ed

a

t h e gr a mm ar o f t h e o r d in ar y S a n skr i t s u ch as i t w as fix e d by Pan ini

a nd hi s s u cc e s s o r s A l l al l u s i o ns t o c o gn at e f o r m s i n G r e e k La t in
.
, ,

o r Go t h i c h ave l i k e wi s e b e e n s u pp r e s s e d
,
b e cau s e h o we ve r i n te r
, ,

e s tin a n d u s e f u l t o t h e a d v an c e d s t u d e n t th e y ar e a t t o d e p r i v e
g p ,

t h e b e g i n ner o f th at c l e a r a n d fir m gr as p o f th e gr a m m at i ca l s y s t e m
p ecu l i ar t o th e l ang u ag e o f an c i e nt I ndi a whi ch al o n e can fo r m a ,

s ol i d f o u nd at i o n f o r t h e s t u d y b o t h o f S an s kr i t an d o f C o m p ar ati v e

Phil o l o g y .

Th e t wo p r i n ci p al o bj e ct s w h i ch I h av e k e p t i n vi e w wh il e co m
posi ng thi s gr am m ar h ave b e en cl e ar nes s a nd cor r e ct nes s Wi th
,
.

r e ar d t o cl e ar n e s s m ch i e f m o d e l h as b e e n t h e r a m m ar o f B opp
g y , g
wi th r e g ar d t o c or r e ctne ss t h e gr am m ar o f C o l e b r ooke
,
I f I m ay .

h op e w i t h o u t p r es u m p ti o n t o h a v e s i m pl i fie d a fe w o f t h e i nt r i caci e s
, ,

o f S an s k r i t r am m ar w h i ch w e r e b u t p a r t i a ll y cl e a r e d u by B opp
g p ,

B enf e y F l ecch i a an d o th e r s I ca n h ar d l y fl a t te r m y s e l f to h ave

, , ,

r e ach e d w i th r e ar d t o c or r e c t n e s s t h e hi h s t a nd ar d o f C o l ebr o o ke s
’

, g g ,

r e a t t h o u h u nfin i s h e d w o r k I c an o nl y s a i n s elf de fe nc e t h a t i t
g g y
-
, .
,

i s far m o r e di ffic u l t to be c or r e c t o n e ve r y m i nu t e po i n t if o ne e n d ea ,

y o u r s t o r e a r r a n e as I h av e d o ne t h e m a t e r i a l s c o l l e ct e d by Pan i ni
g
-
, , ,

a nd t o a d a p t t h e m t o t h e r amm at i c al s y s t e m c ur r e nt i n E u r op e
g ,

t h an if o n e f o l l o w s s o cl o s el y as C ol e b r oo k e t h e s y s te m o f na t i v e ,

r am m ar i an s an d a d op t s n e ar l y t h e w h ol e o f t h e i r t e chni ca l t e r mi
g ,

no l o Th m m t i l y t m l b o r a t e d by n a t i v e r am m ar i ans
gy .e
g r a a c a s s e e a g
i s i n i t s e l f m o s t p e r f e ct ; an d t h o s e wh o h a v e t e s t e d Pani ni s w o r k
’

, , ,

w i l l r e a dil y a dm i t t h at t h er e i s n o r a m m ar i n a n l an u ag e t h a t
g y g
a 2
iv P R E FA C E TO TH E

o
c ul d vi e w i t h t h e w o n d e r f ul m e ch a n i s m o f h is ei
g h t b ooks o f

g r amm at i ca l ru l es . B ut u nr i vall e d as t h at s y s t em is ,
it i s no t

s ui t e d t o t h e want s f E ngli s h s t u d e nt s l e as t o f
o , al l t o t h e wan t s

o f b e g i nn e r s . W h i l e av ail i ng m y s e l f t h e r e fo r e o f t h e m at e r i al s
c i n t h e g r a mm ar o f Pan ini a nd i n l a t e r w or k s s u ch as th e
oll ect e d ,

Pr akr i ya Ka u m u di t h e S i d dh ant a K a u m u d i t h e S ar as v a t i Pr ak r i y a
’ '
— -
, , ,

an d t h e Madh avi y a d h atu - -

vr i t ti , I h ave b s tai ne d a s m u ch
a ,
as
p os

si bl e ,
f r o m i n t r o d u c i ng y m o re ofan t h e p e c ul i ar s y s t e m an d o f
t h e t e r mi n o l o g y o f I n d i an r a mm ar i a n s
"
<
t h an h a s al r e a d y fo und
g
a d m i t t an ce i nt o S an s kr i t g r amm a r s
o ur ; n ay , I h av e fr e q u e ntl y
r e e ct e d th e r a m m ati cal o b s e r va t i o n s
y h nd ppli e d r ea d
j g t o a su

i n th e i r w o r k s i n o r d e r n o t t o o v e r wh el m t h e m e m o r y o f t h e
,

s t u d e n t w i t h t o o m an y r u l e s a n d t o o m a ny e x ce p t i o n s Wh e t h e r .

I h av e a l wa y s b e e n s u cce ss f ul i n dr a wi ng a l i ne b e t we e n w h at
i s e s s e nt i a l i n S an s k r i t g r a m m ar a n d wh at i s n o t I m us t l e av e ,

t o th e j u dg m e nt o f t h o s e wh o e nj o y t h e g o o d f o r t u ne o f b e i ng
e n a ed i n t h p r ac t i c a l t a chi n f l an u a e t h e s t u d e nt s
g g e e
g o a
g g
o f w h i ch m a b e c o u nt e d n o l o n e r by t e n s b u t by h u n d r e d s T
y g ,
.

I o nl y wi sh i t t o be u n d e r s t oo d th at wh e r e I h ave l eft o u t r ul es

Th e f e w al t er a t i o n s t h at I h ave m ad e i n t h e u s u al t er m i no l o gy h ave b ee n m ad e
s o l el w i t h a vi e w o f f a ci l i t a t i n t h wo r k o f t h e l e ar n er T h i n t ad o f n u m b e r i ng
y g e u s s e .

t h e t e n cl as se s o f ver bs , I h ave c al l e d e a ch by i t s fir s t ver b Th i s r e l i e ves t h e m e m o r y .

o f m u ch u nn ece s s ar t r o u b l e, a s t h e ve r n am e i nd i cat es t h e ch ar a ct er o f e a ch cl as s
y y
and th o u g h t h e n a m es m ay at fir s t s o un d so m e wh a t u n co u th , t h ey a r e a f t e r al l the o nl
y
n am es r e co
gn i
by nat i ve gr amm ar i ans
z ed n o wi ng f r o m m
y e . K
er i e n ce as a n e am i n er , xp x
h o w d i fficu l t i t i s t o r em e m b er t h e me r el y nu m e r i cal d i s t i n ct i o n b e t we en t h e fir s t, s e co nd ,
or t hi r d p r e t er i t es , or t h e fir s t and se co nd fu t u r e s , I h ave k e t p as m u ch as p o s s i bl e t o th e
t er mi n o l o gy wi t h wh i ch cl as si cal s ch o l ar s ar e fam i l i ar , ca l l in g t h e t ens e co r r e s p o nd i ng to
t h e Gr e ek I m p e r fe ct , Im p er f e c t ;t h a t c o r r es p o n di n
g t o t h e Pe r f ec t , R e d u l i ca t e d Pe r f ect ; p
t h at co r r e s p o ndi n
g t o the A o r i st , A o r i s t ; and th e m o o d co r r es p o nd i n
g t o th e O pt at i ve ,

p
O t at i ve . Th e n am es o p
f Pe r i h r a s t i c Per f e ct a nd p
Per i h r a s t i c F u t u r e t el l t h e i r o wn
sto r and if I h ave r e ta ned i t h e m e r el y n u m e r i c al d i s t i nct i o n b e t we e n t h e F i r s t a nd
y;
S e co nd A o r i st s , i t wa s b ecau s e t h i s d i st i n ct i o n s ee m e d to b e m o r e i nt el l i gi bl e t o a

cl a ss i cal s ch o l ar t h an t h e si x o r s eve n fo r m s o f th e s o - cal l e d m u l t i f o r m Pr et e r i te . I f it

wer e p o s s i bl e t o m ak e a ch an
g e in th e e s t abli s h e d g r am m a t i c al n o m e n cl a t u r e, I s h o u l d
muc h p r e erf to c al l t h e F i r s t t h e S ec o n d , an d t h e S e co n d t h e F i r s t A o r ist ; t h e fo r m e r
b e i ng a s e c o n d ar
y an d co m p o u nd, t h e l at t er a p r i m ar y an d s i m pl e t e nse . B ut Fir s t
an d S e co n d A o r i s t s h ave b eco m e al m o s t p p
ro er n am es , an d wi l l n o t e as i l y yi el d t h e i r

pl a ce t o m er e ar
g u m e nt .

”
r I n t h e U n i ve r s i t y o f Le i p z ig al o n e , a s m an y as fif ty p p il
u s at t e n d e ver y y e ar

th e cl a s s e s o f Pr o f e s s o r B ro c kh au s i n or d er t o ac qu i r e a k n o wl e d g e o f the e l e m e nt s o f
S ans kr i t , p r ev o usi to t h e s t udy o f Co m p ar at i ve Ph i l o l o gy u n d er Pr o fe s so r C u r t i u s .
 F IRS T ED I TI O N .

p t i o ns o c nt a i n e d in t h er r am m ar s , wh e t h e r nat i ve
or e x ce ,
o
g or

E u r op e a n ,
I h a ve d o ne so a of t e r m a t ur e
o n d e l i be r a te l y
c ns i d e r a t i ,

p r e fe r r i ng t h e l e ss co m pl e te t o t h e m or e c o m p l e t e bu t a t t h e sa me , ,

t i m e m o r e b e w i l d e r i ng s t a t e m e nt o f t h e a no m a l i e s o f t h e S a ns k r i t
,

l an gu a ge . Th u s t o m e nt i o n o n e o r t wo c as e s wh e n g i vi ng t h e
, ,

r u l e s o n t h e e m p l o y m e n t o f t h e s u ffix e s c a t a n d m a t I h a ve
l e ft o u t t h e r ul e t h at b as e s e n d i ng i n m t h o u g h t h e m be pr e ce d e d ,

by o t h er v o we l s t h a n a a l wa y s take va t i nst e a d o f m a t I d id s o
, .

p ar t l y b e cau s e th er e ar e v e r y fe w b as e s e n d i ng i n m p a r t l y b e ca us e , ,

i f a w o r d l i k e ki m vd n s h o u l d o cc u r i t wo u l d be e a s y t o d is co v e r
-
,

t h e r eas o n w hy h e r e t o o 1) w as p r e fe r r e d t o m v i z i n o r d e r t o a vo id , .

t h e cl a s h i ng o f t w o m s A g a i n w h e n g i v i ng t h e r u l e s o n t h e
’

.
,

f o r m a t i o n o f d e n o m i na t i v e s I p as s e d o v e r f o r v e r y m u c h ,

t h e s a m e r eas o n t h e p r o h i b it i o n g i v e n i n Pan I I I I 8 3 vi z t h a t
,
. .
, , , .

b a se s e n d i ng i n m ar e n o t all o w e d t o fo r m d e no mi n at i ve s I t is .

t r u e n o d o u b t t h a t t h e o m i s s i o n o f s u ch r u l e s o r e x c ep t i o ns m ay
, ,

be s a i d t o i nv o l v e a n a ct u al m i s r e p r es e nta ti o n an d t h a t a p u p i l ,

m i g h t be m i s l e d t o f o r m s u ch w o r d s a s ki m m d n a nd [r i m ya m - -
.

B u t t h i s ca n no t be av o i d e d i n an e l e m e n tar y gr a m m ar ; an d
t h e s t u d e nt wh o i s l i k e l y t o c om e i n c o n t a c t wi t h s u c h r e c o n
di t e f or m s w i ll n o d o u b t be s u ffici e n t l y ad v a nc e d t o be a b l e t o
,

c o n s ul t f o r h i m s elf t h e r u l e s o f Pan i ni an d th e e x p l an a t i o ns o f h i s

c o m m e n t at o r s

My o wn f ear i s t h a t i n wr i t i ng an e l e m en t ar y g r am m ar I h av e
, ,

er r e d r a t h e r i n i v i n t o o m u c h t h an i n i vi n t o o l ittl e I h a ve
g g g g .

t h e r e fo r e i n t h e t a b l e o f c o nt e nts m a r k e d w i t h an a st e r i sk all
su ch r u l es a s m a b e s afe l y l e f t o u t in a fir s t c o ur s e o f S a n s k r i t
y
r am m ar a n d I h a v e i n d i ff e r e n t p l ac e s i nf o r m e d t h e r e a de r
g
wh et h er c e r t a i n por t i o ns m i g h t be p a s s e d o v e r q ui ck l y o r s h o u l d ,

be car e fu l l y c o m m i t t e d t o m e m o r y H e r e a n d t h e r e as fo r i ns t a nce
.
,

in 103 a fe w e x t r ac t s ar e i nt r o d uc e d fr o m
,
Pan in i s i m p l y i n ,

or d e r t o g i v e t h e s tu d e nt a f o r e t as t e o f wh at h e m ay e x p e ct in
t h e e l a b or at e w or k s o f n ati v e g r a m m a r i ans whil e l i s ts o f v e r b s ,

l i k e t h o s e c o n tai ne d i n 33 2 o r 4 6 2 ar e
g i v e n a s e v e r y b o d y ,

w i l l s e e fo r t h e s ake o f r e fe r e nc e o nl y
,
Th e s o m e wh at e l a b o r a t e
.

t r e at m en t o f t h e n o m i na l b as e s i n i a n d 22 f r o m 2 2 0 to 226 , ,

I n th e s e co n d e d i t i o n a l l t h es e p ar a ra
g ph s ar e p i
r nt e d i n s m al l e r t y p e .
 P R E FA C E TO TH E

b e cam e n e ce s sar y p a r t l y b e cau s e i n n o g r am m ar h ad th e di ffe r ent

,

p ar adi g m s o f t h i s cl as s b e e n c or r e ct l y gi ven p ar t l y b ecau s e i t ,

w a s i m po s s i b l e t o b r i ng o u t c l e ar l y t h e p r i nci p l e o n wh i ch t h e
p ecu l i ar i t i e s an d app ar en t i r r e gu l ar i t i e s o f t h e s e n o u ns ar e b a s e d
w i t h o u t e nt e r i n g f u ll y i n t o t h e s y st e m at i c a r r ang e m e n t o f n a t i ve
r a m m ar i a n s O f po r ti o n s l i k e t h i s I w i l l n o t s a i d d
'

g y n e e p / fi
'
. r co r ae at
,

ai h h o u b
i) mafi
I f l h at I m a a
'

7 19 p u t e e t
-
a er ect ,
y sa
y t a t}
: a fina l? ,

ah aa ri m ; an d I k n o w t h at t h o s e wh o wi ll t ak e t h e t r o u b l e t o
-

e x a m i n e t h e s am e m a s s o f e v ide n ce w h i ch I h a v e w e i h e d an d
g
e x am i ne d , w ill be t h e m o s t l e n i e n t i n t h e i r j u d gm en t ,
i f h er e a f t er
th ey sh ou l d b et t e r t h an I h av e d on e i n u nr ave l li ng t h e
s u cc e e d ,

i n t r i ca t e a r g u m e nt a t i o n s o f n at i v e s ch ol ar s
B u t w h i l e ac kn o wl e d gin g m y o bl ig a t i o n s t o th e g r e at g r a m
m ar i an s o f I nd i a i t wo u l d b e u ng r at e ful we r e I n o t t o
,

a ckn o w l e d e a s f u l l y t h e a s s i s t a n c e w h i c h I h av e d er i ve d fr om
g
t h e w o r k s o f E u r op e an s ch o l a r s My fir s t a cqu ai nt an ce wi t h t h e
.

a i n e d f r o m B opp s
’
e l e m e n t s o f S ansk r i t w as r am m ar Th o
g g se .

o nl y wh o k n o w t h e w o r k s o f h i s p r e d e c e ss or s o f C o l e br oo k e , ,

C a r e y Wi l k i ns an d F o r s t er ca n app r e ci at e t h e a dva nce m ad e

, , ,

by B opp i n e x pl ai ni ng t h e d i ffic ul t i es an d i n l i g h t i n g u p i f I , ,

m ay s ay s o t h e d ar k l an e s an d all e y s o f t h e S a nsk r i t l ang uag e

, .

I d o u b t wh e t h er S an s k ri t s ch o l ar s hi p w o u l d h av e fl o ur i s h e d as
i t h a s if s t u d e nt s h ad b e e n o b l i g e d t o l e ar n t h e i r g r a m m ar fr om
,

F o r s ter o r C ol e b r ook e an d I b e l i e v e t h a t t o B opp s l i t t l e g r am m a r

’

i s d u e a g r e at po r t i o n o f t h at s u cce s s wh i ch h as at t e n d e d t h e s t u d y
o f S a nskr i t li t e r at u r e i n G e r m a n y C ol e b r ook e C ar e y W i l ki n s .
, , ,

a nd F o r s t er w o r k e d i n d e p en d e n t l y o f e ach o t h e r E a ch d e r i ve d .

h i s i nf o r m a t i o n fr o m n a t i ve t e ach e r s an d fr o m n a t i ve g r am m ar s .

A m ong th es e fo u r s ch ol ar s W i l k i ns s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n t h e fir s t
,

t o c o m po s e a S an s kr i t g r a mm ar f o r h e i n f o r m s u s t h at t h e fir s t ,

pr i n t e d s h e e t o f h i s wor k w a s d es t r o y e d by fir e i n 1 7 9 5 Th e .

To t h o se wh o h ave t h e s am e fai t h i n t h e acc u r at e a nd n ever s we r vi ng ar u m en

g
t at i o ns o mm ent at o r s , i t m ay be a s avi ng o f t i m e t o b e i nfo r m ed t h at i n
f S ansk r i t co

t h e n ew and ver y u s eful e di t i o n o f t h e S i d d h ant a Kau m u d i by S r i Tar anat h a t ar k ava - -

p p
ch a s at i t h er e ar e t wo m i s r i nt s wh i ch h o el ess l y d i s t u r b t h e o r d er o f t h e r u l e s o n t h e
p
p ro

this
per d e cl e n s i o n o f n o u ns i n z an d 72

1 s co r r ect e d ln
O n a e 1 3 6 , l 7, r ead HI E
g
t h e C o r r i gen d a, a nd
.

the
-
p
i ns t ead o f

i gh t
;.

r e ad i n 1s f o u nd
(
1n th e
m
o l d e di t i o n
r
g .

O n th e s am e p g
a e, 1
. 1 3 , i nser t 1 aft er
7- f -
a IT, o r
'
T j o in W W .
 FIRS T E D I TI O N . vi i

wh o l e g r a m m ar h o we v e r , w as n o t pu b l is h e d t ill 1 80 8
, . In the
m e a n t i m e F o r s t e r h ad fini sh e d h i s gr a m m a r a nd h a d , ac t u a l l y
d e l i v e r e d hi s MS . t o t h e C o u nc i l o f t h e C o l l eg e o f F or t Willi am
in 1 80 4 . B ut p u b li s h e d t il l 1 8 1 0 Th e fir s t
i t wa s no t . par t o f
C o l ebr o o ke s gr am m a r wa s p u b l i sh e d i n 1 80 5 and th er e fo r e s ta nds
’
,

fir s t i n po i n t o f t i m e o f p u b l i ca t i o n U nf or t u na te l y i t was no t .

fini s h e d b e c au s e t h e g r a mm ar s o f F o r s t e r a nd C ar e y wer e t h e n
,

i n c o u r s e o f p u b l i ca t i o n a nd w o u l d as C o l e b r ook e i m ag i ne d s u pp l y
, , ,

th e d e fic i e n t p ar t o f h i s o wn C ar e y s g r am m ar w as p u b l is h e d i n
’

1 80 6 . A m o ng t h e se fo u r p u b l i ca ti o n s whi ch as fir s t a t t e m p t s at ,

m a k i ng t h e an ci en t l a ng u ag e o f I n d i a acc e s si b l e to E u r ope a n
s ch ol ar s de s e r v e t h e h i g h e st c r e d i t C o l ebr o o ke s gr am m a r i s
’

, ,

a ci l e r i nc e s I s d e r i v e d at fir s t h an d f r o m t h e b e st n a t i ve
f p p t i .

r a m m ar s a n d e v i n ce s a f am ili a r i t y w i t h t h e m o s t i nt r i ca te
g , p ro

hl e m s o f H i n d u g r am m ar i an s s u ch as f e w s ch ol ar s h a ve acq u i r ed
a f t er h i m N 0 o n e c an u n d e r s t and an d a pp r e c i a te t h e m er i t s o f t h is
.

r am m ar wh o h as n o t p r e vi o u s l y a c u i r e d a k n o wl e d e o f t h e r am
g q g g
m at i cal s y s t e m o f Pan i n i a nd i t i s a g r e at l o s s t o S a ns kr i t s ch ol ar
,

shi p t h at s o v al u a b l e a w o r k s h o u l d h a v e r e m ai n e d u n fin i s h e d .

I o w e m o s t i n d e e d t o C ol e b r ook e a nd B opp bu t I h a v e d er i ve d
, , ,

m an y u s e fu l hi nt s f r o m o t h e r g r am m ar s a l s o Th e r e ar e s o m e po r .

t i o n s o f W i l s on s g r a m m ar whi ch s h o w t h at h e c onsu l te d n a ti v e
’

r a mm ar i an s a nd t h e fa ct t h a t h e po s s e s s e d t h e r e m a i ni n po r t i on
g ,
g
o f C o l e br o o k e s M S g i ve s t o h i s li s t o f v er b s wi t h th e e x cep t i o n
’
.
, ,

o f t h e B h fi c l a s s wh i ch wa s p u b l i s h e d by C o l e b r oo k e
,
a p e cul i ar ,

i nt e r e st . Pr o fe s s o r B e nfe y i n h i s l ar g e g r a m m ar p e r fo r m e d a m o s t
us e ful t ask i n w or k i n g up i n d e p e n d en t l y t h e m at er i al s su pp l i ed by
Pani n i an d B h attoj i di ks h i t a an d hi s ll er g r am m ar s t o o , pu b
sm a

l i s h ed b o th G e r m a n a nd i n
in E ng l i s h h a v e r e nd e r e d g oo d s e r vi ce
,

t o t h e cau se o f s o u n d s ch o l ar s h i p Th e r e ar e b e s i d e s t h e gr a mm a r s .
,
.

o f B o ll e r i n Ge r m an o f O e r t i n F r e nch o f W e s t e r aa r d i n D ani s h
pp , g , ,

o f F l ecchi a i n I t al i an e ach s u pp l yi n s omet h i n t h a t c o ul d n o t be

g , g
f o u nd el se wh e r e a n d c ont ai n i ng s u gg e s t i o n s m an y o f wh i ch h a ve
, ,

pr o v e d u s ef ul t o t h e wr i t e r o f t h e p r e s e nt g r a m m ar .

B u t wh i l e t h u s r e n de r i n g fu ll j u s t i c e t o t h e h o n e s t l a bo u r s o f
m y p r e d e ce ss or s I a m b o u n d t o s ay a t t h e sa m e t i m e t h a t wi t h
, , ,

S ee W il so n S ans cri t E ngl i s h D i c t i o n ar y, fi r s t e d i t i o n, p r e fa ce , p lv

’
s an d . x .
 vi i i P R E FA C E TO TH E

re
g ar d t o d o u b t fu l or d i ffic ul t fo r m s , o f whi ch t h e r e ar e m an y i n
t h e g r am m ar o f t h e S an s k r i t l an g u ag e n o t o n e o f t h e m ca n b e ,

app ea l e d t o a s a n u l t i m a te a u t h o r i t y E v e r y g r am m ar c o n t ai n s
.
,
‘

as i s wel l kno wn a nu m b e r o f f or m s wh i ch o ccu r bu t r ar e l y i f e v er

, , ,

i n t h e li t er ar y l a n g u ag e I t i s n e c e s s ar y h o w e v e r f o r t h e sa k e o f
.
, ,

s y s t e m a t i c c o m p l e t e n e ss t o i v e th e s e f o r m s an d if t h e y a r e t o be
, g
g i v e n a t all t h e y m u s t be
, g i v e n o n c o m p e t e n t au t h o r i t y N o w i t .

m i gh t be s u ppo s e d t h at a m e r e r e fe r e n c e t o a ny o f t h e n u m e r o u s
r a m m ar s al r ea d y p u b li s h e d w o u l d b e s u ffici e n t f o r t h i s p u r po s e
g ,

a n d t h a t t h e l i s t s o f i r r e u l ar o r u n u s ual f o r m s m i h t s af el y b e
g g
c op i e d fr o m t h e i r p a e s B u t t h i s i s by n o m e ans t h e cas e E ven
g . .

wi t h r eg ar d t o r e g u l ar fo r m s wh o e v e r s h o u l d t r u s t i m pl i ci t l y i n t h e
,

c o r r e c t n es s o f a n o f th e r a m m a r s h i th e r t o p u b l i s h e d w o u l d n e v e r
y g , ,

be c e r t ai n o f h avi ng t h e r i gh t f o r m I d o n o t s ay t hi s l i g h t l y o r
.
,

wi t h ou t b e i n g a b l e t o p r o du ce p r oo fs W h e n I b eg a n t o r e v i s e m y
.

m anu s cr i p t g r a m m ar whi ch I h a d c o m po s e d f o r m y o w n u s e m a ny
a n d wh e n o n p o i n t s o n w hi ch I f e l t d o u b t f u l I n
y e ar s a o
g , c o ,

s u l t e d ot h er r a mm a r s I s oo n d i sc o v e r e d e i t h e r t h at w i t h a s t r a n e
g ,
g
,

ki nd o f s e qu ac i t y t h e y al l r e p e ate d t h e s am e m i st ak e o r t h at t h e y
, ,

v ar i e d w i d e l y fr om e ach o t h er wi t h ou t ass i gn i ng any r e as on o r

,

au t h or i t y . I n e e d no t s ay t h a t t h e gr am m ar s wh i ch w e po s s e s s
d i ffe r v e r y m u ch i n t h e d e g r e e o f t h e i r t r u st w o r t h i n e s s ; bu t w i th
th e e x cep t i o n o f t h e fir s t v o l u m e o f C o l e b r oo k e a nd o f Pr o f e s s o r
B e n f ey s l ar g e r S a n s k r i t g r a m m ar i t w o ul d be i m p o s s i b l e t o a pp e al
’

t o any o f m y p r e d e c e s s o r s as an a u th o r i ty o n d o u b t fu l po i nt s .

F o r st e r an d C a r e y wh o e v i d e nt l y d e p e n d al m o s t e nt i r e l y o n
,

m at e r i als s u pp l i e d t o t h e m by n at i ve a s s i s t an ts gi v e fr e qu e n t l y ,

t h e m o s t d i ffic u l t f o r m s w i t h p e r f ec t accu r ac y wh il e t h e y g o wi l d l y ,

wr o ng i m m e d i a t el y a ft e r w i t h o u t i t w o u l d s e e m a ny pow e r o f
, , ,

co n t r ol l i n t h ei r a u t h o r i ti e s Th f r e u ent i naccu r aci e s i n t h e

g . e
q
r amm ar s of W i l k i n s a n d W il s o n h a ve b een p o i nt e d o ut by
g
o th e r s ; a nd h ow e v e r u s e fu l t h e s e w o r ks m ay h av e b e e n fo r
p r a ct i c al pu r po s es t h e y we r e ne ve r i n t e n d e d a s a u t h o r i t i e s o n
,

c o nt e st e d po i n ts o f S an s k r i t gr am m ar .

N o t h i n g r e m ai n e d i n f a ct i n o r d e r t o a r r i v e a t any s at i s f ac to r y
,

r e s u l t bu t t o c o l l at e t h e wh o l e o f m y g r am m ar
,
w i t h r e g ar d n o t
,

o nl y t o t h e i r r eg u l ar bu t l i k e wi s e t o t h e r eg u l ar f o r m s w i t h Pani n i ,

an d o t h e r n a t i v e gr am m ar i an s a n d t o s u pp l y f o r e a ch d o u b t f u l c a se
, ,
 F IR S T E D I TI O N . ix

an d fo r r ul es th a t m i gh t se em to di ffe r fr o m t h o s e o f an
y f m y o

p r e deces s o r s a r e fe r e nce t o Panin i o r t o o t h e r na ti ve

, a u t h o r i ti es .

Th i s I h a v e d o n e and i n s o d o i ng I h ad t o r e wr i t e n e ar l y t h e
,
-

wh o l e o f m y g r a m m ar bu t t h o ug h th e t i m e and t r o u b l e e x p e nd ed
o n t h is wo r k h a v e b e e n c o ns i de r a b l e I b e li e v e t h a t t h e y ha v e no t
,

b e e n b e s to we d in vai n I o nl y r e gr e t th at I di d no t g i ve t h e se
.

au th o r i t a t i v e r e fe r e nc es th r o u h o u t t h e wh o l e o f m w o rk
*
b
g y ec a u s e , ,

e v e n wh e r e t h e r e ca nn o t be an d i ff e r e n ce o f op i ni o n s o m e o f m
y y ,

r e ad e r s m i h t th u s h av e b e e n s av e d t h e t i m e and t r o u bl e o f
g
l oo kin g t h r o u gh Pani ni t o fin d t h e S ut r as tha t be ar o n e v e r y
f o r m o f t h e S a n s k r i t l ang u ag e .

B y t h i s p r o ce s s wh i c h I h ave a d op t e d I b e li e v e t h a t o n m an y ,

poi nt s a m or e se t t l e d a n d au t h or i t at i v e ch ar act e r h as b e e n i m p ar t e d
t o t h e gr am m ar o f S an sk r i t t h an i t po s s e s s e d b e fo r e ; b u t I d o by
n o m e an s p r e t e n d t o h a v e ar r i v e d o n al l po i nt s a t a c l ear an d

d efini t e v i e w o f t h e m e ani n g o f Pani ni a n d hi s su cce s s o r s Th e .

r amm at i cal s y s t e m o f Hi n du r a mm ar i a n s i s s o p e cul i a r t h a t r ul es

g g ,

w h i ch w e sh o u l d g r o u p t o g e t h e r ar e s cat t e r e d a b o u t i n di ffe r e nt
,

p ar t s o f t h ei r m anu al s W e m ay h av e t h e g e n er a l r ul e i n t h e l ast
.
,

and t h e e x c e p ti on s i n th e fir s t b oo k and e v e n t h e n w e ar e by n o ,

m e ans c e r tai n t h at e x ce p t i o ns t o t h e s e e x ce p t i o n s m ay n o t o ccu r

s o m e wh e r e e l s e I s h al l g i ve b u t o n e i n s tan ce
. Th e r e i s a r oo t .

m j dg r i wh i ch f o r m s i t s A o r i s t by a ddi n g 3 61 21971 01771 i ;

i
; , £1 i t ,
.

H er e t h e s i m p l es t r ul e wo u l d b e t h at fina l s q 77: b e fo r e {i t i sha m

b e com es g r (Pan V I 1 . .
,
Th i s h o w e v e r i s p r e v e nt e d by ano th er
, ,

r ul e w h i ch r e ui r e s t h a t final a {m i s h o u l d t a k e G u na b e f o r e i st
q
( n
P a V I I
.
3 .
,
T h i s w o u l d g i v e u s w m fi f l a d
j g a r i s h a m B ut —
.

r i be s
no w c om e s a n ot h e r
g e n e r al r ul e ( Pa n V I I 2 1
) w h i ch . p r e sc .
,

V ri d dhi o f final v o wel s b e f or e {i i sh a m i e wmmf ni aj dg d fi sha m

i
, . . .

A g ai ns t t hi s ch a ng e h o w e ver a n e w r u l e i s ci t e d ( Pan V II 3
, ,
. .
,

an d t h i s s e cu r e s f o r 31 1 1 r i a s p e ci al e x c e p t i o n f r o m Vr i dd hi an d
1j gd ,

l e av e s i t s b as e ag a i n as mu j dg a r A s s oo n as th e b as e h as be en
‘

.
r

ch an e d t o s mr d a r i t fall s u n d e r a n e w r u l e ( Pa a nd
gj g p V II 2
g ,
. .
,

i s fo r ce d t o ta k e Vri ddh i u nt il t h i s r u l e i s ag a in nu lli fie d by P51 1 V I I

,
. .

2 4 whi ch d o e s n o t al l o w Vr i d dhi i n an A o r i s t t h a t t a k es i nt e r m e
, ,

di at e Q i li k e m mfni aj dg a r i sh a m
,
Th e r e i s an e x ce p t i on h o we v e r
. , ,

Th ey h ave bee n gi ve n i n t h e s eco nd edi t i o n .

b
 P R E FA C E TO TH E

t o t his
,
l ru e al s o s h or t a a
,
-
b eg i n ni n g an d endin g
f o r b as e s wi th ,
.

wi t h a co n s o n ant t ak e V r i d d hi ( Pan V I I 2
,
m ay op t i o n all y Thi s . .
,

O p t i o n i s a ft er war d s r es t r i ct e d a n d r oo t s wi t h s h o r t i s a b e i nni n
g g , ,

wi t h a c o ns o n ant an d e n d in g i n g r l i k e m j dg a r h av e n o op t i o n ,
f
,

l e ft bu t ar e r est r i ct e d a fr e s h t o V r i d d h i ( Pan V I I 2
,
H o we v e r . .
, ,

e ve n t h i s i s n o t e t t h e fin al r e s ul t O u r b a s e 51m r i s af t e r
gj g
d “
a
y .

all n o t t o t ak e V i ddh i a n d h e n ce a n e w S p e ci al r u l e Pa
r i
(,
n V I I 2 5) . .
,

s e ttl e s th e r i a s p ec i al e x c e p t i on fr o m
p o i nt b
y g r an t i n
g t o an
;j g
d
V r i d d h i an d t h e r e by e s t ab l i s h i ng i t s G u n a
,
N o wo n d e r t h a t t h e s e .

m an i fo l d ch a ng e s an d ch a nc e s i n t h e fo r m a t i o n o f t h e Fi r s t A o r i s t o f

a j g d r i s h o u l d h av e i n s p i r e d a r am m ar i an wh o c e l e b r at e s t h e m
'

3
g ,

i n t h e f ol l o wi ng c o u p l e t

g n i fi 3
ufs ufi k : t rfirfiwfi Pe asan t
'

fi fi 1 111 511 : W it h w
afi fi tfi s afi 51 ar 11

Gu n a , V ri ddh i G u n a V r i ddh i p r oh i b i t i o n op ti on aga i n V ri d dh i

, , , , ,

an d t h en e x cep t i o n t h e s e w i t h t h e ch a n e o f r i i n t o a s e m i v o w el
, g ,

i n t h e fir s t i n s ta n c e , ar e th e n i n e r e s ul ts .
”

A n ot h e r d i fficu l t y c ns i s ts
o i n t h e w an t o f cr i t i cal accu r ac y in
t he e di t i o ns w h i ch w e po s s e ss o f Pani ni ,
t h e S i d d h anta -
K au m u di ,

t he L a
g h u K a u m u d i th e S a
-
r as v a t i , ,
an d V o pa d e v a F ar be i t fr o m .

me to wi sh to d e t r a ct f r o m t h e m e r i t s o f n at i v e e di t or s l i k e ,

D h ar an i dh ar a ,
Kasi n at h a ,
Tar an at h a ,
st il l l es s fr om th o s e o f
Pr o f e s s o r B oe h t l i ng k wh o ,
p u bl i s h e d h is tex t an d n ot e s n ea r l y
th i r t y y e ar s g a o ,
wh e n f e w o f us w er e a ble to r ead a sin
g l e l ine o f
P an i n i . B u t d ur i ng t h o s e t h i r t y y e ar s c on s i d e r a b l e p r o gr es s h as
b e e n m ad e in u nr a v ell i n g th e m y s t er i es o f t h e g r am m at i ca l l i t e r at ur e

o f I n di a . Th e c o m m e nt a r y o f S ay a n a t o t h e R i g v e d a h as s h o wn u s —

ho w pr act i c al l y t o appl y the r u l e s o f Pani ni a n d t h e tr a n s l a t i o n o f

the L agh u Ka u m u di b y
-
t h e l at e D r . B al l a n t y n e h a s ena bl ed e ven
b egi nn e r s t o find t h e i r way t h r o u g h t h e l aby r i nt h ve gr a m m ar o f n at i .

Th e t i m e h a s co m e I b e l i e v e f o r n e w an d cr i t i cal e di t i on s o f Pani n i
, ,

a n d h i s c o m m e n t at o r s A f e w i ns t ance s m ay s u ffi ce t o s h o w t h e
.

i n s ecu r i t y o f o u r o r d i n ar y e di t i o n s Th e c o m m e n t ar y t o Pan V I I . . .

a s w e l l as t h e S a r as v a t i 1 1 2
5 1
g i v e s t h e B e n e d i c t i v e A t m
. a n e
pa d,
a ,

E mi ts wa r tskts h t a ‘
an d W T? s ta r i s hi sh ta ; y e t a r e fe r e nc e t o Pan . V II .

2, 39 an d 4 0 ,
s h ow s th a t t h e s e f or m s ar e i m po ss i bl e . A gai n i f ,

Pan i n i ( V 111 . i s r i gh t -
an d h o w c o u l d t h e I nf alli b l e be wr o n g
 F IRS T E D I TI O N . x i

m isfi t a g r a g d m zni
’

in u sin
g wi t h a d e nt al n i n t h e l as t syll a b l e ,
it is l
c e ar t h at h e ex t e n ds t h e p r o h i b i t i on g i ve n i n V I I I 4 , 3 4, .

wi t h d t o U as a r as t o t h e r c o m po u n d s It i s u s e l e ss to
re
g ar
p g o ,
.

wh e t h e r i n d o i ng s o h e
°

i n qu i r e was r i gh t o r wr o ng , fo r i t i s a n a r t i cl e

o f fa i t h wi t h e v er y Hi n d u gr am m ar i a n t h a t wh ate ve r w o r d i s us e d

by Pani n i i n his S utr as i s co ip s o c o r r e ct

, O th e r wi s e t h e .
, r u l es

affect i ng c o m pou n ds wi t h Upa s ar g a s ar e by no m eans i d e n t i ca l w i t h

t h o se th a t a ffe ct o r d i n ar y c o m po u nd s ; a nd t h o u g h i t m ay b e ri g h t t o
ar u e a f o r ti o m fr o m W r a d m i ni t o W
'

r a d m i ni i t
g p g a g g ,

w ou l d n o t b e r i gh t t o ar g u e f r o m mama a g r a yd na t o 111 117 1 19 7 a yd na ,

th i s b e i ng nece s sa r i l y mump r a yd na B u t as s u m i ng w mfirf a a g r a .

d m i n i t o b e c o r r e ct i t i s u i t e cl e ar th a t t h e c o m po u n d s m m
g q ,

s va r a kd m i n a u , w fnufi vr zs h a g ci m i a a u zfi m rfin h a r ikd m d ni an d

g q
f
, ,

f i
-
m h a r i / d m e z
za , g
i v e n i n t h e o m m n t y t VI I I 4 1 3 l l
{ a r
q c e ar o a r e a .
, ,

w r o n g t h o u g h m o s t o f t h e m o c cu r n o t o n l y i n t h e p r i n t e d e d i t i o n s
,

o f Pan i n i an dt h e S i ddh an ta K a u m u di , b u t m ay b e t r ace d b ac k t o

-

the MS S . o f th e Pr ak r i a Kau m u d i , t h e s ou r ce, t h o u h by n o m e an s

y
-
g
the m o d el ,
o f t h e S id dh ant a K au m u d i -
. I wa s gl ad t o l ear n fr om
my fr i en d Pr o f e s s o r Go l d s t ii ck e r wh o i s ,
p r e p ar i n g an e di t i o n o f t h e
K asika V r i t t i -
,
an d wh om I c n s ul t e d o n
o t h es e f o r m s , t h at t h e MS S .

of vam an a wh i ch h e po s s e s s e s , c ar e fu ll y a v oi d t h es e f au l t y e x am ples
t o Pan . V III .
4, 1 3 .

A f te r th e se p l an ati ons I n e e d h ar dl y ad d th at I am n o t so san

ex

u in e as t o su ppo s e t h at I c o ul d h av e e s c a p e d s c o t fr e e w h e r e s o m an y
g
m e n o f su p e r i or kn o w l e dg e an d t a l ent h av e fail e d t o d o s o A l l I can .

s h al l be tr ul y t h an k f u l t o a n
sa
y i s t h at
, I y s ch o l ar w h o w ill t ak e

t h e t r o u b l e t o po i nt o u t a ny m i st ake s i nt o w h i ch I m ay h av e f all e n ;
and I h op e t h at I s h al l n e v e r s o f a r f o r e t t h e r e a r d d u e t o t r u th
g g
a s t o a t t e m p t t o r e p r es en t s i m p l e c o r r e cti o n s t o u ch i n t h e d e cl e ns i o n
g ,

o f n o u n s o r t h e c o nj u at i o n o f v er b s a s m at t er s o f op ini on o r s o far
g , ,

l o we r th e ch ar act e r o f t r u e s ch o l a r s hi p a s t o app e al o n s u ch m at t e r s , ,

fr o m t h e v er di ct o f t h e fe w t o t h e op in i o n o f t h e m an y .

H e ar in g fr o m m y fr i e nd Pr o fe s s o r B uhl er t h at h e h a d fin i s h e d
a S an s kr i t S y n t ax b as e d o n th e w o r ks o f Pani n i an d o t h er n ati ve
,

r am m ar i an s whi ch wi l l s oo n b e p u b li s h e d I l d l y o m i t t e d t h at
g , g a ,

por t i on o f m y g r am m ar Th e r u l es o n t h e d e r i vat i o n o f n ou n s by
. ,

m eans o f Kr i t Un a di an d Ta d d h i t a s u ffix e s d o n o t p r op e r l y b e l o n g
, , ,

t o t h e s p h e r e o f an e l em e nt ar y g r a m m a r I f t i m e an d h eal t h p er m i t . ,

b 2
x ii PRE F A C E TO TH E F I R S T E D I TI O N .

I h op e t o p u bl i sh h e r e a fter ,
as a se p ar at e t r e at i s e , t h e ch a
pt e r o f
t h e Pr akri y a Ka u m u d i b e ar i ng o n t h i s s u bj e ct
-
.

I n t h e li s t o f v er b s whi ch I h av e gi v e n as an A pp e n di x ,

2 44 2 85 I h av e c h i e fl y f o ll o w e d t h e Pr ak r i ya Kau m u di a n d
pp
— -
.
,

t h e S ar as vat i Th e s e gr a m m a r s d o n o t c onj u g a t e e v e r y v e r b t h at
.

o ccu r s i n t h e D h at u pat h a bu t t h o s e o n l y t h a t s e r v e t o i l l u s t r at e
,

c er t a i n g r a mm at i c al r ul e s N o r d o t h e y a d op t l i k e t h e S iddh an ta
.
,

K au m u di t h e o r d e r o f t h e v e r b s as gi v e n i n Pani ni s D h at u pAt h a
’

, ,

bu t t h e y g r o u p t h e v er b s o f e ach cl as s acco r di ng t o t h ei r v o i ce s ,

t r e at i n g t og e th er t h o se t h at t ak e t h e t e r m i n at i o ns o f t h e Pa r as m a i
p ada t h o s e t h at t ak e t h e t er m i nat i o ns o f t h e A t m an epad a an d
, , ,

l as t l y t h o se t h a t a d m i t o f b o t h v oi ce s
,
I n e ach o f t h e s e s u bdi .
-e

vi si on s ag ai n t h e s i ngl e v e r b s ar e s o ar r a ng e d as b est t o i l l u st r a t e
, ,

ce r t a i n r am m at i ca l r ul es I n m ak i n ne w se l e c ti o n a m o n
g g a .
g
t h e v e r b s s e l e cte d by Ram ach and r a an d A n u bh fiti s var fipach ar a
y ,

I h a v e g i ve n a p r e fe r e nc e t o t h o s e w h i ch o c cu r m o r e fr e q u e nt l y
i n S ans kr i t li te r a t u r e a nd t o t h o s e wh i ch ill u st r a t e s o m e poi n ts
,

of r am m ar o f p e cu l i ar i n t er e s t t o t h e s t u d e n t I t hi m n
g n s a n e r .

I h op e t h a t th e A pp e ndi x w ill s e r v e t wo p u r po s e s : i t wil l n o t

o nl y h e l p th e s tu d e nt wh e n d ou b tfu l as to t h e e x ac t f o r m s
,

o f ce r t ai n v e r b s bu t i t wil l li k e wi s e s e r v e as a u s e fu l pr ac t i cal
,

e x e r ci s e t o t h o s e wh o t a k i ng e ach v e r b i n t u r n w ill t r y t o
'

, ,

a cc o u n t f o r t h e e x act f o r m s o f i t s p er s o n s m oo ds an d t e n s e s by a , ,

r e fe r e nc e t o t h e r u l e s o f t h i s r am m a r I n s o m e ca se s r e f e r e nc es
g .

h a v e b e e n ad d e d t o g u i d e t h e st u d e n t i n o t h er s he h a s t o find by ,

h i m s el f t h e p r op e r wa r r ant y f o r e ach p ar t i cul ar f or m .

My ki n d fr i e nd s Pr o fe s sor C o wel l an d Pr o fe s s or Ki el h or n h av e
r e v i s e d s o m e o f t h e p r oo f s h e e t s o f m r a m m a r f o r wh i ch I b eg t o
y g
—
,

e x p r es s t o t h e m m i n r e t h an k s
y s c e .

F . MA X MU LL ER .

PA RI S ,

5 t h A pr i l, 1 86 6 .
 P RE F A C E

TO TH E S EC O N D E D I TI O N .

TH E p r i nci p al al te r at i ons in th e ne w e d i ti on o f m y S ans kr i t gr am ma r

c n si s t
o in a nu m b er o f a d di t i on al f
r e e r e nc e s t o Panini , i n all cas e s

wh e r e an a pp e al t o h i s au t h or i ty s e em e d l i k e l y t o be u s e fu l and i n ,

t h e i n t r o d u ct i o n o f t h e m ar k s o f t h e ac ce nt I h av e a l s o b e e n a b l e
.

t o r e m ov e a n u m b e r o f m i s t ak e s an d m i s p r i nt s wh i ch i n sp i t e o f a l l ,

t h e car e I h ad t ak e n h a d b e e n o v e r l oo k e d i n t h e fir s t e d i t i o n
, Mos t .

o f t h es e I h a d c o r r e c t e d i n t h e G e r m an t r a ns l a t i o n o f m r am m ar
y g ,

p u b l i sh e d a t L e i p z i g i n 1 8 6 8 s o m e m or e h ave n o w b e en co r r e ct e d .

I fe e l m o s t g r at e f ul t o s e ve r al o f m y r e vi e w er s f o r h a vi n g po i nte d
o u t t h e se o ve r s igh t s a n d m o st o f all t o Pan di t Raj ar am aéas t r i
, ,

wh o s e l i s t o f n o t e s an d qu e r i es t o m y gr am m ar h as b e e n o f t h e
r e at e s t v a l u e t o m e I t s e em s al m o s t h op e l e s s f o r a E ur op e an
g .

s ch o l ar t o a c uir e t h a t f a m i l i ar i t y wi t h t h e i nt r i ca t e s y s t e m o f
q
Pan i n i whi ch t h e Pan di t s o f t h e o l d sch ool i n I n di a s t i l l poss e s s ;
a nd al t h o u h s o m e o f t h e i r r e fin e me n t s i n t h e i n t e r p r e ta t i o n o f
g
Pani ni s r u l e s m ay s e e m t o o s u b t l e y e t t h er e can be n o d o u b t t h a t
’
,

t h e se li vi ng g uid es ar e i n val u a b l e t o u s i n e x pl o r i ng t h e g i g ant i c

l a byr i nt h o f a nci e nt S an sk r i t gr am m ar .

Th er e i s h o we v er o n e di fficu l t y wh i ch we h ave t o c ont e nd wi t h

, , ,

a n d wh i ch d o e s n o t e x i s t f o r t h e m Th e y k e e p t r u e t hr o u gh o u t t o
.

o n e s s t e m t h e s y st e m o f Pan i ni w e h av e t o t r an s f e r t h e fac t s o f
y ,

t h at s y s t e m i nt o o u r o wn s y s t e m o f gr a m mar W h at acci d e nt s ar e .

li ke l y t o h a pp e n d ur i n g th i s p r o ces s I s h all t r y t o il l u s tr a t e by
ar am aéas tr i o bj ect s t o t h e f o r m as t h e
o n e i n st a n ce Ra
.
j g gp
a u ns u

l o cat i ve pl ur al o f W p u m d n F r o m hi s poin t o f vi ew h e i s p e r f e ct l y
.
,

r i h t i n hi s o bj e ct i o n f o r a cc o r di n
g , g t o Pa n i ni t h e l o c a t i v e p l u r al h as

A n u svar a gig p a ms u
, B u t i n o u r o wn S an s kr i t gr am m ar s w e fir s t
.

h av e a g e n e r al r ul e t h at q s i s ch ang e d t o i t s h a ft e r any v o we l
e x cep t a an d an cf i n s p i t e o f i nt e r v e ni n A nu s v a r a (s e e
, g
a nd i t h as e v e n b e e n m a in t ai ne d t h at th er e i s s o m e k i nd o f
ph y si o l ogi ca l r e as on fo r s u ch a ch ang e I f t h e n aft er h avi ng l a i d .
,
 PRE F A C E TO TH E S EC ON D E D I TI O N .

d o wn thi s l
r u e, we y et wr i t e 13g p a ms u , we si m p l y c o mm i t a gr am
m ati cal b l u nd e r ; a n d I b e l i e v e t h e r e i s n o S an s k r i t g r a m m ar , e x c ep t

C o l ebr o o ke s , i n wh i ch t h at
’
b e en c omm i t t e d I n
b l u n d er h as no t .

o r der t o av oi d i t I wr o t e 3 1;pu ns u t h u s by t h e r e t ent i on o f t h e

,
1
, ,

d e ntal 72 m a ki n g i t g r am m at i call y a n d p h y si call y po s s i b l e f o r

,

t h e a s t o r e m ai n u n ch an g e d I t m ay be o bj e ct e d t h at o n t h e sam e
.

r o u n d I o u h t t o h a v e wr i t t e n I ns t r gm p uns d Ge n gm: u ns a lt
g g .

p , .
,

& c ; bu t i n t h e s e cas e s t h e a s i s r a di cal a n d w o u l d t h e r e f o r e n o t be

.
,

l i ab l e t o b e ch ang e d i nt o t s h aft e r a v o w e l a n d A nu s var a ( Pfin V I I I

i . .

3 , P r o f e s s o r W e b e r h a d e vi d e nt l y o v e r l oo k e d t h e s e s i m p l e

r ul e s o r h e w o u l d h a v e b e e n l es s f o r war d i n b l am i n g D r K e l l e r
, .

f o r h a vi ng f o ll owe d m y e x am pl e i n wr i t i n g p u ns u i n s t e ad o f ,

m I r a m m ar (a s m a b e s e e n fr o m m
’
h su n Pan i n i s no te
p .
g y y
app e n d e d t o ) 1 0 0 )t h e r u l e o n t h e ch an e o f s i nt o s h i s s o ca r e
3 g a 1
1

f ull y wor d e d t h at i t j u s t e x cl u d e s th e ca s e o f Hg p a ms u a l th o u gh t h e ,

s u o f t h e l o o p l u r i s p r e ce d e d by a n A n u s va I h av e n o w by
g . . r a .
,

m a ki ng i n m y s e c on d e d i t i on th e s am e r e s e r v a t i on i n t h e g e n e r al
r ul e b e e n a b l e t o c o n f o r m t o Pa n i n i s a u t h o r i t y an d h av e wr i t t e n
’
, ,

am s u i n s t e ad o f u ns u t h o u h e v e n th u s t h e fact r e m a i n s
fig p , g gp
a
g ,

t h at if t h e d o t i s r e al l y m e an t f o r A nu svfima an d i f t h e g s u i s t h e ,

t e r m i nat i on o f t h e l o cat i v e p l ur al th e a 3 w oul d b e s o u n d e d a s

,

sh acc or di n t o the e n e r al t e nd e nc y o f t h e a nci e nt S ans k ri t

r
t
, g g
p r o n u n c i at i o n .

I h av e m e nt i on e d th i s o n e i n s t ance i n or de r t o s h o w t h e p ecu l i ar
di fficu l t i e s whi ch t h e wr i t e r o f a S ans kr i t gr amm ar h as t o c o n t e n d
wi t h i n t r yi n g t o c om b i n e t h e t e ch ni cal r ul es o f Panini wi th th e
m o r e r a t i on al p r i nci pl e s o f Eur op e an gr am m ar a n d I h op e i t m a
y
c o nv i n ce m r e a d er s an d p er h ap s e v e n Pr o fes s or W e b er t h a t wh e r e
y , ,

I h av e d e vi at e d fr om th e o r d i n ar y r u l e s o f o u r E u r op e an gr am m ar s ,

o r wh e r e I s e e m t o h a v e p l ac e d m y s el f at v ar i an c e wi t h s o m e o f t h e

n at i v e a u th o r i t i e s I h a v e n o t d o ne s o wi t h o u t h avi ng c ar e fu l l y
,

w ei gh e d t h e a d v ant ag e s o f t h e o n e ag a i n s t th o se o f t h e o t h e r
sy s t e m .

F . MA X MU LL E R .

PA RK S EN D , O X F O RD ,

A ug u s t , 1 8 70
 TA B L E O F C O N TE N TS .

PG
A E PG
A E
C H A PTER I .
—
TH E A L PH A B E T .
§ 26 . Mo no p h t h o ngs and p
di h t h o ngs 12
Th e D e van agar i l et te r s 27 . N asal i z e d vo wel s 12
1 . Th e D evana ar i al
g ph a b et 28 . Li g h t a nd h eavy vo wel s 13
2 . D i r e ct i o n o f S ansk r i t al ph ab et 29 . A cu t e, g r ave, a nd ci r cu m fl ex ed

3 . H o w t o wr i t e t h e l ett er s vo we l s

4 . S o u n ds re p r e s e nt e d by t h e D e Gu na a nd Vri ddh i
vanéig ar i a l ph a bet 4 3 1 . Gu na o f d, d
5 . N u mb e r o f l et t er s 5 3 2. C o m bi nat i o n o f vo wel s at the
6 . Th e l et t e r i f 5 e nd a n d begi nn i ng o f wo r ds .

7 Ji.h vfi mfil i y a and U p a dh m fi n i ya 5 N o h i at u s 13

8 S igns o f nas al s and t h e i r s u b s t i
.
33 . V o wel s m ee t i ng t h e s am e vo we l s 13
t ut e V o wel s a and ( 2, f o ll o wed by
9 . Th e t h r ee n a s al se m i vo wel s d i ff er ent vo wel s
C o ns o na nt s wi t h o u t co r r e s po nd 35 . V o wel s d and 6 , f o ll o we d by
i ng nas al s p
d i h t h o ng s
;
A nu s var a b efo r e 55, 3 71, h 6 V o wel s fo ll o wed by di s
'

1 1 . s, 3 . z, u , r z,

N am es o f l e t t er s s i m i l ar vo wel s

1 3 . V o wel s i g ns , i ni t i a l , m e di al , and 37 . V ow el s e a nd 0, f o ll o we d by an
y
final 7 vo wel e ce x pt a

C o ns o nant s f o ll o wed by vo wel s 7 3 8 . V o wel s mi a nd am , f o l l o wed by

1 52 V
ir am a 7 y an vo wel s 16
1 6 C o m b i nat i o n o f co n so nan t s
. 7 39 . Tr e at m ent o f fin a l y a n d v 16
Th e si
g n fo r r 8 40 . Th e h i at u s o ccas i o ne d b
y S an dh i 17
1 8 . Th e Vi r am a u s e d as a st o p -
g p
a 8 41 . V o wel s e an d 0 b e fo r e d 17
19: Th e s i g ns fo r a p au s e 8 42 . Unch ang eabl e or Pr agrihya
20 Th e A vagr ah a L i st o f co m vo wel s

d
. .

p o un d co ns o n an t s 43 . I r r eg ul ar S an hi ; r e o s i t i o ns p p
21 ; N u m er i cal fig u r e s e nd i ng m d o r 6 , f o l l o wed b
y
Ru l e s of p r o nu nci at i o n e or 0

44 . Pr e p o s i t i o ns e nding in d or (2,

C H A P TE R I I .
—
R UL ES OF S A N DH I fo l l o we d by r i 18
O bj ect an d u s e o f S andhi y 45
, . Th e 0 o f o s h t ha lz a nd o i
t ul 18
2 4. D i s t i nct i o n b et ween x
E t er nal a 46
»
. I r r eg u l ar co m p o u nd s 19
and I nt er nal S andhi 3k
47 . Th e final 0 o f i nd ecl in abl e wo r ds 19
25 . C l as s i ficat i o n o f vo wel s , l o ng, at 4 8 . Mo n o syl l abi c i nd e cl i nabl e wo r ds 19
sh o r t , p ro t r act ed as 4 9 . S and h i o f the p ar t i cl e d 19
x vi TA B LE OF C O N TE N TS .

PG
A E PG
A E

Par t i cl es by S and h i
u naff e ct e d 19 83 . Th e o nl y final s i bi l ant i n p a u s d ,
Pr o t r a ct ed vo wel s u naff ect ed by Vi sar
g a, and i t s m o d i ficat i o n s 31

S a nd h i Vi sa r g a b ef o r e a s o n an t l et t er
Tabl e sh o wi ng t h e co m b i n at i o n ch ang e d to an d e x ptice o ns 32

o f final wi t h i ni t i al vo wel s F i nal r a di ca l 7

'
33

C o mb i nat i o n o f final a nd i n i t i al Fi n al 7
'
b ef o r e i n i t i al 7
'
34
c o n s o nant s 21 Pr o no u ns s a h and es ha h s ah 34
, y
Th e el even final co n s o nant s 21 B ho h 34

N o wo r d e nd s i n t wo c o ns o n an t s 22 E x pti
ce o n s i n co m p o u nd wo r d s 34

C l as s ificat i o n o f c o n s o nant s , ao N o u ns g i n r ad i cal 7

e n di n
'
36

co r d i ng t o t h e i r pl ace I ni t i al chh and m e d i al ch h 36

C l ass i ficat i o n o f I ni t i al ch ang e abl e ch h 37

’

co n s o nant s , ac s to

co r d i n t o t h e i r q u al i t y, i e F in al h , 9 h , dh dh , bh , t h r o w
g . .
,

c o nt a c t , a pp r o a ch , o p eni ng i ng t h ei r as i r at i o n ba ck o n p
S ur d a n d s o nan t co ns o n ant s i ni t i al 9 , d , d , 6 .

A s pi r at ed an d u nas pi r a t ed c o n Tabl e s h o wi n g t h e co m b i na
s o nant s tio n o f final wi t h i ni t i al co n

C h ange s o f pl ace , an d ch anges s o nan t s

of qu al i t y N et ti , o r ch ang e o f 77. i nt o 77 ,
C h ang es o f l ace afl e ct D p '

e nt al s , an d 8 i nt o sh

A nu svar a, an d Vi s ar g a C h ang e i nt o 73 o f 77. .

Fi nal t b efo r e Pal at al s ch , ch h , Tr ip n o ti and ks h u bh nd ti

j,j ,
h 72,
r Tabl e
b efo r e j , j h , 77 , i nt o in m
’

F i nal 77. s C h ang e o f 77. 77. a co

F i nal t b efo r e 1, 1h , 4 db, , 77.

p o u nd

( s )
h
no t 24 p
O t i o nal ch ang e s o f 77 i nt o . 77. in
F i nal 77 be fo r e 1
( , db, 77 .
( no t s h) 25 the p p re o s i t i o n 77 75

C h ang es f qu al i ty o 25 C h ang e o f 8 i nt o sh

Fi nal k, t , t , p befo r e ,
nas al s 26 C h ang e o f 3 i nt o sh i n th e re

F i n al 10, 7, t, 19 b efo r e ma y a . or p
d u l i cat i ve syl l abl e
m atr a 27 102 . C h ang eo f 3 i nt o sh af t er pr e
I ni t i al h .
aft e r final k, t , t, 1) ,
27 p o s i t i o ns

F i nal 15 b ef o r e l 27 at»
10 3 . Ext r a ct s f r o m Pani ni o n cer
F i nal 77. befo r e 1 t ai n ch a ng e s o f 8 i nt o s h

F i nal 77, 77. aft er a s hor t vo wel 27 a 1 0 4. C h ang e o f s i nt o sh in co m

Fi nal 77. b efo r e t h e fir s ts an d p o u nd s 50

s eco nd s 28 C h ang e o f d h i nt o dh 50
F i nal 77 a nd 77 b ef o r e é, s h , 8 28 R UL ES or I N TE RN A L S A N DH I 51
F i n al 77 b ef o r e s o r s (no t s h) 28 F i n al vo wel s N h i at u s 51
’

. . o

Fi nal t b ef o r e
,
3 29 F i nal d and ( 2, f o l l o wed by
A nu s vfir a and final m 29 vo wel s

M i n p a u s a, and b efo r e co ns o V e r b al b ases i n d

n ant s 30 Fi nal i , f , u , 72, r i ch ang e d to
Fi nal m b efo r e km , by , kl , l w 30 y : ; fi
”7 rn al a)
u , 727 ”3 fl

S a m befo r e kr i , s a fizs kr i 30 ch ang e d t o i y, ir

S a m bef o r e My, s am r dj 31 4, 1 1 1 . Fi n al 7 73, b efo r e co ns o nant s,
Vi sar ga and final 3 o r r 31 ch ang ed t o 7 17 o r 727 “ '
x vi ii TA B LE O F C O N TE N TS .

PG
A E

p
O t i o n al fe m i ni n e co m p o u nd s 88
>k 1 95 . P a thi n, r i bh u h s h i n , m a thi n 89
B a s es in s B b as es
. e nd i ng in A ha/ 77 . 89
r a d i ca l s ; p i n dagm s , 3 77 7 73 ,
1 as 1 9 7 . A ha n at th e en d o f co mp o u nd s 90
su tu s 1 9 8 . A ha n at t h e e nd o f co mp o u nd s 90
P ip a zh i s 1 99 . 90
f67 s j ; l i st f bas es i n M a g ha va n
'

1
,
sa a s o s at 20 0 . 90
t a s, was at 20 1 . P d s ha n , ar
y a ma n 90
B ases e nd i ng i n 5, s h , chh , h sh , h se 20 2. H em 91
D OS, d r i s , 317 7 75 B as es i n i n , d ha n i n
’

1 . 20 3 . 91
2 . N as
’

204 . Par t i ci l e s i n p vas 92

Vis Par t i c i pl i n i va s
’

3 . 20 5 . es 92

4 D hr i s h
.
’
206 . B a ses i n ty a s , g a/ r i y as f
93

5 D vi s h .
at 20 7 . Mi s cel l an eo us n o u ns wi th
6 P vd ch h. ch ang e ab l e b as es , pad

7 Ta h s h at 208 . t
8 Li k, g u h
. 20 9 . 6t
7

D u h u s h n ih at 2 1 0 A n adu h
9 .
, .

10 . D ru h , mu h, sn i h, sn a h 21 1 . Ap
1 1 . N ah a, 21 2 .

d sd h ae 21 3 . D i v, d yu

ae 21 4 . A s a/n a nd o t h er Me t apl as t a
e nd i n
Uh th a sfd s 2 1 5 . II . B as es g in vo wel s,
P r a s am s u b di vi d e d
’

I . 2 . N o u ns wi t h ch ang eabl e 21 6 , II . 1 B a s es e n d n i g i n any vo we l

pt
7

b ases ; A n o u ns wi t h t wo . ex ce 67
bases, a d a t 21 7 . B as es in a 7. an d

P r ach 2 1 8 . B ase s in o

B . N o u ns wi th t h r ee bases, at 2 1 9 . D yo

p va ty a ch as 2 20 . B as es i n 2 a nd 72
B a s es in a t an d au
nt ; a d a t 1 . Mo n o s yl l ab i c b as es i n 2 and
Th e n as al i n th e no m . an d acc . 72, b e i ng b o t h m as c . and fem .

d u al f ne u t er s , a nd in the A B y t h e m s el ve s ; d ht ,
‘
o . 272 98
f em i n i n e b a s e at 22 1 . B A t t he e nd o f c o m o u nd s
. p 98

at 1 84 . Th e n asal in p ar p
t i ci l e s o f re at 222 . 2 . P o l ysyl l abi c bas es i n 2and 72,
d u l i cat e d p ve r bs b ei ng bo t h m as c . a nd fem . 1 00
B r i ha t, p r i s h a t as 2 23 . Th e five fu l l er f e m in i n e t e r m i
M a ha t n at i o ns
.

B as es i n ma t an d va t 224 . 1 . Mo no syl l abi c bas es i n f . and

B h a va t, Y o u r H o n o u r 72, b e i ng f e m i nin e o nl y, dhi ,

A r va t and a 7 va n '
bh 72
225 . 2 . Po l ysyll ab i c b as es i n an d

B as e s i n cm , m a n , va n ; 7 dj a n , 72, b ei ng f em i ni ne o nl y, n a d i ,
‘

n am a/n

B ra h ma n , d i va n ye 2 2 6 . Co m p o u nd s e n d ing i n m o no
F em i n i n e s o f b as es O f n o u ns in s yl l abi c fe mi ni ne bases i n 73
a n ,- va 77, m an a nd s 7ct
 TA B L E O F CO N TE N TS .
x ix :

PG
A E PG
A E

Co m p o u nds endi ng in p o ly C H A PT E R V I . R
—P O N O UN S .

s yl l ab i c fe m i ni ne bas es i n 7 p
‘

§ 26 1 . Per s o nal r o no u ns 1 27
a n d 72, ba hu s r ey a s i ‘
262 . S a h, 8 d , ta t 1 28
2 28 . 3 27 2
7 263 . S y a h, sy d , ty a t 1 28
2 29 . 4 758 77 7 2 64 . Po s s e s s i ve r o no u ns p 1 28
B as es i n 7 a n d 77 , m as c fe m x p
°

230 n eu t 2 65 R efl e i ve r o no u ns , sva a m 1 29
y
. . . .
.

23 1 . Ka ti 266 . A rm a n 1 29
232 . S a khi 267 . S va b, sva, s va/ m 1 29
2 33 . P a ti 268 . D em o ns t r at i ve pr o n o u ns ,esha h ,
A ks h i ,
'

234 . a s th i , d ad hi , s a h th v es hd , e ta t 1 29
235 . B a s es in m as c fe m . . n eu t .
, 2 69 . A ya m ,
'

7y a m , 7d a/ m . 1 29
na i i
p r ,1 7
7 3
7 7 3
7 E nam, en d m , en a t 130
2 7 0 .

236 K vo s h tu A sa u , as axu , a d a h
’

130
2 71
.
.

23 7 .
2 7 2 . Ya h, y d , y a t 13 1
238 II B a ses e nd i n i a and d,
n
73 K a h, h d fl ci m 131
2
. . .
g 2 .

kan ta h, td , ta m 2 74 . Pr o no u ns m o d ifie d by h
a : 131
239 . B a s es i n 77, m as c . and fem 2 75 . C o m o u nd p 132
vi s va47d
'

2 7 6 . Td va t & c 132
2 40 . H d hd 2 77 . 132
2 78 Pr o no m i nal
. j
ad e ct i ves , s a r va ,
C HA PTE R I V —
A D JE 0 T1 V E S '

vi s va ,
.

&c 133
.

§ 241 . D ecl e n s i o n O f a dj e ct i ves 116 2 79 A n y h, a ny d , wnya t

a . 134
242 . F o r m at i o n o f fe m i ni ne b a se 117 2 80 Ubh a n , 77 t , a hhs 134
.

0
2 43 1 777777 77, fem p r i y a 117
. .

2 81 . Ubh a y a h, y i , ya m 134
at 2 44 . P d ch a h a h, p ach i ha 117 2 82 . P 727 va an d i t s o p t i o nal fo r m s 134
F em i ni n es f o r m e d by 7
‘
2 45 . 117 2 83 . P r a tha ma a nd i ts o pt i o n al

at 2 46 . x p
E c e t i o nal f e m i ni nes i n 2 117 no m i n at i ve pl u r al 134
I r r eg u l ar fem i ni ne s 117
at 2 47 .

2 84 . D vi t i y a an d i ts o pti o nal f o r ms 1 3 5
at 2 48 F o r m at i o n o f f e m i ni ne sub
.

2 85 . A d ver b i al d ecl ens i o n 135

s t a nt i ves 1 18
2 49 . D egr ees o f co m ar i s o n p 1 18 C H A PTE R V II .
—
CONJ U GA TI O N .

2 50 . Tar a an d t a/ma , h o w a d d e d 1 18 2 86 . A ct i ve an d p ass i ve 137

25 1 . i ya s an d i sh tha , h o w a dd ed 118 2 87 . At m ane pad a
Par as m ai pad a and 137
252 . E x p
ce t i o nal c o m ar at i ves an d p 2 88 Par a s m ai ad a a nd A t m anepa d a
.
p
sup er l a t i ve s i n d er i vat i ve ve r b s 138
28
9 Pas s i ve 138
UM R L
.

C H A PTE R V —
N E A S
Th e t h i r t e en t ense s an d m o o ds 1 3 8
. .

2 90 .

§ 2 53 . C ar di n al s a nd d e cl ens i o n o f 291 . S i gn i ficat i o n o f t en s es a nd

car d in al s, aha m o o ds
D
'

2 54 . v7
292 . N u m b er s a n d pe r s o ns
2 55 . Tr i , ti s gi '

2 56. O ha tu r , cha tas r i C HA PTE R V I I I —

. T11E TE N C LA S S ES .

25 7 . P a nch a n , s ha s h , a sh a n t § 2 93 . S p ec i al an d
g e n er a l t ens es , i n

at 2 58 . C o ns t r u ct i o n o f car d i nal s t h e t en cl ass e s

2 59 . O r d i na l s 2 94 . S p m o d i fied , g e ner al
e ci a l o r or

260 . N u m er i cal ad ver b s an d o t h er u n m o d ified t e n s es

d er i vat i ve s 2
95 . D i vi s i o n o f ve r b al b a s es

0 2
x x TA B LE O F C O N TE N TS .

PG A E PG
A E

§ 2 96 . I . Fi r s t d i vi s i o n ; B h fi, Tu d, 3 2 7 S t r o.n
g a nd weak t er m i na
D i v, C h u r cl a s s e s t i o ns

2 97 . II . S eco nd d i vi s i o n, an d s ub 3 2 8 . W eak eni ng o f bas e

d i vi s i o ns 329 . B a s es e n d i ng in d and di ph
2
9 8 . H a . S u , Tan , Kr i cl as se s 1 43 t h o ng s , h o w c h an
g e d
2 99 . 11 6 . A d, H u , Ru d h cl a s s e s 1 43 3 30 . B ases en d i ng i i i 73, 73, 77 , 72, 72
h o w ch ang e d
C HA PTE R I X .
—
A U GME N T, RED U P L1 O A
TI O N ,
AND R
TE M I N A TI O N S . C HA PTE R XI .
-
I N TE R ME D 1 A TE

§ 3 o
o . A u gm ent and r ed u pl i c at i o n 1 45 § 33 1 . W h en it mu s t b e o m i t t ed ,
0
3 1 . A ugm ent a 1 45 wh en i t m a y b e o m i t t e d,
30 2 . p
Red u l i cat i o n i n t h e p er f e ct , wh en i t m u s t be i ns e r t e d
an d in th e E u ver b s 1 45 as 3 3 2 . L i s t o f ver b s i n wh i ch t h e i n t er
3 3
0 . Gen er al r u l es o f re dupl i cat i o n 1 4 6 m e d i at e i m u s t b e o m i t t ed 163
«
304 . A s pi r at e d i ni t i al s 1 46
333 . V er b s i n wh i ch t h e i n t er m e
30 5 . Gu t t u r al i ni t i al s 1 46 d i a t e i mu s t b e o m i t te d i n
30 6 . D o u bl e i n i t i al s 1 46 c er t a i n t e ns es

3 0 7 I n i t
. i al s i bil ant f o l l o wed by a
334 . S p e ci al r ul es fo r t h e r e du
pl i
t e nu i s ca t ed p er fe ct

3 8
0 . Th e vo we l o f t h e r ed u pl i cat i ve
335 . S p e c i al r u l e s fo r t h e 2 nd pe rs .

syl l abl e i s sh o r t si n
g P ar o f t h e r ed
. er f
. . p . 167
0
3 9 . Me d i al e an d a i ar e re d u pl i
33 6 . Tabl e s h o wi ng wh en i nt e r m e
by i , 0 and an by 77
cat e d 1 46 .
d i at e i m u s t be o mi t t e d
3 10 . Fi nal 3 , a i , 0 ar e r e du li cat ed p 337 . p
O t i o nal i ns er t i o n o f i
by N i n s er t i o n f 73
338
a . e ce s sar y o

3 1 1 . I r r egu l ar r e p
du l i cat i o n by
3 39 . Th e i nt er m edi at e 7 n ever li abl e
S am pr asfir ana t o Gu na 171
3 1 2 S h o r t i ni t i al a
I n s er t i o n Of l o ng 2 171
3 40
.
.
.

3 3 1 I n i t i al a f o l l o wed by t wo co n 1 p
O t i o nal i ns er t i o n f l o ng 2 17 1
3 4 o
.
.

s o n ant s 1 48
342 . p
Per i h r a s t i c p er f ect 172
I n i t i al 7 7
°

3 4 1 . 1 48
3 43 . Per i ph r as t c i p er f e ct o f i nt e n
3 5 1 . S h o r t i ni t i al i and 77 1 48 S i ve s an d d es i d er at i ves
316 . S p e ci al r u l es o f r ed u pl i cat i o n . 1 48 Par a di g m s o f th e re d u pli cat ed
k 317
1 . 1 48 p er f e ct

at 3 1 8 . M d, hd 1 48

at 3 1 9 . H a n , h i , 3 7 , ch i 1 48 C H A PTE R X II .
—
S TRE N GTH E N I N G AN D

3 2 0 . Ter m i nat i o n s 1 49 WE A KEN IN G .

3 21 . Ter m i nat i o ns Of fir s t an d se
3 44 . Two cl a ss es o f t er m i nat i o ns ,
c o nd d i vi s i o ns s t r eng t h en i n or weak e ni ng
g
3 22 . Regul ar co n u j g at i o n a ver b al bas e
k 3 45
> S p e ci al fo r m s o f s t r eng th eni ng
C HA PTE R X RA L
.

.
—
GE N E TEN SES
a nd weak eni ng c er t a i n b as e s 1 7 7
.

§ 3 3
2 . Ge ner al o r u nm o d i fie d t ens es 15 9
324 . R ed u l i cat ed p p er f e ct 159 C HA PTER XI I I .
— A O R IST .

32 5 . V er b s whi ch m ay fo r m t h e re
§3 4 6 . F ir st and s eco nd ao r i s t 1 79
du p l i cat e d er f e ct p 3 47 . F o u r fo r m s o f t h e fir s t ao r i s t 179
3 2 6 . Th e per i h r as t i c p pe f r e ct
3 48 . Ru l es f o r t h e fir s t fo r m 1 80
 TA B L E O F C O N TE N TS .

PG
A E

>k
§ 3 49 R u l e.s f o r d e s i d e r at i ves , i nt e n § 3 83 . C o nd i t i o nal
s i ves , Ar c .
3 84 . p
Per i h r as t i c fu t ur e

3 50 . Rul es fo r t h e s e co nd fo r m 8
3 5 . B e ned i ct i ve

35 1 . Ter m i nat i o ns b eg i nni ng wi th 3 8 6 . B as e s e nd i ng

i n my
s t o r s th 1 81 3 87 . W eak e ni ng i n b e ned i ct i ve Pa
3 5 2 . Ro o t s 1 11 d a nd d iph t h o r gs i 1 81 r as m a i a d a, s t r e n t h e ni n in
p g g
at 3 5 3 . M 2, m i , 1 81 b ened i c t i ve A t ma ne pad a 195

31 3 5 4 . H am . 181 3 8 8 . I nt er m edi a te i 1 95

a 355 . 0 77m 181 as 3 8 9 . W e ak e ni ng f b as e b e fo r e y

o 196

at 3 5 6 . Yam 1 81 as 3 9 0 . V er b s e nd i n
g i n i ,
77 , 72 1 96

357 . Ru l es fo r t h e t hi r d f o r m 1 82 41 3 9 1 . V er b s e nd i n
g i n n 1 96

k 3 58
‘
— . M 2, mi , Z2 1 82 at 3 9 2 . V er b s end i n
g i n 77 . 1 96

at 3 5 9 . Ya m , 7i a m 1 82 at 3 9 3 . V er b s wh i ch t ak e S am pr a sé

3 6 0 . R u l e s f o r t h e f o u r t h fo r m 1 82 r an a

1 82 at 39 4 O th er
. ver b s wh i ch ta ke S am
‘

s 6
a 3 2 . D uh,d i h, l i h , g u h 1 82 p é
r a s t r an a

Par ad i gm s 1 82 at 3 9 5 . S 728 ch ang e d to f i s h

363 . S eco nd a o r i st 1 86 39 6 . B e ne d i ct i ve A t manepad a

i , 7 2; d r i s 1 8 7
’

6
3 4 . R o o ts en di ng i n 77, e,
7

6 Ro o t s wi t h p e nul t i m at e n as al 1 87 C H A PTE R XV —
PA s s r vn
3 5
.
. .

366 I r r egu l ar f o r m s 1 87 3 97 A t m ane

pad a t er m i nati o ns
d
.

at 3 6 7 . V er b s wh i ch t ake t h e s e co n 3 98 . S p eci a l t ens es o f p ass i ve

ao r i s t 3 99 C au s at i ve, d e n o mi n at i ve , i n

at 3 6 8 . V er b s wh i ch t ak e t h e seco n d t ens i ve bas es 1 98

ao r i s t i n t h e Par . o nl y 1 88 40 0 . W e ak eni ng o f ba se Par adi gm . 1 99

7 6
3 3 9 . Th e Tan ver b s 1 88 40 1 . Gener al t ense s o f p a s s ve i 1 99

37 0. R edu l i cat edp seco n d ao r i s t 1 88 40 2 . Th e ao r i st p as si ve 200

at 3 7 1 . S7 2 ,
d vu , 87 72, ham ; s vi ,
‘
d he 1 89 40 3 . Th e 3 r d pe r s si ng a o r i st pas si ve 200
. .

37 2 . S h o r t eni ng o f b as es e nd i ng in as 4 0 4 . A o r i st o f ver b s endi ng i n (2 200

a
y 1 89 at 4 0 5 . A o ri st o f ver b s e n di ng in ay 200

3 73 . B as es t h at canno t b e sh o r t ened 1 8 9 as 4 0 6 . A o r i st o f i n t en si ve and d e si

3 74 . Co m p e nsat i o n b et ween b as e d er at i ve b a se s
a nd r ed u pl i cat i ve s yl l abl e 1 89 3k

3 75 . V o wel s o f r ed upl i ca t i ve s yll abl e 1 90 40 8 . V e r b s e n di n

g i n am

as 3 7 6 . V er bs b eg i nni ng and e ndi ng 40 9 . Par adi gm

wi t h d o ubl e co ns o nan t s 1 90 41 0 . F u t ur e , co ndi t i o n al , a nd be ne
at 3 77 . V er b s wi t h p e nu l t i m at e 72 1 90 di ct i ve p as s i ve

3 78 . V e r bs b eg i nning wi t h vo wel s 191 41 1 . Th e i r O p ti o n al fo r m s

as 3 7 9 . I r r eg ul ar r ed u pl i cat e d ao r i s t 191 1
4 2 . A o r i st p a s si ve o f i nt r ansi t i ve
Par a d i g m 191 ve r b s

W h en t h e d i ff er e nt f o r m s of at 4 1 3 . p
O t i o nal f o r m s
th e ao r is ts ar e u sed 191
C HA PTE R XV I .
—
PA RTI C P LE S I , GE R UN D S ,

C H A PTE R X I V .
—
F U UR
T E, C O N D I TI O N A L , AND IN FI N V
ITI E .

PE R I P H R A S T m F U URT E, A N D B E N E D I C T I vE .

§ 41 4 . Par t i ci l e p p r e s en t Par as m a i

§3 1
8 . Fu t u r e 1 92 p ad a 20 3

3 82 . C h anges o f t h e b ase 1 92 41 5 . p
Par t i ci l e f u t u r e Par a sm ai pad a 204
 TA B LE OF C O N TE N TS .

P A GE
Par t i ci le p o f r e du pl i cat e d
per Ger u n d o f cau sat i ve s

f e ct Par a sm ai pad a at 4 4 8 Ghu ve r b s , 7na, s thd , 2 d

. 7
9 , p ,
Par t i ci l e p o f r edu pli cat e d
pe r h a, so , t ak e fin al a
f e ct wi t h i .
at 4 4 9 . V e r b s e n di n
g i n n a s al s

Par t i ci l e p o f r e du pli ca t e d
pe r 4: 4 5 0 . V er bs end in
g i n 72
f e ct At m an epa d a a 45 1
Par t i ci l e p p r e s e nt At m an epad a as 4 5 2 . M 2 m i , d 2 Z2
, ,

Par ti c i pl f te u ur e At m an epad a
Par ti c i pl p e r e s ent an d fut ur e C H A PTE R X VI I .
—
V R A L A DJEC TIVE S
E B .

p a s s i ve
§ 45 3 . V e r b al ad e ct i ve s , j Kg i ty a
r
21 1
Past p ar ti ci l e p p a s s i ve an d
454 . A dj e ct i ve s i n t a vy a 21 2
r und
g e
45 5 . A dj e ct i ve s i n an 2y a 21 2
Ger u n d i n tva
45 6 . j
A d e ct i ve s i n y a 21 2
I Th e t er m i n at i o n s ta h a nd
at 4 5 7 E x pti o nal ve r b al j
a d ect ve s i
.

. ce
tvd , wi t h i nt er m ed i at e 2
i n y a an d tg a
4. 4 2 5 . Pe nu l t i m at e 77 wi t h o pt i o na l
as 4 5 8 V e r b s c h an i n fin al h and
.

g g c
3
Gu n a
i nt o 77 an d g
42 6 1 7
7777 wi t h i nt er m e di at e 2 a nd
459 I nfini t i ve i n tu m
.

Gu na
460 . V e r b al a dver b s in am

as 4 2 7 . Tva wi t h i nt er m e d i at e 2 a nd

wi t h o u t Gu n a
C H A PTER x vr 11 .
—
0 A us m vs V E RB S .

428 . N as al l o st b ef o r e 7577, p h ; va ii ch ,
§ 46 1 . C aus al bas e s , h o w f o r m e d 21 5

at 4 2 9 . II . Th e t er m i n at i o n s ta h an d
at 4 6 2 . Gu n a or V r i d dh i 21 5

tva, wi t h o u t i n t e r m e d i at e 2 46 3 . E x pti
ce o nal cau sat ve i base s , I .

at I I
st 4 3 0 . F i n al n a s al p
d r o t be fo r e ta h
.

a nd tva 464 . Co n j u
g at i o n o f cau s at i ve ve r b s 219

46 5 Pa s s i ve o f c au s ati ve ve r bs 21 9
F i n al n d r o pt an d vo we l l engt h
.

at 4 3 1 .

en ed fin al chh , v, r ch h , an d 7 77 46 6 . Ge ne r al t e n se s o f th e p as s i ve 21 9

as 4 3 2 . Ro o t s ch ang i ng v to 72

43 3 F i n al a i ch an ed to d or 2 C H A PTE R X I X .
—
D ESI DE RA TI VE VER B S .

.
g
at 4 3 4 . D O , s o , 777 72, d h a, ch ang e 46 7 . D e s i d e r at i ve b as e s , h o w f o r m e d 2 20
t h e i r fin al i n t o i 46 8 . D e s i d e r at i ve b ase s , h o w co n

at 4 3 5 . SO an d ch h o t ak e 2 o r d . jg u at e d

k 43 6
z . E x ptice o n al fo r m s 46 9 . D e si d er at i ve b as e s , wi t h or

as 4 3 7 . V er bs wh i ch t ak e S am pr asé: wi t h o u t i nt e r m e d i at e 2
r an a as 4 7 0 . S t r eng t h e ni ng o f b as e

at 4 3 8 . V er b s wh i ch l o se p e nu l t i m at e 47 4 7 1 . E x pti
ce o nal s t r e ng t h e n i n
g or

n asal we ak e ni ng
C au s al ve r b s at 4 7 2 . D e s i d e r at i ve b as e s, t r e at e d as

4 40 . D e si d er at i ve ver b s B hfi ver b s

441 . I nt en s i ve ve r b s 4 73 . p
R e du l i c at i o n o f d e s i d er at i ve
442 . p
Par t i ci l e s i n na h b as e s 2 22

at 4 4 3 . Ad j e ct i val p ar t i ci pl es at 4 7 4 . B a s es in a v an d av 222

4 44 . Va t add ed to p a r t i ci pl es 4 4 75
, . SW ,
7 77 ,
d3va , 1
97 77 , p
l u ,
ch yu 2 22

445 . Ge r u n d i n y a 4 76 . I nt er nal r e d u l i cat i o n p 222

4 46 . Ge r u n d i n tg a at 4 7 7 . E x pti
ce o n al fo r m s 22 2
 TA B LE O F C O N TEN TS .
m ii

PG A E

C HA PTER XX .
— IN T E N S IVE V E B BS .
§ 5 0 8 C o nj un ct i o ns
.

Meani ng f i nt e ns i ve fr s 5 9
0 I n t e r
j e c t i o ns
§ 4 78 or
.
. o

u e nt a t i ve ve r bs
q
V e r bs wh ich m ay fo r m in te n
C H APTER XX II I .
—
C O M PO UN D W o a ns .

4 79 .

S i ve ba s e s 5 10 . Ma nn er o f co m p o und ing no mi
n al bas e s 23 3
4 80 . TW O k i nd s o f i nt e ns i ve b as e s

At m anepad a as 5 1 1 . Tr e a t m en t o f fem i ni ne bas es 23 4

I nt e ns i ve b as es i n ya , h o w 512 . S ix cl ass es o f co m p o u nd s 23 4

fo r m e d a nd co n ug at e d j I . Ta t p u r u sh a, d ete r mi na t i ve

4 82 . Par as ma i pad a b as es , h o w fo r m co m p o u nd s

ed an d co n u gat e d j I b Kar m a dhfir aya,

. a pp o si

8 C o nj ugati o n o f Par as m ai pada t i o nal d et e r m i n at i ve co m

4 3 .

ba s es 2 24 p o u nd s

I D vi gu, nu m er al d et e r
4 84 . Re d u pl i ca t i o n o f i nt ens i ve b as es 224 o .

as 4 8 5 . V er b s whi ch i n s er t 77 2 2 25 m i nat i ve co m p o u nd s 23 4

V e r b s e ndi ng i n na sal s 225 II D va nd va , co l l ect i ve co mp 23 5

as 4 8 6
. .
.

as 4 8 7 . 7 047 , j abh , d a h ,
7 bha n
j,
I II . B ah u vr i hi , p o ssess i ve co m

p a s 225 p o u nd s

Ch a r , p ha l 22 5 IV A vyayi bh fiva, ad ver b ial co m

as 4 88
.
.

as 4 89 . Ve r b s wi t h penu l t i m Me ri 225 p o u nd s 23 5

as 4 90 . V er bs end i n g m 72 2 26 5 1 3 . I . D e t e r mi nat i ve co m p o un d s 23 5

as 491 . E x p ti
ce o nal i nt e ns i ve b as es 226 as 514 . E x p ti
ce o na l d e ter m i nat i ve

S eco nd ar y and t er t i ar y b as es 226 com p o u nds

492 .

as 5 5 1 . I nver t ed d et er m i nat ive co m

CH A PTER XX L—
D E N O MI N A TI VE VE RB S .
p o u nd s

as 516 . D et er mi nat i ve co m p o u nd s e nd

§ 49 3 C h ar act er o f d eno m i nat i ve

i ng i n ve r bal b as e s
.

ver bs
5 7 1 . Ib A . pp o s i t i o nal d e t er m inati ve
4 94 4 9 5 D e n o m i n at i ve s i n ya , Pa
m po u n ds
.
,
co
r as m ai ad a
p
as 5 1 8 I nver t ed de ter mi nat i ve
. co m
s
a 49 6 C h a nges o f base
.

p o u nd s
4 97 D e no m i nat i ves i n ya , At m ane
5 1 9 I of N u m er al d et er mi nat i ve
.

p
.

ad a 2 28
.

co m p o u nd s
Th e Kan d vér d i
‘

as 4 9 8 ve r b s 228
.

as 5 20 . M o d ificat i o ns o f t h e fin al l et t er s
D m i nat i ves i n s y a
e no 229
as 4 99 .

o f d e t er m i nat i ve co m p o un d s 23 8
5 D eno m i nat i ve s i n h amya 2 29
as 0 0 .

5 2 1 . II . C o l l ect i ve co m p o u n ds , I ta
5 0 1 . Con g j u at i o n o f d eno m i nat i ves 229
r e t ar a an d S am fih fir a
as 5 0 2 D eno m i n at i ves i n a
y a 229
Pr ece d e nc e f wo r ds
.

as 5 22 . o
as 50 3 D en o m i nat i ves wi t h o ut afli x es 23 0
N o u n s e ndi n i i
.

as 5 23 .
g n r
as 5 24 . N a m es o f d e i t i e s 65 0 .

C H A PTER XXI I .
—
PR E P O S I TI O N S AND
as 5 2 5 . Mo di ficat i o n s o f t h e final l ett e r s
PA RTc ES .
o f co l l ect i ve co m p o u n ds in
§ 50 4 . Pr e p o s i t i o ns , Up a sa/r g a . the s i ngu l ar

50 5 . Pr e p o s i t i o ns , Ga ti .
as 5 26 . I d i o m at i c e xp r es s i o ns

50 6 . Pr e p o s i t i o ns , K a r map r a va ch a 527 . I II . Po s se s s i ve co m p o u nd s

n 2y a as 5 28 . Mo dificat i o ns o f t h e final l e t ter s

5 0 7 A dver bs
. o f p o ss es s i ve co m p o un ds 24 1
 TA B LE OF C O N TE N TS .

§5 29 . IV . A d ver bi al co m po u nd s Tan C l ass (Tanvfid i , VI I I C l as s)

as 5 30 . E x p ti
ce o n al co m p o u nd s Par asm ai pa d a an d At m anepad a
as 53 1 . Mo d i ficat i o ns o f t h e final l et ter s V er b s

o f ad ver b i al co m p o u nd s 24 3 Kr i C l ass ( Kr yzi d i , I X C l as s )

’

I Par a s m ai pad a and A t m an epada

.

V e r bs

II . Par asm ai pad a V b er s

A PPE N D I X I .
III . A t m anepad a V ber s

A d C l as s (A d éi d i , I I C l as s)
LI S T or VE RB S
I Par a s m ai pad a V er bs
i )
’
B h fi C l as s ( B h v d i I C l
.

a ,
ass

I . Par asm ai pad a V er b s

II . At m anepad a V er b s

III Par as mai pad a an d At m anepada

II . A t m anepad a V er b s
.

III . Par as m ai pad a and At m anepad a V e r bs

V e r bs
E u C l as s ( Ju h o t yfid i ,
I I I C l as s
)
Tu d C l as s ( Tu d fid i , V I C l ass
) I . Par as m ai pad a V b er s

I . Par as m ai pad a and A t m anepad a II . A t m anepad a V b er s

V er bs III . Pa r asm ai pad a an d A t man epad

II . Par a s m ai pad a V er bs

III . At m an epad a V er bs Ru d h C l as s ( Ru dh adi ,

V I I C l as s
)
D i v C l ass (D i vfid i , I V C l as s) I . Par as m ai pad a a nd At m anepad a
I . P ar as m ai pad a V er b s V er b s

II . A t m an epad a V er b s II . Par asm ai pad a V er bs

I II . Par as m ai pada and At m an epad a III . A t m anepad a V er bs
V er b s

C h u r C l as s ( C h u r fid i , X C l as s) .

Par as m ai pad a V b nl y
er s o A PPE N D I X II .

S u C l as s (S vfid i , V Cl ) as s

I . Par as m ai pad a and At manepada ON TH E A CC EN T IN S aN s x RI T

V er b s 27 0
I N D Ex or N O UN s
II . Par asm ai pad a V er b s 27 1
I II . At manepad a V er bs 27 1 IN DE X or V ERB S
 TH E D E VA N A GA RI L E TTE RS .

V o wE L s . CO N S O N A N TS .

I nit ial . Med ial I ni t ial

. . Med ial . E q ui val ent .

m (o r m)

1 S o met im es p
r e r e sente d i n th e Vd
e a a 5 l ( o r Z)
by , , .

2
S o m et i m es p
r e r e s ente d i n th e Vd
e a by 5
g R l b (o r
, ,
 C H A PTE R I .

TH E A L PH A B ET .

1 . SA N S KR IT i s pr o per l y wr it t e n wi th t h e D e van fig ar i al ph ab e t ; bu t th e
B en
g ali , Gr ant h a, Tel u g u , an d o t h er m o d e r n I n di an al ph ab e t s ar e c o mm o nl y
e m pl o y ed fo r wr i t i ng S an s k r i t i n t h e ir r es
p e c t i ve
p r o vi n c e s .

No te —
D evandg ar i m eans t h e n ar i o f t h e g o ds , or, p o s s i bl y, o f t h e B r fih m ans . A mo r e
cur r en t s tyl e o f wr it ing , u s ed by H i n du s i n all co m m o n t r ans act i o n s wh er e H i nd i i s t h e l a n

g u ag e e m l o ye d , i s p c all e d s i m pl y n ar i . W h y t h e al p h ab et s h o u l d h ave b ee n c al l e d n ar t,
is u nk n o wn . If d er i ve d fr o m n ag a r a , c it
y i t
,
m i g h t m ean t h e ar t o f wr it i ng as fir s t p r act i s e d

i n cit i e s .
( P211 . h
1v 2,
y as.
y N
et b ee n a d d u c e d fr o m an
y a nci e nt au t h o r f o r
o a ut h o r i t

th e y p
e m l o m e n t o f t h e wo r d D evamig ar z I n t h e L a l i t a -vi s t a r a
( a li f e o f B u d d h a ,
t r
‘
a ns
. l a t e d
fr o m S an skr i t i n t o C hi n e s e 76 wh er e a l i s t o f al h ab et s i s gi ven , t h e D evandg ar i i s p '

n o t m ent i o n e d , u nl e s s i t b e i nt e n d e d b
y t h e D ev a al h ab e t ( S ee H i st o r
y o f A n c i ent p .

S an sk r it L i t er at ur e, p . A l bir u ni , i n t h e 1 1 t h ce nt u r y , s
pe
ak s o f the N ag ar a al ph ab et

a s c ur r e nt i n M al va .
( Rei nau d M em o ir e ,
’
s ur l In d e ,
’
p .

B egh r am ( bh ag dr dma ,
ab o de o f t h e go ds ) i s th e nat ive nam e o f o n e o r mo r e o f t h e m o st
im p o r t ant cit i e s f o u n d e d by t h e Gr e ek s , s u ch as Ale x an dr i a a d C au casu m or N i caea . S
( ee

Mas o n ’
s Mem o ir s i n Pr i ns ep s A nt i qu it i es ’

,
ed . Th o m as , vo l . 1 . pp . C o ul d
D e van ag ar i
'

h ave b een m e ant as an e q u i val ent f B e gh r am i ?

o

N o p
i ns cr i t i o ns h ave b e en m et wi t h i n }
I n d i a ant er i o r t o t h e ,
rise
9 f B u ddhi s m . Th e
ear l i e s t au t h e nt i c s p ec i m en s of wr it in g ar e t h e i n s cr i t i o n s p o f k i ng P r i y ‘
a d ar s i o r A s o ka , ab o u t
’

25 0 B . c . Th es e ar e wr it t en i n t wo d iff er ent al ph a b et s . Th e al ph ab et wh i ch i s f o und i n t h e

p
i ns cr i t i o n o f Kapu r di g ir i , an d wh i ch i n t h e m ai n i s t h e s am e as t h at o f t h e A r i anian co in s ,

i s wr itt e n fr o m r i gh t to l eft . It i s cl ear l y o f S e m it i c o ri i

g ,n and m o st cl o s el y c o n n ggie d with
t h e A r am ai c b r a nch o f th e old S emi t i c or Ph e ni ci an al ph ab et . Th e A r am ai c l ett er s , h o w
p
wh i ch we k no w fr o m E gy t i an an d Pal m yr e ni an i n s cr i t i o ns , h ave e er i e nce d f ur t h er
e ver , p xp
ch an g es s i nc e t h ey s er ve d as t h e m o d el f o r t h e al h ab et o f Ka ur d i g i r i , and we m u s t h ave
p p
r e c o ur s e t o th e m o r e p r i m i t i ve ty p es o f th e a nci ent H eb r ew c o i n s an d o f t h e Ph eni ci an
p
i ns cr i t i o n s i n o r d er to e x pl ai n s o me o f t h e l et t er s o f t h e Kapur d i gir i al ph ab et .

B ut wh i l e t h e t r ans it i o n o f t h e S em i t i c t y p es i nt o t h i s an ci e nt I n di an al ph ab et can be
p r o ve d wi th s ci e n tific p r e c i s i o n, th e s e co n d I n d i an al ph ab et , t h at wh ich i s f o und i n t h e

p
i ns cr i t i o n o f Gir n ar , an d wh i ch i s t h e r e al s o u r ce o f all o t h er I n di an al ph ab et s , as well as o f

th o s e o f Tib et an d B u r m ah , h as n o t as y et b een t r ac e d b ack i n a s at i s f act o r y m anner t o an

y
S em i t i c p ro t o ty p e .
( Pr i ns e p
’
s I n d i an A nt i q u it i es b y Th o m as , vo l . 11 . p . To a d m it ,

h o wever , t h e i n d e p e nd e nt i n vent i o n o f a n at i ve I ndi an al h ab et i s im p p o s s ib l e . p

A l h ab et s wer e
ne ver i nve nt e d, i n t h e u s u al s en s e o f t h at wo r d Th ey wer e f o r m ed g r a du all y, an d ur el y
. p
ph m fi m fiTf fi r h er , s yll abi c o r i d e o gr a h i c, st ag e s Th er e ar e n o p .

s u ch t r ace s o f t h e gr o wt h o f an p
al h ab et o n I n d i an s o i l ; an d i t i s t o h e h o e d t h at n ew p
d i s co ver i e s m ay s t il l b r i n g t o l i gh t t h e i nt er m e d i at e l i nk s b y wh i ch t h e al h ab et o f Gir nar , p
a nd t h r o u h i t t h e m o d er n D e van a ar i m a b e n n t d wi t h o n e o f t h e l e a d in g S e m i t i c
g g , y c o ec e

al ph ab et s .
 4 TH E A LPH A B ET . 2

2 . S an s kr i t i s wr i t ten fr o m l e ft t o ri
g h t .

No te (W ) m e an s wh at i s r en d er e d fit p er f e ct B S a ns kr i t i s no t call e d
'
—
S anzs kr i t a or . ut

so b ecau s e t h e B r ah m an s , or s t i ll l es s , b e cau s e t h e fir s t E u r o p e an s wh o b e cam e ac q

u ai nt e d

wit h i t , c o n s i d er e d it t h e m o s t p e r f e ct o f al l l ang u ag es . S afizs kgi t a m ea nt wh at i s

'
r en d er e d

fit f o r s acr e d p p ur o s es ; h en ce p ur i fi e d , s acr e d . A ves s el t h at is p u r i fi e d , a s acr ifi c i al vi ct i m

t h at i s p p
ro er l y dr e s s e d , a m an wh o h as p as s e d t h r o u gh al l t h e i ni t i at o r y r i t es o r s mizs lcdr as ;

al l t h es e ar e call e d s a fizs kr i ta H en ce t h e l ang u ag e wh i ch al o n e was fit f o r s acr e d act s th e

,
.

a nci e nt i di o m o f th e V e da s , was c al l e d S afizs kgi t a , ‘

or th e s acr e d l ang u ag e . Th e l o cal s p o k en
d i al e ct s r e c e i ve d t h e g ener al n am e o f p r dkr i t a o
. Th i s d i d no t m ean o r i g i nal l y vu l g ar , bu t
d er i ve d, s eco n d ar
y, s eco n d - r at e , li t er al l y
‘
wh at h as a s o u r ce o r ty p e,
’
th is
“

s o ur c e o r ty p e

Pr fikr it a -Pr ak asa, e d

’
(p r akr i ti ) b ei ng t h e S arh sk rit a o r s acr e d l ang u ag e .
( S e e V ar ar u ch i s .

C o wel l , x vu ) p . .

T h e f o r m er e x pl an at i o n o f p r dkmt a i n t h e
’

s e ns e o f th e n at u r al , o r i g i n al c o nt i nu at i o n s o f
th e old l ang u ag e is u nt e nab l e , b e c a u s e i t i nt e r p o l at e s t h e id e a o f co nt i n u at i o n .

I f p r dkri t a h a d t o b e t ak e n i n t h e o r i g i n al an d n at u r al , s o c al l e d
’
s e ns e o f a l an g u ag e wo ul d
wn by D A l wi s ( A n I nt r o d u ct i o n t o Hach ch ayan a s Gr a m m ar ,
’ ’
m e an , as h as b ee n wel l sh o

p l xxx ix ) t h
.
,
e o r i g i n al l ang u a g e, an d s a rh s kfl t a w o u l d t h e n h ave t o b e t ak en i n t h e s e nse o f

r efi n e d f o r l i t er ar y p p
ur o s es .
’
Th i s vi ew, h o wever , o f t h e m e ani ng o f t h e s e t wo nam es , is
o pp o sed t o th e vi ew o f t h o s e wh o fr am e d t h e name s , an d is r e nd er e d im p o s s i bl e by t h e
ch ar a ct er o f th e V e d i c l an g w
‘

I n wr i t i ng t h e D evan éi i al h ab e t , t h e di s t i n ct i ve rtio n f eac h

3 .
g ar
p p o o

l ett er i s wr i t t e n fir s t , t h en t h e per pe n di c u l ar , an d l a s t l y t h e h o r i z o ntal li n e .

E x a n, ch , 3 5 16 ; ( a , (4 , Er ich ; 51 , fl y ; a , a , fi g ht ; at , 3 9s, & c

'

. .

B e g inn er s wil l fin d i t u s e ful t o t r ac e t h e l et t e r s on t r an s par e nt paper , t i l l

t h ey kn o w t h em well , an d c an wr it e t h e m fl u e n tl y an d c o r r e c t l y .

4 . Th e f o ll o wi ng ar e th e so u nd s wh i c h ar e r e
p r e s e nt e d in th e D evami
g ar i

S 1b 11ants .
V o we ls .

I . G ut t u r al s , Eli la
“

ETki t 71
9
“
E:
9h 3 a
?
(x )
2 . Pal at al s, ‘
i l ch 3 chh Ff j W 71 31 s
3 L i
. n
g u a l s , z ! 3 al
l
m7} Q 3 71 E
g i r she

4 D e n t al s
.
, at
“
v1 t h a d 71 n I! s
4
5 L a
.bi al s, up a b H m x (95) E u 3 5 22

U n m o di fie d N as al or A n u s vfi r a, 751 o r

Unm o di fie d S i bi l ant or V i s ar g a, It .

1 In t h e V e da
‘ ‘

3 d an d a db, i f b et we e n t wo vo wel s , ar e in cer t ai n s ch o o l s wr i tt en

5 l an d BEE l b .

2
E h is no t p p ro er l
y a li qu i d, bu t a so ft br eat h i ng .

3 m et i m es
a v is so c all e d D e nt o -
l ab i al .

4
Th e si
g ns f o r t h e g u tt ur al an d l ab i al s i bi l ant s h ave b e co m e o b s o l et e, an d ar e r e pl ac e d
by t h e t wo d o t s 2 é .
 TH E A L PH A B ET .
5

S t u d e nt s sh o u ld be c au t i o n e d ag ai n s t u s i ng t h e Ro ma n l e tt e r s in s te a d o f
th e D e van z
’
ig ar i wh e n b egi nni ng t o l e ar n S a ns kr i t Th e par ad ig m s s h o ul d .

b e i m pr e s s e d o n th e m e m o r y i n t h e ir r e al a n d n at i ve f o r m o t h e r wi s e t h e ir ,

fir s t i m pr e s s i o ns wi l l b e c o m e u n s e t t l e d and i n di s t i nc t A f t e r s o m e pr o g r e s s .

h as b e e n m ade i n m as te r i ng t h e gr am m ar and i n r eadi ng S an s kr i t t h e Ro m an ,

al h ab e t m a b e u s e d s afe l y a n d wi t h a d van t a e
p y g .

5 Th er e ar e
. fi ft y l etter s i n t h e D e van é ar i al h ab e t
g p t hi r ty s e ven ,
-

c o n s o n an t s an d t h i r t ee n vo we l s r e r e s e nt i n e ve r y so u n d o f t h e S an s kr i t
p g ,

l ang u ag e .

6 . O ne l et t e r , th e l o ng 72 f
I, i s m e r e l y a
g r amm at i cal i nve nt i o n ;
n ever o c c ur s i n th e k e n l an u a e
s
p o
g g .

7 . T wo s o u nd s , t h e gu t t u r al an d l ab i al s i bil ant s , ar e no w wi t h o u t
d is t i nct ive r e s e nt at i ve s in th e D h ab e t Th e y ar e
evan a ar i al c all e d
re
p p g .

Ji h vci mzi l éy a , t o ngu e -r o o t s i bil ant , fo r m e d n e ar t h e b a se o f t h e to

'
th e n
g ; ue

an d Up a d bmdnfy a , i . e . a fil an d u s , t h e l abi al si bil ant . Th e y ar e s ai d to h ave

been re
p r e s e nt e d by th e si
gn s X ( c all e d V aj r ci /cr i ti , h avin g t h e s h ape o f t h e
t h u n d er bo l t) an d
( c all e d Gaj a /cumbh dkri ti h avi ng t h e s h ape o f an ,

el e
ph an t
’
s t wo fr o n t al b o ne s) .
[S e e V 0 a d e va
p
’
s S an s kr i t G r am m ar , 1 . 1 8
H i st o r y f A n c i ent S an s kr i t Li t er at u r e , p
o . S o m et i m es t h e si
g n

c all e d A r d h a vzs a r g a, h al f - V i sar a , i s

-
g u s ed fo r
'

b o th . B ut in co mm o n
wr i t i ng t h e s e t wo si
g n s ar e n o w re
pl ace d by t h e t wo d o t s , t h e D vi vi nd u

( d vi ,
t wo, vi ndu , d o t , ) pr o pe r l y t h e s i gn o f th e u nm o di fie d V i s ar ga . Th e
o ld si
g n o f t h e V i s ar g a i s d e s c r i b e d i n t h e Kéit an t r a li ke t h e figu r e 8 4 ;
as

i n t h e Tant r éibhi dh an a as li ke t wo 8 th ’
s .
( S e e Pr i n s e p I n di an A n t i qui t i e s ,
,

vo l . 1.
p .

8 Th e r e five di s t i n c t l et t e r s fo r t h e five n as al s , 4 71,

“
v
i i, m\ n 3
. ar e
3 i , n,

m, t h e r e wer e i n al l y five di s t i n c t s i n s f o r t h e five s i b il ant s

o ri W h
( as
g g e n ,
.

i n t h e m i d dl e o f wo r d s , t h e s e n a s al s a r e fo ll o we d by c o n s o n an t s o f t h e ir o wn

cl as s ,
( by k ki 9 9
77. h i i by c k ch h j
, j h qt,b y ,{h d d b n b y t M , , ,
t , , , , ,

d d h ; m by p p k b bh ) t h e y ar e o ft e n f o r t h e s a ke o f m o r e e x pe di t i o u s
, , , , , ,

wr i t i ng r epl ac e d by t h e d o t wh i ch i s pr o pe r l y t h e s i gn o f t h e u nm o di fie d
, ,

n as al o r A nu svar a . Th u s we fin d

i n s t e ad o f W a nki td .

i n s t e ad o f m a ficki t d .
9

i ns t ead o f 5 3
1 3
1 711 kundi tci .

fifam in st e ad o f H z m na ndi tci

f .

hm
W i n st e ad f ka mp ztd
'
‘

o 3 .

h
Th e pr o nu n c at o n r em ai n s u n affect e d by t h i s s t yl e o f wr i t i ng
i i fi fii fl .

m u s t b e p r o n o u n ce d a s if i t we r e wr i t t e n mfg «n a nki t d , 81 0
-
.

Th e s am e appl i e s t o fin al a m a t t h e e n d o f a s e n t e nc e Th i s t o o , .
6 THE A L PH A B ET .
9

th o u
g h fr e q u e n t l y wr i t t e n an d
p r i nt e d wit h t h e d o t a b o ve t h e li n e, i s t o

b e pr o n o u n c e d a s I 772
t . 1 , i s t o b e pr o n o u n c e d
m a h am . ( S e e Pr e f ace

t o H i t o pad e s a, i n M M
’
. .
’
s H an d b o o k s f o r t h e S t u d y o f S an s kr i t , p . vi ii .
)
No t e —
A cco r d i ng t o t h e Kau m ar as fi nal 3
1 m i n p aus ci m ay b e
’

p r o n o u n ce d a s A nu s var a
cf . S ar a s vat i -Pr ak r iya, ed . B o mb ay, 1 82
9 pp 1 2 an d I 3
. . M S W W I
2 13 111191 an 1 2 13 1111 3 1 15 511 8 11 1) Rafa as 1 a? 1 Es au
s Th e Kau m ar as th e
3 8 1 . ar e

f o l l o wer s o f Ku m é r a, t h e re p ut ed au t h o r o f t h e KAt ant r a or Kal a p a g r a m m ar .

( S ee
C o l ebr o o k e , S an s k r i t Gr am m ar , Pr ef a ce ; an d p ag e 31 5 , no t e .
) S
'
ar vavar m an i s q u o ted by
m i s t ak e as th e au t h o r o f t h i s g r amm ar , an d a d i st i n ct i o n i s so m et i m e s m a d e b et we en th e
Kau m fir as an d t h e f o l l o wer s o f t h e Kal a p a
g r amm ar .

9 . B e s i de s x pr e s si ng t h e n as al s o u n d as m o di fie d
t h e five n as al l e t t er s , e

by g u t t u r al , p al at al li n u al
g , d e n t al an d l ab i al pr o n u n i at i o n t h e r e ar e s t ill
, , c ,

t h r ee n a s ali z e d l ett er s t h e i
i 2i7 5 or f
, fi
t g t i
if 7 ii w h i
, c h ar e u s e d t o
, , , , , , ,

r e s e nt m i f f ll fin al
w d b i i t i l l d m di fi d
“
re
p R ,
a
o o e
y a n n a
g y ,
a ,
l v, a n o e c

by t h e pr o n u n ci at i o n o f t h e s e t h r e e s em ivo wel s (Pai n V I I I 4 , . . .

mm yd ti we m ay wr i t e ai mfit
'
Th u s i n s t e a d o f 11e d t i
y ;

i n s t ead o f Ti B i fi t a ml a blza t e we m ay wr i t e né afi t a ;l a bha te

i n s t e ad o f i t 6:1n "
mmva h a ti we m ay wr i t e f ézfir t aii vah a ti .

O r in co m po s i t i o n,

Hun t s a mydnam
"

ij Hfifi i m;
‘

or sa yc na

Ea s t wa ml a bd h a m o r fi x ; s afl a bd h a m ;
W fi f s a fi wa h a ti o r H§ g fir s aiiva h a t i .

B u t n ever if t h e "m
x
s t an d s i n t h e b o dy o f a wo r d , s u ch as m c my a b
no r if th e s e m i vo we l re
pr e s e n t s an o r i g i n al vo wel , e .
g Ri.
g
-
ve d a x . 1 2
3 , 3 .

mi 3
‘

m i 3 am u d r a m, ch a n
g ed t o Har t - m m
I 11 6 71 172.

5) 10 . Th e o nl y c o n s o n a nt s wh i c h h ave no co r r es
p o n di n
g n as al s ar e

m s it s h, h A fi nal m t h f b f o f t h e s e l ett er s at
\
, 1
1 s,
g .

f I
, e r e o r e ,
e o r e an
y
th e b e g i nn i n g o f wo r d s , c an o nl y h e r e r e s e nt e d by t h e
p n eu t r al o r u nm o di
fie d n as al , th e A n u s var a .

i
T mfi? ta m r a ks h a ti . O r in co m
p o siti o n, fimfi s afizm ks h a ti .

7i 3
1m t a m égi no ti ’
.
W mwzwti
sa .

H m t t a m s ka /cci m m
'

. m s amsh gh i vq ti
'
.

i Ht fir ms ar a ti fint fir s a nzs ar a ti
’

T ta . .

Ti fi t h ti xi gt fir s a fizh a r a ti
’
'

g t i a nz a r a . .

I I . In th e b o dy o f a wo r d t h e o nl y l e tt er s whi ch c an be pr e ce d e d by
Th i s e d i t i o n, wh i ch h as l at el y b een re p r i nt e d , c o nt ai ns t h e t e t — x as cr ib e d e i t h er to Vani
h er s el f, i . e . S ar as vat i , t h e g o d d e s s o f s p e ech ( M S B o dl . . or t o A nubh fit i - s var fipa—ach ar ya,

wh o ever t h at m ay b e an d a c o m m ent ar y Th e co m m ent ar y r i nt e d i n t h e B o mb ay e d i t i o n s i s

—
. p
c al l e d N W
T, o r i n M S B o d l 3 82 B EN T, i s N I n M S B o di 3 82 M ah i dh ar a o r
. . . . .
W . . . .

Mah i d fis ab h atta i s s ai d t o h ave wr i t t e n t h e S ér asvat a i n or d er t h at h i s ch il dr e n m i gh t r ea d it ,

an d to pl eas e Isa , th e Lo r d . Th e d at e g ive n i s 1 63 4, th e pl ac e B e nar e s, ( S i var Aj adh ani )
'
 1 6 . TH E A L PH A B ET .
7

A nu s var a ar e a ( s, al l ,
a g s, it . T h u s zist: a fizéa b, sir
w d h a ml rh s h i , uni ts y a éd fiwi , ’

fi g: si mka b . B e fo r e t h e s e mi vo we l s 1
1 y ,
Q r ,
l, t h e 8 m, i n t h e bo d y
1
o f a wo r d, i s ne ve r c h ang e d i nt o A nu s vfir a . Th u s 71 W } g a my a t e , we : na mr a lz,

l ira: a ml a lz . In W : éa fizyo lz ( RV . I .
43 4 , , t h e fit s ta n ds but
no t in m fi a sd m y a t
a i ( S ee .

1 2 W i th t h e e x cept i o n
. f Ji h vdmd l iya x x ( t o ng u e -r o o t l e t t e r ), Up a d lu
o

md ni y a x
'

f (
() to be br e at h e d u po n ), A nusvci r a 7h (aft er - so und ), V is a r g a la
( e m i s s i o n , s ee T ai t t . 111 .
p . 23 a
) , and Rep ka r
( bur r i n
g ), all l et te r s
ar e n am e d i n S an s k r i t by a d di n
g kd ra (m ak i n
g) t o t h e ir s o u nd s . Th u s
an a is c al l e d W : a kdr a ll ; Hi Ica , W : &c .

1
3 . Th e vo wel s , i f i ni ti al , ar e wr i t t e n,
W , W I , {3 i W fl : , , a , (Q ) , 3 , 3 , 2, 3 ,
‘ fi, fi '

21,
' ’
a, a, i , i, i é
r , z,
’
a, e, ai , o,

if t h e y fo l l o w a c o n s o n ant , th e y ar e wr i t t e n wi t h t h e fo ll o wi ng s ig ns
3
1, f, i , , , (g ) , o , , ,
i Q a

a, d, i , i , ri , (If), u, d, e, ai , 0, an .

Th er e i s o ne e x c e pt io n . If th e vo wel s
q _ f o l
ril o ws t h e co n s o nan t
( r , it
r e t ai ns i t s i ni t i al f o r m , an d th e r i s wr i t t e n o ver it . Ex . Fafifir ni r gi t i lz
‘
.

In ce r t ai n wo r d s wh i c h t o l er a t e an h i at u s i n t h e bo d y o f t h e wo r d , th e
s e co n d vo wel i s wr i t t e n i n i t s i ni t i al fo r m . Ex . fil m o a
g g ,r a ad j .
p r e ce d e d

by fi fi m g o aéva m,
'

co ws , i ns t ead o f t sa
9 0 {am o r I rena g a vdg m ; r
'
ss co ws and

h o r s es ; mm p r a ij g a y o k e , f ans ti ta ii , s i eve
'

14 . E ver y c o n s o n an t , i f wr it t e n by i t s el f, i s su
pp o sed t o b e fo ll o we d by
a sh o r t a . Th u s a; i s no t pr o n o u n ce d k, b ut Ica 11 no t y , bu t y a . B ut Hi k
or an
y o t h er c o n s o nant , i f fo ll o we d by an
y vo wel e x c ept a, i s pr o n o u nc e d
wit h o u t t h e i nh er e nt a. Th u s
an led , fa: I n
, as In ,
”

3 h . i,
1 m ,
g [ di , (3 kgz),
3 1 m,
E M i f , 16 3 , a ka i,

fi Ico a? la w
‘
c
, .

Th e o nl y pec u l iar i t y i s th at sh o r t f i is a
pp ar e n tl y wr itt e n b e fo r e t h e co n

s o n an t aft er wh i ch i t i s s o u n de d . T hi s ar o se f r o m t h e fac t t h at in t h e
e ar li e s t fo r m s f t h e I n d i an ab et t h e l o n a n d s h o r t i s wer e b o t h
’
alh
o
p g
wr i t t e n o ver th e c o n s o n an t , t h e s h o r t i i n cli ni ng t o t h e l e ft , t h e l o n g i

i n cl i ni ng t o th e ri
g h t A ft er war d s t h ese t o p-m ar k s wer e , f o r th e s ak e o f
.

d i s t i nc tn e s s , dr awn acr o s s t h e t o li n e , s o as t o b eco m e fai an d d i , i n s te a d

p
-

o f 9: an d
( S e e Pr i n s e
p
’
s I n di a n A n ti q ui t ie s , e d T h o m as , . vo l . II.
p .

1 5 . If a co ns o n an t i s t o b e pr o n o u nce d wi t h o u t any vo wel a ft er i t , t h e

c o ns o n ant is s ai d to be fo l l o we d by V i r ama , i e s t o ppag e , wh i ch i s m a r k e d . .

by
~

Thu s m u s t b e wr i t te n “ T ; Ica r , er g ; i t ; ( i
a le
“
.

1 6 If c o n s o nan t i s fo l l o we d i m m e d i at el y b an o t h e r c o n s o n a nt , th e
. a
y
t wo or t h r ee or fo u r or fi ve or mo r e c o n so nant s ar e wr i t t e n i n o ne
g ro u
p
 8 TH E A L PH A B E T .
l 7

( my g )
sa
o a . Th u s a tka i s wr it t e n El ma; a lp a i s wr i tt e n watt ; c r ts nya is
wr i t t e n Hi nd i . Th es e g r o u ps o r c o mpo u n d c o n s o n ant s m u s t be l e ar nt by

p r act i c e . It i s e as y, h o weve r , t o di s c o ve r s o m e e n e r al l aws i n t h e i r fo r m a

g
t io n . Th u s t h e pe r pe n d i cul ar an d h o r i z o nt al l i n es ar e
g e n e r al l y dr o pt i n
o ne o f t h e l et t er s :
Q + a = fi tva ; q + w
—
1H s ic/ m; i + t r = w ch ya ;
w + w= wp ta ; w + a = w lcta; q + w +s =
a ktva ; ktya .

1 7 . Th e t
\
r f o ll o wi ng a c o n s o n ant i s wr i tt e n by a sh o r t t r an s ver s e

str o ke at t h e fo ot f t h e l e t t er ; + = m or an lf r a ; 3 +t = a gr a ;
o as
§ t
1
=a a 1m ; dr a = sh im
E + t or ;
s z
+ + t r .

Th e
g r p r e ce d i n
g a co ns o nan t i s wr it t e n by pl ace d at th e t o p.
o f th e
c o ns o n a nt b efo r e whi c h i t i s t o b e s o u nded . Th u s wa+ a : was ar ka a n
d
.

+ n= fi var s h m a Th i s si n f o r t r i s pl ac e d t o t h e ri h t f t h er
E .
g \ g o an
y o

m ar k s at th e t 0p o f the s am e l et te r . Ex . 31 3 a r ka m ; wfim a r kena ; fi g

ar kend fl .

5
3 1c fo l l o we d by i t ah i s wr i tt en a o r a ks h a .

Vj fo l l o we d by 31 i i i s wr i t te n i t j fia “
.

is m e t i m e s wr i tt en
so i
gj h .

t r
\
by 3 1: a nd a 22 i s wr i tt e n 5 m $ 722
fo ll o we d " ‘

, .

a d fo l l o we d by 3 u an d as 22 i s wr i t t e n g d a dd
E
’

.
,
\

s l é par t i c u l ar l y i n co m b in at i o n wi t h o t h e r l e tt e r s i s fr e q u e ntl y wr itte n “

\
,
I ,

Ex .
v
i sa ; v
1 62
.
; wér a .

1 8 Th e . si
g n o f V i r ama pp g ( s to a e
) ,
wh i c h i f pl a ce d at t h e f o o t o f a
c o ns o n an t , s h o ws t h at i t s i nh er e nt s h o r t a i s s t o ppe d , i s so m e t i m es , wh e n i t
i s di ffi cu l t t o wr i t e ( or t o pr i nt ) t wo or t h r ee c o ns o n ant s in o ne
g ro u
p pl,ac e d
aft er o ne o f th e c o n s o n an t s t h us
fi at i n s t e ad o f 3 3; g un/r te .

1 T h f t h V i ram a , h o weve r , i s a t t h e e n d o f a s e nt e nc e ,
9 e
p p
ro
. e r u s e o e

or o r t i o n o f a s e n t e nc e t h e l a s t wo r d o f wh i ch e n d s i n a co n s o n ant
p ,
.

A t the end o f a s e nt e n c e, o r of a h al f -
ver s e , t h e si
g n I is u sed ; at the

e nd o f a ver s e , o r of a l o ng er s e n t en ce , th e si n l l
g .

( d d lui kdr a ) i s u s ed in m o s t e d i t i o ns
’

20 . Th e si
g n 3 A vag r a h a or A r to
m ar k t h e e li s i o n o f an i ni t i al 33 a , a ft e r a fin al 0 or E 8 . Ex . $1 q 30
’
p i
f o r t fi a ft ! s o “

ap i , i . e .
W wfiz s as ap i ; Es t a te ’
p i f or It Wfit te ap i .

L is t f
o Co mp o und Co ns o na nts .

a Ic lca , -
“

ll ? k kh a ,
a —
EH k -
ch a , a; k —
t a, $
57 k t y a, — —
a; k t - -
r a, k t- -
r —
y a,

i i k t va , a;k na , an k n y a, Tfi l k ma, an k y a , E Hi 7M E? 3 51 k
’
”
01
‘
a, -
r -
y ,
— — ‘ ‘
- - - - -
01 a

g . Ic l a , a Ic k v ya , k s h a , rs? Ic s h ma , 231 k ah y a , rs lc ah va
‘ ’ "

gt
—
va , i
- - -
21 —
— - — - - -

E T [ck ya , -
q lch -
ra ; —
w g
-
y ,
a a g -
r a, W g -
r -
y a —
n gh -
na , g: g h -
n -
a
y ,
w g h m a -
, m h
g y a , a g h
- -
ra ; —
g
‘

n t a t
,
-
g
t n k ta ,
- —

a n k t ya ,
- - —
a a lc-y a ,
T
10 TH E A L PH A B ET . 22

Th u s cI s t an d s f o r 1! e o f can ekah, o ne .
A
i t st ands f o r 3 d v o f E T dua u, t wo .

3 s t an d s fo r H tr o f t r ag a h, t h r e e .

8 s t an d s f o r 3 ch o f m c h a tvdr a h f o ur
, .

I s t an d s
- fo r q p f W a fi ch a, fi ve
‘

o
p .

Th e s i m i l ar i t
y b eco m es m o r e e vi d e nt b y c o m ar i ng t h e l e t t er s an d n u m er al s a s u s e d i n p
an ci e nt i n s cr i t i o ns p
S e e W o e pck e, M ém o i r e s u r l a Pr o ag at i o n d e s C h ifi r e s I n d i en s ,
.
’ ’
p
i n Jo ur n al A s i at i qu e, v 1
’

s e r i e, to m e 1 ; Pr i n sep
’
s I n d i an A nt i q u it i es b y Th o m as , vo l . II .

P 7 5 C hi 0 p s fr o m a Ger m an W o r k s h o p , vo l . 11 . p . 2 89 .

P r o nunci a ti o n .

b e pr o n o u n c e d i n ac c o r d an ce wi th t h e
‘

22 . Th e S an s kr i t l ett er s sh o u l d

t r an s cr i pt i o n g i ve n
p a
g e 4 . Th e f o l l o wi n g r ul e s , h o wever , ar e t o b e
o b s er ved
I . Th e wel s s h o u l d b e pr o n o u n c e d li k e t h e vo wel s i n I t al i an Th e s h o r t a
vo . a,

h o wever , h as r at h e r t h e s o u n d o f t h e E ngl i sh a i n A m er i c a
’
.

2 . Th e as
pir at i o n o f th e c o n s o n an t s s h o u l d b e h ear d di s t in c tl y . Th u s I? kh
is by E ngli s h s c h o l ar s wh o h ave l e ar nt S an s kr i t in I n di a, t o s o u n d
s ai d ,

al m o s t li k e [ch i n i nk h o r n In i h li k e i h i n p o th o u se ui p h l i k e p h ‘

in t o ph eav y tr
g h li ke g h in l o gh o u s e i t dh l ike dh in
‘
m adh o u s e bl bh li ke hh i n H o b h o u se .
’
Thi s , no d o u bt , i s a

so m ewh at e x ag ger at e d d e s cr i pt i o n , b u t i t i s well i n l e ar ni ng S an s k r i t

t o di s t i n gu i s h fr o m t h e fir s t t h e pi r at e d f r o m t h e u n as i r a t e d l ett e r s
as
p
by p i g t
r o no u n c n h e f o r m er wi t h an u nmi s t ak ab l e e m ph a s i s .

3 . Th e g u t t u r al 3 n h a s t h e s o u n d
? o f no i n k in g .
’

4 . Th e pal at al l e t t e r s a ch an d
‘

aj h ave t h e so und o f ch in c h u r ch
’
an d

o f j in ‘
j o in .
’

5 . Th e lin g u al l e tt er s ar e s aid t o b e pr o n o u n ce d by b r i ngi n g t h e l o wer

s u r f ac e o f t h e t o n u e a ai n s t t h e r o o f o f t h e
g g pal at e A s a m att e r o f .

fac t t h e o r din ar y p r o n u n c i at i o n o f t, d , i n E n gli s h i s wh at H in du s

n

wo u l d c all l ingu al , an d it i s e s s en t i al to di s t i n gu i s h t h e S an s kr i t d ent al s

by br i ngi ng t h e t ip o f t h e t o ng u e g a ai n s t th e Ver y e dge o f th e u
pp er

fr o nt t e et h -
. In t r an s c r i in g b E n gli s h wo r d s the n at i ve s n at u r all y

re
p r e s e nt th e E n gli s h d e n t al s by t h e ir li n gu al s ,
no t by t h ei r o wn
d e nt al s e .
g f fi a
.

i g
z D i r e ktar ” fi ne G a var nm en l , ,
&c .
*

6 Th e V i s ar g a, Ji h vd mzi l zya an d Up a d h md ni ya w ar t i c u l a t e d
‘
. ar e no t no

7 . Th e d ent al R s s o u nd s lik e 3 in si n,
’
t h e li n gu al El s h l i ke sh in sh u n ,
’

t h e pal at al 5 1 97 li k e 33 in s e s si o n .
’

B u hl er , M a dr as L it er ar y Jo ur nal Febr u ar y, 1 86 4 , . Raj en dr al al M it r a, O n th e O r i g i n

o f t h e H i n dvi L ang u ag e , Jo u r n al ’
o f t h e A s i at i c S o ci ety , B eng al , 1 86 4 , p .
5 9
0 .
 24 , R ULE S O F S A ND H I .
11

A hu s vzir a i s y s li g h t
’
Th e r e al s o u nd e d as a ve r n a s al , li ke n i n F r e nc h bo n .
’

If t h e d o t i s u s ed as a g ra
ph i c si
g n i n pl ac e o f t h e o t h e r five n as al s i t
m u st , o f co u r se , b e pr o no u n ce d li ke t h e n as al whi c h i t r e pr e se nt s

C H A PTE R II .

RUL E S OF S A ND H I O R TH E C O MB I N A T I O N OF LE TTE B s .

23 . I n S a n s kr i t ever y s e nt e n ce is c o n s i d er e d as o ne un br o k e n c h ain

o f s yll abl e s . E x c ept wh e r e t h er e i s a sto

p w
,
h i c h we sh o u l d m ar k b y
i nt e r pu nc t i o n , t h e fin al l e tt e r s o f e ach wo r d ar e m ad e t o co al e s c e wi t h t h e
i ni ti al l e t t er s o f t h e fo ll o wi ng wo r d . Thi s c o al e s c e n ce o f final an d i ni ti al
l et t e r s , ( o f vo wel s wi t h vo wel s , o f co n s o n ant s wi t h c o n s o n an t s , an d o f
co n s o n an t s wi t h vo we l s , ) i s c al l e d S a ndh i .

As ce r t ai n l e tt er s i n S an s kr i t ar e i n co m pat i bl e wi t h e ac h o t h er , i . e.

c an no b e pr o n o u n ce d o n e i m m e di at el y aft er t h e o t h e r , t h e y h ave t o be
t

m o d i fie d o r as s imil at e d i n o r d e r t o fac ili t at e t h eir pr o n u n c i ati o n Th e r u l e s , .

a cco r di ng t o whi ch e it h e r o ne o r b o th l e t t er s ar e t h u s m o di fie d, ar e call e d

th e r u l es o f S a ndh i .

As a c c o r di n
g t o a
g e n er al r u l e t h e wo r d s i n a s e nt en ce m u s t t h u s b e gl u ed
t o g et h er , t h e m er e a b s en ce o f S an dh i i s i n m any c as e s s u ffi c i e nt t o m ar k t h e

s to
pswh i ch i n o t h er l ang u ag e s h ave t o b e m ar ke d b y sto
p s. Ex .
m
3 3 17 “ u m a s tvag ni mci h ci tmy a m, i nd r as tu d evei nci m ma h a t t a m ah, Le t
‘ ’

t h er e b e t h e gr e at n e s s f A g ni ; n e ver t h el e s s I n dra i s t h e gr e at e s t f th e
'

o o

g o ds .

D i s ti ncti o n between E x ter na l a nd I nt er na l S a nd h i .

24 . It is e s s e nt i al ,
in o r d er to avo id c o nf u s i o n , t o di s t in gui s h b e tw e e n
th e r u l es o f S an dh i wh i ch d e t er m i n e t h e ch an e s
g o f fin al an d i ni t i al l e tt e r s
o f wo r d s ( p a d)a b e,t w an d
ee n t h o s e o t h er o f S an dhi wh i c h a
pp l y t o r u l es

t h e final l e tt er s o f ver b al r o o t s ( d hci tu ) an d n o mi n al b as e s ( p r d tip a di ka ) wh e n

'

fo l l o we d by c er t ai n t er mi nat i o n s o r s u ffi x e s Th o u gh b o th ar e b as e d o n t h e .

s am e
ph o n et i c
pr i n ci l e s
p an d ar e so m et im es id ent i c al , t h e ir pp li cati o n i s
a

differ e nt F o r sh o r t n e s s
.
’
s ake i t will b e b est to a
ppl y t h e n am e o f E x t er na l

A cco r di n g t o S an sk r i t g r amm ar i an s t h e r e al A n u s véi r a i s r o n o u n ce d i n t h e n o s e p o nl

y,
th e p
fi ve n as al s b y t h e i r r es e ct i ve o r g ans an d t h e n o se S i d dh - Kau m t o Pai n 1 . . 1, 9 .

m
. . .

W m HTF
RE F E ( w i mw mm i é M W ) 11 "
a nunas i ka , n as a li z e d ,
‘
Th e r e al A nu s vzi r a i s t h er ef o r e
’ ‘
nas i kya , n as al ; t h e five n as al s ar e

i . e . p r o no u nce d b y t h eir o wn o r g an o f s p e e ch , a nd u tt e r e d th r o ugh th e no se .

C Z
12 RULES OF E X TE RNA L S A ND H I . 25

S a nd hi or P a d a S a nd hi t o t h e wh i ch t ak e pl ace at t h e m e eti ng o f
c h an g e s

fin al an d i ni t i al l et t er s o f wo r d s , an d t h at o f I nt er na l S a ndh i t o t h e c h an g e s

p ro d u ce d by t h e m ee t i ng o f r a di c al an d f o r m at i ve e l e m ent s .

Th e r u l es wh i ch a
pp l y t o fi n al a n d i ni t i al l e tt er s o f wo r d s ( p a d a )appl y , wi t h

few e x c ept i o n s , to t h e fin al an d i n it i al l ett er s o f t h e c o m po n en t par t s o f c o m

p o u n d s , an d li k ewi s e t o t h e fin al l e t t er s o f no mi n al b a s e s ( pr d tip a di lca )wh en fo l

l o we d by th e s o c al l ed P a d a t er m i n at i o n s (R fi bhyci m fit : bh i h w: hhya h g su)
- -
‘

, , ,
"

o r by s e co n d ar y ( t a d d h i t a )s u ffi x e s b e gi nni ng wi t h any co n s o n an t s e x cept t y

r .

Th e ch ang e s pr o d u c e d by t h e c o n t act o f i n c o mpat i bl e l e t t er s i n t h e b o d y

of a wo r d sh o u l d ro er l y b e t r e at e d u n d er t h e h e ad s of d ec l e n s i o n
p p ,

co nj u at i o n an d d er i vat i o n I n m an y c a s e s i t i s f ar e as i e r t o r e m em b e r
g ,
.

t h e wo r d s r e a dy m a d e fr o m t h e di c t i o n ar y o r t h e gr a mm at i c al par ad igm s
-
,

fr o m t h e gr am m ar t h an t o ac qu i r e t h e c o m pl i c at e d r u l e s wi t h t h e ir
,

n u m e r o u s e x c ept i o n s whi c h ar e g e n e r al l y d e t ai l e d i n S an skr i t gr amm ar s

u nder t h e h e ad o f S an dh i . It i s e as i er t o l e ar n t h at t h e par t i c ipl e pas s i ve

o f fa
g
l i h , t o li ck , i s m l i dh a h, t h an t o r em em b er th e r u l e s acco r di n
g t o

h +i ar e c h an d
1 ge

{ l i s d r o pt an d t h e vo wel l engt h e n e d : wh il e i n
W TI: p ar i vzi h t a h,
'
c

t h e vo wel , u n d er t h e s am e c ir c u m s t an c e s , r e m ai n s sh o r t ; p a r i vr i h ta h

p a r i vr i dh ta h , p a r i vr i d d h a h =p ar i vri d dh a h = p a r i vr i dh a h f
. I n Gr e ek
an d L at in n o r u l e s ar e gi ven w i t h r e ar d t o ch an e s o f t h i s ki n d
g g . If t h e y
t o b e gi ve n at al l i n S an s k r i t r amm ar s , t h ey s h o u l d, to avo i d c o nfu s i o n ,
ar e
g
be k ept pe r f ectl y di s t in ct f r o m t h e r u l e s aff e c t in g t h e final an d i ni ti al l et ter s
o f wo r ds as br o ugh t t o geth er i n o ne an d t h e s am e s ent enc e .

Cl as sifica ti o n f
o V o wels .

25 . V o wel s ar e divi d e d i nto sh o r t

( h )
r a sva , l o n
g ( d i )
r g ha ,
pan d r o t r ac t e d

( p l u t a
) vo we l s . Sho rt vo we l s h ave o ne m e as ur e (md tr ci ), l o ng vo wel s t wo ,
t r acte d vo wel s t h r ee
p ro .
( n
Pa . 1 . 2, A c o n s o n ant is s ai d t o l a s t h alf

t h e t im e o f a s h o r t vo wel .

I . Sho rt vo wel s :
g , i 3 u , p i
‘H a
, ,Q ii ‘

a “
.

2 Lo ng vo we l s : m d, i i , as 12, y , I! c , Q a i , o , a? a n
”
.

; fl .

Pr o tr ac t e d vo wel s a r e i ndi c at e d by t h e fi u r e W d i
3 .
g 33 a
3, 3 3 t 3 3,
, i

i s i 3 , R Q 8
3 ,
SIB 3 a n 3 S o m e t i m e s w e fi n d w 3 g ,
a
3 i .
,
i n s t e ad o f
or w d i t d f fi
3 a,
‘
3 , 3 u ,
n s e a o d a
3 .

26 . V o wel s ar e li k ewi s e di vi d e d in t o
I . M o n o ph th o ng s (s a mdnd ks h a r a): w a E Td, {i , , i i, 3 u, Hi 12, 55 pi ,
“ “

a l , TEi15
2 . D iph t h o ng s (s a ndhy a lcs h a r a ) : E c, Q a i as} o , ,
i fi da .

5) A ll vo wel s ar e li abl e t o b e nas al i z e d , o r t o b ec o m e a nunci s ika ‘

27 .
 33 , R UL ES or E XTE RNA L S A ND H I . 13

28 . V o wel s ar e ag ai n di vi d e d i nt o li gh t ( l ag ku ) and h e avy (g ur u ) . Th is

divi s i o n i s i mpo r t ant fo r m et r i cal pur po s e s o nl y .

1 . Li gh t vo we l s ar e W a, r i gs: i
!, i f no t fo l l o we d by a do u bl e c o ns o nant .

2. H e avy vo wel s ar e m d, i t, 3 5 12, a r t, 2 e, a a i , v? o, 1 3 a n, an d an

y
s h o r t vo wel , i f fo ll o we d by m o r e t h an o ne co n s o nan t .

V o wel s l as tl y , d i vi d e d a cco r di n i nt o
29 . ar e ,
g t o ac c e nt , a cut e
( udat ta ) ,

v ( anu d att a ) an d ci r cu m fi ea e d
( s var it a ) Th e ac u t e vo we l s r o n o un c e d
’

g r a e ar e
, .
p
wi th a r ai s e d t o ne , t h e g r ave vo we l s wi th a l o w, t h e c ir c u m fl e x e d wi t h a n e ve n

t o ne .
( Pan . I . 2, 29 A cc e nt s ar e m ar k e d i n V e di c l i t e r a t ur e o nl y .

Guna V r i a dh i
'
a nd .

3 0 . Gu na i s t h e s t r e ngt h e ni n g o f i, i i, 3 ii , a 12, a pi ,
i r t, a: ti , by
m ean s f r e ce di n g wh ic h r ai s es i an d
i i to ( u an d 3 5 12 t o 1 h 0,
“

o a
p a a, { e, 3

a yi an d
a t t o a t a r , z5 l i t o 357
3 al
( n
Pa I. I
'

r \
. .
,

By a r e et i t i o n o f t h e
p s am e
p r o ce s s t h e V ri d dhi ( i n cr e as e
) vo we l s ar e

fo r m e d, vi z . Q ai i n s t ead o f 2 e, a ? an i n s t e ad o f E h 0, m ar in s te a d o f mg o r ,

an d
”
ar e
; d l i n s t ead of flat-5 a l ( Pa n I. . . I , I .
)
V o wel s ar e t hu s di vi d e d ag ain i nt o
I . S i m pl e vo wel s : E t a, ma i
“

,
i, i t, a n, 3 2,
1 i
a ,
r t
a , r a li .

2 . Gu na vo wel s ze ( a i ), afio ( a a
), wea r ,
3
3 a] .

3 V r
.i ddh i vo wel s : an d i di fi du
m ir
a ,
m il
a .

m Gu n a
“

3 1 . at a an d a do no t t ak e ,
or, as o t h er g r amm ar i an s y, sa

r em ai n u n c h an e d aft er t aki ng Gu n a Th u s i n t h e fir s t per s o n s in o f th e

g .
g .

li
r e du c at e d r f ec t , wh i ch r e qu i r e s G u na o r V ri ddh i , a? b a n fo r m s wi th
p pe
!
Gu na m j ag h ana , o r wi t h V ri d dh i w ra j ag h d na , I h ave kill e d .

C o mbi na ti o n f
o V o we l s at th e end a nd beg i nni ng f
o wo r ds .

3 2 A s a
g e ner al r ul e , S an s kr i t all o ws o f no hi at u s ( vi vgi t t i ) in
'
. a

s ent e nce . I f a wo r d e nd s in a vo we l , and t h e ne xt wo r d b eg in s wi t h a

vo wel , c er t ai n m o di fic at i o n s t ak e pl ace i n o r d e r t o r e m o ve t h i s hi at u s .

33 . Fo r t h e pur po s e o f e x pl ai ni ng t h e c o m b i nati o n o f vo wel s , t h e y

m ay b e di vi d e d i nt o t wo cl as s es

I . Th o s e wh i ch ar e li ab l e t o b e c h an g e d i nt o s e mi vo we l s ,
i
g , i t, “
a u, 3 ii ,

"
ai i , i f ? al s o t h e di ph t h o n g s , E e, i ai , v) o, E fi au .

2 . Th o s e wh i ch ar e n o t, i t a, WI d .

C alli ng t h e fo r m e r li qu i d t h e l at t e r h ar d vo wel s , we m ay sa
y : If th e

'

Ri g -ve d a pr at is akh ya ,
'
Th e Pr at i s ak h ya
’
cal l s t h em ndmi n, fo r a d iff er e nt r e as o n ; s e e
-

ed . M M . .
,
p xx iii
. .
14 R UL E S or E XTE RN A L S A ND H I .
34

sam e vo wel ( g
l on or sh o r t
) o cc u r s at th e end an d b egi nni ng o f wd or s, the

r esul t i s t h e l o ng vo we l .
( Pan . v1 . 1 ,
Thu s

m ==
sn fi + fi = a
A

a o r arr or .

i i
’

Q or or z .

3 or or ii + ii = a .

r f + r 5= m
a
s or r
aw : o r =
n a
Ex W W m m fir u ktvd ap ag a ch ekh a ti u ktvdp ag a ckch h a ti ,
‘

h avi ng s
p k en h e
o
g o es awa y .

W i a r i sfi na d i a r i éi , s u ch a r i ve r
' ' ’
ai l z flfi g sfi na d i .

as
? 3 133 : ko r t ri r
ims ar t r ifj u , d o i n g ( n e u t er ) ri
g h t .

fi g ai fa z fi i afa ki nta na e t i ki n t zi d eti , b u t h e r i ses

‘ ’
r .

m m
.

Or i n c o po u nds i s? ,
ma h i i éa li m a h i éa lz, l o r d o f th e e ar t h .

5) 3 4 . If h ar d vo wel s (l o ng or sh o r t
) o c cu r at th e end o f a wo r d , an d th e

ne xt b eg i n s wi t h a l i qu i d vo we l ( x ce t
p e d iph t h o n g s ), t h e r e s ul t i s G u na o f
t he li qu i d vo we l .
( Pan . V I . 1 ,
T hu s

a or m gg
-- or
fi z z d + i z e
( )
ii i .

‘H o r or 5 4 5 0 ( an)
-
2 .

mor { ag ii + r i = a n ( Pan
'

E rr fl
i
-J
or z . 1 .

Ex . 713 13 : $3 3 : l a va i nd r a lz t a vend r a lz, t h in e i s I n dr a .

mm : t ha t s et a ki va so kt vd, sh e h avi ng s
p k en
o .

W fi: d a h i lz, t h i s we al t h
”
s et r i dd h i lz
'
1 at : fl s ar .

w warm Zi kd l t a va Z/cci r a lz, t h y l ett er l i

‘

War t: t ava r a i .

O r in co m po u n d s , mm W wrai th : c mya i s h ti lz kd my es h ti lz, an

o ffe r i n g f o r a c er t ai n bo o n .

f gfi 31 35 11 :
m : h i ta up a d eéa z l hi t op a d eéa lz, g o o d a d vi c e .

5) 3 5 . I f h ar d vo wel s ( g
l on or sh o r t
) o cc u r at th e e nd o f a wo r d , an d the

ne xt b egi n s wi t h a di ph t h o ng , t h e r esult i s V ri ddh i .

( Pan . v1 . 1 ,
Th u s
‘3 or 3 11 ? 4-
12 21

wor m +i =i M a z da
i t or m+= sh = afi

i s o r an + 3 =
fi = ssfi 3 + d u = aw
Ex . Her Ea : fi a t a va eva : t a va i va , o f t h ee o nl y .

{It QM? "

W s et a i ks hi s h a t s a i ks hi s h a , s h e s aw t .

T h e l ett er E i i i s l eft o ut , b e cau s e i t i s o f no p r act i cal u t i l i t

y . I t i s t r e at e d l ik e W ri , o nl
y
V i ddh i
‘

s u b st i t u t i ng l fo r i n Gu n a an d Th u s 172+ 3 13 3 s : li i— a nuba nd h alz b e co m es

“

Q g r r -
.

3 3 “ l a nuband h alz, i . e . h avi ng i i as i n d i cat o r y l e t e r

t .

1 S o m e g r am m ar i an s
‘
c o n s i d er t h e S an dh i o f ii wit h r i o pt i o n al , b u t t h ey re q u ir e th e

s h o r t e ni n
g o f t h e l o ng of . Ex . W + Efil t ¥ br a hma r s hi li or an

i f“: br a kma r i s hi i l , B r ah m a, a B i sh i .
 37 , R UL ES or E X TERNA L S A ND H I .
15

as W fi g : l a va o sh th a lz t a va us kth a lz, t h y li p .

“
RT
W W s ci a u t s uky a va t i s a u ts u k a va t i , s h e
y d e s ir o u s .

O r in co m po u nd s , r d ma + a zsva r
y m a
z r d ma i évar ya m ,
t h e l o r d s h ip o f Ram a .

lfi m fi q rq
' '

W ai t d a up a my a m s i ta u
p a mya m, s i m ilar it y wit h
S i t a, t h e wi fe o f Ram a .

e l i qu i d vo we l
3 6 . If a s im
p l ( g
l on or sh o r t
) o c c ur s at the e nd o f a

wo r d , an d th e n e x t b e gi n s wi t h an
y vo wel or diph t h o ng , t h e r es u lt is
c h an
g e o f t h e li qui d vo wel i nt o a s e m i vo wel .
( Pan . vi . I, Th u s

wor m m i i
‘
z n or c z z
y c

w q
= i
or
fl q or r
yr z
z .

C C’
3 or $ =
g or
1 u z
y u .

Iz o r Q = fi o r § e, a i z e
y , y a z

1isfi o r fl fi = 1 fi 0 r fl o , au = yo , y a u

3! o r m =t or

Q or or 6
w or st a o r ai z
‘

s or
'

s
Q = l
?
”

E or t or
$
31} or fi z fi or i?
W or m z a or m

3 0r 3 5

t or e 3 m ?
:

fl or m = ifi or m
Ex .
{fix
“
era u
a ra d adh i a tr a d a d h ya tr a , m i lk h e r e .

3 g
-
3 7 Er a av d ka r t r i uta ka r tr u t a , d o i ng m o r e o ve r .

Hg fi = fl f fi lfl ma d / m i va m a dh vi va , li k e h o ne y .

mg? k g: 1 3 3 81 na d i ai d as y a z na dy a i as a , t h e r i ve r o
y d f A i da .

In co m po u n d s , 3 3? $6 7 5 5 na d i ar t/2a m na d yar th a m, f o r t h e s ake

o f a r ive r .

N o te — S o me nat i ve g r am m ar i ans al l o w, e x ptce in co m p o u nd s , th e o m is s i o n o f t hi s

S an dh i , b u t t h ey re q ui r e i n t h at cas e t h at a l o n g fi nal vo wel b e s h o r t e ne d . Ex . fl Ea
“

c h a kr i a tr a m ay b e W E c ka kr y a t r a o r ah WE c h a kr
’
i atr a .

37 . If a Gu na -
vo we l o c cu r s at the en d o f a wo r d , an d x
t h e ne t be gi ns

wi t h an
y vo we l or di ph t h o ng ( x
e c e pt a) ,
t h e l as t e l em e nt o f t h e G u a vo
n -
we l
is c h an
g ed i nt o a s e m ivo wel . I f a fo l l o ws , ii i s e li d e d , a nd n o c h an
g e t a ke s

pl ac e i n t h e di h t h o n
p g s ee
5) 4 1 .
( n
P a . V I . 1 ,
Th u s
16 RuLE s or E X TE RNA L S A ND H I .

E X Ha m .
”

m s a kh e ci a ch chh a
g s a kh aydg a ch chh a , F r i en d , co me !
HQ
‘

33 :
m s s a kh e i ha s a kh hyi h a ,
F r i en d , h e r e
wit ( it = mfi fz p r a bh o ehi = p r a bh a veh i , L o r d , co me n e ar

M W i mam! p r a bho a us h a d h a m = p r a bh a va us h a dka m, L o r d,

m e di c i ne .

In co m po u n d s , T fi + i sr rs
m : yo i so la z g avi éa lz Th er e . ar e var i o u s

e x cept i o ns in co m
p o u nd s wh er e Tfi go i s t r e at e d as as g ava .

3 8 . If a V r id d hi -
vo we l o c c ur s at th e e nd o f a wo r d , an d th e ne xt
b eg i n s wi t h an
y vo wel or d i ph t h o n g , t h e l as t e l e m e nt is c h an
g ed i nt o a

s em i vo wel .
( n
Pa . V I . 1 ,
Th u s

3 (a i ) an
y vo we l :
m ( y)
d .

a? ( a n) vo wel 1 11
1 ( )
d
“
an o
y
: .

Ex . fa ?W = f zrmtf az ér i ya i ar th a lz ér i ydy a r th a la .

fin? fi = fa
q fi ér i y a i ri t e = § r i y dyri t a
?
( a m = mfi fi fifi r a vau as ta mi te r a vdvas t a mi t e, aft e r s u ns e t .

fi flit :
mf q fit t au i ti
' '
z tdvi ti .

In co m po s i t i o n , =
fi+ fi =m fi no w ar t/2a m = ndvar th a m, f o r t h e s ak e o f
sh i s
p .

39 Th es e.t wo r ul e s , h o we ve r ,
ar e l i ab l e t o c e r t a i n m o d i ficat i o n s

1 . Th e fi na l
{y an d
T o o f a y, “ E a n, wh ic h s t an d acco r di n
g t o r u l
me f o r
l
E 8, fi t 0 , m ay b e d r o pt b e fo r e al l vo wel s ( x ce t
e
p ii , 4 1
) no t , h o we ver ,
in co mpo s it i o n . Th u s m o s t MS S . a nd
p r i nt e d e di t o n s ch an i g e

Hfi
‘

m s a kh e dg a ch chh a , no t i nt o M s a kh ay dg ac h ch h a , b u t i nt o
1 11? W s a kh a dy a ch ch h a .

F f? {a s a kh e i h a, no t i nt o W firg s a kh a yi h a , b u t i nt o a s {g s akka i h a .

mfi ( fg p r a bh o ehi n o t i nt o , m p r a bh ave h i ,
b u t i n t o m1 E f g p r a bh a e h i
'

wit fi at? p r a bh o a us h a d h a m , no t i nt o mam! p r a bh ava us h a d h am

I ,
b u t i nt o
IN p r a bh u a us h a d h a m .

2 . Th e fin al
{y o f
w ay, wh i ch s t an d s fo r 3 e n, m ay b e dr o pt b efo r e all

vo wel s , an d i t is u s u al t o d r o p it i n o u r e di t i o n s . Th u s
18513 fl y wr i t te n fm n i t‘ll : sr i g a t h o lz i ns t ead
‘

: ér i ya i ar th a lz i s m o r e u su al l ar

o f W fi: ér i yci yar t h a lz .

3 Th.e fi n al
1 v o f d o ,
f o r 1 3 (i n,
m a
y b e d r o
pt
“ b e fo r e al l vo wel s , but i s
m o r e u s u all y r et a in e d i n o u r e di t i o n s Th u s .

fi
T {fir t a u i ti i s m o r e u su all y wr i t t en i nf erf d tani ti ,
'

an d n o t i t
“

( fit i d i t i .

N o t e — B ef o r e t h e p ar t i cl e 3
“
a t h e dr o pping o f t h e final Ry an d
i v i s o bl i g at o r y .

I t i s wi th o ut an
y r eas o n t h at th e fi nal
( 3; f Gu n a o a n d r i dd h i a n d t h V
e fi n al
i n of

G una ar e g en er al l y p
dr o t , wh il e t h e fi nal
i n of V
r i ddh i i s
g e n er a l l y r e t ai n e d I t w o u l d b e .

mo r e c o n s i s t ent e it h er al ways to r et a i n th e final sem i vo wel s o r al ways t o d r o t h em S ee p .

Ri g -ve d a-pr at i s akh ya,

'
ed . M M . S ut r as 12
9 , 132, 1 35 : P5 1} . v1 . I, 8
7 ; VIII .
3 , 19 .
 Ro ws or E X TERNA L S A ND H I .
43

I r r eg u l a r S a ndh i .

43 . Th e fo ll o wing ar e a few c as e s o f i r r e gu l ar S an dh i wh i c h re qu i r e to

be s t at e d . W h en a
p re
p o s i t i o n e n d in
g i n gs o r am ii i s f o l l o we d b y a ve r b

b e g i n n i ng wi t h ( e or fi o, th e r e s u l t o f t h e c o al es c e n c e o f t h e vo wel s i s

l! e o r =
§ T0 ,
no t i} a i or $7 an .
( Pan . V I . I ,

Ex . It ( a ?! W p m j
e a te z
p r e a t e j .

W ( H?! H ai r} up a es l za t e up es k a t e .

n ( unfit : fifl nffi p r a e s h a y a ti = p r es h ay a ti

WU El fi n m p ar d elf h a l i = p a r ekl za t i .

fi
i ' fl ffl W K up a o s h a ti up o s / mti .

W 4 .

W 13
3
q fl g fit p a r a
‘
o h a ti z a
p ro h a ti

Th i s i s no t th e c as e b ef o r e t h e t wo ver b s
w ed h , t o g r o w, an d
i i , t o go , if r ai s e d by Gu na
to E e .
( Pan . V I . I,

Ex . 3 5! W ? M u
pa+ ed ka t e : u
p a i d /za t e .

are af a
r fi ts a va + e t i = a va i t i .

In V er b s d er ive d f r o m n o u n s , an d b eg i nn i n g wi t h 1! or fi e o r 0, th e el i s i o n o f t h e final
W or i n go f th e p p re o s i ti o n is o pti o nal .

44 . If a ro o t b egi nni ng wit h a ri i s pr e c e d e d b y a pr epo s i t i o n en di n

g
in 33 a or 3311 d , t h e t wo vo wel s c o al es c e i n t o a
n ci r i n s t e ad o f a an
n ( Pan .

V I . I ,

Ex . an: W W t?! ap a ~

l ri ch ckh a ti a
p d r c h c h /za t i .

m m m a va r i nd ti a vd r nci t i .

I! W “fi r?! p r a rif a te = p r drj a t e .

t m ‘

W un fit? p ar a r i s h a ti z
p ar dr s h a ti .

In ver b s d er i ve d fr o m n o un s a nd b e g i nni n g wi t h t h i s l e n g t h e n i ng o f th e E a o f
th e p p re o sit i o n is o pt i o nal .
( Pan . V I . 1,

In c er t ai n co m p o un ds m r i na m, d eb t , a nd $71 l
“
r i t a z, aff e ct e d, t ak e V r i d d h i i n s t e ad o f
Gu n a i f p r ec e d e d by H a ; I !
h
W :
m p r a + r i nam _ p r dr na m p r in c ip al d e bt ;

m
,

W W : r i na i
+ n arm = r i ndr na m, d e b t
—
c o n t r a ct e d to l i q ui dat e an o t h er d eb t ;

Wm = § fi7fl fi2 aff e ct e d by so rr o w . L i k ewi s e a g ai n, t h e s u b s t i tu t e

fo r
‘

vak, c ar r yi ng ,
'
fo r m s V i ddh i with p r e ce d i n
g W in m p o un d . Th u s fe w
g
err a co

m
r a a

3 53 2 vi s va + u ka l °
u
th e ace . pl ur f m m vi
. o s o ao a h , is o i so au h a fi .
( Pan . V I .

var t .
)
45 . I f t h e i ni t i al ssh o i n s its : o s kt h a z, l l i p, an d fi g2 o tun c at , , is p r e ce ded I n a co m
p o und by m
?
“

or fi a, t h e t wo vo wel s m ay c o al e s c e i nt o fi an o r fi o .
( Pa n . v1 . I, 94,
var t .
)
Ex . W aha: mafia: or m l Eta:
“ -
a dh ar a + o s kth ab a d h a r au s h th a lz o r a d h ar o s h tha lz,
t h e l o wer l i p .

F E? fi g: “

W or
W 2 s thii l a + o tulzz s t h i l l au t u z o r s t al l o tuZz, a b ig c at .

In n o un s d er i ve d fr o m a? p r es b, th e r ul e is o pt i o nal . Ex . a“! or in p r es k a
y or

p i
r a s h a, a
y m e s s eng er . I N p r es h a, a gl e aner , Is d er ive d fr o m I!p m an d
ii is h .
 5 1 . Ro ws or E X TE RN A L S A ND E I . 19

If fi ? o sh lha an d fi g o tu ar e p r e ce d e d by Q ”
or m g in t h e m i dd l e o f a se nt enc e ,

t h ey f o ll o w t h e g ener al r ul e .

Ex . W a a: h fi n: mama + o s h th alz= ma ma us h t halz, m y li p .

46 . A s ir r eg ul ar co m p o u nd s t h e fo ll o wi n g ar e m e nt i o ne d by nati ve g r am m ar ia ns

a t sva i r am
'

, wi l f ul ne s s , an d af a sva i r i n, se lf - wil l e d , fr o m a i t so c

13
W a ks ka uh i ni , a co p
m l et e ar m
y,f ro m W m a ks h a + flhi n£
£ 3 2p r a udh ali , f r o m R 3 53 2p r a + fldkalz, f ull -gr o wn .

$13 2p r aukalz i nvesti g at io n f , ,

ro m n 3 76 p r a + d halz .

i n : p a is k l a cer t ai n p r aye
r a z, r, f r o m I! 2 3 2p r a + es h al¢ .
( S e e

i n: p ai s hy al a m es s eng er
r z, .

4 7 Th e final
. fi 0 o f i n d e cl i nabl e wo r d s i s no t li abl e t o t h e r ul es o f S andhi .
( Pan . I . I, I

3} “al ?
l
Ex .
33 a ko ap eh i , H al l o o , g o a way

48 . I nd e cli nabl e s co n s i s t i n g o f a s in
gl e vo wel , wi th t h e e x pti ce on o f W (i ar e

no t li abl e t o t h e r ul e s o f S an d h i .
( Pan . 1 . I ,
I 4 .
)
Ex .
3i ; i i nd r a , O h I n d r a ! a 3
“

35: u umes a ,
‘
O h lo r d o f Um a !
“
S TEé d evam, I s it so i ndee d ?

49 . If fi ll ( wh i ch i s wr i t t e n b y I n d i an g r amm ar i an s
M (i ii ) is us e d as a. p p
re o s i ti o n

befo r e ve r b s , o r b ef o r e n o uns in th e s en s e o f
‘
so f ar as
’
( in cl us i vel y or e x cl us ive l y )or a

l it t l e, i t i s l i ab l e t o t h e r u l es o f S an d h i
’
.

W W mw dd hyaya nat, u nt i l th e r e ad i ng b e g i ns
'

Ex . : aa d hyayand t : .

W W : Efiaml '

d eka d es dt :
’
a i ka d es at,
’ '

to a. ce r t ai n pl a ce .

W m ( i al o c lzi t am z dl o c hi t a m,
‘
r e g ar d e d a li t t l e .

3511 m m a
‘
a s hna m as hnam, a li tt l e war m .

‘3 1 f
i ? I f? a i ki eh i , c o m e h er e .

I f 35” d i s u s e d as a n i nt er j e ct i o n , i t i s no t l i abl e t o S an d h i , a cco r d i ng t o 48 .

Ex WTE é fans T i d eva m ki l a t at , A h , wI r ec o ll e ct ,— it is j u st s o

t
'

.
,
-
no .

5 0 . C er t ai n p ar ti cl e s r e m ai n u naffe ct e d b y S an dh i .

Ex .
$
3: h e i nd r a, O h I n d r a .

5 1 . A p ro t r act e d vo wel r em ai n s u naff ect e d b y S an dh i , bec au s e i t i s al ways su pp o se d

to s t and at th e end o f a s e nt e nce .

( Pan . V I . I , 19 5 ; V II I . 2,

E
“

Ex . s sa ! Q I ( I? d eo a d att ci 3 eh i , D evad att a, co m e h er e !

20 E X TE RN A L SA N D HI
 54 , E X TE RN A L S A ND H I . 21

C o mbi na ti o n o f F i na l a nd I ni ti a l Co ns o na nt s .

53 . H e r e, as in t h e c as e o f vo we l s t h e ,
r ul e s whi c h a
ppl y t o t h e final

c o n s o n a nt s o f wo r d s fo ll o wi ng e ac h o t h er i n a s e nt e n c e ar e e q u all y appl ic abl e

t o t h e fi nal c o n s o n a nt s o f wo r d s fo ll o wi ng e ac h o t h er i n a co m po u nd . Th e
final c o n s o n a nt s o f n o m i n al b as es t o o ,
b e fo r e t h e so -
c al l e d P ra i a t e r m i nati o n s
-

( mi bkyd m, fit: bh i lz, “I: bky a lz, g en

) an d b e fo r e s e c o nd a r y (ta dd h i t a ) s uffix e s
begi nning wi t h an
y c o n s o n an t but t
ry ,
ar e t r e at e d ac c o r di n
g t o th e sa m e

r ul e s . B ut by m ea ns o f t h e s e an d o t h e r s u ffi x e s
t h e d e r i vat i ve s f o r m e d

ar e b e s t l ear nt f r o m t h e di ct i o nar y i n t h eir r e ady m ad e s ta te wh il e -

t h e c h ang es o f n o m i n al an d ve r b al b as e s e n di ng i n c o n s o n ant s b efo r e ,

t h e t e r m i n at i o ns o f d ecl e ns i o n a nd c o nj u g at i o n a nd o t h e r s u ffi x e s ar e ,

r e u l at e d by d iff er e nt l aws an d ar e b e s t ac qu i r e d i n l e ar nin by h t t h

g , g e a r e

r i n c i al ar a di m s o f n o u n s an d ve r b s
p p p g .

54 I n o r d er
. t o s i m pl if y t h e r u l e s c o n ce r n i n
g t h e c h an g e s o f fin a l
c o n s o n ant s i t i s i m po r t ant t o s t at e at t h e o u t s e t t h at e l even o nl y o u t o f t h e
,

t hi r t y five c o n s o n ant s c an ever s t an d i n S an s k r i t at t h e e n d o f a wo r d ; viz

-
.

ic. m a 1, zlz, m
U u s
“
E
r i n , are, e, n
a a ,
s
Th e r e five c l as s e s f c o n s o n an t s , c o nsi stin f five l e tt e r s e ac h
1 . ar e o g o ;
thu s g i vi n g t we nt y -
five . In e ve r y o ne o f t h es e five cl a s s e s t h e as
pir at e s ,

if fi nal , ar e re
pl ac e d by t h eir c o r r es
p o n di n
g u n as
p i r ate d l ett e r s :
fi l th

by q k ; i t g h by 1 1 g
” ‘

3
\
o l e/z, h o weve r , no t by “
i
t ch , b u t by z t, & c
\
.

Ex
W eh i t r a l i kh , ai nt e r fa afa q ch i tr a li k Th i s r e du ce s
‘

; vo c
'
.
p . .

t h e t we nt y —
five l e t t er s t o fift e e n .

2 . In eve r y cl as s th e s o n an t
5 )
8 l e t t e r s , if final ,
p l a c e d by t h e i r co r
ar e r e

by 3 5 k ;
\

o n di n d l e t t er s ; d by 1 t, & c Ex h ri d ,
r es
p g s ur
1 9 g ! . .

h e ar t ; n o m br i l Th i s r e d u ce s th e fift e e n t o t e n
.

fi .

3 . N o
p al at al
1 6h c an e ve r b e fi nal ; h e n c e t h e o nl y r e m ai ni n g
p al atal ,

th e E
t ch , is re
pl ac e d by t h e co r r e spo ndi ng g u tt u r al 3 5 Ex . mfl vd ch ,
Th i s r e du c es th e
s
p eech ; vo c .
W e d /c . F i nal a s do es no t o c cur .

t en to ei
g h t . In a fe w roo t s t h e fin al
aj is re
pl ac e d by a li ngu al
i n s t ead o f a
gu t t u r al .

4 O f.t h e s e mi vo wel s , ( ty
I
, t r,
\ Q l,
1 1 4 )a l is t he o nl y o ne t h at i s fo u nd at

th e e nd o f wo r d s . Th i s r ai s e s th e e igh t t o ni n e l e tt er s .

h c anno t b e final , b u t i s c h ang e d i nt o i s o m eti m e s i nt o a k it t

“

5 .

g ( or .

S o m e g r amm ar i ans all o w t h e s o f t o r s o nant l et t er s as final , b u t t h e M S S . an d e di t i o n s

g e n e r al l y ch a n e t h e m i nt o t h e c o r r e s o n d i n
g g h ar d l e tt e r s p .

l Th e
'

o nl
y e x pt i
ce o ns a r e t ech ni cal t er m s s u ch as 53
? a ch , a vo wel ;
“

m m aj anta lz : ,

e nd i n i
g n a vo wel , i ns te ad o f Wi l d : ag a nt a z. l
22 E X TE RN A L S A ND H I .

6 . O f th e si bil ant s ,
the o nl y o n e t h at i s fo u n d at th e e nd o f wo r d s i s V i s ar g a .

ace d by f
Fo r , r a d i c al f
i s h c an n o t b e fi nal , b u t i s pl re
g t T h u s
q . vi s h

b e c o m e s fg z d vi t In f e w wo r d s fi nal s h i s c h a ng e d i n t o é k
fi
‘

;
‘
a
(
.
.

Th u s fas vi s b e c o m e s
’

Ra di c al s s t b e fin al , b u t i s
’
l ac e d b
y : t
t c an n o re
p a .
t
f ag vi t . In so m e wo r d s fin al
a s is c h an g e d i nt o a
s k .

F i nal r a di c al (( s i s t r e at e d as V i s ar g a .

Th e V i s ar g a, t h er e f o r e , r ai s e s t h e ni ne t o t en a nd the A nu s var a, to el e ve n

l e tt e r s , t h e o nl y o nes t h at c an e ver s t a nd at th e end o f r e al wo r d s .

H e nc e th e r u l es o f S an dh i aff e c t i n
g fin al c o ns o n an t s ar e r e all y r e du c e d to

e l even h e ad s .

e nd s in
5) 5 5 . I t i s i m po r t a n t t o o b s e r ve t h at no w o r d i n S a ns k r i t e ve r

m o r e th an o n e c o n s o n an t , th e o nl y e x c ept i o n b e i ng wh e n an t\ r p r ece des a

fi nal r a d i c al t e nu i s Ic, t a;t , Th u s

E
G
Q , t
i p .

“
ar
m -
l a:
“

t m a bi b/za r t : a bi bh a r , 3 p . . s in
g i m.
pf . o f t
! bhri , t o c ar r y .

W q :
‘
Erf mr g a bi bh ar 3 , p i
a bi bka rg i m pf o f 2 . . s n . . 1 bh r i
1 ,
to c ar r y .

s uva l , n o m s i ng we l l j u m i ng
W R
:
W s uva lg s p . . .

B t fl zl r /c, h m s in f
fi drj
’

s tr e n t n o o
u
g , .
g . .

m fl fir a var i va r t ng i m pf i n t e n s
'

si f vr i d h
—
7 vri t o r
$1 fi
‘

c
, 3 p . . . . . o .

i sm a mar t fr o m mm VI I I
? ,
.
( Pan . . 2,

Th e no m . sin
g . o f fi f t
i eh i ki r s h i s fa afi: ch i /f i l , l b ec au s e h er e t h e r is
no t fo ll o we d by a t en u i s .

C l as sifica ti o n of Co ns o nants .

5 6 . x am i n e th e c h ange s o f fin al an d i nit i al c o n s o n an t s
B ef o r e we c an e ,

acc o r d in g t o t h e r u l e s f e x t e r nal S a ndh i we h a ve t o e x pl ai n wh at i s m e an t

o ,

b y t h e pl ace a n d t h e qu ali t y o f c o n s o n ant s .

I . Th e th r o at , t h e pal at e , t h e ro o f o f t h e pal at e , t h e t e et h , t h e li p s , an d th e

n o s e ar e c all e d t h e
p l ac e s o r o r an s o f t h e l e t t e r s
g .
( S e e

2 . By c o n t ac t b et we e n t h e t o ngu e an d t h e f o u r pl ac e s , —
t h r o at , pal at e , roo f,
t eet h , — t h e g u tt u r al , p al at al , l i n g u al , a nd d e nt al c o n s o n a nt s ar e fo r m ed .

L abi al c o n s o n an t s a r e fo r m e d by c o nt a c t b e twe e n t h e li ps .

3 . I n f o r m i ng t h e n a s al s o f t h e five c l as s e s t h e veil whi c h s epar a t e s t h e

fr o m t h e ph ar y n x i s wi t h d r a wn
no s e . H e nce t h e s e l e tt er s ar e c all e d

A nunds i ka , i e c o n a s al o r n as ali z e d . .
-
.

4 Th e . r e al A n u s var a i s f o r m e d i n t h e n o s e o nl y ,
an d is c al l e d N ds i lcya , i . e .

n a s al .

5 T h e V
. i s ar a i s
g s ai d t o b e pr o n o u nc e d i n t h e ch e st (u r asy a
) th e th r ee or

five si bil an t s i n th ei r r es
p e c t i ve
pl ac e s .

L e ct ur e s on t h e S c i e n ce o f L an g u ag e , S e co nd S er i es , p . 1 45 .
 59 ,
E X TERNA L S A ND H I . 23

6 The . s e m i vo wel s , t o o , a r e r e fe r r e d t o t h e s e five pl a c e s , an d th r ee o f t h em ,

q y , E l , a v, c an be n as al i z e d , a n d a r e then c a ll e d A nu nd s i /ca
(f 3
‘ “
.
, ,

7
x3)

5 , y l
o r v ) t
”
I i,
r c a nno t b e n as al i z e d I n S a ns kr it
,
. .

o t h e ir q u al it y ( p r a ya t na
*
57 A c c o r di n
.
g t )
e ff o r t l e tt e r s ar e di vi d e d i n t o , ,

1 . Lett e r s f o r m e d b y c o m pl e t e c o nt ac t (sp r i s h ta ) o f t h e o r g a n s : as k R kh , ,

u g h , a n; ar c h , n ah /z, H j , e j h , a n; a t, 3 1h , a d, c /z
t
"
11
g , a ,
In n ;

a t , 1 1 th , d d h a n ; 11 17 , mp h , a b, t i bia, H m Th e s e c all e d
"
v
“ “

e , , . ar e

S p a r sa i n S a ns k r it , an d , if t h ey did no t co m pr eh e n d t h e n as al s , wo u l d
co r r es
p o nd t o th e c l as s i c al mu l es .

2 . L e tt e r s fo r m e d by s l ig h t c o nt ac t ( i s l p ) y
t a t s r i s h ta : fl , t r , 8 l , a v
( n o t 3 h )
“

i e i nt er m e di at e b e twee n S par sas and

'
Th e s e ar e c al l e d A nt a bs t h d . .

O sh m an s ,
wh i ch h as b e en fr e el y t r an s l at e d b y s emi vo we l o r l i qui d .

L e t t er s fo r m e d by sl i
g h t p e ni n
g x x fi sh, a s,
”
o
3 . ,

g g h Th e s e . ar e c al l e d fis h ma n (fl at u s ) i n S an s kr i t ,
wh i ch m ay b e
r e nd er e d by s i bi l a nt o r fl a tus .

s ai d t o b e fo r m e d by
wel s mpl e t e e ni n
( )
L
4 V o .
ar e co O
p g vi vri t a 1 .

5 8 . A seco nd di vi s io n , ac c o r di ng t o qu al i ty ,
is,
I . S u r d l e tt er s : a ll , l at /ch , welt , a chh , z t, 8 th , F l, ”
fil th , u p , mp h , 3 X:
s, fi sh , a s, X an d V i s ar g a z lz I n t h e ir fo r m at io n t h e g l o tt i s i s
5: .

O
p en . Th ey a r e c al l e d A g nes /t a , no n - s o n ant .

2 . S o n ant l e tt e r s : 31
g, u g h, i f ,
15171, e dit , a d , v d h , a b, wbh ,
3 7 7i
,

a m, a n, n m ; i
3 , fl y, (
t r , B l , a v, t h e A nu s var a
"
m and , al l vo we l s .

I n t h e i r fo r m at io n th e gl o t t i s i s cl o s e d . T h ey a r e c al l e d Gko s h ava t .

59 . L as t l y, c o n s o n ant s ar e di vi d e d , a cco r d i n
g t o qu al it y ,
i nt o ,
a h cip r dna : E M , u h , a
1 . A s pi r at e d ( m ) g
“
ch h ,
t , 3 h
1 , e dit ,
11 t h, a d ie,

qi p h , w bh ; X x m,
s fi s h, b h t h e V i s ar g a z lz a nd
“ “

a s, g q g
‘

, ; ,

A n u s vzi r a
’
m .

2 . Una s pir at e d ( a lp ap r dna ): al l the r e st .

I t will b e t h er e fo r e , t h at t h e ch ang e o f ob i nt o k is a c h an f
“
s ee n ,
j 5 g e o

pl ac e , an d t h at t h e c h a ng e o f 1 0k i nt o
“

a
tj is a c h an
g e o f qu ali ty wh il e i n t h e

S an sk r i t g r amm ar i an s c al l t h i s m ma : l m o d e o f ar t i cu
a bkya nt a r a z p r aya t na t , l
p p
l at i o n r e ar at o r y t o t h e u tt er an c e O f t h e s o u nd an d di s t i n u i s h i t f r o m W
, g “ a : vdhyalz
r
p ya a t n a i l m o de
, o f ar t i cu l at i o n at th e cl o s e Of th e u tt er a nce o f th e s o un d, wh i ch p ro d u ces
th e q u al i t i e s o f s ur d, s o na nt , as pi r at e d , an d u nas pi r at e d, as e x pl ai n e d I n 5 8, 5 9 .

I S o me gr amm ar i ans d iff er i n t h eir d es cr i pt i o n o f t h e d egr e e s o f cl o s i ng o r o p e ni ng O f

‘ ‘

t h e o r g an s S o m e a s cr ib e t o t h e s em i vo wel s dulzsp r i s h t a i m p er f e ct c o n t act o r is h ada sp r is h t a

.
, , ,

sl i gh t no n -co nt act , o r i s kadvi vn t a, sl igh t

'

o p e ni n g ; t o t h e s i bil an t s nemaSpgi s htu,

-
h alf - co ntact ,
i . e .
gr e at er O
'
p e ni ng t h an i s re q u ir e d f o r th e s em i vo wel s , o r vi vr i t a , p
co m l et e O p e ni n g whi l e
t h ey r e qu ir e f o r t h e vo wel s ei t h er vi vr i t a, co p
m l et e O p
e n i ng , o r a sp r i s h a , n o n -c o nt act t . S i dd h .

K au m . vo l . I . p . IO . Ri g - ve d a pr at i si -
. X I II .
3 . I n t h e A t h ar va -ve d a -pr at i s ak h ya
'
I .
33 we .

E35 3 3 fi
o n gb t r e ad
? e ke sp ri s h a m in s t e ad f F
i eke Sp r i s h t am
’
to t o .
24 E X TERN A L S A ND H I . 60

t r an s it io n O f 1 ch i n to 1
19 ,
or o f “ i nt o
f 7
p n, we sh o ul d h ave a ch an e
g b o th
o f pl ace an d o f qu al i ty .

60 . Th e ch an
g e s wh i ch t ak e pl ac e by t h e co m b i n at i o n o f t h e el eve n fi nal
l e t t er s wi t h i ni t i al vo we l s or c o n s o n an t s m ay b e di vid e d t h er efo r e i n t o t wo
cl a s s e s .

F i n al l e t t e r s ar e c h an
g e d, I . wi t h re
g ar d t o t h e ir pl ac e s o f o r
g an s , 2 . wi th
re
g ar d t o t h e ir qu al it y .

I . C h a ng es f
o P l a ce .

61 . Th e o nl y fin al g f l
c o n s o nan t s
p ac e ar e wh i ch ar e li abl e t o c h an e o

t h e D e nt al s , t h e A n u s var a , a n d V i s ar g a Th e D e nt al s , b e i ng i n c o m pat i bl e .

wi t h Pal at al s an d L i n gu al s , b e c o m e pal at al an d l i ngu al b efo r e t h e s e l e t t er s .

A nu s var a an d V i s ar g a ad a
pt t h e m s el ve s as m u ch as
p o ss ibl e t o t h e pl a c e o f
t h e l e t t erby wh i ch t h ey a e fo l l o we d A ll o th er ch ang e s r . O f fi n al c o n s o n an t s

ar e m e r e l y c h an e s O f q u ali t y ; t h e s e i n t h e c as e o f D e ntal s A n u sva r a an d

g , ,

V i s a g a b e i n g s u per ad d e d t o t h e ch ang e s o f pl ac e
r , .

6 2 Fi n al 1 t b e fo r e pal at al s ( ch
.
3 Q ch i j 3j a
1 h s S t )
é i s c h an
g e d , t, , , ,

i nt o a
p al a t al .
( n
Pa . VI I I .
4,
Ex .

2 717 + a : m tat ch a t a cl t ch a , an d t hi s .

71 + M FR Hf a af a t a t ch h i na tti t a ch ch ki na tti h e cu t s t hi s
1
: .
,

77 + a ai n
1 g W W t at sr i no ti t a ch sri no ti h e h e ar s t h i s
’

Wit + W fi = m fi t a t +j ci y a te = t afi dy a t e t h i s I S b o r n Th e final ,
.

t i s c h ang e d i nt o 6 71 a n d t h e n i n t o 7 1 j a c c o r di n t 6 6
i i : g o . .

In c o m o sit i o n
p Em a
; j g
,
a a t + j e t d = j g jj
a a et d c o n qu e r o r O f ,

t h e wo r l d .

Th e s am e c h a n
g w o u l d t ak e
p l
e ace b e f o r e an i n i t i al 7
51 ;
1
“
an d b ef o r e an

i ni t i al w ii , i t m i gh t b e c o m e e i th er
{j o r 3 it
t .

63 . F i n al 3 1 77 . b efo r e aj 15 j lt , ,
n
i , an d y
r s i s c h an
g ed to p al at al
i ii .

m
I

Ex + “ fa : ma nfif t ai n + j t ct ftj aya ti , he qu er s th e m ( n

Pa
‘

. ay a t i co n . .

VIII .
4,
N o te — Rul e s on th e ch ang e s o f fi nal
i n b ef o r e i ch, E
i c h k, an d wil l b e g i ven
h er eaft er . S ee 73 74 , .

6 4 Fi n al
.
( t b e fo r e g t a M , , gd , :
a ( l it , at n
(
no t
q sh, Pan . VI I I .
4, 4 3 )
is c h an
g ed i nt o a l in gu al .
( Pan . V II I .
4,
Ex + s s h -1 71 ? ta t + d ay a t e = t adda y a te Th e fin al t is c h an ed
. 7 1
1 3 1 1 .
( g
i nt o 2 t an d t h en i nt o “

1 di ng t o 66
\ :
a ( ac c o r .

In CO m
P O S i t i O Il , 71
1 +fi m= m fi 1 ta t ti kd t a tti lca,
'

a g l o ss on t hi s .

( 7711 +
t :

W : et a t tka klcur a li e t a tth a klcu r a z, l th e i d o l o f h im .

W EN ? tac hch hgi no ti

‘
Q ! s, acco r di ng to i s g en er al l y ch ang e d t o a chh
“ ”

. 2
9 ,
'
.
 E X TERN A L S A ND H I .

3 . t
ip b e fo r e s o n ant s , c h an
g ed i nt o { 6

3
3 7 51 1 wa W ka knp a tr a h a hu ba tr a , a re
g i o n t h er e , (i n fl ec t i o nal ?

b as e W h a ku bh .
)
“1 + W . m ap g h a t ah _ a bg h a t a h , a w at e r -
jar .

m W N W a
p j y h
+ a a a b aya j h , O b t a i n i ng W at e r .

“1 + 3= W 3 ap m ay a h a mmay a h, wat e r y .

3
31 7 + fir: 3 5 5 1 : ka kap bh i h ka ku bbhi h, i n s t r u m .
pl ur .

4 .
i t b e fo r e s o n an t s , c h an g e d i nt o g d, e x cept b efo r e s o n an t
p al at al s an d

l i ng u al s , wh en ( 6 2) it i s ed i nt o an d
a c co r di ng t o c h an
g i f { l c

t q + ma z l i f cqa s ar it a tr a s ar i d a tr a , t h e r i ver t h er e .

3 7 11 + fi r m j ag a t i sa h =j ag a d i sa h, l o r d o f t h e wo r l d .

l ar g e b o w
-
ri
g 4 + v3; ma h a t d h a na h ma h a d d h a nu h, a .

m -
l fir Rafi
”
. ma h a t bh i h m a h a dbhi h, i n s t r u m pl ur . .

1
1 b e fo r e
t s o n an t
p al at al s , c h ang e d i nt o q j s ee 62 .

W + =
WF§ “fr a t? s ar i t + j a l a m = s ar
izj a l a m , w at e r O f th e r i ve r .

(
at b efo r e s o n an t li ngu al s , c h an
g ed i nt o
g d : s ee 62

m m 2 71 W eta t ddma r a h e ta ddama r a h, t h e u

p r o ar Of t h em .

N o t e — JTh er e a e r e x pt i
ce o ns t o t h is r ul e , b u t t h ey ar e c o nfin e d t o T a d d h it a d er i vat i ve s
wh i ch ar e f o u n d i n d i ct i o nar i e s . Th u s fi nal i t b ef o r e t h e p o s s es s i ve s uffi x es
“ ma t ;
El r va t
t ffl vi n, va la is c h a ng e d . Ex fig ?! + 3 7! = fHi dyu t + va t =
'

, HE no t .

vi dynt va t , p o s s es s e d o f l ig h t ni ng Fi nal Q 3 t o o , wh i ch re p r e s en t s Vi s ar g a, r e m ai ns

m m m
.

u nch an d b ef o r e t h e s am e Ta dd h i t as Th u s l al t ej as + vi n = t ej asvin
-
e :
g .
,

i n s t ea d O f o vi n ; s e e 84 3 . .

W n
M a :
yo t i s -l- ma t z j yo ti s hma t ,
i ns t ead o f o ti r ma t ; § 84 .
( Pan .

6 7 A ddi t i o n al c h an t a ke pl a ce i f t h e final d s as If , t t, {p
g i
“

es s ur ar e
.
g ,

f o ll o we d by i ni t i a l n a s al s , ch i e fl y an and 1
1 m . T h e n as al s b e in g s o n an t ,

the y re qu i r e th e c h an
g e O f k
a , t
g ( ,
t, an d n p i nt o
i
1 d
1g g g d , , ,
an d
i b;
b ut t h e s e fin al s o n an t s m ay b e fu r t h e r i n fe c t e d by t h e n as al c h ar ac t e r o f th e
i ni t i al n a s al s , a nd m ay b e wr i t t e n a: n, q n,
1 n, 8
1 m .
‘
( P3 21 . VI I I 4:
Ex . fzs
p 7 117 1 :
faw n: or fagmr di k h ei y a h d ig ncig a h or d i nnag a lt .
a wo r l d -
el e
ph a nt .

W fi fi= M Or wgfa m éfa ma d h ul i t na r d a ti ma d h u
l i dna r a a ti
'
or ma dh uli nna r d a ti , t h e b e e h u m s .

3 11
1 + aw: = =
mm z or 3 mm j b
a
g at na th a h =j ag a dnath a h or j a
g an ~

nath a h, Wo r l d
'

lo r d o f the .

331
1 + 7r
d? z wge? '

or was? up na d i a bna d i or a mna d i , wat e r -

r i ver .

M 31s : W ak mukh a h = p r agmu kh a h o r p r anmu

o r 111
31 1? p r

Ich a h, f ac i ng t h e e as t .

m + mi or fl au nt bh ava t ma ta m bh a va dma t a m or bh a
va nma l a m, y o ur o
pi n i o n .
 7 2 , E X TE RN A L S A ND H I .
27

No te — If a wo r d s h o ul d b e g i n wi t h a g ut t u r a l , p al at al , o r l i ng u al n (Q 12,
R h, or

t h en a fi nal
“

( t wo ul d ch a ng e its pl ac e o r o r g a n at th e s ame t i me t h at i t b e came a nas al . It

wo ul d b e co m e Q h, i n, o r Il
l a . Th er e ar e , h o we ve r , no wo r d s i n co mm o n use be g i n ni ng
wit h 3 : it , a s , or Ill a .

68 . B ef o r e t h e s u ffi x R1 I m a
y a a n d b e fo r e “TH mal m t h e ch an
g e in to t h e nas al is no t

o pt i o n al , b ut O bl ig at o r y .
( Pan . V I II. 4 , 45 , Va t ) l
'
.

Ex . W EE mi W vdk + may a m = vdhmayam, co n s i s t i n

g o f s pe e ch .

wgfese mat mgfm wrat ma d hul i t + md tr am ma d hul i nmd tr am mer e ly a , bee .

3
1 Rt é m t a t + mdt r am
‘
t a nmd t r am e l e me nt ,
.

N o t e Ni n et y s i x i s al ways s m fir s h annava ti neve r m afia s haql gt ava ti

— -
, .

6 9 Th e i nit i al h , i f b r o u g h t i nt o i m m e d i ate wit h ( Kg )

.
g co nt act a fi nal
fi le ,
{t
i t (Q d ), ‘( p (i h), i s co m m o n ly, n o t n e ce s s ar i l
y , c h an g e d i n to t h e s o nant as pir at e o f th e
cl as s o f t h e fi nal l e t t er , vi z . i nt o 8 9 h , e “
d l d h,
h ,
‘ “bh .
( Pan . V III .
4,

W a fe r stem:
-
or fe mFern: -
d h i k+ ha s ti nah= d hig hast i nah or dhigg has
t i nah, Fi e on th e el e ph ant s

u m + 5 1: v or
W : p a r i vr ci t + h at ah =p a r i vr ddh a tah or p ar i

ddh a t a h t h e
'

vr d ,
m e n d i cant i s ki ll e d .

3
1 + g ?!
W o r H ?
g t a t + h ut a m = t a d h y t a m o r t a dd h ut a m, t hi s i s s acr ifice d .

EF L-l m m or m ap + har ana m = abh ar anam or abbh a r ana m, wat er

f et ch in g .

7 0.
i t b ef o r e ai l i s n o t
“
c h an
g ed i nt o
1 ( 1, b u t i nt o 3 1 °
( n
Pa . VI I I .
4,
Ex . H
1 + 3 251 wai t tat l a ba h a m
'
t a l l a bd h a m, t h i s i s t ak e n .

3
3 1 + W W ]? br i h a t l a l d ta m hr i h a l l a ld ta m, a l ar ge fo r e
h ea d .

7 1 . Fi n al
i n b e fo r e a l is c h an
g e d i n to a b u t th i s a ] i s
l pr o no u nc e d

t h r o u gh t h e n o s e , an d i s wr i t t e n wi th t h e A nu s var a d o t O ver i t I t i s u s u al .

in th i s ca s e to un it e t h e A nu s var a as a h al f— m o o n , c all e d A r dh a -
ch a nd r a .

EX fi ma h a n l abh a h ma h a l l a bka h, l ar g e g ai n
A '

. 173
1 +W : Ra ” : .

7 2 . Fi n al 3 5 n, m\ n, an d 1 n, pr e c e d e d ‘
by a sh o r t vo wel an d fo ll o we d
y vo we l , ar e d o u bl e d ( Pan V I II
3, . . .

Ex . m n1+ 3 1 m
i - 1 : m m : d h ci va n a éva h d h ava nna éva h, a r u nni n
g h o r se .

113 13
5 31 113 m i ni? p r a tya n ds t e p r a ty a nnd s t e, he sits t u r ne d

t o war d t h e we s t .

mi r : m
'

l (i s l e a nna s t e, he s i t s c o u n ti ng well
g uar d s
g sa
g an su
g
I f Q n, u
rn ,
an d F
t n ar e p r ec e d e d by a l o ng vo wel an d fo ll o we d b y any
vo wel , n o c h an
g e t ak e s pl ac e .

EX .

m + w e ka vi n dh va yasva , c al l t h e po e t s .

Tech ni cal t er m s l i ke m an dd i , a l i st O f s u ffi x es b eg i n ni ng wi th a n, or fir é il
' '
nm ta .

wo r d s e ndi n
g i n t i n, ar e e x m pt f
e ro m t h is r ul e . S ee al s o W ilki ns S ans k r i ts Gr am m ar
, ,

E 2
 23 E XTE RN A L S A ND H I .
73

73 . F i nal
i b efo r e i ni t i al i nk
n
q k h an d t : p rfip h r em ai n s u n ch ang e d
\
,
‘

, ,
‘

, .

F i nal s n b e fo r e g ems s ch h r e qu i r e s t h e i nt e r ce s s i o n O f 5 3
1 , .

F i n al i n b e fo r e z t s th r e qu i r e s t h e i nt er c es s i o n o f sh
v ,
g , .

r e qu i r e s t h e i nt e r c es s i o n o f
F i n al n b e fo r e t ( Pa
“

a Q , g s n . .

VI I I .
3,
B ef o r e t h e s e i n s e r t e d si bil an t s th e o r i g in al
i n is gc h an ed t o A nu s var a .

Ex .
m +w = g fig m h as a n ch a lcdr a = h as a 7nsch a kdr a , he did it
l au gh i ng .

m + 3 1m: “refs 3 11 1 chh a d h ava ms ch h ag a h,

'
-
. d havan g a h a r un

n i ng g o at .

m s aF
efp r :
’

fzfgn ’
ch a l a n ti t ti bh a h ch a l a i izs h ti tti bh a h, a

m o vi ng ti ttibh a —
b ir d .

wa g -
1 zg n q g ig
g r : ma han th a lclcu r a h ma h ai h s h th a kkur a h, a
gr eat

i do l .

mtg m min t : p a tan t ar uh = p a t a 7ns t ar u h, a fal ling t r e e .

N ot m q f o r ms t h e no m .
m ’
b ut t h i s fin al
' ’
‘
e— p r as am, u i et , i rr as an
i n, b ei ng t h e
p
r e r e s e nt at i o n O f an o r i i nal 3
g 1 m, i s n o t al l o we d b e fo r e R ah ,
fi e h k, t, QM i
“

t,
{ t h to

m
,

t ak e a s i bil ant . E x . nsng f f fi -

fil = p r asan -
t h i no ti = p r a§ dfi ch i no t i ;
—c
no t

mi li t ant: p r as dfizs c hi no ti
‘ ’

.
( Pas . V III .
3,

74 F i n al s
. n a n d m a
y b:
e f o ll o w e d by i n i t i al s s
s , q ,g s h s w i t h o u t

c au s in h b t i t i t i n l t dd I ft t h n d
g an
y c a n
g ;
e u s O
p o a o a a t a e r e
g a n a

{ t af t er t h e
q n T h u s
gs : ns a b e.c o m e s s: n k s a
(o r s n k c h h a ,
g
’

g
g t: ns h a beco m e s nlcs h a ; g r: ns a b ec o m e s gs nks a ; as: nsa b eco m e s
g
t:

ass: ( ntéa or ug n
s t ehh a
); m1 n e h a b eco m e s ne : t
nts h a ; as ns a b ec o me s
nts a ( Pan V I I I 3 . . .
,

E X ms Q? mg slfi o r mgfifi (o r lu s71)

-
sete =p r dnset e
g
'
. z:
p r a n or

p r anlcéet e
(o r p r ankch h et e
) .

m 4 “ fir :
“

gu m or
W K s ag an s a r a ti s ag a ns ar a ti or

sag a n s ar a tit .

75 Th e s am e r ul e li es to fi n al be fo r e s s s an d g s , bu t n o t
.
pp a
g n

b e fo r e g s h , wh er e i t r e m ai n s u n ch ang e d . B e fo r e s r s i t i s fir s t c h ang e d
i nto pal at al 3 7W an d
m il s m ay a
g i a n be g c h an ed to a s h eh é,
i i ch ch h i ch h B e fo r e m ay r e m ai n u nch a n d
a 72 , or ss
j .
g s,
g n g , e

or
“
c
a ns m ay b e c h an
g e d i nt o
a nts .
( Pan . VI I I .
3,
EX . t an sh a t : t ans h a t, t h o s e s ix .

or w rm a or m am or “si g n
t dn + sdr d zi l an z t dnsdr d al dn
'
t ci fi ch s ci r d zl l an t ci fi eh chh ar d zl l an
' ’
or or

tci i i ch h dr a il l an, t h o
(
’
or se t i g er s . Pan . V 111 .
3,

To al l o wi n to r e m ai n u nch an
g e d b e f o r e Sl s
’
was a m er e m i s p r i nt in B e nf e
y
’
s l ar g e
g m
r a mar , an d h as l o ng b een c o rr e ct e d b y t h at s ch o l ar .
 77 , E X TERN A L S AN D HI .
29

in
g
-
t ufi z wm s fi o r m ?! tan + s a h a t e = td ns a h a te o r tants a ha te ,
h e h ea r s t h e m .

fg g (Fgg) n fs fi g h i n (hi nt s ) = h i ns n
’
gfl j hi nt en, am o n
‘

an
‘

or or
g
e ne m ie s .
( Th e b as e Fi g h i v s be fo r e ’

z , the g sa o f t h e l o o pl ur . .
,
is
t r eate d as a Pad s .
) S ee 53 55 ,
.

6 A fi l t b e fo r e m u st r e m a i n u nc h a n e d , a nd t m ay b e i nse r t e d
7 n.a
{ g s
g g
m m
.

Ex a fa r; : s ha t s a r i ta h s h a s ar t i ta h o r s ha tl
, a
? or au

r i ta h, s i x r i ve r s .
( n
Pa . VI II .
4, 4 2 ; 3 ,

A nus var a a nd F i na l m
g .

77 g . m at th e e nd o f wo r d s r e m a i ns u nc h an
g e d if fo ll o we d by an
y
in i ti al vo we l .

EX fi l a s hi m ai m Fame: ki ma tr a , W h at i s t h er e
g
-
.

B e fo r e c o n so n ant s i t m ay, wi t h o u t e x cept io n ,

be c h an
g ed to A n u s var a .
( Pan .

VI I I .
3,
Th i s i s t h e g e ne r al r ul e . Th e e x ce pt io ns ar e s im
pl y O
pt io n al
( Pan . VI I I .

4 .
vi z .

B e fo r e 3
5 h , i kh
s , my ,
g h
g , s it, t h e fi n al ( m or A nu s var a m ay be
c h ang e d i nt o n
g .

B ef o r e eh , j , n
g s\ ch h ,
gj s s ,
l h s ri ,
to
i .

B efo r e 2 t,
; s h
t , t]
s g dh mn, t o
\
, ,
a
w .

B e fo r e a t , th, a d, d h, to i
g g g n, n .

B e fo r e u p , t fip h, a b, g bh , “
8 m
s , t o
( m .

B efo r e Ry , a l , M , t o Q y ,
t é l, i v S ee § 6 6
“

s .
5 . .

H en c e i t fo ll o ws t h at final { 111 may b e c h an g e d i nt o A nu svar a b efo r e all

co ns o n ant s , an d mus t b e s o c h an e d o nl y b e fo r e 3: s, 1 sh , h, an d
g g s,
g g r,

i . e . t h e five c o n s o n ant s wh i ch h ave no c o r r es

p o ndi ng n as al c l as s - l e t t e r .

I t wo u l d be m o s t d e s ir abl e if s ch o l ar s wo u l d n ever ava il t h e m s el ve s o f th e o pt i o nal

ch an g e O f fi nal A nu s vara i nt o $ a 73, a, I l

l a,
i n,
fi m
r
. W e sh o ul d t h e n b e s p ar e d a n u m ber

o f co m p o u nd l et t er s wh i ch ar e t r o u bl es o m e b o t h i n wr i t i n g a nd pi
r nt n i g ; an d we s h o ul d

avo id th e amb i u it as t o th e o r i g i nal n at u r e o f th ese cl a ss -n as al s wh e n f o ll o we d by ini t i al

g y
s o nant p al at al s , l i n g u al s , an d d ent al s Th u s if F l s urfs t amj aya t i , h e q h er , is
’

. co n u er s

wr i tt en ma nta tdfi j aya ti , i t m ay b e t ak e n f o r m m td n j aya ti , he co nq u er s th em ,

wh i ch , acc o r d i n
g to 6 3 , m ust be ch a n
g e d i nt o ma s ts t d fi j aya ti In th e s am e m anner

m
.

m t an d amaya t i m ay b e e i t h er
“

r "? tan da maya ti , h e t a m es t h e m , or

m
m tam da may a ti , h e t am e s h er . A l l th is u nc e r t ai nt
y I s at o n ce r e m o ve d if fi nal { m 13

al wa s ch an e d i nt o A nu s var a, wh at e ver b e t h e i ni t i al c o n s o n ant O f t h e f o ll o wi ng wo r d

y g .

Ex . fans l -
E fl ffl = fii Hf fl ffl ( or fi g fl f fi ) hi m h a r as h i = hi m ka r o s h i ( or

ki n ka r o s h i ), W h at d o e s t t h o u
m a fg a fg ( m fg ) éa tr um + j a h i sat r mnj a h i ( sa t r ufi
‘

or or

j a hi ,
) k il l th e en em y .
30 E X TE RN A L S A ND H I .
7 8

h s+ Hr fa = s cfi 7: e
s ig (or
w a r t? ) na d i m + t a r a ti na d i mt a r a ti (o r
na d i n t a r a ti ),
he c r o s se s th e r i ver .

+ swf a = gs w ( W m
°

gs g $1 or
) gnr um na ma ti z ur u
g na ma t i

( or
g ur un na ma l i
),
he s al u t e s t h e t e a c h er .

far + t fisi = ai 1 IW ? (o r W ) h i m + p h a l a m = hi m p h a l a m ( hi m
s or

p h a l a m ), W h at i s th e u se 7

m W = sm h is ? W ) s tr a m + m i mam
°

+ a t
( or sd s at e

sds tr a m m i mams a t e ( or sas tr a m m i mams a t e ), h e s t u di e s th e bo o k .

B e fo r e g l
y, s ,
i i
t v

tn r fi ( or H m nfiI) s a t va r a m + yci t i = s a t var a m y d t i

fi -

( or y )
s a tva r a q u i ckl y
'

y at i
'

,
h e wal k s .

fam n + m = f a i W or W = m
g ( ) vi d y m + l a bh a t e vid y l a a a

hh a t e (o r vi d y l l a bh a te) h e a c qu ir e s wi s d o m
a , .

ms+ § s = 7: “ (
as or fig s) ta m + ve d a ta m ve d a
( o r t a il ved a ) ,
I
kn o w h i m .

B e fo r e s h h
g r,
a , fi
s , g s,
g
fl flsfir a ct s f i fsfi: h a r una m h a r una mr o di ti , h e
W + ro di ti cr i e s

i t e o u sl y
p .

W WU ‘

fi z
m srfi sa a
yy y d m set e = sa yyayam set e, h e l ie s on

the c o u ch .

“ 1
1 + 31371 : firs 51317: mo hs h am s eve ta mo hs h a m s eveta , l e t a m an
cu l t i vat e s i r it u al fr e e d o m
p .

W + {F fd 3 f ma d h ar a m ma dh ar a m h as a t i , he
-
$1
“
h as a t i
3 ga f:

l au gh s s we et l y .

7 8 ( m
. at t h e e nd O f a wo r d i n p a as d, i . e . at th e end O f a s e nt e n c e ,

i s pr o n o u n c e d as m , no t as A nu s var a . I t m ay b e wr i t t e n , h o wever , fo r t h e
s ak e O f br evi t y ,
wi t h t h e s i m pl e d o t 8, n o t e ), an d i t i s s o wr i tt e n t h r o u gh
o ut i n t h i s gr am m ar . EX . (
“

é eva m t h u s (o r m
, ,
eva m .

79 .

gFin al
m b e fo r e s h ,
if s h b e i m m e di a t e l y f o ll o we d b y g (
n,
i n ,

fl y, l, v m ay b e t r e at e d as if i t wer e i mm e d i at el y f o ll o we d b y t h e s e
a g ,

l e t t e r s ( Pan V I I I 3 , 2 6 ,
. .
) 77
S e e , h o we ve r , 5 .

EX fam + w= f afi fang s hi m h nnt e : hi m h nu t e hi n h nu t e , W h at

.

§ g ao r or

d o es h e h i de 7
hi m + h ya h = h i m h y a h a t;h y a h, W h at
f s s + s r = f afi
g
°

a : or fi s
:
or

a b o u t ye st er d ay 7
fiFfl l -
31 m fi ’
R afi: or W W hi m h ma l a y a t i hi mh ma l ay a t i
or h i mh m a l a y a t i , W h at d o e s h e m o ve 7

80 7 . i sIf
pr ece d e d b
yhit h e r
p pe o s i t i o n m s s a m , an
g s i s i ns er t ed ,
an d
g m c h an g e d t o A n u s va ra
( n
P a V I I , 1
37; V I I I
3 , 2 . . . .

EX 81 + q
.
”

fi s : m m hr i t a h s a ms hri ta h, h all o we d
g .
 33 ,
E X TE RN A L S A ND H I . 31

81 . In a “ g a mmy , no m .
m s a mr d t, ki ng , ( m i s n e ve r c h a ng e d .

( Pan . VI I I .
3,

V i s a r ga a nd F i na l {i a nd
g
”

s r .

82Th e ph o ne t i c
. c h a ng e s o f fi nal s i b il an t s , whi c h ar e c o ns i d e r e d th e

m o s t di ffic u l t , m ay b e r e d u ce d to a fe w ve r y s im
pl e r ules . It sh o u l d o nl y
be b o r ne i n m i nd

1 . Th at t h e r e ar e r e al l y fi ve si b il ant s ,
an d n o t t h r e e ; t h at t h e si
g n s fo r t h e

g u tt u r al an d l ab i al si b il a nt s b e c am e o bso l ete ,
an d we r e re
pl ac e d by
er l y b el o ng t o t h e V i s ar ga y
t h e t wo d o t s() w h i ch
p p
ro z o nl , i . e. to t h e

u nm o difie d s i b il a nt .

2 . Th at al l s i b il ant s an d V i s ar g a ar e s u r d ,
and t h at t h e ir pr o pe r co r r e s
p o ndi n
g
s o n ant i s th e g r .

83 . y s i bil ant wh i ch can b e fin al i n p aved i s t h e V i s ar g a I f

Th e o nl .

V i s ar ga i s fo l l o we d by a s ur d l e t t er i t i s c h ang e d i nt o t h e s i bil an t o f t h at ,

c l as s t o wh i ch t h e f o l l o wi ng s u r d l e t t e r b e l o ng s pr o vi d e d t h e r e i s a s i bil a nt , .

I t s h o u l d b e o b s er ve d h o we ver t h at t h e g u tt u r al and l ab i al s i b i l a nt s ar e
, ,

n o w wr i t t e n by h an d t h at t h e s am e s ign m ay al s o b e u s e d in s te ad o f any
,

s ib il ant if fo ll o we d b y a s i bil ant

, .

E X 7m . m m : (o r i gi nal l y H?! a rm) t a t a h hdma h t a ta h hci ma h U

o r i i n al l y t a ta
( g x h d m ah
) h e n ce l o ve ,
.

6
31 3 + fi z
w : p ii r na h ch a nd r a h :
p um a é ch a nd r a h
,
th e f ul l
mo o n .

Ta: m m t ar o h c hh dyd ta r o s
'

chh dy d, th e s h ad e o f
t h e t r ee .

fim
s m fir mm fir bh i l a h ga l a tz
’

bh i tas h ta l a ti , th e fr igh t e ne d
m an i s di s t u r b e d .

W : z
g t . m gr bh agna h i h a hhur a h bh agnas h th a hhu r a h, t h e
br o k e n i do l .

m fil t
’
m na dy d h ti r am n a dy ds t im m, t h e b o r der o f th e
r i ver .

wan: mi m: mt (o r i gi n all y mm3 mi ) na dydh + pd r am

’

na d yci lz
"
: ar

p am
d ( o ri in al l y na dyci ( pp d m ), h o s i te sh o r e o f a r i ve r .
’

r
g r a t e o pp
V i s ar g a b efo r e s ibi lant s ( Pan V I I I . .
3,
W + W t=
m z or
g m fi rs
t? s up t a h+ §i é uh = s up t a é éi éu lz or

s up t a h éi éu h ,
th e ch il d sl e e
p s .

m + 1 fim z= m u fim or m 6 3 31: bh dg a h + 3 h o daé a h = blzdg a 3 h

daéa h o r bh dga h
s ho sho daéa h ,
a si x t ee nt hp ar t .

mm: + wfiz= m mfiz or m : mi :

p r ht h a m a lz + s a r ga z = P
l mMa m

m t h e fir s t s e c t io n
s ar
g h a o r p r a t h a a h sar
g h a ,
.
32 .
X
E TE R A N L S A ND H I . 84

N o te I —
If Vi s ar g a i s f o ll o we d by an i ni t i al fi ts , i t i s no t ch ang e d i nt o d ent al
“

Q 3,

bu t r e m ai ns Vi s ar g a, a s i f f o ll o we d by
E s .
( Pan . V III .
3,

Ex . m fir m mt fir s : a g hI
h a —- i s a r a ti
’
sa gh a h ts ar a ti , a wi ck e d m an ch e at s .

35 2 N R: 75 2W E : h ah+ ts ar uh = h ah t s ar uh, W h i ch i s t h e h an dl e o f th e s wo r d?

N o te 2— I f, on th e co nt r ar y, Vi s ar g a i s f o l l o we d by a s ib il ant wi t h a su r d l ett e r , t h e
Vi s ar g a i s fr e q u e nt l
y d p
r o t in M S S .
( Pan I I
. I V
3 3
,
6 , var.t .
)
EX .
a
'

ql
’
t m $
13 12 “I or E d evci h+ s t h a = d evci h s t bd or d evci s t h a,
yo u ar e g o ds ;

( al s o em
3 '
d evas s t h a .
)
{fi t w = €F
C w or {ft w h ar i h+ sp hu r a ti = h ar i h Sp h u r a ti or h ar i
s
p hu r a ti , H ar i a pp e ar s ; ( al s o
W h ar i s sp hur a t i .
)
No t e 3
—
If n o u ns e n d i ng in {q is or
“ as , li k e h avi h or d h a na h, ar e f o l l o we d
by wo r d s b e g i n ni ng wi t h h,
t ,
1!
p, m h
p , a n d ar e
g o ver ne d b y t h e s e wo r d s ,
§ sh m ay
b e s ub st i t ut e d f o r fi nal i s ar g a “fi f afi V fil E:
FE fifi fi! s arpi s hp i ba ti s a rp i h i ba ti ,
‘ ‘

or or
.
p
h e dr i n k s g h ee ; b u t fil fias fii : fin W ti s h gh a tu s ar
p i h, p i ba tva m a d a h am , l et t h e gh e e

s t an d , d r i n k t h o u wat er ( Pan . . V III .

3,

84 . If final V i s ar g a i s fo ll o we d by a s o nan t l et t e r , co ns o n ant o r vo wel ,

t h e ge ner a l r ul e
i s t h at i t b e c h ang e d i nt o g r .
( S e e , h o weve r , Th is r ul e

a d mi t s , h o we ver , o f th e fo l l o wi n g e x cept i o n s

I . I f t h e V i s ar g a i s pr e ce d e d by m d , an d f o l l o we d by a s o na nt l e t t er

( )
o we l o r co n s o n an t , t h e V i s ar a i s d r o
’

v
g pt .

2 . I f t h e V i s ar g a i s p r e c e d e d by 3 1 a ,
and fo ll o we d by an
y vo wel e x cept 15m ,

t h e V i s ar g a i s d r o pt .

3 If. t h e V i s ar
g a i s
p r ec e d e d by at a ,
a nd f o ll o we d by a s o na nt c o ns o nan t ,

t h e V i s ar g a i s d r o pt , a nd t h e a a c h an ed t o a}
“

0
g .

4 I f th e V i s ar g a i s pr e c e d e d by m a , an d fo l lo we d by E a, t h e V i sa r g a i s
.

dr o pt , a a ch ange d i n to a : 0 , aft er wh i c h , a cc o r d ing t o

} “

1
4 , t h e i n i t i al
mu s t b e eli d e d Th e si f th e e l i s io n is c all e d A vagr a h a
“
is a 8
n o
.
g ,
.

E x a mpl e s o f t h e g e ner al r ul e :

ar t s :
‘
h a vi h a ya m h a vi r a ya m, t h i s po e t .

( fa: fifii fi es Ea r a vi r a d e ti , t h e s u n r i se s
-
a r a vi h a d eti .

E m fir fil m ga a h ga ch ch h a ti _ ga ur ga ch ch h a ti
T : , th e ox wal k s .

f awn “ fit ffl fl gfiq fil vi s h nu h + j a ya ti = vi s h nur j a ya t i

:
' ’

, V i sh n u is vi c t o
i
r o us .

s sh: TN : “S hift“: p a so h ba ndh a h = p a§ o r ba nd h a h, t h e bin di ng o f th e

ca tt l e .

fig :
33 :
gm : ma h a h muh a h muh ur muhuh, g r adu all y .

an : EIT FH m 31 vayu h vd t i vdy ur vat i , t h e wi nd b l o ws

'

fimg: a fi = f1mzwfir aa h h as a ti am h as a ti , t h e c h il d l a ug h s .

fa: W z
fi ufl :
'
ni h d h a na h : ni r d h a na h, wi th o u t we al t h .

g + 7 fifi1: = znflfi z d u h ni ti h : d u r ni ti h, f b ad m ann er s

'

: o .

2113131: fir = bh i h = j yo ti r bh i h, i n s t r u m pl ur . .
34 E X TERN A L SA N D HI . 86

fo l l o ws all th e r ul e s a ffe c t i n
g t h e V i s ar a
g e x c ept th e e x c ept i o nal r ul es 84 .

z, 3, 4 ; i if pr e c e d e d . e. by =
5r a ,
an d fo ll o we d b y an
y s o n a nt l e t t er , vo wel
c o n s o n ant , t h e r is r e t ai n e d
“

o r
g .

Ex .
3 3 : sa fu m p u na h ap i = p u na r ap i , e ve n a
g ai n .

um; ( a: fi a p r dt a h eva p r d t a r eva , ve r y e ar l y .

m;+ 2
4? bh r d t a h deh i bh r d t a r d eh z, B
'

g ro t h er , gi ve

86 N c an e ve r b e fo ll o we d by a no t h er 5 r ( Pan V I I I 3 , I 4 ) H e nc e ‘

. o
g r . . .

fi nal V i s ar g a , wh e t h e r e t y m o l o gi c al l y 1 3 o r r , i f f o l l o we d by i ni t i al
1 g
“
r ,
g
a nd t h e r e fo r e by 84 c h an
ged t o
“

g r
,
i s dr o pt , an d i t s pr ec e di ng vo we l

l e ngt h en e d .
( Pan . V I .
3, I I I .
)
Ex . f ag: r m? M I G ?! vi d h uh r dj a te vi d h d m y a t e, t h e m o o n s h i n e s .

ma: m am ( a bh r d t a h r a hs h a bh r ci f ci !
’

r a ks h a , B t h er , pr o t ec t
“

ro

m i nf } m fi
'

g g f fip una h r o
g i z
p unci r o i
g , i ll ag ai n .

Th es e ar e t h e g e n e r al r u l es on t h e S an d h i o f fi nal V i s ar g a RS ,
a nd
g
”
r .

Th e fo l l o wi ng r u l e s r e fe r to a few e x c ept i o n al c as e s .

55 87 . Th e t wo p r o no un s It : s a h an d El i : es h a h ,
this, b e co m e “
a 8a a
nd
mi es h u b ef o r e c o n s o n an t s an d vo we l s , e x c ept b e fo r e sh o r t er a an d at th e

e nd o f a s e nt en c e . ( Pan . V I . 1,

EX . 3 : f
W fi I! gaf f? s a h d a d d ti d a dd ti , h e gi ve s
3a .

a: gi n -
z i t 33 : s a h i ndr a h z sa i nd r ah, t h i s I n dr a Th e t wo . vo wel s
ar e n o b
t l i a l e t o S an dh i .

B ut 11 :
W :
‘

al s
m sa h a bh a va t = s o bh a va t h e wa s
’
, .

3
1K: 112 mri t a h sa h, h e i s d ead .

S o m e t im e s S an dh i t ak e s pl ac e , par t i c ul ar l y f o r t h e s ak e o f t h e m e t r e .

Th u s 1! El i s a es h u b ec o m e s o c c as i o n all y fifl s a i s h a , b e , t h i s p e r s o n G ig
“

, . :

3 a i nd r a h a e ar s as 3 : s end r a h
( Pa n V I 1,
pp 3 . . .

Th e pr o n o u n m: s y a h ,
h e , fo ll o ws t h e s am e r ul e o
pt i o n all y i n po e t r y ( Pa
n . .

V I 1 I
.
, 3

88 fi . t bh o h, an ir r egu l ar vo c at i ve o f
m bh a va t , t h o u , dr o ps i t s V i s ar g a
b e fo r e al l vo wel s an d al l s o n ant c o n s o n an t s .
( Pan . VI I I .
3,
Ex fi: im fii m bh o h + i sdud bh o i s ci na , O h l o r d !
' ’
t
.
a z x :
.

fit : + 33 1 2= ¥fi E
m: bh o h d evd h bh o d evd h, O h g o d s

The s am e a
ppl i e s t o t h e i n t e r
j e c t i o n s tfl fi: bh ag O ll an d W 512 r e al l y
i r r egu l ar vo c a ti ve s o f n
m bh ag a va t, G o d , an d
W a
g h a va t ,
s i nn er .

89 N u m er o u s . e x c epti o n s ,
wh i ch ar e b es t l e ar nt fr o m t h e di c t i o n ar y ,
o c c u r i n c o m o u nd an d d e r i vat i ve wo r d s A fe w f t h e m o r e i m po r t ant
p . o

m ay h e r e b e m e nt i o ne d .
 89 . E X TE RNA L S A ND H I .
35

I . N o uns in
“ as ,
« is ,
“ us , f o r mi ng t h e fir s t p a r t o
f a C o mp o und .

I . B e fo r e d e r i vat i ves o f 7 kr i , t o d o ( e .
g . m h i m ) b e fo r e de r ivat i ves o f “ h am
W ha m ,
a
,

aim kdnt a W kdma ) b e fo r e we ka ms a g o bl et

to d es ir e ( e .
g .
, ,
é “ kumbh a j ar , , , ,

ma pdt r a , ve s s el ,
W kasa, co u nt e r , e ar , t h e fi nal Vi s ar g a o f bas es
in
“ as is c h an
g e d to I
t s. ( Pan . V III .
3,

Ex . i n: Hit : m 2 mak i ng ha ppy .

“ 2 3 11 2 m 3 a ha h+ kar ah a h as ka r a i l ,
s un .

m 2 z:
W u: ay a h + kumbh alz ay as ku mbh a h ,
i r o n-po t .

Th er e ar e s e ver al wo r d s o f th e s ame k in d— wh i ch ar e bes t l ear nt fr o m t h e d ict i o nar — i a

y
wh i ch t h e Vi s ar g a is ch a n
g ed i nt o d e nt al s i b i l ant . ( Pan V I I I . .
3 ,

Ex W W h + p a d m
a m = a d h as a d am b el o w t h e f o o t
p a d ha

m
.
, .

WEN? W
2 d i vah +p a t i h = di va sp a t ih l o r d o f h eave n , .

aw : ufir: = snwwfirzvdch a h+p a ti h = vdc h asp a ti h l o r d o f S p e ech , .

m: “
a m : W 2 bh ah+ kar a h = bh ds kar alz, s u n, &c .

2. N o uns « in is“ 3 w
2d h a nuh & c , b e f o r e wo r d s b e i nnin
and
g g
a s , s u ch as h avi h, , .

wi t h h, ich fl p an d ( p h al ways t ak e t ( s h ( Pan V I I I 3

Q R E
”

i , , ,
. . .
,

Ex . afi: “N i 11 W g h e e -d r i nk i n
g .

am : 2 dyuh+ kdmah = dyus hkd ma h, f o nd

g311
3 2
W o f li f e .

No t e —
BY W 2bhr dtus hp utr ah, ne ph ew, is u sed i ns t ead o f 8 13 2 5 2bhr dt uh put r alz, t h e
3
so n o f t h e br o t h er .

II . Wo r ds in
“ as,
“ i s,
“ u s, t r ea t ed as P r ep o s i t i o ns .

I . Th e wo r d s W512 na mah 93 2p ur ah fil C t i r ah , ,
’

,
if co m p o u nd e d p p re o s i t i o nall
y wi t h 5 kr i ,
ch an g e V i s ar g a i nt o i s Pan V I I I 3
"

t ( . . .
,

Ex . an: EEK . m am : nama h+ kdr a =

h na mas kdr ah, a d o r at i o n ( b ut “ 2 W
n a ma h kri tvci h avi ng , p er f o r m e d a d o r at i o n .
)
S C $ 70
W p ur a h I i
i r y
- -
c t a = p u r a s kr i t a , h avi n
y g p r ef er r e d .

fiTC em ?
“ “

m ti r alz-i— kdr z :
’
t i r a s kar i , d e s i s i ng
'
p . In fiIC ‘'
t i r a h th e c h ang e

is co n s i d er e d o pt i o nal .
( Pan . V III .
3,
2 . Th e wo r d s f a : ni h ,
$ 2d uh, va hi h , m 2civi h, “132p r ada h ,
W c ha t u z, l i f co m p o un d e d
wi t h wo r d s b eg i nni ng wit h 3
5 k, l
i lo /i , fl p
i or fl p h, t ak e
j fi sh i ns t e a d o f final Vi s ar g a .

( Pan I I I 3 , . V .

Ex . fa : W 2 f am e: nih + icdmah = ni s h kci mah , l o vel e s s .

fi r: "73 2 = fi m 2 ni h +p h a l a h = ni s hp h a l a h, fr u it l e s s

m
.

“If? Ti dvi h + k7 i t am = avi s hkr i t am, m ad e m ani fe s t

~
.

$ W fi
2 fl d uh + kr i t a m = d us hkr i t am, b a d ly d o ne , cr i mi nal
‘
:

w
.

Wg m ' "
: c h a tu h+ ko na m = c h a tus hko aa m, s q u ar e .

I II . N o uns in
“ as ,
fl is,
“ us, bef o r e c er t a i n Ta dd h i t a S ufi z es .

I . B ef o r e t h e Ta d dh i t a su ffi x es
fl ma t , EI
K
'
va t,
'

W e i n, an d W va l a, t h e fi nal { 3 a pp e ar s

as or
fi sh

EX . W fEFT W t ej ah -J
f
-
vi n : t ej as vi n, wi t h s pl e n d o ur .

W :
i o t ih -f- ma t =j y o t is h ma t , wi t h l ig h t .

W W : m ra a j h+ va l a = r aj a sva l a , a b uff al o .

F 2
36 E XTERN A L S A ND H I .
9 0

2. B ef o r e Tad dh it a s uffi es x b eg i nni ng wi t h Hi t , t h e

i
”

s, p r e ce de d by { i or 3 14, is ch an g e d

i nt o s h, af t er wh i ch t h e T b e co m e s 2 t
( t
U \
.

Wfi a? fi
.

Ex a r c hi h+ tva m a r c h i s h vam, b r i gh t n e s s
‘
. :
g t .

fi
g
“
. i i W ch a tu h+ t ayam = ch a tus h tayam, t h e aggr e g at e o f f o ur .

3 . B ef o r e t h e Ta ddh i t a s uffi e s x W p ds
’
a , 75 3 1 ka l a,
p 68 h a, an d
“
in co m p o s it i o n wit h t h e
ver b M kdmy a ti , n o u ns in
w a s r et ai n t h ei r fin al
R s, wh i l e no u ns in
« is and

“ a s ch an e
g i t i nt o t
( sh Ioo ).
( Pan . V III. 3,

W
0

Ex . W 2 11118 177 !
5 h+p ci § am =p ayasp ai§ am b ad m i l k
p ay a , .

W 2 3 73 3 W a
p y ah+ ka lp am = p ay as ka lp a m, a l itt l e m il k .

W 3 52
m g l o r i o u s .

W m W y a§ ah+ kdmy a t i
‘
y as as kdmya t i , h e i s am bi t i o u s

m
.

fl fih W b a d g h ee .

$ 2 3 53 ! m s ar
p i h+ ka lp a m = s a r i s hka l am,
p p a l i t t l e gh e e .

“3 2 W d h anuh+ kah = d h anus h kah, b el o n gi ng t o t h e b o w .

“32 m W d h anuh+ kcfmy a ti = d hanus hkdmya t i , h e d e s ir e s a bo w .

N o u n s e n di n i n r adi c al
“
85 ) r e t ai n t h e ( r b e fo r e t h e g sa o f
9 0. g g r

th e l o o l ur an d in c o m o s it io n b efo r e no u n s e ven t h o u gh b eg innin g with

.
p .
, p
su r d s .

Ex . En
g g mfivar su vdr s h u , i n t h e wat er s .

fag q fa “
Tflfifi n g i r + p a ti h
’
i
g pr a t i h,
l o r d o f s
p e e ch .

In mpo u n d s , h o we ve r , li ke Tfifif fl: g i rp a ti h, t h e O pt i o n al u s e o f V i s ar g a i s s anc

‘

co

t i o ne d ( Pan V I I I 2 , 70 , wi lt ), an d we m e et wi t h r fizq fin g i hp a ti h, i w fi r: d h ah
. .
g
p a t i h, an d
fi f m d h nrp a ti h ;
'

m afia: s va hp a ti h an d m s va rp a ti h, l o r d o f
h e aven ; m zq fin ah a hp a t i h an d wafifir: a h arp a ti h lo r d
,
o f t h e d ay .

331
3 a h ar , t h e Pa d a b as e o f M a han, d ay, i s fu r t h er ir r e gul ar , b e cau s e i t s fi nal is
t r eat e d l ik e I
t s b efo r e t h e Pada-t er m i nat i o n s , an d in co m p o s it i o n b e f o r e wo r d s be g i nn i ng
wi th Q r : h e nce $1 2 $12 W W2a ha h+ bh i h = a h o bhi h g m g a ha h+ s u
a h a suh 11 3 2 UH
“
m a ha h+ r dt r ah = a h or atr ah, d ay
'

an d n i gh t .
( Pan . V III . 2,

6 8, vart .
)

9 1 .
a chh at th e b egi nn i ng o f a wo r d, af t e r a fi nal sh o r t vo we l , an d

af te r t h e par t i c l e s an d an d m md ,
is c h an
g ed to a c h ch h .

Ex .
"
H? E T!"
“

if? m t a va ch h ci y ci l a va c h ch h dyd , th y s h ad e .

HT W C
“ : RT W md c hh i d a t end c h o hh i d a t , l et h im no t cu t .

i n m i? m d ch h d a aya ti
’
d ch chh d d aya t i , h e c o ver s .

A ft er an
y o t h er l o n g vo wel s , t h i s c h ang e is o
pt i o n al .

m or
W ba d a r i chhdyei or ba d a r i ch chh dyd , s h ad e o f B ad ar i s .

In the b o dy o f a wo r d , t h e c h an
g e o f a chh i nt o a ch ch h is n ece ss ar y
b o th aft e r l o ng a nd s h o r t vo we l s .

Ex .
{a t}! i ch ch h a ti h e wi s h e s , .
fi a t ml e ch chh a h, a b ar b ar i an ( PanV I . . .

1,
 93 , E X TERN A L S A ND H I .
37

9 2 . I ni t i al m,
s no t fo l l o we d by a h ar d co ns o nan t , may be ch a n
g e d
i nt o a chh , i f t h e final l e tt e r
“
o f t h e pr e c e di n g wo r d i s a h ar d co nso na nt o r

{ (
it for
i n ) .
( Pan . VII I .
4,

Ex .
El
m m =m or W vd k + § at a m = vd kéa t a m or vdkc h ha t a m, a

h u nd r ed S eec h e s
p .

m i .

i f} m fi g} or
W p ar i vr ci t éete = p ar i vr d t f ete
or p ar i vr at
'

chh et e , th e
‘

b eggar li e s d o wn .

“1 + W m or m ma ha t sa ka tam ma kuc h sa kata m

or ma h a ch ch h a h a a m, a
t g r e at c ar .

+ Efi n fira t a t by
‘
“l él o lcena t a ch ch h lo lcena , t h at ver s e
3
1 ag
'
.

m + W m m: or w d h dvan éaéa h d h dva fi sasa la or

d h dva i i ch h a sa h, a r u nni n
g h ar e .

33
1 +s m z= m rz zor m : up + éa bda h = ap sabd a h o r ap ch h a bd a h,
th e s o un d o f wat er .

93 . If
g it,
1 h
9 , g dh , t
r dh, or I
t bh s t an d at th e e nd o f a s yll abl e wh ic h
b eg i n s wi t h 7I
\ 9 , d
a , a
: d ,
or
{ I
}, an d l o s e t h e ir as
pi r at i o n as fin a l o r

t h e r wi s e , t h e i n i t i al co n s o n ant s d d, b c h an d i nt o
“

o 1
1 9 ( , ,
t
a or
i ar e
g e

h dh, udh , 1 1 6/z

a g , g .

Ex duh , m ilk er , b eco m es dh u k

.

53 a
35 .

fW QI Lvi svag u d h , al l at t r act i ng , b ec o m e s i évag h ut .

bud h , wi s e , b e c o m es a bh ut
fi gi .
E XTE RN A L S A ND H I .

O
E X TERN A L S A ND H I . 39
40 E XTE RN A L S A N D HI .
 C H A N GE o r “U“
'

i N To
q u

Th e
i n of
g nu, th e si
g n o f th e S u j
co n u g at i o n , an d th e a n o f
sin nd
,
th e si
g n o f t h e Kr i co n u
g j at i o n , ar e n o t c h an g e d i nt o II
I n i n t h e t wo

Ver b s
qq trip an d
w h s h u bh ( Pan . VI I I .
4, H ence
H fifi trip noti , h e pl e as e s ul f? Ics h u bh nci t i , h e s h ak e s
'

g g .

W m
'
B ut ézi no ti , h e h e ar s rfit p us h nd t i he n o u r i sh e s
g
‘
. .
,

W ksh u bh ci na , i m per . s h ak e .

Ta bl e s h o wi ng th e Ch a ng es f i
o n i nt o u n
r .

in s
pi t e o f i n t er ve n i ng c h an
g e i f t h e r e fo ll o w
V o wel s , V o we l s , or

(i nc l u di n h an d A nu s var a),
g i
L ab i al s

(i n c l u di ng
i v ),

9 8 Th e . c h an
g es h er e e x pl ai n e d o f =
In
\
i n t h e m i d dl e o f s im
pl e wo r ds ,

(wh e t h er i t b el o n g s to a s u ffi x or a t er m i n at i o n , ) ar e t h e m o s t i m po r t a nt t o

r e m em b er . B ut
i n i s l ik e wi s e li ab l e t o be c h an
g ed i nt o u n wh e n i t
r
o cc u r s in th e s e co n d
p ar t o f a co m po u n d t h e fi r s t par t o f wh i c h c o n t ai ns

o ne o f t h e l et t er s ag ri ,
" ”

g r ,
or
( sh, an d
p ar t i c u l ar l y aft e r c e r t ai n

p p
re o s it i o n s . H er e , h o we ve r , t h e r ul es ar e mu ch m o r e u n c e r t ai n , an d we
m u s t d e pe n d o n t h e di c t i o n ar y r at h er t h an on t h e gr am m ar f o r t h e ri
g h t

e m l o y m e n t o f t h e d e n ta l o r l i n u al n as al s Th e fo l l o wi ng r ul e s th e
p g . ar e

m o st i mpo r t ant

Th e c h an f i nt o ul n d o e s t t ak e pl ac e u nl e s s th e t wo m e m b er s
‘

I n
.
g e o
i no

f th e com o u nd m bi ne d to x pr e s s s in l t i
‘

o c o nc e on
p ar e co so as e a
g e
p .

H en c e ‘
Emfl bdr d h r i
’
,
a l eat h er n t h o n g , + 3 8 na s a , n o s e , g i ve s m
bdr a h r i nas a h, if i t i s t h e
’
n am e o f a c e r t ai n an i m al ; a c co r di n g to W il s o n ,

f wi t h l O ng a r h i n o c er o s , o r a b ir d
‘

o a
g o at e ar s ; a c co r di ng t o o t h er s , o f .

( U n adi S ut r a s , —
ed . A u fr ech t , s . v . Pan . VI I I .
4, B ut 3 51 ch a r ma n,
l e at h er , + 7 ITFGEET nd s i kd , ‘ '

no s e, g i ves m : c h a r ma nds i h a h, i f i t m e an s
h avi n g a

t e ch n i c al
l e at h e r n no s e . A n i m po r t an t
i
x c ept i o n i s
s a r va b e i n g t h e
e
m s a r va nd m a n,

fir s t i n t h e ir li s t , )
a t e r m f o r pr o n o u n s , ( a r
wh i ch Pani ni h i m s el f em
p l o y s wi t h t h e d e n t al
i n o nl y ( Pan I. . . I

O th er pr o per n am e s n o t fo ll o wi n t h e e n e r al r u l e ,
g g ar e fe w t r i n a g a na h I ,

45
In t h e V e da we fi nd
m fg trip nu hi , Rv . II . 1 6, 6 7
5m t rip navah, Rv . III .
42, 2 .

l Th e S ar a svat i l i ifl l fi t h at t h e p ti o n all ch ang e d wh en Tr i naya nah i s

‘

is
‘

Sa s
'

y n o y
a nam e . H ence f am t r i nag a na h or fawn t r i nay anah .
‘
1 °
I § ~ RQ ‘
 98 . C H A N GE or ”
i n m m “Ul 43

ye d m
'
S
n am ei { f -
t h r ee -
e ,
va ; t au o r ag h u na nd a na h,
nam e o f Rama ;

3 5 13 : s va r bh d nuh, n am e o f Rah u , & c .

W o r ds to be r em em b er e d
e nnui: h fi r st r i n c i al
r a ni f ro m W f n t n d V fi ni to l ead
g a
p p , g
a ra r
,
o a , , , ,
.

w i th: gr d ma ni h h e a d b o r o u gh fr o m um gr ama m ul t i t u d e and 7 0 u i ,

, , , ,

t o l ead .

vr i tr agh na h, I ndr a , k i ll e r f V r i t r a ; bu t i vr i tr a h a na m, ace f

W o
Tan . o

e i tr a h a n .
( Pan . VI I I .
4, I 2 ;

m
.

d ay ; b ut
W 3 p ar d h na m, aft e r n o o n , fr o m 1
p a r d, o ve r , an d
W uh a n ,

a m : s ar vdh na h, t h e wh o l e d ay , fr o m 115 s a r va , al l , an d
m a h a n,

d ay ; an d t h e s am e wh e n e ve r t h e fir s t wo r d e nd s in a? a .
( PfinN III .
4,
Th e r e ar e m i nu t e di s t i n c t i o n s , a c co r di n
g to wh i c h , fo r i n s t anc e , W m
Ics h i r ap ana m i f i t m e an s t h e d r i nk i ng o f mil k , or a ve s sel fo r dr i nki ng
m il k , i n afi t q m :
: Ica zns a h h s h i r ap d na h,
m a
y b e
pr o n o u n ce d wi t h d e n ta l
lin gu al n ( n o r ur n); b u t if i t i s t h e n am e o f a t r i be wh o li ve o n milk ,
or
a
i t m u s t b e pr o n o u n c e d m : hs h i r ap ci na h, m ilk dr i nkin g -
.
( Pan . VI I I .

4, 9 a n d I n t h e s am e m ann er g m d ar bh a vci h a na m, a h ay
c ar t, i s s
p w i
el t
t h lin
gu al u
r n, wh il e i n o r di n ar y co m po u n ds , s uch as

W i ndr a vdh a na m, a ve h i cl e b el o ng i ng to I n dr a , th e d e ntal

i n

r e m ai n s u n ch an
g ed .
( Pan . VI I I .
4,
In m po u n d c o n si s t i n f m o r e t h an t wo wo r d s t h e f
2 . a co
g o
i n o a ny o ne

wo r d c an o nl y be a ffec t e d by t h e wo r d im m e di at el y p r e c e di n g . H e n ce
mm mds h a by -
vdp ena , so wi ng b e an s bu t W W mds h a -ku mbh a
vdp ena , by s o wi ng fr o m a b e an j ar -
.
( Pan . VI I I .
4,

3 In m po u n d t h e c h an f i n i nt o n d t t ak e pl ace if t h e fir s t
. a co
g e o II
I o es no

wo r d ends in
1
1
9 .

Ex .
$ 3
5 5 WW I W r i le a g a na m r i ga y a na m .

S o m e gr am m ar i an s r e s t r i c t t hi s t o pr o pe r n am e s ( n
P a . . VI I I .
4, 3 ,
O r i f i t e n d s i n ( s h , an d t h e n e x t i s fo r m e d by a pr i m ar y s u ffi x wi t h 1 ”

Ex . f a: ‘Tl fi
‘

fi u flfi ni h + p d na m ni s hp d na m .

mfi i ( n
a VIII
’

dva na m P
11
3 W a y aj uh + p dva na m a us hp
j
'

: y . . .

4, 3 5

4 I n
. co m po u n d s t h e
i n o f n o u n s e n di n
g in
i n, an d t h e I n =\
o f c as e -
t e r m i na

t i o n s , if fo ll o we d by a vo we l , ar e a l way s l i abl e t o c h an
g e .

Efif zarf i h i vdp i n, r i ce s o wi ng , m ay fo r m t h e g e ni t ive ai f ga rfiun: i

fi vr t r
-

h i vdp i na h bu t al s o W i h i vdp i na h .

fil m or W mffi vr i h ivtip d ni o r vr zh i vdp d ni , n o

‘

m pl u r ne u t
. . .

al f gmfi mo r ai fzafi mvr ih i vdp ena o r vr i hi vdp e na , i n s t r u m s i ng . .

G 2
 44 C H A N GE OF
a n I NTO t
a n
55 98 .

Li kewi s e fe m i ni n e s s u ch al fzmfilt lfi o r afif i fi fl - i h i vdp i n i i h i vdp i ni

“ ‘

F vr
'

o r vr
‘

as érI .

( K as -V
ri t t i . VI I I .
4, I I .
)
No t e —
Th e
i n o f s e c o n d ar y s u ffi x e s , at t a ch e d t o th e end o
‘

f co m p o u n d s, is, u n d er th e

g e ne r a l co n d it i o n s , al ways ch ang e d to E n . Th u s m kh ar ap ah (i . e . d o nk ey-k e e p er )

b e co m es m fl nkhar ap ay anah, t h e d es cen d an t
'

o f Kh ar a p a . m 2 md tr i bh o gi nah,

fit t o be p o s ses sed by a m o t h er , f r o m W mdtr i , m o t h er , an d i i i? “ bh o g ah , en o

j ym e n t , wi t h

th e a d e ct i ve ] s uffi
j xfi zna ( s amds ant a ) , i s al ways S p el t wi t h
“ n .
( S ee al s o
98 . A g ai n,
wh il e w g a r g a bh ag i ni , th e s i s t er o f Gar g a, al wa
y s r et ai n s i t s d e nt al
“
f
i n, b ei n g an

o r d i nar
y co m p o u n d, W W ? g a r g a bh ag i ni wo u l d h a ve t h e l i ng u al
fi n, if i t wa s d er i ve d
fr o m "M 2g ar g a bh ag ah, t h e sh ar e O f Gar g a , wit h t h e a d e ct i val s u fii x
j f em .
W i ni ,
en o j i
y gn t h e s h are Of Gar g a . W o r ds wh i ch af t er t h ey h ave b e e n co m p o u nde d t ak e a ne w

s u ffi x ar e t r e at e d i n f a ct li k e s i ng l e wo r d s an d t h er ef o r e f o ll o w t h e g e n e r al

r ul e o f 9 6 . Pa
( n . V III . Kas -V r i tt i
. V III .
4, I I , var t .
)

5 . I f th e s eco n d
p ar t O f th e co m po u n d i s m o n o s ll a i c , t h en t h e y b c h an
g e O f
a fin al Ti n fo ll o we d by a t e r m i n at i o n al vo wel , or O f a t er m i n at i o n al
a n,

i s O bl i g at o r y ( Pan . . VI I I .
4,
Ex "
6
5 31
3 vr i t r a h a n, V i r tr a - k il l e r ; g e n vr i t r a h a na h bu t
. .

ga g s] :

d i r gh dh ni .
( n
Pa . VI I I .
4,

g um su r dp a h, dr i nki n g m pl u r s ur a; 1l o . . neu t .
g
‘
t W If m s ur dp d ni .

m Ics h i r ap a h, dr i nki ng m il k ; i n s t r u m . sin

g . a f t(
-
6 mh s h i r ap ena .

6 . I f th e s eco n d
par t O f a co m po u n d c o nt a i n s a
g u t t u r al , th e c h an
g e is o b lig a
to r y ,
e ve n t h o u gh t h e s eco nd
p ar t be no t m o n o s yll a b i c .
( Pan . VI I I .
4 , I

Ex .
gm
“

: h a r i h dma h, l o vin g H ar i ; i n s t r u m . s in
g {R .
m h a r i /camena ;
'

b ut W N W g a r a
g d m i ni .
( n
Pa . VI I I .
3,
g m éus h kago m a yena , l u s t r u m . s in
g . o f 3
3W sus hkago ma ya ;

( spa sus h /ca , d r y, fi m g o m ag a d u n g

T t
,
.
)
7 Li.k e wi se af t e r
p re
p o si ti o n s wh i ch c o n ta i n an
”

g r , th e =
I n
\
f pr i m ar y
O

a ffi x es , s u ch as 33 3 mm , ‘SI fi-I a ni , W u a ni y a ,
{Li F
n, a nd
( p
i f r e c e de d

by a vo wel ), an d m mdna , i s c h an
g e d to
q n, b u t u nder c e r t ai n r e s t r i c

t io n s .
( Pan . VIII .
4,
Ex . m i l p r a vap a na m Em mi p r a mdna m ; m p r dp y a mdna m .

W hil e i n th es e c as e s th e c h an g e i s pr o n o u n c e d O bl i g at o r y ,
it i s s ai d t o be

O
pt i o n al af t er c au s at i ve ve r b s ( Pan V I I I 4 , . . an d a ft er ve r b s b e gi n
ni n g an d e n di n
g i n c o n s o n an t s wi t h an
y vo we l b ut is a ( Pan . VI I I .

4, h en c e m u m} an d a
p y p
r d a na m an d a a a na m ;
p y p
r nai mui or
0
7 ?
p r a kop a na m o r A gai n , aft er ver b s b e gi nn i n g i n
p a ko
r
p a na m . a vo we l

( n o t 33 a
) an d s t r e n g t h e n i n g t h e i r b as e s b y n as al i z at i o n , t h e c h an
g e

i s n e c e s s ar y i t i s fo r b i dd e n i n o t h er ver b s , n o t be g i nn i n g wi t h vo wel s
t h o u gh t h e y r e qu i r e n as ali z at o ni h ence n m Z W p r a i nga na m

p r en a na m
g b ut 11 fwd némfi p m A h a mp a na m
‘
»

p r a ka mp a na m .
 § 9 8 . C H A N GE o r
a n 45

L as t l y , t h e r e ar e s e ve r a l r o o t s wh i c h d e f y all t h ese r u l e s , vi z . m bh d x5 bh fl , ,

I
i p 12, mi /ca m mi 9a m unti m el y fi ve};
“

, , ,
h e nc e mi ni pr a bh dnam &c .
,

n e ver mmflp r a bhd h a m ; Ifi vfi p r a vep a na m , ne ve r flaw pr avepa na m .

8 A ft e r pr e po s i t i o n s c o nt ai ni ng a n
. r ,
s uch as
m a nt ar , fag ni r , m p r
a a,
t rfi
p a r i ,
a n d I t p m , a n d a ft e r
fi d ur , t h e c h an
g e o f i n i nt o m n t ake s
\

pl ac e

I . I n m o st roo ts b egi nni ng wi t h

1 73
41 39
3
. VI I I .
4, I 4 .
)
I! “ If ?! m afif p r a na m a ti = p r ana ma t i , h e bo ws .

W W W p ar d nud a ti p a r dnud a ti , h e pu s h e s a way .

i
v m a t rfir M a nt a h na y a ti a nt a ma ya ti , h e l e ad s i n .

u m m : pm ndy a ka =
h pr andya ka h, a l ea d er .

Th e roo t s wh i ch ar e li abl e t o t hi s c h an g e o f th e ir i niti al 1 n ar e e nte r e d in

t h e D h at u path a , t h e li s t o f ro o ts o f n at ive
g r amm ar i an s , a s be g inning
wi t h H
U I . Th u s we sh o ul d fin d t h e ro o t m na m e n t e r e d a s
m na m,
s im
pl y i n or d e r t h u s t o i ndi c at e i t s li ab il i ty t o ch an
ge .

2 . In a fe w roo t s t hi s c h an
g e is o
pt i o nal if t h e y ar e fo ll o we d by Krit affi xes ,

V iz .
( P an . VI I I .
4,
1q
’
M3 t o k i s s ; nfui fi ma i nfafinmi p r a ni nzs i t a vya m
’

a m fizs i t a v a m
’ ’

, or or p r y .

fmq nzks h, t o ki s s ; M ufii m p

m m a niks h a na m.
'

or r a ni
'

ks h a n a m or

fq m d, t o
'

bl am e ; m m o r xii -
i
13 7 1 p r a ni nd a na m o r p r a m nd a na m
’

3 I n a f ew r o o t s t h e i ni t i al
.
3 n r e s i s t s all c h a n
g e , a n d t h e s e r o o t s ar e e nt e r e d

i n t h e D h at u pé th a a s b egi nni ng wi t h n, V i z ( P a 65, vart

)
i n V . . I . I ,
.

t o d an ce
W nd t, t o f all d o wn , ( C h
'

nrzt ,
31 . ur

fie: na nd ,
to j
r e o i ce .
awl wi t h, to a sk.

i t ? h a r d, t o h o wl .

m nd d h , t o b eg .

H
g na kk, t o de str o y . 7
1 nr i , t o l e ad .

W W
Q 0 o 0

Ex m a r t a na m
o

m a nd a na m
0

.
p ar
p a r .

4 Th e . ro o t
m ud é, to d e s t r o y, c h an
g es a n i n t o nut
; o nl y wh e n i ts 3 6 is
1
Fifi = p r a naéy a te ; bu t
no t c h an
g ed to
( sh . It M ir
i a m na éyat e

I! W : m zp r a na s h ta h = p r a nas h ta h, d e s t r o y e d . Pfit} . V III .

4,
‘

5 . I n th e ro o t 531
1 6172, to b r e ath e t h e i n i s c h ang e d t o nu if t h e ( r i s n o t
,
t.

ar at e d fr o m t h e n by m o r e t h an o n e l et t e r Th u s I ! wfi fif
se
p i .

mfiI p m
ur F a ni l i z
p nr d i t i h e b r e at h e
,
s ; b u t vfi + w fi fi = fi f afi
= p a r y a ni t i anj ) i fo r m s
p a r i a ni ti
( Pat ali . Th e r e du
pli c at e d ao r s t

W pr dni na t ; t h e d e s i d er at i ve wi t h m p a r d is W m p ar d ni

( n
Pa . VII I .
4 , 1
9,

It i s no t 7 Waning t o d an ce , b ut R na ; o f t h e C h ur cl as s , an d h en c e wr itt e n wi t h
i
a
,

l o ng 6 . S i dd h .
-
Kau m . vo l . II . p .
4 1 , no t e .
46 C H A NGE O F “ IN TO at n
I ” .

6 . In the ro o t
“ h i m , t o ki ll , t h e
i n is c h an g e d e x c ept wh e r e
g h h as t o
be c h an
g ed to
1 9h .
( P an . VI I I .
4 , Th u s II I- W :
m p r a

h a nya t e p r a h a ny a t e ,
he is s tr u ck d o wn W a nt a r h a nya te

( Pan . V III .
4 ,
bu t u + frfi1 = mifif p m g h na nt i = r a h na nt i , t h e
p g y
kil l . A l so i p r a h a na na m, k ill in g
a gar-
“
.

Th e c h ang e is o pt i o n al a
g ai n wh er e i n i s f o l l o we d by ( on o r
i v .
( Pan .

VI I I ugft m p r a h a nmi m:
'

.
4 ,
Th u s ug h or or p r a h a nmi ; a or

W : pr a h a nva h or p r a h a nva h .

7 T h
. e T- n o
[ f 2 nu o
3 f th e S u an d o f m mi o f t h e Kr i j g at i o n i s ch ange d
co n u

to my] . in th e Ver bs fg h i , t o s e n d , an d I f !m i , t o d e s t r o y ( PanN I I I 4 . .

,

ufgué fir p r a h i zwcm t i W fifll fif p r a m i na nt i

’

Ex
‘
. .

8 Th e . I
I ” o f t h e t er m i n at i o n m fi r d ni i n t h e i m per at i ve i s ch ang e abl e ( Pan . .

VI I I .
4 ,
Th u s I t Ra fa m finp r a bh avani p r a bh avdh i
: z .

Th e I n o f t h e pr e po s i t i o n fi l -
‘

ni , i f pr e c e d e d by 11 p m li f t p ar i , & c
9 .

t ,
.
,

i s c h ang e d i nt o I n b e fo r e t h e ve r b s ( Pan V I I I 4 , 7) g g a d , t o e ak ,
n . . 1 11 S
p
a
g na d , t o sh o u t ,
“ a
p ,t t o fal l ,
“ p a d ,
to g o ,
t h e ve r bs c al l e d
3 g h u ,

my ?
mci , t o m e a s u r e , E me , t o c h an g e , tfi so , to d es tr o y , h a n, t o
q fi
kil l , In
“

t
y ,
e t o go , at wt, t o bl o w, gT d r ei , t o fl e e ‘
or to sl ee
p , m s
p ,d to

e at , ér
‘

q vap , t o so w or t o we ave , H
g va h , t o b e ar “ sa m , ,
t o b e t r an qu i l
( d i v), fa ch i , to l l e c t , fa d i h , t o an o i nt
co
i .

Th e s am e c h an
g e t a ke s pl ac e e ve n wh e n th e au
gm e n t i nt er ve ne s .

( Pan . VI I I .
4 , I 7 , V fir t .
)
u m m a ny a na d a t .

99 . In all o t h er ver b s e x c ept th o se wh i c h fo l l o w r i

g g a d , th e c h an g e o f
f ? ! ui aft er u p r a, t nt p ar i , & c
e
.
, is O
pt i o n al .

Hf fl fl fl ffl
' ‘

or M p r a nip a c h a t i o r p r a nip a ch a t i .

E x c e pt a
g ai n in ver bs b egi nn i n g wi t h Hi [ca o r {i t kh a , or e n di n
g i n
fi sh

( n
Pa . VI I I .
4 , in wh i ch t h e
i n o f fa u i r em ai n s u n c h an
g e d .

m p r a ni /ca r o ti ;
m p r a ni h h d d a t i ; W m a ni
p i nas h l i .

W h er e i t s ee m e d l i k el y t o b e u s e fu l , t h e S an s kr i t ro o t s h ave b ee n g i ve n wit h t h e ir

d i acr it i c al l e t t er s ( a nuband h a s ) b u t o nl y , i n t h ei r D evan ag ar i fo r m . Pani ni i n e nu m er at i n

g
th e roo t s wh i ch ch an e E
g FI ni a ft er H r u
‘

p
‘
, fi ft p ar i , & c .
,
i nt o f ma i , m e nt i o ns W i nd, bu t th i s ,
a cco r d in g t o t h e co m m e nt ar i es , i ncl u d e s t wo ro o t s , th e ro o t wh i ch f o r m s fiafitfi
mi mi t e, h e m e a s u r es , an d th e ro o t wh i ch f o r m s “fi maya t e, b e ch ang es . W h er e
i n t h i s g r amm ar t h e t r a ns cr i b e d f o r m o f a roo t d i ff er s f r o m i t s D e van ag ar i o r i g i na l , the

a d d it i o n al l e t t e r s m ay al wa
y s be l o o ked u p o n as d i acr i t i cal m ar k s em pl o
yed by . n at ive

g ra m m ar i an s . S o m et i m e s t h e cl as s t o wh i ch c e r t ai n ver b s b e l o ng h a s b e en i n di cat e d by
ad d i ng t h e fir s t ver b f t h at s a m ( di v) m e a ns s dmy a t i , o r s a m
’ ’ ’

o cl as s i n br a ck e t s . Th u s

j
c o n u g at e d l i k e d i v, an d no
’

t s dmay a t e .
 C HA N GE o r INTO sh 47
l oo ,
a s
( .

C h a ng e f q
’
i nt o sh
o s
( .

A d e nt al ( a (c h ie fly o f s u ffi x e s a nd
1 00 . if pr e ce d e d
by any vo we l e x c e pt a , m ii , o r by Q It , g r , “

3 1, i s al wa ys c h an
g e d
i nt o t h e l ing u al f s h , pr o vi d e d i t be fo ll o we d by a vo we l , by ( t, M
i o r
( ,

i n,
( m ,
( y , o r
i v; l i ke wi s e by c er t a n i Tad dh i t a s u ffi xes , a ka , m ka lp a ,

W p d éa ,
& c .

If an i n s er t e d A n u s var a r '

or t h e V i s ar g a o r
fi sh i nt e r ve ne s be t we e n the

vo wel an d th e th e c h ang e i nt o { 8 h t ak e s pl ac e n e ve r t h e l e s s
( 3, .

Ex afi s a rp i s , i n fl ec t i o n a l bas e ; a f fi: s arp i h m i g neu t l i fied

.

q , no . s n . . c ar

b u tt er ; i ns tr u m . {153 m s a rp i s h d no m pl ur . . Hi m? sar
p i riwh i
( h er e

th e A nu s var a i n t e r ve n e s ) lo c .
pl ur . fi g s a rp i hs h u ( h er e th e

V i s ar g a i nt e r ve ne s ), or wfi g s arp i s hs h u
( h er e th e
( sh i n t e r ve ne s ) .

mg vd ks h u , l o c pl u r
. . o f
m ad ch , s
p ee c h .

“33
1 +g 85 mg s ar va éa lr an s a r va éa lr s h u , o m ni po te nt .

m m ( E) E
g M g chi tr a li kh ()
k m c h i t r a l i ks h u ,
p ai nt e r .

r fi fig ir s h u, l o c pl u r
'
. . o f fl : g i r ,
u p s ee c h .

“ HEI R ka ma l ka ma l s h u, n ami ng t h e g o dd e s s La k s h mi
3 g S su .

firm dh r o ks h y a ti , fu t . o f
g d r u h , t o h at e ; (h e r e
g h is c h ang e d to

h, an d th e i r at i o n t h r o wn 0 11 t h e i ni t i al d)
Q 1
‘

as
p .

l fia rfil p o ks hya ti ,
fut o f .
ER p u s h ,
t o n o ur i s h (h e r e R
\
8 h i s ch ang e d

i nt o k)
fi
‘

é .

fi t m : s ar p i h [ra h s a rp i s h ka h ad j . fo r m e d by Eli ka ,
h avi ng cl ar i fie d b u t t er .

E ffi: F fih t : s a rp i h t ar a h s arp i s h a r a t h ( h r e th e I
“ f
‘

i t: e o

fi t : t ar h is c h an g e d i nt o 1 in 89, I I I I f t h e pe nul ti m at e
a
( , as .

vo wel b e l o ng , no c h an
g e t ak e s pl ac e ; r fim g i s t ar d ( Pan V I I I
. . .

3,
fi : H
1
:
M s arp i h ma t s a rp i s h ma t, h avin g c l a r i fie d b u t te r .

Th e
R s m u st no t be a r a d i cal
i s; h e nce W s up i s a u, b e ca us e t h e { s be l o ng s t o

th e roo t Il l i nois ( Pan . . V III .

3, Y et “I “ ‘
(i s i s h a h, fr o m root
“ 563 . Th e r ul es

do pp l y t M a ay m s t a t r a ( Pan V
'

final h en c e
no t a o
R s; . . III .
3,

1 Th e A nu s var a m us t b e wh at S
'
a ns k r i t g r am m ar i ans c al l 7 mm, i t m us t no t re p r e s ent

p
'

f fiw m an Pad a
a r ad i cal n as al ; h e nc e , e ve n if we wr i t e gg p u fizs u, lo c . l ur . o
N p u , ,

b as e
a p a m, i t d o es no t b eco m e “ p um s hu . ( Pan . V III .
3, A cc o r d i ng t o B o pp a nd

o t h er E ur o p ean g ra m m ar i an s , wh o d o no t l imit th e A n u s var a t o t h e i n s e r te d A nu s var a ,

we sh o ul d h ave t o wr it e ei t h er
Egp ums h u, o r, i f we wi sh t o p r e ser ve th e ( s,
T ? p uns u .

i s th e r i gh t f o r m Th e S ar as vat i p r e scr i bes

A cco r di ng t o Panin i , h o wever , a ms u
3g p .

Eq nks h u .
48 C HA N GE OF
a s I NTO “
U h 10

Ta bl e s h o wi ng th e Ch a ng es sh
o
f a s i nt o
fi .

i
A ny V o wel s e x cept 11 ,
an i ,
c h an
g e i f t h e r e fo ll o w

( in S p it e o f V o wel s , or

i ns er t e d A nu s var a , Vi s ar g a , o r s i b il ant i nt er ven i n g , ) i t, Wi th ,

al s o E k, t m,
q g r , a i n,
(
i f i m m e d i at el y p r ec e di ng ,
fi sh
Ry l ,
E v .

101 . Th e s am e r ul e
p ro du c e s th e
g c h an e o f ( 8 i nt o g sh in ro o ts

b egi nni ng wit h E S3 i f r e d u pl i c at e d , pr o vi d e d t h e vo wel o f th e r e du

pl i c at e d
i
s yl l abl e i s no t a ,
3 11 i : Ex . a q s vap , to s l ee
p Re d u pl Pe r f . .
W s u s h vci
p a,

f s firmf a s i s hi ts a t i T hi s rul e i s l i ab l e t o
‘
I h ave sl e
pt . fi nt s i d h ,
D es . .

e x ce
pt i o ns .

102 . A g ai n , m an y ro o ts b e g i n n in g wi th q s c h an
g e i t i nt o
( sh aft e r

p re
p o s it i o n s re qui i g
r n s u ch a c h ang e , V iz . Wfil ‘
‘
a ti , o ve r , $1
3 a na , aft e r ,

sl
w fq ap i , u
p o n, 13 5! a bh i , t o war d s , fa ni , i n , fa
r ni r ,
o ut , wft p a r i , r o u nd ,

nfa p r a ti , t o wa r d s , fa
‘
vi , awa y: Ex . W + fi fw= wfit fi f fl a bhi + s t a u ti =
a bh i s h a a ti , t h e pr ai s e s . Th e s am e c h an
g e t a k e s pl a c e e ve n aft e r th e au
g m e nt

h as b e e n a dd e d , i n wh i c h l l y pr e c ed e d by an i t a
th e is
q c as e s r ea

Ex . s wi m a bh a s h ta a t , h e
y pr a i s e d S o m e ve r b s ,
aft e r t h e s e r e o s it i o n s ,
p p .

ke e p t h e sh i n t h e r e d u pli c at e d pe r f e c t : E x f a ? s i ch , t o s pr i nkl e ; “

fi .

W a bhi s hi ii ch a ti , he s
p r i nkl es ; W a bh i s h i s h ech a , he h as
i
r nkl e d I n t h e i nt e n s i ve fi t s i ch do e s t fo ll o w t h i s r ul e h e n ce
S
p .

fl no ;

m a a bh i s es i ch ya t e ( Pan V I I I 3 . .
,
1 12 ) b ut i n t h e d e s i d er at i ve q s is
c h ang e d , M a fia a bhi s h i s h i lcs h a ti . M a ny o th er c as e s m u s t b e l e ar n t
fr o m t h e di ct i o n ar y or fr o m Pan ini .

103 . In or d er t o g i ve an i dea o f t h e m i nu t e nes s o f the r ul e s as c o ll e ct e d by n a ti ve

g r amm ar i an s , an d o f th e co p
m l i c at e d m ann er i n wh i ch t h es e r u l e s ar e l ai d d o wn , t h e f o l
l o wi ng e xt r act s f r o m Pani ni h ave b een j
s u b o i ne d , t h o u g h t h ey by no m ean s e xh au s t th e

s u b ectj acc o r di ng t o t h e vi e ws o f nat i ve g r a m m ar i an s . It n ee d h ar d l y b e a dd e d t h at

b eg i nner s s h o u l d n o t at t e m pt t o bu r d en t h e ir m e m o r y wi t h t h e s e r ul e s , t h o u gh a
g l an ce

at t h em m ay b e u s ef ul b y g i vi ng t h e m an i dea o f t h e i nt r i caci e s o f S an sk r i t g r a mm ar .

N ati ve gr am m ar i an s e n u m er at e al l m o no s yll ab i c ver b s b eg i nni ng wit h E s , an d f o ll o we d

by a vo wel or by a d e nt al c o n s o n an t , ( li k ewi s e W s mi , to s m i l e, ffi i svi d , to s weat ,

fi g sva d , t o t as t e ,
fi s va h j
’

,
to e m b r a ce ,
“ w ap, t o sl ee p) , as i f b e g i nni ng wit h
fi sh .

Th u s t h ey wr i t e
M In f ar s hmi ( Pan
‘
s hi d h, s h tha, . . v1 . I ,

Th i s i s no t d o n e wi t h
fifl s r ip , to go ,
W sr ij , t o l et o ff , F
fi s tri , to c o ver , li
ft i
s tg , to

c o ver , fi s ty ai , to so un d E
l
i , s ek, to go , 1
2 sr i , t o go , i n or d er t o sh o w t h at t h ei r i ni t i al
is l i abl e t o b e ch an g e d i nt o ci r cu m s t an c e s
E s no t
fi s h u n d er an
y .

Th ey th en g i ve t h e g en er al i s t o be ch ang e d in al l
r ul e t h at t h i s i ni t i al E sh
{ in t o
fl s,

t h es e ver b s , e x pt fi
ce s h t hi v, to s pit , an d
“ s hvash k, to g o , ( an d ac co r d i n g to so me
in Q sh ty ai , s am ) u nl e s s wh er e
,
“

( sh is j
e n o in e d a s e co n d t i me
50 C H A N GE or
fi s I N TO
fi sh . 1 04

5 A ft er t h e
.
p p re o si t i o n s W3 anu, fi vi , l i ft p a r i ,
55 5 ! a bhi , f a ni , Riga/ and m ay t ak e fi s h,
x pt wh n ppl i d t l i vi g b ing ( V 3
e ce e a e o n e s III

m
. .
,

6 A ft t h p p fa vi F li k d m k h h i t h p t p t i i p l i
. er e
y t
re
fi h .t g n t , n s n
an a a e s , ou o e as ar c e

H t (V 3 b t f t t h p p 1il l t p i t h
a I II .
l
, gh t v n i n th
u ap t p t i i pl
er e re .
''
ar , rou ou , e e e as ar c e

(V 3 firm : W
III , : p i hk h p i k h or ar s a nna or ar s a n na .

7 A ft th p p
W i fiTni fi vi t h v b F d fifi p l m k
fi h
‘

h E fi h
er e re
gfi g n n r
y t s a ur a s u a a e s
'
. .
, , , e er s .

(V 3 III .
,

8 A f t t h p p fi vi fi k mbh m t l w y t k ( V
. er
fi e re .

fi h , 3 s a us a a s a e s . III .
,

9 . Th v b W
fi e f t d
er pp i g i t i i t i l v w las,t k fi
a h fter p p i
rot i n w h i h
n s n a o e ,
a es s a er re os o s c

h h ng
cau s e su c nd ft
W p d if
a c t h fi h a f ll w
e, ad b y fi g v
a w l er ra ur , e s is o o e o r a o e

( W bhi hydt “ gW p d h h a W g f fl d d h h i
'

i
‘

3 V III .
, l ! y t fi p a t s . ra u s . r u s an .

10 . Th e ver b E fi svap , wh en ch an g e d t o
fifi su
p t ak es
,
fi s h , af t e r
g s u, fi vi ,
W ni r ,
fi du r

( VI I I .
3, fig“: s us h np t a h .

gg“ :i d u h s hnp t ah .

E x pt i ce o nal c ase s , wh er e fi s is u s e d , an d n o t
fi sh

1 1 . Th e v er b fi l fi s i ch’

, f o l l o we d by t h e i nte n s i ve affi x (V III .

3 , m a bhi s es i

chg a t e .

1 2. Th e ver b f fl fi si d h s i g ni f
yi ng t o g o V
( I II 3, W p a r i s ed h a t i .

m
, .

13. Th e ver b fi
g s a h, if ch an g e d to
W s o dh ( V III .
3 , p a r i s o dhum .

Th e ver bs E lfi s t ambh fil fi s i v H in th e r ed u pl i cate d ao r i s t (VI I I

1 4. , ,
i s a k, .
3,
lI fil fifi gfip ar g asi s h a h a t ’
'

I
5 . Th e ver b
"

g sa, f o ll o we d by t h e affi es o x f th e 1 st f u t u r e, t h e c o nd it i o n al , o r t h e d e s i d er a

t i ve ( VI I I .
3, W a bhi s o s h
ya t i W a bhi s us fl h.

m
.

1 6. Th e ver b s H
g s a d, éfi s va fi j , in th e r ed u pl i cat e d p e r f e ct ( V I II .
3,
a bh i s h as ad a .
‘
W a bhi s h asva e . j
1 7 Th.e ver b
n ad , O pt i o nal l
y , if p r ece d e d by t h e a ug m e nt V
( I II. 3, m or

W ny as hi da t o r nya s id a t
’

1 04 . Th er e ar e m any c o m p o un ds i n wh i ch t h e i nit i al
fi s o f th e s eco n d wo r d i s ch an g e d

if t h e fir s t wo r d en d s in wel ( x pt ii) W f m fil udhi ,

'

s h,
to
fi a vo e ce . Ex .
y nd h i s h ghi r a ,
r o
g y
i n b at tl e , an d W s thi r a , fir m ;
5g
”

s us h i ha , well ; ggd us h gh u , i ll ;
W s us h a ma, b e au t i f ul ,

f em : ni s h amah, d iffic ul t , fr o m m : s a mah , e ve n ; fagfi t r i s ht ubh , a m et r e ; W ag ni

W W
’
s h o man, A g ni an d S o m a ; mdtgi s hvasri , m o t h er s s i s t er ; i fi s hva s fl , f at h er
’
'

p t s

s i s t er ; W g o s h yh ah, co w-st abl e ; m : ag ni s h go ma h ,

a s acr i fice
‘

i fiffl m j yo ti
'

s h o mag h ,
a s acr i fice, ( h er e t h e fi nal
fi s o f F fifflfi j y o ti s
‘

is d r o t p .
) In
W tur as ah ,
’
a

n am e o f I n dr a, an d s im i l ar c o m p o u n d s,
fi s is ch ang e d to
fi sh wh en ever
g h b ec o m e s
{ t
.

no m .
M a m ba; ac c .
gr i m é t ur a
-
s ah a m
'
.
( Pan . vm .
3,

C h a ng e d h i nt o L i ng ua l dh
o
f D e nt a l
fi fi .

10
5 . Th e
fi dh o f th e s e co n d p er s . pl ur . At m . is ch ang e d to
q dh i n t h e r e du pli cat e d

p er f ect , th e ao r i s t , an d in f l ai l s hi dh vam o f t h e b e ne d i ct i ve , p r o vi d e d th e fi dh, or th e fil s hi ‘

o f fili al s hi dhvam, f o l l o ws i m m e d i at el y an i nflect i ve r o o t e n di ng in any vo wel b ut an 3 .

( Pan . V III .

Ex .
; m
a 1 P , er f . WT ? c h akri dhve .

3
5 c h yu ; A or . W T? a c hy o dh va m .

gp l u B e ne d .
“ p l o s hi dhvam .
 m7 , RULES or I N TE RN A L S A ND H I .
51

B ut Fai r ies /zip , A or . « ws a alcs hi bd h va m .

fi
fi g a
j ; B e ne d .
W y a ks h td h vam.

If th e s ame te r mi nat i o ns ar e p r e ce d e d b y t h e i nt e r me d ia te i i, and the

{i be p rece d ed by

fiy g
”

r
“

Q I, fi t) ,
g h, t h e c h a ng e is o pt i o nal .

m
, ,

Ex .

Q l a ; Pe r f .
“ W l u l u vi d hve o r l u l uvidh ve .

la ; A o r W a l a vi d hva m o r
W a l a vi dhva m
“

Q
m
. .

l u ; B ene d M l avis h l d hva m l a vi s hi dhva m

Q . or .

Aor W
"
B bud h a bo dh id hva m
ut
gfi . .

Ru l es o f I nt er na l S a nd h i .

Th e ph o net i c r ul e s c o nt ai ne d i n t h e pr ec e di ng par agr aph s

1 06 .
3 2 -
94)
a
pp l y ,
as h as b e e n s t a t e d , t o t h e fi n al an d i n i t i al l e tt er s o f wo r ds
( p a d as
),
wh e n b r o u gh t i n t o i m m e di at e c o nt ac t wi t h e ach o t h er i n a s e nte n ce , t o t h e
final a nd i ni t i al l e t t er s o f wo r d s fo r m e d i nt o co m po un ds , an d t o t h e fi nal

l et t er s o f n o m i n al b as e s b efo r e th e Pa d a t er mi nat i o n s ,
-
an d b efo r e ce r tai n

s e c o n d ar y or Ta ddh i t a s u ffi x e s b egi nni ng

'

, wi t h an
y c o n s o n an t e x ce t
p fig .

Th er e i s an o t h er cl as s o f ph o n et i c r ul e s appli c abl e t o t h e final l ett e r s o f

no m i n al an d ver bal b as e s ( d h d tu) b e fo r e t h e o t h er t e r mi n ati o n s

o f d ec l e n s i o n g b e fo r e r i m ar y o r
an d
p K r i t u ffi x e s and be fo r e
co n u
s j at i o n , ,

s e c o n d ar y o r Ta d dh i t a s u ffi x e s b egi nni ng wi th a vo wel o r fi g S o me o f , .

t h e s e r u l e s ar e g e n er al an d d e s er ve t o b e r e m e m b er e d B u t i n m any case s
, .

t h e y e i t h er agr e e wi t h t h e r u l e s o f E x t er n al S an dh i o r ar e th e m s el ve s li abl e ,

t o s u ch n u m er o u s e x c e pt i o n s t h at i t i s f ar e a s i e r t o l e ar n t h e wo r d s o r

g r am m at i c al fo r m s t h e m s el ve s , as we d o i n Gr e ek an d
Lat i n , t h an t o t r y to
m as t e r t h e r ul e s ac co r d i n
g t o wh i ch th e y ar e fo r m e d o r su ppo s e d t o be
f o r me d .

Th e fo ll o wi ng f t h e ph o n e t i c r u l e s o f wh at m ay b e c all e d
ar e a fe w o

I nt er na l S a nd h i Th e s t u d e nt will fi n d i t u s e ful to gl an c e at t h e m , wi t h o u t
.

e n d e a vo u r i n , h o we ve r , t o i m r e s s t h em o n hi s m emo r y A ft er h e h as
g p .

l e ar nt t h a t fai
r d vi s h , t o h at e , fo r m s Efiw d ves h mi
’

,
I h at e , i f wd veks h i
'

,
th o u

§ f 9 d o es h l i fi g a dve i h e h at e d , fg i dvi ddh i , H at e ! f g g d vi t,

‘
h at e s t , h e h at e s ,
g
' ‘

, ,

a h at e r , fan: a vi s h a
’
h , o f a h at e r ,
m d vi ts u, am o n
g h at er s ,
—
h e w ill r e fe r

b ac k wi t h a d va n t a
.
g e to th e r ul es , mo r e o r l e s s g e n e r al , wh i c h r e g ul at e t h e
c h an f fin al sh i nt o ir , Z , l & b t h wil l l e ar n hi s
g e o
fi a J g e ,
c ; u e . n e ve r

d e cl e n si o n s an
d Sg n ug at i o n s
j p p r o, er l y i f, i n s t ea d o f ac qui r ing fir s t th e

par a d i g m s as t h ey ar e , he e n d e avo u r s t o c o n s t r u ct e ac h fo r m by i t s e l f,
di n g t o t h e ph o n e t i c l ai d d o wn i n th e fo ll o wi ng par ag r aph s
ac c o r ru
les .

1 F i na l V o wel s .

10
7 . N o h i at u s i s t o l er at e d i n t h e m i d dl e o f S ans kr i t wo r d s . W o r ds su ch as

e r ang a , f o r e -yo k e , fir m ti tau , s i eve , ar e i s o l at e d e x ptice o ns . Th e h i atu s in co m

p o u nd s , s u ch as
m p ur a g o i ng i n fr o nt , m na ma -ukt i h, sayi n g o f p r ai se , whi ch

H 2
 I N TE RNA L S A ND H I
’

52 RUL E S or . 108

is pd uce d by t h e el i s i o n
ro o f a final fi s b ef o r e cer t a i n vo wel s , h as b e en t r e ate d bf u nd er the

h ead o f E t er n al S andh ix . 84 .

Final W W Ta wel s ac co r di ng t o t h e g e ner al

’
1 08 . a an d co al e s c e wi t h f o l l o wi ng vo

r ul es o f S an dh i .

Wfi‘l t ud a + ami = fi1 fi t u olan i , I be at

33 § i
.

?
’

t u d e, I b e at , A t m
"
h u l a -H z
33 .

m ddna + i = § fi d ane , in t h e g ift .

m hi na
c = fifi chi ne, t h e t wo g i f t s .

I f we a dm i t th e s am e s et o f t er m i nat i o n s af t er b as e s e n d i ng in co ns o nant s an d in ho r t
’

W a i t be c o m e s
, n e ces s ar y t o l ay d o wn so me r ules r e q u ir i ng fi nal W a t o b e dr o pt b ef o r e
c er t ai n vo wel s . Th u s if WT? am i s pu t d o wn as t h e g en e r al t er m i na t i o n o f th e ac c . s i n
g .
,
as

in m vach a m, it I s n e ce s s ar y to en o in
j th e o mi s sio n o f fi nal W a o f fifi si o a b ef o r e t h e
W am o f t h e ac e . s i ng . in or d er t o ar r i ve at ffilfi s i vo m . In th e s am e m an ner , i f W am is

pu t do wn as t h e t e r m i n at i o n o f th e 1 .
p . s i ng . p
i m f Pan , . an d E e as t h at o f the I . p . s i ng .

p At m we fo rm r e g u l ar l y Wé fi a dves h -um an d fa} d vi s he ; bu t we h ave t o l ay

’

r es . .
,
can

d o wn a new r u l e , acc o r d i ng to wh i ch t h e fi nal W a o f 33 t uda p

i s d r o t , i n o r d er t o ar r i ve at

th e c o r r e ct f o r m s W3 ? a tud a ( ) am a n d
-
fi t u d( a )e . B y f o l l o wi ng t h e s
y s te m ad o pt ed i n t h is

g r am m ar o f g i vi ng t wo s et s o f t er m i n at i o ns , an d t h us e n ab l i n
g t h e s t u d e nt to ar r i ve at th e
an d c o n u g at i o n m e r e l y m e ch a ni cal
a ct u al fo r m s o f d e cl e n s i o n j by a co m b i n at i o n o f ba s e
an d t er m i n at i o n , i t i s p o s s i bl e t o d is p e ns e wi t h a n u m b er o f t h es e ph o n et i c r u l es .

A g ai n, i n t h e d e cl en s i o n o f b as e s e n di ng in r a d i c al WTa, cer t a i n ph o net i c r u l es h ad t o

b e l ai d d o wn, a c co r di ng t o wh i ch t h e fi nal WTa h a d t o be el i d e d b ef o r e c er t ai n t e r m i n at i o n s

b eg i nni ng wi t h vo wel s Th u s t h e d at i ve N W Tt ? - ”
s ah kh ad hma+ e was s ai d to fo r m

m
.

sa nkh ad hme, ( t o t h e sh ell -bl o wer , ) by dr o pp i ng t h e fi nal WTa ,

an d no t W s an
'

kh a d hma i . H er e , t o o , t h e s am e r e s u l t is bt ai ne d by a d m it t i n g t wo b as e s f o r t h i s
o as fo r
m any o t h er n o u ns , an d a s s i g ni n g th e weak b as e, i n wh i ch t h e WTd i s d r o t , t o p a ll th e

so -ca l led B h a c as e s , th e cas e s wh i ch B o pp c al l s t h e weak es t c as e s ( Pan . V I .

4, E ach
o f t h es e s
y st e m s h as it s a d va nt a g es a n d d e f e ct s , an d th e m o st p r a ct i c al pl an i s, no d o u bt ,
t o l e ar n t h e p ar a d i g m s by h ear t wi t h o u t a s k in
g an
y q u e st i o n s a s t o t h e m ann er i n wh i ch
t h e b as e a nd t h e t er mi n at i o n s we r e o r i g i n all y c o m b i ne d or l u e d t e t h e
g o
g r .

10
9.W i t h r eg ar d to ver b al b as e s e n d in g i n l o ng WTa, m any
’
s p e c i al r ul e s h ave t o b e
o b s er ve d , a cco r d i ng t o wh i ch fi nal WT d i s e i t h er el i d e d , or ch an g e d to i f or to F e .

T h es e r ul e s wi l l b e g i ve n i n t h e ch a pt er o n C o nj u g at i o n . Th u s

1 10. Fi nal i i, i
“
f, 3 a, 3 21, Wr i , if f o l l o we d b
y vo wel s or p
d i h t h o ng s , ar e
g er all
e n y
ch an g e d
fi fi g
to
”

g, e, r .

Ex . Hfil Q W3 ma ti + ai ma ty ai , t o t h e m i nd .

fflfi l ’
37 3 7 5 2j ig i + uh= j i gg uh t h ey h ave c o n quer e d
T , .

m3 ‘S fii “Ti -Eh: bhdnu + o h = bhdnvo h o f t h e t wo s p l e n d o u r s , .

firg an =
f g i +d =
p tm
“
t |a r
p i t i § by t h e f at h er .

W Wfil
‘

M bi bhi + a ti = bi bhy a ti ,
t h ey f e a r .
 ” 3 , M I L ES o r INTE R N A L S A N D H I . 53

In so me cas es
{ i an d
{ f ar e ch a ng e d to fl iy ; 3 a an d 3 11 to U
fi uv ;
q r ; to fi n}
ir an d , aft e r l ab i al s , t o HQ a r
to
a .

Ex .
m H
3 : m si ér i + a t h uh = sié ri ya t h uh, yo u ( t wo ) h a ve g o ne .

s fi r : W bht + i = bhi yi , i n f e ar .

3 WFH ‘

W yu + anti = y uva n ti t h ey j o i n , .

t h ey h ave jo i ne d .

h ave br o ug h t f o r t h .

fi ha+ i = bh a vi o n e ar t h .
1 +3 g r b ,

3
! W% fe fi mr i + a t e = mr i ya te, h e di e s .

"
W Ffl fiTt fil g fl + a t i = g i r a ti h e s wal l o ws
1
3
' ' ’

.
,

"I g ugft p ap ri —f- i z p ap ur i , l i b er al

’
.

W h en e i t h er th e o ne or th e o t h er t ak es pl a ce m u s t be l ear nt fr o m p ar ad i
g ms an d fr o m
s p eci al r u l es gi ven u n d er t h e h e ad s o f D ecl e ns i o n an d C o nj u g at i o n . S ee M bi bhya t i
fr o m xfi ‘ '
bh i , bu t f i n nf aj i kr i g/ a a fr o m g? m .

I I 1 . Fi nal $1 6, i f f o ll o we d b t er m i nat i o nal

y co ns o nant s , is ch a n
g ed to ifi fr ; a nd aft er

l abial s t o an
fl
gfl, s h o ut Pass i ve T fi fifig i r Par t fifi: yi mah
fi
'
to T
'

ya t e ;
-
; . .

mi t o fill ; Pas s i ve ah
{ p d Par t
Eli “

p ii r nah
1
1 r - a t e l
, y ; : .

B ef o r e t h e fig o f t h e Pas s i ve, I nt e n s i ve , a nd B e n e d i ct i ve , fi nal {i an d 3 u ar e l e ngt h e ne d ,

fi nal W {i ch an g e d to fi ri , fi n al fi n to
”

fig
’
ir or
fl an ( S ee
1 12. T
! e, 3 a i , 35 h0 WTa n , , b ef o r e vo wel s an d p
d i h t h o ng s , ar e g e ne r all
y ch an e d
g i nto
Wfi ay WTfi dy , Wfi a v, WTfi dv
, .

a Wh :
'

Q fi
'

T
t d e
'

+ a t e = d a
g a l e h e p r o t e ct s , .

E ( a r a i + e = r ag e t o weal t h , .

T h 2 :
"ETg o + e = g ave , t o th e co w .

7 a W : W : nau + a h = ndvah t h e sh i p s , .

Ro o t s t er m i nat e d by a r a d i cal d i h t h o n g ( e ce t a vg/ e i n p x p r e du pl p . er f .

, Pan . v1 . 1, 46)
c h an g e i t i n t o WTd b ef o r e an affi e ce t t h o s e o f t h e s o -cal l e d s
y x x p p e ci al t en s es .
( Pan . V I . 1 ,

a RT am d e + t d = d ata, h e will p ro t ect .

a 1 111 1 m d e + s i g a = dds i ya , M ay I p ro t e ct

FT m ml a i + td = ml ci t d, h e will wi t h er .

Sh HT: fiTTHT h e will p ar e .

B ut i n t h e Pr e s ent Wfil
‘
r a wfir g l ai + ati = g ldya ti ,
h e i s we ar y .

2 . F i na l Co ns o na nts .

1 1
3 . Th e r u l e s a cco r di ng t o whi ch t h e c o n s o n ant s whi c h can o c c ur at

th e e nd o f wo r d ar e r e s t r i c t e d k, a, t t, m, a l ,
to
g n
r ( u fi fip fi ;
“

n,
a s
q , , ,

2 11 , i ii ,
m u s t li ke wi s e b e o b s er ve d wh er e t h e l as t l e tt e r o f a no m in al o r

ve r al b b as e b eco m e s fin al , i . e . wh er e i t i s no t fo ll o we d by any d e r i vati ve

l e tt er o r s yl l abl e .

Th u s t h e no m i n al ba se
‘

gfi yu d h ,
batt l e , wo u ld i n t h e vo c a t i ve s i ng ul ar be
54 IN TE RN A L S A ND H I . 1 14

grt
yu d h . H er eh
,
w e v
oe r ,
t h e
g d h m u s t b e c h an g e d into
g d, b ecau s e no
i r at e i s t o l er at e d a s a fin al 54 ) an d d is c h an ed i nt o t b e c au s e
as
p 1 .

g g ( ,

n o wo r d c an en d in a so ft c o n s o n ant 54 .

“ mi ck, S pe ech , i n t h e vo c .

s in g wo ul d c h an it s ch i nt o le, b e c au s e al a t al s c an n e ve r b e fi n al
.
g e
{ fi p
(555 4 3)
In W a dh o k, i n s t e a d o f
W a do h , th e pi r at i o n
as o f t h e fin al i s t h r o wn
b ack on th e i n i t ial a d
i
Th e fi n al h or
§ g h
g , aft e r l o s i ng i t s
i r at i o n , b e co m e s wh i h i s fu r t h e r c h an d to a k
“

as
p
1
19 ,
c g e
s .

1 1 4 . N o m i n al o r ver b al b as e s e n di n
g i n c o n s o n an t s an d fo ll o we d by
t e r m i n at i o n s c o n si s t i n g o f a s in l c o n s o n an t , d r o p t h e t e r m i nat io n al t o g e t h er ,
g e

t wo c o n s o na nt s n o t b e i n g t o l er at e d at th e e nd o f a wo r d Th e final
c o n s o n a nt s o f t h e b as e ar e t h e n t r e at e d li ke o t h e r fin al c o n s o n an t s .

3 3
1 + a
t :
”

m mi c/z s o d /c, s
p ee c h no m .
g sin .

I ri
fl + q = mzi pr dfich e as t e r n ; no m . s in
g . m as c . H er e W
dnk, wh i c h r e m ai n s a ft e r t h e d r o ppi n g f is, di n g t o t h e
p r o
a s, ac c o r

s am e r u l e , r e d u ce d ag ai n ci fz, t h e fi n al n as al r e m ai n i n l
’

to pr
g g u tt u r a ,

bec au se i t wo ul d h ave b een gu t t u r al i f t h e fin al

q
“

k h ad r e m ain e d .

= a rm j u m pi ng
W 4 q W ly s s u va l , wel l . H er e , af te r t h e d r o ppi ng
t h er e wo u l d r e m ai n bu t
o f
a s,
W s uva l /c as no wo r d c an e nd in
t wo c o n s o n ant s , th i s i s r e d u ce d to
w s u va l . B e fo r e t h e Pa d a
t e r m i n at i o n s m va lg it s
W as su m e s Pad a fo r m
W s uva l 5 3)
h e n c e i n s tr u m pl u r . .
W s uva l bh i z. l
11 3
1 + It m ah an s a h a n, t h o u k ill e d s t ; 2 p
g i m p f P ar . . si n . . .

“2 + a d ves h t a d ve g, h e h at e d ; s in i m f P
3 3 p g p ar . . . . .

s w
ig 1
1 :
m a do h t a dl w lc, h e mi l k e d 3 p s in g i m p f P ar . . . . .

E x c ept i o n s wi ll b e s een u n der t h e h e ad s o f D e c l e n s i o n an d C o nj u gat i o n .

1 1 5 . W ith r e g ar d t o th e c h an
g es o f t h e fi n al c o n s o n an t s o f no m i n al
a nd ve r b b e fo r e t er mi nat i o n s t h e g e n er al r ul e i s
a l b as e s , , ,

1 . Ter m i n at i o n s b e ginn in g wi t h s o n an t l et t er s r e qu i r e a s o nant l et t e r a t t h e ,

e n d o f t h e no m i n al o r ve r b al b as e .

2 . Ter m i n at i o n s b egi n ni ng wi t h s u r d l e tt er s r e qu i r e a s u r d l e t t er at t h e e n d ,

o f t he no m i n al or ve r b al b as e .

3 I n t hi s
.
g en e r a l r ul e t h e t e r m i n at i o n s b e gi n ni n g wit h vo wels , s em i vo we l s ,
or na s a l s ar e e x cl u d e d ,
i . e . th e y p ro d u ce no c h an
g e i n t h e fi nal co n

s o n an t o f th e b as e .

61 + f t! HF
“! va ch dh i vag dh i , S pe ak s i ng i m p Par
“
I 2
. .
p . . . .

1
11 + 2 3 1 9 p r i ck
1 7 5: di we = p ri g d h ve , y o u m i x “
2 .
p pl ur
.
pr es . . A tm .

+ f H = WfiF ad
°

a ts i , s in th o u e at e s t
2 .

g
ar 82 2 .
p .
g p . r es . .

mg fir wfa ad ii a t ti ,
3 p
. . s in
g .
pr es . he e at s .
 1 1 8 . I N TE RN A L SA N D HI . 55

3 .

m 4 1 : “F F? m ar ut i z mar ut i , l o c . s i ng . i n t h e win d .

6
1 + fit 2 “

w
‘

va c/z mi va ckm i , I s
p e ak .

w
a r + i t} aw} g r a t h y a t e g r a t h y a t e,
it i s ar r a n
g ed .

E x ce pt io ns s u ch as fa g H
‘
firm bh i d n a lz bhi nna lz, di vid e d , “
1 +3:
mm bh aj + na l¢ = bh agna lz, br o k e n , m u s t b e l e ar n t by pr ac t i c e r at h er t h an

by r ul e .

1 1 6 . A s pir at e s , if fo ll o we d by t e r m i n at i o n s b egi nni ng wi t h any l e t t er

( x ce t
e
p vo wel s a nd s e m i vo we l s an d n as al s ),
l o s e t h e ir as
p i r at i o n .
54 .

Ex .
m -
l Fa z wwfa mdmwt h t i = m dma tt i , 3 p . . s in
g p . r es . Par . o f th e
i nt e ns ive
m mdma th , h e s h ak e s m u ch .

t t i $3 “

5 ? r a u dh d l we r u nd d h ve, 2 .
p .
pl ur .
p r es . A tm . o f

w m d h , y o u i m pe d e .

'

mr i
-
fi z
a t fi l a bh s ye l ap sye , I s h all t ak e .

B ut
R { z
’

gfir g a dh i y u dh i ,
lo c . s i ng . in b att l e .

Ph
i
-
I u: W : l abia ya b l o bh ya lt , t o b e d e s ir e d .

“ m 4 “

m ks h u bl z udl i ks h ubh nd ti , h e a
gi t at e s .

It i s a g e ne r al r ul e t h at t wo as
pi r at e s c an n e ve r m eet i n o r di n ar y S a n s kr i t .

I f d l d h, bb f o ll o we d b y
"
fi al h Q b t h , t h ey
11 7 n
.
1 9 , ,
‘
Q ar e
( t or 1
1 ar e ch a n e d
g t o th e

co r r es p o n d i ng s o ft l ett er s , 7
19 , {} a,
g l,
a
‘

i b, b ut t h e
i t a nd
fl th ar e l i k e wi s e so ft e n e d , an d

th e
Q d r ece i ves th e as pi r at i o n . S ee al s o 1 2 8.

Ex .
m fir m r una d h - i t i = r u a a ddhi , h e
-
o b s t r u ct s .

m i "
3 3 34 2 l a bk i t ali - -
l a bd kalz, t ak e n .

“ n p lt t s
0

4 W: 2r u d k + t halz= r u ndd h alz ( al s o

“
83 s e . r a nd ku a l ) yo u two
, o b s tr u ct .

“ 4 H:'

$3 2 r u n dk + t all = r undd kafi t h ey t wo o b st r u ct

m
.
,

m i?
.
‘
l H2
‘

a bdnd h + t a m = a bdnd d h am, 2 . p . d u al ao r . 1 . Par yo u t wo b o u n d

. .

m WT: W I: a ba nd h + t h dlz= a band d kdlz, 2 . p . s i ng . ao r . 1 . At m . th o u

b o u n d es t .

“ I? p pi f fin n
”

In d
a b ndd h a m, 2 d u al Par th e r at i o n o al db i s t h r o wn b ac k
(
”
. . ao r . 1 . .
, as ot

u p on t h e i n it i al
R b , becau s e i t i s su pp o se d t o be ab s o r b e d by t h e
“
t i tam o f t h e t e r mi nati o n ,

ch an g e d i nt o fi d kam . Th e s am e a ppli es to W T: abandd h dlz, t h o u gh h er e t h e t e r m i nat i o n

WT: t hri ll was . as pi r at e d i n i t s elf .

1 18 . If E M, l

L Q d , d h,
b ‘
i RM ; 5 k,
“

: at th e e nd o f a s yl l ab l e , l o s e t h e ir as pi r at io n e i t h e r

as fi nal o r as b ei ng f o ll o we d by a d / w( n o t b y
i fl ! d hi ) l i ,
bh,
R s, t h ey t h r o w t h e ir as pi r at i o n

b ack u p on t h e i n it i al l et t er s , p r o vi d e d t h e s e l ett er s b e no o t h er t h an
fl y ,
{ } a, l d,
i 1 6 .

S ee 93 .

Ex I nfie ct i ve b as e {li budb, t o k no w ; no m s i ng . b/ mt , k no wi ng

.

fi . .

I nst r u m p l ur fiffi t bhu d bhi lz . . .

Lo c pl ur gag bhu tsu . . .

—
S eco nd p er s pl ur ao r At m fi g a bkudd hva m
g
“

m
. .

m
. . .

S e co n d p er s . si ng . p r es . I nt ens . fit bo bo dh + si = bo bh o ts i .
56 I N TE RNA L S A ND H I .

D e s i der at i ve o f RE d dbb, W af er d b p '

z s a ti , h e wi s h es t o h u r t .

Fi r s t p er s . s i ng . f ut . o f
fl + wl fi = fim fi1 band b + s ydmi = bbants ydmi , I s h all

bi n d .

Kg d a b , t o bu r n
W d ba k, no m . sin
g . a b u r n er .

fl d u b, t o m il k ;
W W a d bug d bva m, 2 . p .
p1ur i m pf . . At m . : bu t 2 . p . s i ng . i m p Par . .

gfi ‘l dug d bi .

No te —
w d a db, t h e r e du pl i cat e d b as e o f d é, W d a d bami , I
’
pl ba e, t h r o ws t h e l o s t
a s pi r at i o n o f t h e fi n al ‘Jd b b ack
\
on t h e i ni t i al n o t o nl y b ef o r e fi d bv,
K s, b ut l i k ewi s e

b ef o r e E
”

U an d
3 t h, wh er e we m i g h t h a ve e xp e ct e d th e a ppl i cat i o n o f 1 1 7 .

Q i t W
d a d h -l-t ab:
Q d ba tt ab; W: W : d a d b + t bab= d ba t t bab
Q a “TB d a db + s e =
2

as}
d ba ts e ;
W u
gf d a d b + d bva m d h a d d bva m .

If fi f o l l o we d by t er m i na t i o n b e g i nn i ng wi t h l
1 19
fl cb
i {2j
j b. ar e n al o r , , , a an
y ett er ,

e x pt v
ce o wel s , s e m i vo wel s , o r n as al s , t h ey ar e c h an g e d to k o r 7Tg
\
.

Ex . N o m i na l b as e mfl vd c b ; vo c .
W
’

vd k, s p ee ch .

V er b al b as e a fl vac b ; 3 . p . s i ng . p r es . a?
”

ffl :
' ' "
Ef f? va c b + t i = c ubt i .

p
‘

gq + ft: g y
fiu u fij + d bi = uizg d bi sin i m J i
‘

y ,
2 . .
g p .o n ! .

m ar ts mi ck -H
‘
B ut lo c . si ng .
r vd chi .

m 11 W vdcb + ya vdc by a , t o be s p o ken .

fi
—
l H! m va cb -i- mab: va c bma b, we s p eak .

31 +3
’
m : vac b + va b= vac bvab we t wo ,
s p eak . ( S ee al s o

"
1 20 .
fi s h at th e e nd o f no m inal an d ver b al b as e s , i f i t b ec o m e s t h e fin al o f a wo r d , i s
ch a ng e d i nt o 2;t .

Ex . N o m i nal b as e “ da s h ; no m . s i ng .
a dmit , a h at er .

V er b al b as e f i flfl vis b ; 3 . p . s i ng . impf P . ar . fi g a dveg , h e h at e d .

“
B ef o r e ver b al t er m i n at i o n s b eg i nni ng wi t h i t i s t r eat e d l i k e 65 k
121 .

( 8, .

afl t fil d ves b + s i = dveks bi , t h o u h at e s t
W a d vi ks ba t, h e h at e d
‘
- :
; ao r . .

M p ks b
oy a t i h e wil l n o ur i s h .

1 22 . B ef o r e
i t or Wit h it r e m ain s u nch an g e d i t sel f , b ut ch ang e s
i t an d
{ t b i nt o
( 1
a nd
( m .

Ex . t + H: F3 9 2 dvi s b + t ab= dvi s bgab ,

t h ey ( t wo ) h at e .

m
r

“fi f
t i Hfi s a rp i s b + t amam = s a rp i s b§ a mam, t h e b es t cl ar ifi e d b u t t er
’
.

Th i s r u l e a d m it s o m o r e g e ner al a l i cati o n, n am el y, t h at
f a pp ever
y d en t al
i (
t , t i :
t , E d,
i

i
l d b,

i n, a n d
R s, is ch ang e d i n t o t h e c o r r es o n d i ng l i ng u al , if p p r ec e d e d by Z t , M, d,
\
,
Q i Kl a b,

Il a,
k an d
fi sh. ( Pan . V III .
4,

Ex .
+ d bi = dvi dd bz, h at e t h o u .

1;
1 3

ii We , he p r ai s es .

W? HI s ari s ha g f b dm s ba z m
dm f si x
'
- -
,
o .

mr + W ET: m ath : s ba g+ nava ti b = s b a nb ava t i b, n i n et y - s i x .

( Pan . V III .
4 , 42 ,
var t .
)
B ef o r e t h er t er m i n at i o n s ab i s t r eat e d l ik e
(
1 23 . o co nso nant al t

fg fl i '

W dvi s b + d bvam = dvi ddbvam, 2 p pl ur imp At m H at e ye

m
. . . . .

fg fi g dvi s b + s u = dvi ys u , l o c . pl ur . am o n g h at er s .
58 I N TE RN A L S A ND H I . 1 2
9

Ex ( )a? cl ub no m
fi d buk i ns tr u m pl d bug bbi b lo c pl “ d buks bu
”

. I . . ur . ur .

p ar t . p as s . d ug d bah .

R 2
w : dr i b + t ab = dr i dbab, f ast , i s an e x pt i
ce o n.

Ex .
( ) fa g
2 li b no m . i n str um . pl ur . fa f
g : l i dbbi h lo c . pl ur .
W3 l i ys u

( g c ri b En vdl s u ) ,
.

f a g a: a l e : l i b H uh - : l i dbab .

mi dh ab
"
3 r u b H uh
“

G? ( T E :
- .

111 si te : l i dbab a nd d dbah, + 1 db + t ch an g e d to +

e q db + db, mo re
ass : r
e 1 ar e o r,

t h en t h e fi r s t d i s dr o p t an d t h e vo wel l engt h ene d

c o r r e ct l
y, t o
g db Q .

t l e ngt h e ne d i s dha
R
“

Th e o nl
y vo wel wh i ch i s no i ri e .
g . 1?
a ? cr i b -H a : vri .

Th e vo wel o f it
? s ab an d
“
it
? c ab is ch a ng e d i nt o }
331 0 ( Pan . V I .
3, u nl e ss

S am pr a sar an a i s re q u i r e d, as in the p ar t . 3 3 1 d dbab .

( Pan . v1 . 1 ,
I5 ) .

f c e r t ai n r o o t s (3 d r a b, mu h, l
a s nub, f a g sn ib) i s t r e at e d
12
9 . Th e fin al
g b o
a? g
e i t h er as
fl g b or
{ db Fr o m
3? d r u b, t o h at e, we h ave i n co m p o un d s th e no m . s i ng .

3 3 dhr a k
55 an d
g? d br u ;( Pan . v1 1 1 2 , . p as t par t l cl pl e
2
7 1 12d r u dba
g bor { at dr udb ab .

1 30 . Th e fi nal
g h o f fi
g na b , t o b in d, i s t r e at e d as
“ db .

Ex . W i g u
p d na b, sl i pp er ; no m . s i ng .

W u
p dna t ; i n s t r u m . pl ur . W np d

nad bbi b .

Pas t p ar t . p as s . 3? if : 3 3 2 na b + t ab = na dd hab, b o u n d
“

A s to
W d
a na u b, o x ,
&c .
, s ee D e cl e n s i o n .

131 . Th e
R s o f th e n o m i nal b as e s
M d bvas , f all i ng , an d
“ w a s, t ear i n g , i f fi n al
or f o l l o we d by Pa d a-te r m i nati o n s , an d t h e
i s o f
“ ca
rs , t h e t er mi n at i o n o f th e p ar t .

p er f Par , b ef o r e Pa d a -t er mi nat i o ns o nl , i s
. .
y ch ang e d to
( t Pa
( n . VI I I . 2, S ee, h o w
e ver , 1 73 , 204 .

Ex . 83
Kd h vas , t o f al l ; no m . s i ng .
m d bva t , no m . pl ur . 83 8 3 d bvas ab, i nstr u m . pl ur .

-
wfa: d bvad bh i b .

1 32 . V e r b al b as es e n di ng in R s , ch ang e it to
i t, b efo r e t er mi nati o ns o f t h e g ener al
t ens e s b eg i nni ng with ( Pan v1 1
E s. . .
4,

Ex .
fl e as , t o d well ; f ut .
W F TTfiI
'

w fir vas + sydmi va tsydmi .

B ef o r e o th er t er m i nat io ns b egi nnin g wi th R s, final a s r e mai n s u n ch an e d

g .

N a HQ vas + s e vassc, t h o u d well es t .

H f E s as + s i = s as s i t h o u sl e e p e st
R a F EB , , .

filfl a fi @ ni ms + s e = ni nzs s e th o u ki s ses t

‘
'
.
,

hi s fit bi t es p ep es + si = p cp es bs bi t h o u h ur t est , .

I n c er t ai n ver b s final s i s d r o p t b ef o r e F d h i o f t h e i m p er at ive

R E .

m fir mfi: s ds
’

+ d bi = ( Pan . v1 .
4,

m fir w e: c ba bci s + d bi c ba kci d bi .

I n th e s am e ver b s
a fi nal s, i f i m m e d i at el y f o ll o we d by t h e t er m i n at i o n o f t h e s e co n d pe r s o n,

Ks ma
y,b e ch ang e d t o
i t o r r e m ai n
R s .

W W + l = W mT o r mm
i : asds + s us ei t o r as ci b
’
‘
t .

B ef o r e t h e
i t o f th e th ir d p er s o n , it al ways b eco m e s
i t .

m +1
W a sds -
H z
’

as d t .
( Pan . VI I I . 2, 73 , 74
 137 , I N TERN A L S A ND H I . 59

Fi n al i
v ; fl ,
3 d, d h b e fo r e t h e R s o f th e 2 nd p e r s . s i ng . Im p e rf . Par m ay be
. r e gu l ar l
y re p te

“a! aveb t h o u k newe s t

s e nt e d by t
( or by i s;
fl me! o r
a ,
W em z
za t o r W ar uz
la b ,

t h o u pr e vent e d st .
( Pan . VIII . 2,

n an d ‘ th e end o f mi nal o r ver b al b as e , b e fo r e (b ut

1 33 .

i ( m at a no s i b i l ant s no t

b ef o r e t h e wo f th e l o o ar e ch an g e d t o A n u s var a
fl a . .

Ex . “ E f fl j ig bd ms a ti , h e wi sh e s t o ki ll , fr o m
fi ban .

fi tfl akr afizsya te h e wil l st e p ,

f r o m i il br am 1
i .

m
,

B ut f
g gg
‘
e su bi nsa ,
'

am o n g go o d s t r i k er s , fr o m i n , Pad a bas e o f m w bi fiw

m
.

If n wer e ch ang e d to A nu s var a, we sh o ul d h ave t o wr i te ims bu

R .

n r e m ai ns u n ch ang e d b ef o r e s e m i vo wel s
1 34 .

i .

{a } ba nya t e, h e i s k i ll e d , fr o m W xt e n d i ng , fr o m (F
t
“

Ex ba n
.

fi . t anva n, e

W p r enva nam p p ro ell i ng , fr o m

Q
1 35 .

K m r e m ai n s u n ch an g e d b ef o r e t h e s e m i vo wel s
Ry k a ,
r , 1 .

Ex . m 2 bdm-y ab, t o b e l o ve d , f r o m 3 53 h am
i .

.
“

11TH t ci mr am, co pp er ,
fr o m H
i t am an d s u ffi xI ra .

W 2 a ml ab, s o ur , fr o m 11 7
“

1 a m an d s u ffi x8 la .

1
36 .

Km at t h e en d o f a no m in al o r ve r b al b as e, if n o s u ffi xf o ll o ws , or i f f o ll o we d by
a Pa d a -t er m i nat i o n, or by p er s o n al t e r m i nat i o ns b egi nn i ng wi t h
K m or
i s , is ch ang e d i nt o

i n .
( Pan . V III . 2,

M m W b i n s tr u m pl m
'
‘
Ex p r as dn no s i ng a nd r as dnbbi ur
pr as a ns u,
.
, . .
, p , . .
,

lo c . pl ur .
,
fr o m W 1 13 p r as dm,
’
q u i et in
g .
( Pan V I I I. . 2,

m m ag anma we went , ,
an d 53 317 3 ay anc a, we t wo went , fr o m TIT
g am + ma ,
"E 2? g am + va .

B u t no m . pl ur .
m 2p r asdmab
’
.

1 37 . W it h re
g ar d to n as a l s , t h e
g en e r al r u l e i s t h at in t h e b o dy o f a

wo r d t h e fir s t s , t h e s e co n d s , th e t hi r d s , an d t h e fo u r t h s o f e ac h c l as s c an

o nl y b e pr e c e d e d by t h eir o wn fifth s , t h o u gh i n wr i t in g t h e d o t m ay b e
u s e d as a en er a l s u b s t itu t e
g .

Ex .
W }
T or m dsab ba te or dsa nzba t c, h e fe ar s
'

W or mTfFl ’TfH d li bg a ti or d l i fizg a l i , h e e m b r ace s .

m im va fich a y a ti o r va fi wh aya ti , h e c h e at s
“
ar or a .

m a} m? u t ka ntb a t e o r u t ba nzl b a l e, h e l o ng s
’

E or a .

3: i ll g a ntum ztu m,
’

77 or t or g a n t o go .

w it anfi ka mp a l e ka nzp a t e , h e t r e m b l e s
’ ’

or o r .

In co m po u n d s , su ch as H
§ + m t s am + ka lp a b, i t i s o
pt i o n al to c h an
g e

fi n al m , s t an d i ng at th e en d o f Pa d a , i n t o t h e fift h i nt o r e al A n u svar a
l
i a or

h ence m : or E g an: s a fizka lp a h or s a b ba lp a h .

( S ee

If t h e b efo r e wer e t r e at e d A n u s var a th e s e co n d i wo ul d h ave t o b e

i n
i s as ,
n

ch an
g e d i nt o a l i n g u al Pan . V III .
4, 2 , var t .

1 2
60 I N TERN A L S A N D HI . 1
3 8

1 3 8 I n t h e
. b o dy o f a wo r d , A nu s var a i s t h e o nl y n a s al t h at c an s t an d

b efo r e th e si bil ant s mg , s b,

g s , an d
g h .

Ex .
gm d a ms a na m, b i t i ng . 1 1: q y j
a d fizs b i ,
t h e pr a y er s .

g i l t h a ms a h, g o o se. fig ?! r a m h a l e ,
h e go es .

f o ll o wi n g i mm e d i at el y af t e r is ch an d
1 39 .

i n
fl cb o r
aj g e to 3
1
Ex .
111
3 ? y dc h fid, p ra
y er . ( E l i r dj fié,
l ’
q u e en . Fi fij a j ,
ii e h e wa s bo r n .

1 40 .

g o bb i n t h e m i ddl e o f a wo r d b e t we en vo we l s or d iph t h o ng s
m u st b e c h an
g e d to
a c h cbb .
( S ee

Ex .
“
E
gg r i chh , t o g o ; r i ch cbh a ti , h e g o e s .

fi a t m l cch cb ba b, a b ar b ar i an .

1 41 .

c b b ef o r e a s u ffi xb e g i n ni n
g wi t h
i n or
K m is c h an g e d to 3
1
Ex . 11
? W W : p r a cbb + na = p r a§ n ab, q u esti o n .

m fl? WIV E
S“p dp r a chh + mi = p dp r a§ mi I , as k fr e q u e nt l
y .

B ef o r e
"

1 c th i s ch an g e is o pt i o nal .

Ro o t s en d i ng in an d thr o w
1 42 .
fl y i v o ff t h ei r fin al l ett er s b ef o r e t er m i nat i o ns
b eg i n ni ng wi t h c o n s o n a nt s , e x p t 11 y
ce .

Ex .

R H:
Eff: p fiy + t a bz p d tab, d e c ayi ng .

gt i a: gal : t u r v + n ab= td r zzab, k i l l e d .

fgfg
g m fi
fi fi ‘ v+ vd n
fi d i d i
'
d i d i vdn, h avi ng pl a
y ed .

14
3 . Ro o t s e n d i ng in
{ v an d
( r ,
if p r e ce d e d by {i or 3 11 , l en g t h e n t h e i r i i an d 3 a,

if
i v or
{
'

r i s f o ll o we d i m m e di at el y by a t er m i nat i o nal c o n s o na nt .
( Pan . V II I . 2, S ee
N o . 2
9 , rag te ar .

Ex . fa? di e , t o pl a
y, M di vy a ti , h e
'
pl a s
y . B ene d .
W i l di ng/ 6 m m .

“ a
g r , to ex er t ,
m
i l : g d r na b .

g m( 1 . e . f ag s ) , t o gr o w o l d , afi f aj i r y e t i .

fir fi g i r , vo i ce ; l u st r u m . pl ur . fiffi t g i r bbi b
T
’

,
lo c . pl ur .
I fié g i r s bu .

Th er e ar e e x pt i ce o ns .
( an
P . V III . 2,

“ bu r , t o so u n d B en e d i d bu r yds am
“

. .

g r .

O n a s i m il ar p i nci l e 3 p i s l engt h e ne d i n Ki d W 5TH! t u r v+ dva b= tdr vdvah

“

1
-
r u

( Pan . V III .

1 44 . N o m i nal an d ver b al ba s e s e n d i ng in {y r an d
R m l e ngt h en {i and 3 a, wh e n

¥ r b e co m e s fi nal af t e r th e l o s s o f an o t h er fi n al c o n s o n ant .
( Pan . V III . 2,

Ex . fi l l: R :
m or T fit g zr
’

- —
i s :
g i r
'
or i
g ,lt no m . smg . vo i ce .

1 45 . N o m in al b as e s end in
g i n
{G U S or
“ as ( th e “ is or
“ as b ei ng r a d i c al )
l e ngt h e n { of an d 3 wh en fin al , an d b e f o r e t er m i n at i o n s b e g i nni n g wit h bb
E i ts
”

u or .

Lo o . pl ur . su
p i s + s u su
pfi zs bu no m . s in g . m as c . an d n eu t .

N om s i ng m as c
W i
t l F
a g s aj us + s = s a zl j b ; no m s i ng n eu t “i s j h
d
- ’

. . . . . . sa .
 1 43 , I N TE RN A L S A ND H I . 61

D o u bli ng of Co ns o n a n ts .

1 46 . A c co r d i ng t o so m e g r am m ar i an s an
y c o ns o n a nt e x pt g
ce
“
r an d
( h , fo ll o we d by

a no t h er c o n s o na nt an d p r e ce d e d by we l , m ay b e d o u bl e d
a vo l i ke wi s e an
y c o n s o na nt

p r e ce d e d by
"

g r or
i b, t h e s e l et t er s b e i ng t h e m s el ve s r ec e d e d b y p a vo we l . A s no p r act i c al

o bj e ct i s o b t a i n e d by t h i s p r act i c e ,
'
it i s b e s t , wi t h S akal ya , t o d i s co nt i nu e it t h r o u g h o u t .

In o ur e d it i o ns d o u bl i ng t ak e s pl a ce m o s t fr e q u e nt l
y wh er e an
y co ns o nant , e x ce pt the

s i bi l ant s a n d
g b, i s p r ece d e d by
(
”

r or
i b, t h e s e b e i ng a
g ai n p r e ce d e d by a vo wel . Th u s

fl a r ka , s un , i s fr e q u en t l
y wr i t t en fl ar k/ca .

W br a bma n m ay b e wr it t e n W br a bmma n .

If a n as pi r at e d c o ns o nant h as t o b e d o u bl e d , t h e fir s t l o ses it s as pi r ati o n Th u s i f]? or

m
.

var d ba na o r va r d d ba na , i ncr ea se .

A s i b i l ant a ft er m u st t b e d o ubl e d , u n l es s it i s f o ll o we d by
147
fi r no a c o ns o nant .

m
.

T hus it i s al wa s
y , va r s bci b, r ai n
y s e as o n ; 2dd a r s ab ( Pr at . m ir r o r . B ut we

“a fi d a r ssya t e, i t i s s h o wn
‘
’

m ay wr i t e e it h er or d a r sy a t e or .

E x p l a na ti o n o f s o me Gr a mma t i ca l Ter ms use d by N a ti ve Gr a mma r i a ns .

1 4 8 S o me . o f t h e t e ch n i c al t er m s u s ed by n ati ve gr am m ar i an s h ave pr o ve d
so u s ef u l t h at t h e y h ave fo u n d r e ad y a dm i tt a n c e i nt o o ur o wn gr am m at i c al
t e r m in o l o g y . Guna an d V r i d dh i ar e t er m s ad o
pt ed by co m par at ive gr m m a a

r i a ns in th e a b s e nc e o f an
y c l as s i c al wo r d s t o m ar k t h e e x ac t h an g e s o f c

vo wel s co m pr eh e nd e d u nde r th ese wo r d s by Pan i n i an d o t h er s . M o st

S an sk r i t g r am m ar s h ave b e s id e s s an ct i o n e d t h e u s e o f s u ch t e r m s as
P a r as ma ip a d a , Z tma nep a d a , Ta tp ur us h a , B a h uvr i h i , Ka r m a d h ar aya , Kr i t ,
'

Ta dd h i t a , Unddi , an d m an y m o r e . N o t h i ng c an b e m o r e per fec t t h an t h e

g r am m at i c al t er m i n o l o g y o f Pfin i n i ; b u t as i t wa s c o nt r i ve d fo r hi s o wn

p e c ul i ar s yst em of g r a m m ar ,
i t i s di ffi c ul t t o ad o t
p par t o f i t wi t h o u t at th e

s am e tim e ado
pt i n g t h e wh o l e o f hi s s y s t em . A fe w r e m ar ks , h o we ve r , o n

f Pan i ni r amm at i c al t e r m s m ay be u s e fu l
’
so me o s g .

A ll wo r d s wi t h o u t e x c ept i o n ,
or ac c o r di n g to so m e g r am m ar i an s wi t h
ve r y fe w e x c ept i o n s ,
ar e d er i ve d fr o m ro o ts
'

or d h dt as . Th e s e ro o ts

h ave b e en c o l l e c t e d i n wh at ar e c all e d t t up dtb a s , roo t -

r ec i t al s , th e m o st

i m po r t ant o f wh i ch i s as c r i b e d by t r a d it i o n t o

F r o m t h e s e d h d t as or ro o ts ar e d e r i ve d by m e an s o f p r a tya yas o r s u ffi x es ,

n o t o nl y all ki n d s o f ver bs , bu t all su b s t a nt i ve s an d j

ad e c t i ve s , an d ac c o r di n g
to so m e, e ve n a l l pr o n o u n s an d
p ar t cl e s
i . Th u s fi o m t h e roo t fi g m a n, t o

t hi nk , we h ave n o t o nl y ma n -
u —
te , h e t h i n k s , b u t li ke wi s e Fra g m a n-
as ,

m ind , m m ana s W o r d s t h u s fo r m e d bu t w it h o u t
'
-
a, m e nt al , & c .
,
as y et

t e r m i n at i o n s P r atip a d i ka mi n al
'
an
y c as e at t ac h e d to t h em , c al l e d no
-
ar e ,

b as e s Th u s fr o m t h e b e g e t , we h ave t h e p r atip a d i ka
'
. ro o t aq j a n, to o r

S i d d h ant a - Kau m u d i , e d Tar anat h a

. . vo l . II . p . I .
62 GRA MMA TI C A L TE RMS . 1 48 .

no m i n al b as e Ra j a n- a , m an, an d th i s by th e a ddi t i o n o f th e s i gn o f th e
no m . s ing . b ec o m e s Wa zj a n -
a -
b ,
a m an .

S u ffi x e s fo r t h e f o r m at i o n o f n o u n s ar e o f t wo k i n d s
1 . T h o s e by wh i ch n o u n s ar e d er ive d di r ec t fr o m roo ts Pr i m ar y S u ffi x e s .

2 . T h o s e by wh i c h n o u n s ar e d e r i ve d f r o m o t h er no uns S e co n d ar y S u ffi x e s .

Th e fo r m e r Kr i t t h e l at t er Ta d d hi ta
ar e Th u s ag j a na m an i s
c al l e d , .
, ,

d er ive d fr o m t h e r o o t a g j a n b y t h e Kr i t s u ffix w a ; b u t fi g j a ni na ,

r i at e f o r m an i s d e r i ve d fr o m s mj a na by t h e Ta ddhi t a s u ffi x
a
pp pro , g? ! i na .

Th e n am e p r atip a di ka wo u l d a ppl y b o th t o smj a na an d fi g j a ni na a s

’

no m i n al b as e s , r e ad y to r e c e i ve t h e t er m i n at i o n s o f de cl e n si o n .

Th e Kr i t x e s ar e s u b d i vi d e d i nt o t h r ee c l as s e s
s u ffi

K i t, er l y s o c al l e d i e s u ffi x e s by wh i ch n o u n s c an be l ar l y
1 . r
p p
ro , . . re
g u

fo r m e d fr o m ro o t s wi th c er t ai n m o r e o r l e s s d e fini t e m e an in g s . Th u s
by m e an s 3 o S an s k r i t
f th e s u ffi x
g r a m m ar i an s fo r m
11 a th a ,

em vep a tbu , t r e m bl in g , fi o m h a ep , t o t r e m bl e
f; .

m évag a th u , s welli n g , fi o m fig svi , t o s wel l

g .

mg bs b a va l b a , s n ee z i n g , fr o m E
j ks ba , t o s n ee z e .

a
g g d a va tb a , ve x at i o n ,
fr o m
3
!
da, to ve x ,
to b ur n .

2 . Kri ty a , c e r t ai n s uffi x e s , s u ch as an! t a c y a , E mi t ! a niya ,

1! a
y , ( fa t ! el i ma ,
wh i c h m ay be t r e at e d as d e cl i n ab l e ve r b al t e r m i nat i o n s Th u s f r o m .

H bar , t o d o , i s f o r m e d fi g ! ka r t a vg a , m i n kar a ni g a , a fi lcdr g a ,

g
wh at i s t o b e d o n e , f a ci e nd u m .

3 . Unddi , s u ffi x es u sed i n t h e fo r m at i o n o f no u n s wh i c h t o n ati ve g r a m m a

i
r an s s ee m e d mo r e o r l e s s i r r e g u l ar , e i t h er i n fo r m or m e an i ng . Th u s
fi o m a b a s , t o d wel l ,
g bo th 3 1g vas ta , a t h i ng , an d gn
g vds tu , a h o u se .

T h e Ta d dh i t a s u ffi xes ar e n o f u r t h er su b di vi d e d ,
bu t t h e fe m i n i n e s u ffi x es
(s tr ip r a tg aya ) ar e so m e t i m e s t r e at e d as a s e
p ar at e cl a s s .

A roo t , fo ll o we d by a s u ffi x (p r a l g ag a) wh e t h e r Kzi t o r Ta d d h i t a i s ,
‘

r a i s ed to th e di gn i t y o f a b a s e ( p r d l ip a d i ka ) an d fi n al l y b e co m e s a r e a l ,

wo r d ( p a d a
) w h e n i t i s fini s h e d b
y r e c e iv n
g i
a c as e —
t er m i n at i o n (vi bh a /ct i
)
E ver y b as e , wi th r e g ar d t o t h e s u ffi x wh i ch i s a t t ac h e d to it, i s c al l e d

A ng a , b o d y
F o r t e ch n i c al pu r po s e s , h o wever , n e w di s t in c t i o n s h ave b e e n
.

i n t r o d u c e d b y S an s k r i t r am m ar i an s , ac co r di n t o wh i ch , i n c e r t ai n d e e l e n
g g
s i o n s , a b a s e i s o nl y c al l e d A n a b e fo r e t h e t e r m i n at i o n s o f t h e n o m a n d
g .

s in no m an d d u al , an d m l o f m asc an d f e m
a ce .
g .
, . ac c . no .
p ur . no u ns ; . .

b es i d e s t h e no m an d ac c l f n e u t er s Th e vo c at i ve g e n er al l y fo ll o ws
. .
p ur . o .

t h e n o m i n at i ve Th e s e A ng a ll e d th e S a r va nama s tb ana
' '
.
c as e s t o g eth e r ar e c a .

B o pp c al l s t h e m t h e S tr o n C a s es
g .

B e fo r e t e r m i n at io n s be gi n n in wi th l ik wi b efo r e Ta d d h i t a s
g co n s o n an t s ( e se
 1 48 . GRA MM A TI C A L TE RMS . 63

beginni ng y wi t h an b
c o n s o n ant
ase i s c all e d P ad a
e x c e pt t r y)
t h e th e ,

s am e t e r m wh i c h as we s a w b e fo r e was u s e d t o s i g n i fy a n o u n wi t h a cas e
, , ,

t e r m i n at i o n at ta ch e d t o i t Th e r ul e s o f S an dh i b e fo r e t h e s e t e r mi n ati o ns
.

ar e i n t h e m ain t h e s am e as at th e e nd o f wo r d s .

B e fo r e th e r e m ai ni n
g t e r m i nat i o n s whi c h b egi n wi th vowe l s ( li ke wi s e

b e fo r e Ta ddhi ta s b eg i nnin g wit h vo wel s an d t

r y) th e b as e is cal l e d B ha .

B o
pp c all s t h e Pad a an d B ha c as e s t o g e t h er t h e Wea k Ca s es ; and wh e n i t
is n eces s ar y to di s t i ng ui sh , h e c al l s t h e Pad a t h e Mi d d l e an d t h e B h a t h e

We a kes t Cas es .

N o uns , wh e t h er su b s t ant i ve s ,
j
a d ec t i ve s , o r
p r o no u n s , ar e d e cl in e d t h r o u gh
t h r ee nu m b er s wi th s e ve n o r , if we i n cl u d e t h e vo c at i ve , e i gh t c as e s . A c as e

t e r m inat i o n i s call e d
“ s up o r fg wfgn vi bh a kti , li t di vi s i o n . .

V er b s ar e co n u j g at e d t h r o u gh t h e ac t i ve an d
p as s i ve vo i c e s , and so me
t h r o u gh a m i ddl e vo i ce al s o , i n t en m o o ds an d t e n s e s , wi t h t hr ee
p e r s o ns a n d

t h r e e nu m b er s . A p er s o n al t er m i nat i o n i s ca ll e d fa t i n o r
g M vi bb a kti .

A d ecli ne d no un as well as a co n u j g at ed ve r b ,
e n di n
g i n a vi bh a kt i , is
c all e d P a da .

Par ti cl es ar e co m pr eh e n d e d u n d er th e n am e o f N ip d ta , li t e r all y wh at f al l s
in t o a s en t e n c e , wh at t ak e s i t s pl ace b e fo r e or aft e r o t h e r wo r ds .

A ll par t i cl e s ar e i n d eclin abl e

( a vg a g a
) .

Par t i cl e s ar e ,

1 . Th o s e b egi nni ng wi t h ‘E
! ch a, an d , i . e . a li s t o f wo r ds c o n s i s ti ng o f
j
c o n u n ct i o n s , ad ver bs ,
i nt erj ect i o n s , c o ll e c t e d by n ati ve g r am m ar i an s .

2 . Th o se b eg inni ng wi t h n pr a , b e fo r e ,
i . e . a list o f pr e po s iti o n s c o l l e ct e d

in t h e by n at ive gr amm ar i a ns
s am e m ann e r .

W h e n t h e pr epo s it i o ns b e gi nn ing wi th I !p r a g o ver n a su b s tanti ve , th e y

ar e c all e d Kar map r a va cba ni g a W h en t h e y ar e j o i n e d . to a r o o t, th e y ar
e
c all e d Up as a r g a or Ga ti Th e n am e o f Ga ti i s i al s o
v n t cl as s f
.
g e o a o

ad ver bs whi ch ent er i nt o cl o s e co m b i nat i o n wi t h ve r b s Ex . . at? dr i i n

‘

3 7 3 1 dr i kr i tg a , m m m Ich at
'
3 as s e nti ng ; Ich dt i n ‘
i tg a , h avi ng m ad e
Ich at, i
'
. e . th e s o u nd p ro d u ce d by cl e ar in
g t h e t h r o at .
 D E CL E N S I O N
64 .
35 14
9

C H A PTE R III .

D E C LE N S I O N .

14
9 . S an s kr i t no u n s h ave t h r ee g ender s , M as cu lin e F e m i ni ne , ,
an d

N e u t er ; t h r ee nu m b er s ,
S i ng u l ar , D u al , an d Pl ur al ; an d ei
g h t c ase s,

N o m i nat i ve , A c c u s at i ve , I n s t r u m e nt al , D at ive , A bl at i ve , G e ni t i ve , L o cat i ve ,

an d V o c at i ve .

No te —
Th er e ar e a f ew n o u ns wh i ch ar e I n d e cl in ab l e i n S an s kr i t :
“ sc a r , h e ave n ;

m “ mb a m d i ) i a a m, s elf ; “ f“s dmi ,

’
fir e , (
f V i k fi t 13 1 I
'

ag as , sa , y
e ar r a o ya s e r a ; s n g/
h al f ; {Q bbi i r , at m o s ph er e ; fifi
"
f s u di , t h e li g h t f o r t ni gh t , an d El ba di , t h e d ar k f o r t ni g h t , ?
m s u lcl ap a ks ba h an d Tm bri s bnap aks bab,
W
’

th e u s u al ab br e vi at i o n s fo r : or !

ba bu l ap a ks h ab, ( W ar r e n Kal a s an
,
k al i t a , p . A cc o r d i ng t o Radh ak ant a,
fife sa di is u sed

i n t h e W est o nl y .

S o me n o u n s ar e p l u r a l i a t a n tum , u se d in th e pl ur al o nly ; a n:
‘
d ar db, pl ur . m as c wif e ;
.

W dp ab, pl ur . f e m wat er
.
;
El
‘

fil t
’ '

var s hd b , pl ur . f em t h e . r ai n
y s e as o n , 1 . e. th e r ai n s ;

fe m s i ba l ah, pl ur . f em . s an d ;
W ba bu ldb, t h e Pl e i a d e s .

I 50 . S an s k r i t no u ns m ay b e di vi d e d i nt o t wo c l as s e s

1 . T h o s e t h a t h ave b as e s e n di ng in c o n s o nan t s .

2 . Th o s e t h at h ave b as es e nd i n g in vo wel s .

1 . B a s es endi n
g i n C o ns o na nts .

1
5 1 . N o mi nal b as e s m ay end in all c o n s o n ant s e x ce pt g n i ,
n,
fly .

Th e fin al l ett er s o f t h e i nfl ec t i ve b a se s o f no u n s , b e in g e i t h e r fin al or br o u gh t
in c o n t a ct wi t h t h e i ni t i a l l e t t er s o f t h e t er m i n at i o n s , ar e s u bj ec t to so me
o f t h e ph o ne t i c r ul e s e x
pl ai n e d a b o ve .

152 B as e s e n di n in c o n s o n a nt s r ec e i ve t h e fo ll o wi ng t er mi nat i o n s
.
g

Ter mi na t i o ns f or Ma s cu l i nes a nd F emi ni nes .

SI NGUL R A . D UA L . P LUR L A .

ay s d r o
N o m .
g s (wh i c h i s al w p )
t
a
A cc . S i am
I n s tr . an d fit : M i ll
D at . a e mi bh ydm
W bbW b
A bl a na b
‘

G en . i s: ab fl
‘

i dm
i ‘fi: o h
L0 0 g
. i
g eu

V o c. l ike N o m .
, e x c e pt b as e s i n g n an d
g s s fi an a b
N e u t er s h ave no t er m i nat i o n i n t h e N o m .
,
A cc .
,
a nd Voc . s in
g u l ar
( Pad a

c ase s
) .

T h e y t ak e i t in t h e N o m .
,
A cc .
,
an d V o c d u al .
( B h a ca s e s
).

Th ey t ak e g i i n t h e N o m , A c c , a n d V o c pl ur al , a nd i n s e r t . . . a n a s al

b efo r e t h e final co n s o n ant o f t h e i nfl ect ive b as e (A nga c as e s ) Th i s . n as al is

66 D E C L E NS I O N .
1 55

e nd in g i n gu t t u r al s , k, kb, b
1 55 . B ase s
g g g g, g g .

Th e s e b as e s re qu ir e no s
p e ci al r ul e s .

B as e 3 5 mg s ar ua sdk, o mn i po t ent , m as c fe m . . neut . ( fr o m né s ar va , al l ,

an d r o o t 5 1 sa le, t o b e
g a bl e ) .

SI NGUL R A .

M C
A S . FEM .

E s ar c as lc
a afi mfi ‘
s a r vas dkau

ai m1
- ‘’
s ar c as a kd
Ha
“

m : s ar c asdg bhi b

W s am a§ dke m s a r uasdg bbydm

a s a r vasdg bbya b

m s a r c a s dlca b
m
’

m s a r vas dko b
' ‘
s a r c asdlcdm

fi r rfa m o o se/ a ne w s ar vasdlcs bu

N E U R
TE .

SI NGUL R A . DU L A . PLU R L A .

N . A V . .

m s a r c asdk la w s a r c as dki
‘ ’
fi fif i s ar c asdbki

A ll u l ar e n d ing in k, Ich , h t th d db,

re
g no uns
g g g g, g g , g g
, ,
g g ,

th , d, dh, k b bh m ay h e d ecli ne d af e t r th e m o d el
g t,
g g g g p ,
1
5 p , g g , ,

o f fil
m s a r va édk .

1 56 B s
a e e n d i ng in kh f fl afa g ch i tr a li bh , pai nt er , (fr o m fa g ch i tr a ,
'

.
g .

pi c t u r e, and r o o t Pa g l i kh, to pai nt .

)
SI NGUL R A .

M C
A S . FEM .

( sl a tes?
N V c h i tr a l i k l
m
' '

fg af a l fir c hi tr a l i bbau fil
. .

c bi t r a l i bba b
A . fg af sm c bi tr a l i kbam

I . fi g h t? ! c bi tr a l i kba
‘
fi a fa fi m c bi tr a l ig bbi b
D fg a fa fi c hi tr a l ikbe c i t r a l ig bbg dm
fva fa r w: b
. ‘
c hi tr a l i g bbg a
'

ffi a fa w: c bi tr a l ikba b
G mi
fg a Fz- '
c hi tr a li lchd m
Pa g fm fit: c bi t r a l i kbo b

L . fa a ta fs
’
c bi t r a l i kbi fg af a g c bi t r a li bs bu
*

N E U R
TE .

SI NGUL R A . DU L A . PLU R L A .

h at am? Fag fs rfa

’
-
fg a fssaqc bi tr a l i lc l
‘
'
N A V . . .
‘ ‘
c h i t r a li kbi c bi t r a l m lcbi

No te — I n t h e par a di g m s o f re
g u l ar n o u n s wi t h u nch ang eabl e co n s o n ant al b as es i t wi ll
s u ffici e nt to r em em b er th e No m . S i ng .
,
N o m Pl ur . .
, I nst r Pl ur. .
,
Lo c Pl ur . .
, an d No m .

O th e ch a n f s u aft er 3 k,
n
g e o
g 5 se e 1 00 .

k i n st ead
1 Q o f 1§ kb,
\
s ee § 1 1 3 ; 54 . 1 .
 1
5 8 . D EC LE N s I O N . 67

Pl ur . N eu t . Th e A cc I nstr D at A bl Ge n Lo c S ing
. . . . . . .
, N o m A cc V . . oc . Ge n Lo c D ual
. .
,

A cc . Gen Pl u r . .
, f o ll o w t h e No m . Pl ur . Th e I nst r . D at A b l
. . D ual , D at A b l Pl u r
. . .
, f o ll o w
t h e I ns tr . Pl ur . Th e V o cat i ve i s th e s am e as th e N o mi nat ive .

157 . Regu l ar no u ns t o h e d e cl i ne d l ik e
W s a r vasa k .

B A SE . N O M 8 . . N OM . PL . 14 F . . I N R PL
ST . . LO O . PL . N O“ . PL N U . E T .

EF
l(
-
bar b , gr een I “ m m m t fi fi!
ba r i t bar i t ab h ar i dbhi b kar i tsa bar i nti

W ag ni ma t b , fir e ~
kin dl i ng
m m M m m
ni m t * a
ni ma t ba b mad bbi bl ag ni ma tsa I ag ni ma n t bi
' '

ag a g ag ni

se w ed , fr i en dl y
m w e W 3 m as
s ubyi t s ubri d a b s u br i dbbih s ubri tsa su bri nd i
'

“ bud b, k no wi ng
a 3m gf at m flf fl
'

bbzi t bi id h ab bbu dbbi b bba ts ii ba ndhi

al l
g ap , g u ar di an 3
31 gm:
gf w: m {ifil

W kaku bk. r egi o n 35

31 an
y :
fi f a!
‘

m °
ar
§ fir

f . kakap kakubbah kaku bbbi h ka kup sa k kambbi

- a

8 B a s e s en d in i l l
5 g n t o b, ch h,
gj g j h
‘
1 .
p a a a s ,
g g ,
.

B a s e s e n d i ng in ch c h an ob i nt o k, x ce t wh e n fo ll o we d
g g e
g 3
3
or
g g e p ,

by a t er m i n at i o n b eg i n n i n g wi t h a vo wel .

g agg j a l a mu cb , m a sc i
B ase cl o u d (w t d pp g)
n
-
. a e r r o .

SI NGUL R A .

M C A S . FEM .

FIFE“ Ja l a ma h
'

N V ? “ fi W
. .

. j a l ama c bau y a l a mu c ba b
A .
W j a l a mu c ba m

I .
W WI j a l amucba 3 8 W j a l a mug bbth

D 33 3
3 j
1
a l a mu c be
W ya l a mag bbga m
a l a mug bbyab
.

0
j
Ab .

W .
j a l ama c ba b
a j
.

a la muc bdm
2j a l ama cbo b
L .
W j al amucbi

SI NGUL R A .
p L UE A L .

N . A V . .
W j a l ama k
W j a l amu cbi
W j a l a ma nc bi

w mg fe m e e ch t a cb, fem
'
D ecli n e li ke j ala much r — uacb, . s
p ; H g v .

sk in r u cb, fe m l i gh t ; sr uch , f e m l ad l e
g fig
‘

; g . . .

Wi t h fi nal ch ang e d i nt o i t . S ee 1 1 3 ; 54 . 1 . Fi nal a s dr o t , p 55 .

S ee 1 18
1 S ee 66 I S ee 54 1
' .
. . .

K 2
68 D E C L E NS I O N . 1 59

1 59 S . p eci al b as es i n

B A SE . N M
O . S . m sr m p n . LO C P L . . N O M PL . .

éfl kr ufich m o vi ng cr o o k e dl
W w 3 2 ( A cce nt , Pan v 1 1 82 )
“

y ,
a? 3 3 . . 1 ,

a cu r l ew kr diz kr zi izbhzlz kr zZizks hu kr d fi c kalz

’

“I? p d fi c h
r ,
if i t m e
’

an s wo r s h i p
W W W uh : ( A cc e nt , Pan v 1 . . 1 ,
1 82 )
p ing pu ff: p r f fibki b p di zks hu
r
'

p d firc h
'

alz ( A cc . th e s am e )

W W
’

fl ri s ch j , c utt i ng
a? ( A ccent , Pan v1 1 68 )
‘

o . . 1 ,

waft }: ri gszi vr zéc h u z l

’ ’
vr i dbh zlz o

1 60 B as e s e nd i ng in 4
wh i ch b e co m e s wh en fi nal , an d
.

fi e h k ch an
g e
Q c hk i nt o 3
1 3,
Q y,

b ef o r e c o n s o n an t s .
( S ee 1 25 ; 1 74 . 6 : Pan . v1 .
4,

B A SE . N O M SI . NG . N OM . PL . I N R PL
ST . . LO C . PL . N O M . PL N U . E T .

m m m m m mm
’
’ ’

szz urf np r dm
‘
d hh k u zp r déaz p r ddbh d
'

p r c a n a s er p ; . gr si
, p

1 61 . B as es e n d i ng in 5
1j ,
if r e gu l ar , f o ll o w t h e e x m pl a e o f no uns in
fl c h, e x pt ce t h at
t h ey p r e s er ve
i j b ef o r e vo wel s .

B A SE . N OM . SI NG . N OM . PL . I N S TB . PL . LO C . PL . N O M P L N E UT . . .

W j, di s eas e
W mi le W j l i az ff"
( a;m ks hzi F F? ! r d fij i
’
ra rz E : r ug bkz a l
‘

? $ 5 422 mi : dij alz fl dr ks ku fii

‘ /
a fn t : flrg bh i lz
‘

as d j s t r e ngt h 4. ji
r ,
5 s ur

O th er r eg u l ar n o u ns in
aj ,
—
m vanzj ,
m m er ch an t .

t i s haj , m . ph y i s ci an ;

W fl tvfi m , . pir est ;

“ m o i , f g ar l an d ;.

W a r y, n b l o o d . .
( O n th e o pt i o n al f o r ms

f
W W W, N o m S i ng ma le, d ivi ng
'

o asn j , s ee W . .

fl .

62 B as e s en d i ng in
1 .

i j ch an g eabl e to g4 .

S o m e b as es en di ng i n j ch ang e i
j to ! wh en fi nal , an d b e f o r e t er mi nat i o ns
a a; { Q
”
n t or a

b e g i nn i ng wi t h co n s o n an t s .

D er i ve d fr o m t h e ro ot
fi km fic h . Th e N o m S in g wo u l d h ave b ee n
. .

y r wi k

+3 ; R s an d a k
i ar e p
dr o t , s ee 1 1 4.

1 D
‘

er i ve d f r o m th e roo t
N o r af c h , (i n t h e D h at u path a, W ) , to cu t . A cc or di ng

to S an skr i t
g ra m m ar i an s , t h e p enul t i m at e
a s or S
l s
‘
i s dr o t , p an d
fl ch b ef o r e co n s o n ant s

or i f fin al ch an g e d i nt o it . S
( ee
Th e f o r m
I K or i ; ( no t
fl ora ?) is co nfir m e d by S i dd h ant a- Kau m u di vo l . 1 .

p . 1 82 .

O n t h e t wo fi nal co n s o n ant s , s ee 55 . Th e N o m . Pl ur . N eut . wo ul d b e fi drj i

or dfizrj A t th e p pt i fi fi d r fij i
’

z. en d o f co m o u nds th e O o n al fo rms ar e drj z or .

Th e l att er fo r m i s co nfir m e d b y C o l ebr o o k e, t h e S i ddh ant a -Kau m u d i , vo l . p 94

1 . . 1 ,

p fi l sfi afi“
‘
an d t h e Pr ak r iya- Kau m u d i T h e Pr ak r i ya- Kau m u di )
( fi
‘

. .
44 a s ays :

af a r“ agffi “

m am I a gffi am t?
“

l s izi n
g? M E? I fl y? !
7 2 , vart .
)
 1 63 . D E CL ENS IO N . 69

M s a mr d j mas c s o ve r e ig n .
'

B as e , .

S NG U L R
I A . D U L A .

ma s c . FEM . ma s c . r am .

N V . .

W ‘
s amr d
s amr d a u j mam: s amr dj alz
A “ I? s a mr d am j
m
.

m
"

I . s a mr dj d G i bhi z
s a mr ci g l
D m s amr d e j m u d s a mr d dbkydm
W
.

2 s a mr dglbhyalt

mam
‘

s amr dJdm
'

G
mam) : s amr d o z j l
L . “ If ? s a mr dn m g s amr d su o r g m s amr fl tw

Th e wo r d s wh i ch f o ll o w t h i s d e cl e ns i o n ar e m o st l y n o u ns d er i ved , wit h o ut an
y s uffi x ,

fr o m t h e ro o ts
W bhr dj (m no t
W ) to s h i ne ;
“ m a
y to cl ean ;
W y a j (e x pt
ce

m
, , ,

fl tvij ), t o s a cr i fi c e ; “ r dj , t o s h i ne , to r ul e ;
fl an }, t o di s m is s, to cr e at e ,

(H i sr a j , wr e ath , an d
W a sp } ,
bl o o d , ar e n o t d er i ve d f r o m
fi bh r aj j , to

r o as t (W ) . A l so
M p a fi vr dj , a m en di cant .

B A SE . N OM SI NG . N OM PLU R . I N R PLU R
ST LO C . PLU R .

m d e nt
vi bh r d j , r e s pl en

fifl d evej I , wo r s h i pp er

o f t h e g o ds d evedbhi lz

m o f th e
’

o i s va s

u ni ver se
m , cr e at o r

ms vasri dbhi lz
t
i a fi p awzvr cfj , m en
'

IT t
t a
'

i
'

p a r i vr d y p a r vr d gs u

u ni ver s al m o nar ch vi évci r d ;

‘

—
bhgzj i , r o as t i n g
Q t
'
sa
‘

1 63 Ir r eg u l ar b as es i n j
.

a .

B A SE . N OM . SI NG . N O M . PLU R . I N S TB . PLUR . LO C . P L UB .

éi kh dfij fir, l am e «( i
l an: kh dfij EFH: kh anbhzZz Eng kha ns zi
’

kh an a z l T-

Cf .
76 .

Kau m
‘

l Fr o m
‘

. vo l p .
an o

1 .
t h er

.
l o o t,
‘

m vi bh r dk, famfiw: vi bkr dg bhi lz & c

’
. m ay b e f o r m e d .
( S i ddh .

ma
I Fr o ? d v e a, go d, an d
W y j
a , to s acr ifi c e , c o nt r act e d i nt o
fi f
i .

HTh e l eng t h eni ng o f t h e gH a i n m msva t ak e s pl ac e wh e n ever

i j is c h an g e d in t o

a li n g u al .
( Pan . v1 .
3,
l l S e e S i dd h - Kau m . . ed . Tar anat h a, vo l . I . p . 1 65 .
70 D E C L EN S I O N . 16 4
2.
W avayd j , n am e o f a V e di c p r i est , h as t wo b as es . Th e N o m S i ng i s
. . m :

an d al l th e cas e s b eg i nni ng wi t h c o n s o n ant s ( Pad a c as e s ) ar e f o r m e d fr o m t h e s am e

b as e, fi l m avay as . Th e V o c. S i ng .
,
t o o , i s i r r egu l ar , b ei n g , ag ai n st th e r ul e o f
t h es e b as es , i d ent i cal wi t h th e N o m S i ng. . S o m e gr am mar i ans , h o wever , all o w
W 2 he uc a a e.
y l
B as e
W avay as an d
m
SI NG L R U A .

MA sc . FEM .

N ‘I
a vaya
W fi fi avayaj m
' '

a y j lt
d
,

au : a va a
A . W avay d am j
I
0

M a va
y o bh i fi
D . m a vay dj e W Tavayo bhydm
’

W a vayo bhy a z l
Ab .

W : a vay a a z fi l
G

L . W a vayd ji
V . m : a vayd fio r m avay a z l
64 B as e s e n din in
“
1 .
g Q r .

B as e s e n di n
g i n
g
‘

r ar e r e gu l ar , o nl y { i an d 3 u, p r e ce di ng th e
“

g r ,
ar e

l engt h en e d i f t h e ,
g
‘

r i s fin al or f o ll o we d by a c o n s o nan t I n th e
L o c Pl u r t h e fin al
. .

g r r e m ai n s u n c h a n
g e d t h o u g h fo ll o we d by fi s h .

B as e fi m i
g ,r f e m vo i ce . .

NGUL R
SI A
M CF
.

A S . E BI .

l
N V . .
T il : g i l; a

fil i l g zr au ’

A . fi lt '

f
g am
r

I . fr m g i r d
D . fi li i
g er
’

Ab .

firt : g i r aIz
’

SI NGUL R A . PLU R L A .

mi]; im
'

N . A V . .
en: an? «
a vdr i

1 mmmm ’
3 13 1 vdr bhydm
'
e ms: vdr bkzh , fl &c .

B A SE N OM . SI NG . N OM . PLU R . I N S TB . PLU R . LO C . PLUB .

p i q fi 33 p
39 9W f t o wn s zi r all
:
: flr bhfl. 1 ir 3-
M
, 1
p .
g p
t .
p a

E TfiI: dvdr bh zb
'

3
/
ETC dvai alz
'

ETQ dvdr , f d o o r 3 1 2d ad [t 31 dvdr s hzi

'
'
.

ferr ies m , . f . n . s catt er i n

g aft: M1 . f an : ’
Iczr ak f lfi : mam . afifikr mzf rs

A cco r d i ng t o Pan . v1 . 1 , 1 6 8, mir t wo u l d h ave t h e

’ '
accent o n t h e fir st , wh i l e Mi d i ,

a c co r d i ng t o Pan v1 1 1 7 ,
1 wo u l d h ave i t on th e s ec o n d s ll ab l e, b ec au se t h e N o m . an d
y
. .
,

A 00 D . u al i n th e n eu t er ar e n o t Tr i t i yadi , b u t ar e A s ar vanfim ast h fina .

T S i d dh .
- Kau rn . vo l . 1 . p . 1 25 .
 1 65 . D EC L EN S I O N . 71

1 65 . B as e s in g s.

(A .
) B as e s fo r m e d by th e s u ffi x es “ as ,
“ is ,
“ as .

B e ndi ng in c h an th e acco r di ng to t h e g e ner al h i

a s es (
1 3
g e
( 8 eu
p o n c

r ul e s e x pl ai ne d ab o ve Th u s .

i f fin al b ec o m e s a t a ll 83
“ as , , .

a s fo l l o we d by t e r m in at i o ns b e i n ni ng wi t h vo wel s r e m ai n s u n c h an e d
W g g .

{q an d
m i s a nd us fo l l o we d by t e r mi nat i o n s b e gi n ni n g wi th vo we l s ar e

c h ang e d to 3 and i sh an d a s k. ( S
3 a
t e e

“ as b e fo r e l i b/z b eco mes vi a 84 .

“ is an d
m us b efo r e { bk
be c o m e {fi r and a a r (6 g
.

w as b e fo r e
g sa b e co m e s
W a s o r a : a lz
{q is an d as us b efo r e 3 su

b ec o m e {w i s h o r 1 : i ll 3 1 a s k o r 3 : ul
1 ,
“
z.

B e s id e s t h e s e g en er al r u l e s, t h e fo ll o wi ng p S ec i al r u l e s s h o u l d be o b s er ve d
1 . N o u ns fo r m e d by th e su ffi x w as l e n gt h e n t h e i r 3! a i n t h e N o m S i ng . .

m as c . an d fe m .
,
but no t i n th e V o c at i ve . Th u s N o m . S in g . m . f
.

W : sa ma nd z, l we l l -m i
n ded ( e d/s emi s) V o c.
g m: s uma na lz
u .

2 . N o uns fo r m e d by th e s u ffi x e s {q o r ”
s
q is or us do no t l e ng t h e n t h e i r
vo we l i n t h e N o m S i ng m as c . a nd fe m . H e nce N o m . S in g m f

m
. . . . .
.

: j t i lz, h avi ng g o o d li gh t , f r o m d, a nd a fifir : j ti lz,

su yo g su , g o o y o

11 . l ig h t ;
m : s u ch a /cs h u lz, h avi n g g o o d e ye s , fr o m g s u, g oo d, an d

: ch a ks hu ft , n
( Pa ) co m
'

fi
g . e
ye .
rr . v .
4, 33
1 , .

3 N . eu t er n o u ns in w as ,
“ i s,
“ us , l en gt h e n t h e i r vo wel an d n asal iz e

i t i n th e N o m A c c V . . oc . Pl u r . Fr o m In : ma ud lt , Haif a m and fizs i fr o m

Rfifi t j yo t i lt , m f g/ 0 16 mm fr o m a v : ch a ks h ulz, v q fa ch a lcs h dfizs h i
g
“
.

B as e
W s umci na s , wel l - m in d e d , m as c . fem . n eu t .
(f ro m
g su an d

W mdnas , ne u t . m in d .
)
SI NGUL R A .

M C A S . FE M.

N g W s umandh
’

}
.

W s umdnas au 1 s uma nas alz

A W s umdnas a m
'

W s uma no bhi z l
'

I
’
. s uma nas d

D .
W s uma na s e
gwai wi s umano bhydm
s umano
'
bhyalz
Ab .

G W : s u ma nas a/z

L
W s umci na s z
m s uma nas o z
’

V .

W ! szi manalz s zi ma na s au

SI NGUL R A . PLU R A L .

N . A V . .
fi m: r s u ma na .
'

z gwai fiz s umd mi rhs i

Th e r est l ik e t h e m as c ‘

.
 72 .
D E CL ENS IO N .

B as e
m su j y o t i s , wel l - lig h t e d , m asc . fe m . neu t .
(from
g su an d

wh j y o ti s ,
n eu t . l igh t .
)

g a fif : 87” y6 tzlz
'

a
i i
’
h
W j yo ti s kafi
.
’

y o t s au : su

ga fifi t r s uj y o t i s h am
’

W su jy a i r bha

w as s uj yoti sh e g a fifim r su jy dt i r bh y dm
g a fifwvi : su jy ot i r bk / a lz
i

g fif mri s uj ydti s kdm

a

m 5 s uj y oti fis ha

NE UT E R
SI NGUL R A . DU L A . PLU R L A .

f m t suj yo tis hi
"
-
N . A V . .
ga i ta: su j yot ile g a ffi
’ ’

g a fifi fit suj ydti fizs hi

Th e r est l i ke t h e m a s c . an d fe m .

D ec l i ne a ft er th e m o del o f
W s u ma nas a nd
g ah
m sa j y o ti s th e

fo l l o wi ng b as es
3m s ea bas ’
N om s i ng . 3 m: ved h dh , m wi s e WW ch a nd r a ma s , N
‘

,
. . . s .

fi at“: ch a nd r a mci lc, m m o o n m k t N mm : ma ch etdh, m

g:
. .
p r a c e as , . s . .
,

N om f l awgi ve r fa d i va u ka s , N fg fiam d i va ulcdlz m

'

.
pr 0
p . o a . . s .
e
, .

a d ei t y .

i h dy as , N . s . f azm : vi h dy db, m . bir d .

W a
p s a r a s ,
N . s.

m a
p s a
’

r dlz, f . a n ym ph . wawq ma h a aj as ,
N . 8 . ma h a aj dlz,
m . f . 11 . ver y m i gh ty .
m a
p y ,
as N . s . in :
p ay
/ a t, l n . m il k .
m a
y ,
a s

N . s . W : a y a lz, 11 . ir o n .
m y a sus , N . s .
W g a sa i l, n .
p r ai s e .
M ka vk ,

N . s. {Fl t h aevi lz,

n . o bl at io n . fi g a r ch i s , N . s . wfé : ar ch i z, n . S pl e n d o u r
l .

dyus , N mg: dya b, l i fe , m N 1 vap u ll ,

“
11 7 1
31 vap us . 57
3
‘
. s. 11 . ag e . . S

n . b o dy
1 66 . “ j am o l d ag e , , m ay h e d e cl i n e d t h r o u g
h ou t r e g u l ar l y as a f e mi ni ne .
( S ee
Th er e i s , h o wever , an o t h er b as e
mj ar as , e q u all
y f e m i ni ne l ,
' '

an d e q u all
y r e g u l ar , e x ce pt
t h at it i s d ef ect i ve i n al l cas es t h e te r m in at i o n s o f wh i ch b eg i n wi t h co n s o n ant s .

A ny o f t h e se n e u t er n o u n s m ay as s u m e m asc an d f em t er mi nat i o n s at th e e nd o f a

m
. .

co m o u n d ; p na s h ga kavi z
, l N o m . s i ng . m as c . o ne wh o se o b l at i o n i s d es t r o ye d .

l B
‘

o eh t l i n
g k ( D e cl i n at i o n i m S an s k r i t , p . 1 25 )g ave sl fl
'

ij a r a s . r i g h t l y as f e m i nin e ; i n
t h e d i ct i o nar y, t h o u g h o xyt o ne , i t i s b y m i st ak e pu t d o wn as n eu t er .
74 D E C L EN S I O N . 1 68

D U L A . D U L A .

fw d m rj ar au
Q
N A V m rj
0 0 O 0

. . . or ar a s au

I D Ab . . . m
fil ni r a r j dbhydm d ee s t

G L . . m ni r a r ayo z o r
j l m 2 ni rj ar as o lz

P LUR L A . P L UR L A .

N V . . F3 51“ : ni r a r d z o rj
’

l f ast cs : -
j
ni r a r as a z l
A .
m ni r ar an o r j
'
fafit fl: j
ni r ar as a z l
fqfi l m as c )
’
I . : ni r ar a i z
j l d ee s t ni r ar as ai z,
j .

D Ab . . w : ni r ar e bhy a z
j l d eest

G . W I a i rj ar dzzdm o r w i ll ni r ar as am
j
‘

L . fi g j
ni r ar es h u d ee s t

Fe m . fai n ni rj a r d , l ik e affi l kdnt d . N e ut . S i ng . d eest (Fi fi m rj a r as am ); D ual

N eu t . l i k e E ll i c nt a m. fai r s? ni 7 a r as i ;
j Pl ur . W ni r a r d fizs i .
j

1 68 . N amanelzas , 111 . t i me , W p ur u d mhsas , 111 . n am e o f I n dr a, f o r m t h e N o m .

S i ng W um dams d , wi th o u t fi nal Vi
’

.
f0
p s ar g a. Th e o t h er cas es ar e r e g ul ar ,

l ik e
W s umanas , m . V o c. wag : he a ne h a z. l
1 69 .
“W a sa na s , m . p p ro er n am e, f o r m s t h e N o m S i ng . .
W
’
a s cm d an d th e V 00 .

S i ng W ‘
bor M ( S ar
’
. u s anaa o r 3 ETH: us ana i
a r a na . . 1 .
9,

1 70 .
( B .
) B as es e ndi ng in r a d i cal
R s .

1 . Fr o m fil z pi zzda
'

, a l um p ,
an d =
l l a mas ,
to s wal l o w, a co m p o un d i s f o r m e d, W pi nda

g as , a
r l um p -e a
t er .

Fr o m it s p i s , t o wal k, an d
g 3 11 , well , a co m p o un d i s f o r m ed, W sap i s , well
wal k ing .

Fr o m
m t us , t o s o u n d, and
g sa , well , a co m p o un d i s f o r m e d,
M a t i as , well
s o u n d i ng .

2. I n f o r m i ng th e N o m S i ng m f. . . .
( an d n eu t er ), th e r ul e s l ai d d o wn bef o r e with r eg ar d

to no u n s i n wh i ch ‘HQ as ,
'

“ is, “ as , b el o ng to a s u ffi x , ar e s i m pl y i n v er t e d . N o u ns
in an d
K l en gth en t h e vo wel , no u n s in “ l eave i t sh o r t .
'

{0
5 s 3 as as

Ex . N o m S i ng m f . . . . n . fii sa : p i adag r afi gi f t: s up a 13753 s um , ,
.

3 . I n th e N o m A cc V . . oc . Pl ur . o f n eu t er s, n o u n s in
“ as ,
“ is , w as , nas al i z e t h eir
vo wel s, but do no t l engt h en th em .

Ex . No m . A cc V . o c. Pl ur . n eu t .
m p i adag r a fizs i ,
m 3 24127723 5,
m s ut wizs i .

4 . N o un s in {Ri c and Ti
t us l en gt h en t h ei r vo wel s b efo r e al l t er m i nat i o ns b egi n ni ng with
c o n s o nant s .

Ex . I nstr Pl ur . .

g ntfii z
’
s up i r bhi lz ,
555 3 2 s utzi r bki z, l W3 l
s utzi zs hu .

W
“

r ad i cal s o f n o u ns en di n
Th e i in and th o ugh f o ll o wed by vo wel s , i s
'

no t
5 .
g {R as as,

l i abl e t o b e ch ang ed i nto R 3 71 . ( S ee 1 00 , n o te . )

 D EC LEN s I O N .
75

m p i agl ag r as , eat in g a mo ut h f ul , m as c f e m . . neut .

SI NG U L R A . D UA l l .

M C AS . FE M . M C A S FE M

m
. .

NV p i ndag r ah
fii s mfip i adag r as a u
. . .

N E UT E R .

SI NGUL R A . DU L A
PLU R L A

N . A V . . fii s a : p i ndag r ah W tfi p md ag r asf
m p i adag r a ms z
B as e
3“ s u t us , well -s o u n d i ng m as c f e m
, . . ne ut .

SI NGUL R A . U LD A .

M A sc FE M . . M C AS . FEM .

NV .
W su tdh
s u t us au 2
3 53 s ut us ah
A
W s u tus a m

I
gm i
sa tus c s utdr bh i h

m i ii
'

D
fig?! s utus e I s u tzi r bh
ydm
fil fi l - t sut i r i bhyah

:
gg
i s s u t us a h
} W s u t us dm

m gal l s ut a s c h
m
:

L s uta s i
.
ggs i l
sutd zs h u o r s utds hs h u“

SI NGUL R A .

N A V . . .
w s utzi h figl fi s utusi
W
1 71 . N o uns d er i ve d fr o m d es i d er at ive ver b s ch ang e
( 3 i nto
fi sh wh en necessar y .

B as e
W i
pp a gh i s , wi s h i n g t o r e ad, m as c f em . . n eu t .

SI NG UL R A . D U L A .

M C A S . FEM . M A s c F E M. .

? fin al : p ip aghi h
q fn ii i
pp a gh i s h a u l l] 11 l ? “I: p ip a th is halz
f wfinrp ip a yhi s ham
‘

m
»

q tfii : p ip a ghrr bm
’
r fw fim i
pp a t h i s h d
fw fi si
’

f wfifi p ip ayhi s he
'

U r p ip a thi r bhyd m
.

W : p ip agh i r bhyali

fw fim i
pp a yh i s h ah
q fi fl i pip a ghis hdm
L . f anfaf s p ip aghi s hi
fil m : p ip aghi s ho h
fvw
zi ts p ip a flvflzs h u

NE UT E R .

SI NGUL R A .

N A V
. . . farm: pip agha

S i d dh .
-K au m . vo l . 1 . p . 1 87 . 83 .

L 2
76 D E C L E N S IO N . 1
72 A

“WER , f b l i an d H
fifl j s a us h , m as c m p an i o n, ar e
'’

7 1 2 . Th e n o un s I as i s e rn e s s ng . ,
. a co

d e cl i ne d l ik e f hfi p ip aghi s ,
’
x pt
e ce in th e No m . A ce . an d V o c . Pl ur .
, i f t h ey sh o u l d b e

u s e d as n eu t er s at th e en d o f co mp o u nd s
*
.

L ist o f d if er ent B a s es in K s.

B A SE . N O M . SI NG . N O M . PL . I N R
ST . PL . Lo c. PL .

MA S C F EM N U E T . MA S C FEM . . N U E T .

m
. .

W s umanas , 1 117 11 :
3 g m : gwwifi l 1
3 :
m or wzg
l
h s u ma n nzsi d s uma no bhi h s uma na s su o r
’

k i nd , m f . . n . s uma nd h -n a
h s umanas a -na
hs u

m nfi mi zfif afi :
W
‘

f
‘

g su j y o ti s ,
g a fi fi r: id .
g re :u
g fi s g s m O
f?
wel l s uj yo ti h su j yo t i s h ah su j yo ti zi zs h i su j yo t i r bhi h

fil s fl fl p i zzdag r as
’
’
,
ft lw 2 id . fiTs UF 2 '
fil gfif fl fi s zfifn: fil m
l um p p i a da r ah
g p d g
i a a r a s ah
p d g
i a a r a fizsi
p i a da r o bhi h
g p i p da r a
g

W taff? a émfm
W e h a h ds , s pl e n 3 3“ id .
S
'
afizs i
'

d i d, m f . . u . c h aka h c h akds a h chak c h a kdbh i h ch ah assu

f
Fl q d 33 id i s
t i l
l fi §W 2
’

os .

d as h ah d o r bh i h
’
do h d o fizs hi
’

( A cce nt ,

gq s up i s , wel l g fit: id .
3
g fim :
g fii fi t
g vi fii
i ah
4 i i i r bhi h
g o i n g, m f . . u. su
p s su
p i i zs su
p

m s u tus , wel l id . 1
3 31 1
{fits 1 1133:
5 1
s o u ndin m f n sa t us a h s utmhs i su tzi r bh i h
g , . . .

m f qvfzs : funfzf q fnufi ffi:

‘

fq vfi i
pp a ghi s nes ir fin al : id .
3

3
h p p a gh i s hah p ip a yhi s h i p ip a ghi r bhi h p ip agh i s hs h
i
'
i
pp ayh i

tasi fi c h i hi r s , d e si r fm fi : id . W : f vm fifi
' ’
f a mi fii
5
o us o f act i ng , m f . . n . c h i ki h c hi lci r s h a h c h iki r s hi c h i ki r bh i h c hiki r s hu

w rms ma mas]. m: m sfifir w as

‘

s a ,
bl es s i ng , id . s nf

) ds i s hah ds i fizs h i
’ ’ ' ’ '
id ds i r bh i h aszs hs hu
'
f .
(V oc . .
f
or

a
w j
s a a s , co m p a F 3} sa f h
a i d .

W 2

n i o n, m .
(V o c . id .
) j
s a us h a h sa
j fizii s h i s a zi r bhi
j h sa j fis hs hu
fé
fi fl s u hi fizs p n e wh o f
g gq id .

g fg m
wel l , m f s u hi nzs a h s u hi nb hi h
’

s t r i k es . . n . s a hi n s uhi fizs i

S o m e gr a mm ar i an s d o n o t al l o w t h e l engt h e ni n g o f th e vo wel s 1n m
z
l f fl as i ms hi
‘ A l l

a
nd

F
i ll? s a um s h i .
j ( m i rth 11 51 ” 11 i 1
°
8 ‘l O -l m um W W W
m m m 2 ll m y : El ma ? W W )
II Th i s m ay b e r i gh t a c co r di ng

t o th e s t r i ct i nt er p r et at i o n o f Pani ni b u t th e Pr at i s a kh ya ( X M L 7)g i ve s t h e , r ul e m a mo r e

g en er al f o r m , s t at i ng t h at ye ver n e u t er e n d i ng m an U sh m an h as a l o ng vo wel b ef o r e t h e
A n u s var a, t h e A n u s var a b ei ng f o ll o we d by s i o r s hi .

1
V W p
'

Th e o cat i ve is 2 s a ma h a
§ h . I n th e o t h er ar ad i g m s it i s th e
, ,
s am e as th e
N o mi nat i ve .

2
“ d o s m ay h e d e cl i ne d r e g u l ar l
y t hr o u gh o u t as a m a s cu li ne . B ut i t i s l ik ewi s e
d ecl i n e d as a n e ut e r . O n i t s i r r e g u l ar or o pt i o n al fo r ms, s ee 2 14 .

3 S i d dh .
- K au m . vo l . 1 . p . 1
97 .
4
R s no t ch an g e d i nt o
fi sh ; s e e 1 00 , n o t e .

5
S i d dh .
- K au m vo . l . 1 .
p
. . 1 94 .
6
S ee 75 .
78 D E C L EN S I O N . 1 75

8 Mo st bases e n di n g in h ch ang e h i nt o
.

i i Q
B A SE . N OM . SI NG . N O M PL . . N OM . PL. N U E T. I N R ST . PL . L O C . PL .

fa g as , m f . . u. l i cki ng fa r 15; Pass : l zh ah

’
tai fs l anai fa sfir : l i dbhzh
’
fi n tan;

mf g s i g
t m f
m
’
u . co ver i n : g az
i ng
5g h
gr i s : g h udbhzh
’
ki
u
g , . .
g n
as .
{ s u
gs g gs zi
h a

O th e ch an g e o f i n it i al i h
7
7
n 9 n t o
fi g , s ee 93 .

B d er i ve d fr o m en d i ng in an d b eg in ni ng wit h 1 d, ch an g e
9 ases roo ts
g h,
1 i h i nto
fi k

m
. .

L i k ewi se u s hai h, a m et r e .

B A SE . N O M. S I NG . N O M . PL . N O M PL . . N U E T. I N R PL
ST . . LO C . PL .

m f damn m
F
’

mfu : d hug bh zh
g
’ ’

m i l ki n g : d uh ah d huks hzi
gy , . . .
gg a d hdlc
gs g s 3g
d er i ve d f r o m t h e d r uh, t o h at e,
K muh, t o c o nf o u n d , f a gs ni h
10 . B ase s r o o ts
3? , t o l o ve,

i
ii s nuh , to S p u e, m ay ch an g e t h e final
i h int o Z t
\
,
or
i k .

B A SE. N OM . SI NG . N 0M FL. . N F L N E Ur. . . I N S TB . PL . LO C . PL .

fs W 3o r
W m W
‘

dr u h, m f
g
’
:
3
'

-
5;
1 . . n.
g; or 3 ”
S 3.
d hr ut o r d hr zi k d r zi h ah dr zi i izh i d h r udbh zh o r d h r ug bh i h d h r u gsri
’ ’

h at i ng or dhr uks hzi

t o b in d , ch ang e 71 i nt o
d er i ve d fr o m vi
g
“

11 . B as es
i nah ,
fi t .

B A SE . N OM . SI NG . N OM . PL . I N R PL ST . . LO C . PL .

W u
p anah f
‘
a sh o e
W u
p dnat m 2up dnah ah W up dna d bh i hW u
p ana tsu
'

D e cl i n e
i p ii
a ,
f t h e B e ah
y . r i ver i n t h e Pu nj ab . ffi fivi s h , f . or dur e .
S fi r us h ,

f . an g er . fi gfivipr a s h ,
f d r o p o f wat er
. .
m a vi ks h , wi sh in g t o
‘
ent er . FE ? s ni h , l o vi ng .

T agg g ml uh cow m il ker ,

-
.

W madha l i h , b e e . ffi fit vi s h ,
f . s pl en d o u r .
W bahutvi s h,

m f . . 11 . ver
y S pl en d i d . ( fi gfi
‘

r a t namus h , a s t e al er o f g em s .

m ani c, m f . . n . s u ch .

a
m a s s, m f . . 11 . W h i ch ? g i vi ng p ai n .

m t ur as ah , m nam e f Indr a, ch ang es i nt o sh wh enever h is

’
1
75 . . o
fi s
fi ( ch ang e d

i nt o d
3 or
Qt .

N m S i ng
W t ur ci s hag N o m D u al W 8 t u r cis ah au I nstr Pl ur
W
'

81
‘
o . . . . . . .

t ur ds hci dbhi h .

1
76 .
fi m pur o dds , m
’
. an o ff er i ng , or a pi r e st , i s ir r egul ar . Th e N o m . S i ng . is

SEE R p ar o ddh , an d all th e c as e s b eg i nni ng wi th c o n s o nant s ( Pa d a cas es ) ar e f o r m e d fr o m a

b as e 3 m pu r o gl a s . Th e V oc . S i ng ul ar , t o o , i s ir r eg ul ar , b ein g i dent i cal wi th t h e No m . S i ng .

t h o u gh so me g r a mm ar i ans all o w $
5 EEG-
2 he p ur o qlah .

SI NG U L R A . D U L
A . P LUR L A .

3
1 3 1 2pa r o d aih
W WI}p a r o das au 6
’

ur o das ah
8
' '

5 3 751 2p

W W Ip a r o dds a m
’

M p ur o dfis au
‘

5 513 1 5 " p a r o dcis d

’

gri si mi p ur c glo bhydm

3 6 3 7 7
5 19 1” 0 4 55 3
W Ip ar o do bhydm
O GM fl f
’ ’
R ur o dds ah
F ST E p { p ar o do bhydm g t p ur o do bhyah

WW : PW 7550 1
04 1 m 2pa r o dds o h
’

gfi fl fi
i p u r o d
‘

cis
‘
a m

gfi z z
gp a r o dahsu

m 2p ur o dds ah
’
 17 D EC L E NS I O N 79
9 .
.

1
77 A n o.t h er wo r d , W ‘
u kt h as ds , a r e ci te r o f h ymns , is d e cl i ne d li k e
m
p ur o d
‘
ds .

N o m .
m 2 u kt h as dh
’
. A cc S i ng . .
m ukt h a sds a m.
’
I nst r . Pl ur .
m
‘
u kt h a s o bhi h . V o c. S i ng .
m 2o r m ukt ha édh ‘
o r u kt h as a h .

in m
1 78 B .
1
as e s .

e n d i ng i n m r et ai n ” m b ef o r e all t er m inat io n s b eg i nni ng wi t h vo wel s B efo re

B as e s
( ( .

t er min at i o ns an d wh en final , t h e m is ch ang e d i nt o i

al l o t h er
( n.

M dm, m il d
’
B as e pr as .

M W fl fip WW d h
’
‘
N om V oc . .
p r as dn
‘
r a s dmau p r a s ma

A cc .
m p r as dmam
’

p r as dmau
’

m p r as
’

dma h

W Tp r a s dmd nsmwi p r a nbhydm a mt-

wp ‘
r as d nbhi h
’

I nstr . :

Lo c .
W fi? pr as dmi
’

m p r as dmo h
’

2 . N O UN S WITH C H A N GEA B LE B A SES.

A . N o uns wi th t wo B a s es .

1 79 M an y . n o un s i n S an s k r i t h ave m o r e t h an o ne b as e ,
o r r at h e r th e y
m o di fy t h e ir b as e acc o r di n
g t o r ul e b e fo r e cer tai n t e r m i n at i o n s .

N o u ns wi th t wo b ase s ,
h ave o n e b a se fo r t h e

N om V . o c . an d A cc S i ng . .

N om V oc . . an d A cc . D u al o f m as c . n o u ns

N om V . o c
( no t A cc .
) Pl u r al

N o m V . oc . an d A c c Pl ur al . o f ne ut e r no u n s ;

an d a s e c o n d b ase fo r all o t h er c as e s .

Th e fo r m er b a s e will b e c al l e d t h e A ny a b as e . B o pp call s it t he s tr o n g
b as e ,
an d t h e t e r m i n at i o n s t h e we ak t er m i n ati o n s .

Th e s eco n d b as e wil l b e c al l e d th e P a da a nd B ha b as e . B O pp c al l s it
t h e we ak b as e , an d t h e t er m i n at i o n s t h e s tr o n
g t er mi n at i o n s .

Th e g e n er al r ul e i s t h at t h e si m
pl e b as e ,
whi ch ppa ear s in t h e Pad a a nd

B ha c as e s , is s t r e ng t h en e d i n t h e A ng a c as e s . Th u s t h e Pa d a an d B ha
b as e “ p r i
c ch b ec o m e s in t h e A ng a c as e s al p r dfi ch
i
"
. Th e Pa d a b as e o f
t h e pr es ent p ar t i c i
pl e $1
31 a d a t, e at i n
g, b ec o m e s m a d a nt i n t h e A nga

M o st n o u ns with ch an
g e abl e b as es f o r m t h eir f e m i ni n es i n i f . A f ew, h o wever , s u ch

as
W d ciman, ar e s ai d t o b e f e m i ni n e with o ut t ak i ng t h e i f, an d s o me o f t h em o c cur as

f e mi n ine at th e en d o f co m p o u nd s .
80 D E C LE N S I O N . 1 80

c as e s . T h i s g i ve s us t h e f o l l o wi ng s
y s t em o f t er m i nat i o n s fo r wo r d s wit h
t wo b ase s

“If bh y dm fli t bh zh
’

mi bh ydm “ I: bh y a h
“If bh ydm W I: bhy a h
33 ? dm
"

5 su

SI NGUL R A . PLU R L A .

N o m A cc . .

C er t ai n wo r d s d e r ive d fr o m
1 80 .
fi a fich , t o m o ve , h ave t wo , o th er s
th r ee b as e s .

Err a -
: p r a ch , fo r war d , e as te r n, h as t wo b as e s ,
El l
i p r di i ch fo r its
ma p mch fo r i t s Pa d a B ha b ase a nd 1 s
'
a nd d e cli ne d d in g l y i
L
, acc o r

SI NG U L R A . DU L A . P LU L RA .

M C AS . M C A S . M C AS .

fi whenp r dfic h ah
’

Fi
f
dii c h au
’

pr

“WW I p r dg bhyKim
m
'

: p r dg bhyaz
.

I2pr dc h o h

A ng a b ase , o r , acc o r d i ng to B o pp , s tr o n g b as e wit h weak t er m i nat i o n s . Th e t er mi na

t io n s ar e cal l e d i n S an skr i t t h e S a r va ndma s t h dna t er m i nat i o ns .

T C o m p o u n d s en d i ng i n
“
55
? a ch r e t ai n th e a c ce nt on th e p p
re o s it i o n , e x pt ce aft er

p p
re o s it i o n s en di n
g 1 11
{i or
“

i n . Th i s r ul e d o es no t a ppl y t o fil m ’
an d fi dd h i ( Pa n .

H ence nn a p a r a ch , Waf a vach, “Ti l p r a ch fi dd a ch ; al s o Wa a ah ,

’ '

5 fl
V I 2, 2 ng
, /

d M f eta bu t rm? m
' ’
hy a c h ; ms ho a ch : r a ty a c h , s a mya e k,
’
s ad h r
y ch ,
a ? p
m ast anvafc h .

I W p dyz st an d s f or 11
’

d
'
r
g p r d h k; th i s f o r $11
3p fi ch + r¥ t a

HI n t h e d e cl ensi o n o f wo r d s en d i n
g i n
“ a ah , t h e r ul e i s t h at i f h as t h e U d att a,
in
W M x pt
’
r a t a c h,
y dc h , W ) all t er m i n at i o n s ,
’
s am a nva c h 1 80 , n o t e
i
as
p y ,
e ce

t h e S ar vanam a st h ana s , t ak e t h e U d at t a Pa v1 69 T h e r u l e Pan 82 , r ef er s

( n . . 1, 1 . v1 . 1 ,
1

fi
to a fic h, n o t t o a ch
fi
T h e r ul e Pan v 1 1 . . .
, 2 2 2, is r es t r i ct e d in th e V e da by V I . 1, 1 70 .

“p
/
m ch i s t r eat e d as if th e accen t wer e on th e p p
re o s i t i o n.
82 D ECLEN S I O N .

”Fifi p r atydfic h au

W p r a tt c hcfm
’

SI NG L RU A . PLU R L A .

m p r a t é c hi
’
I

FE M
NGUL R
.

SI A .

N . M p r a ncht .
‘ ‘

Th e fo ll o wi ng wo r d s , d er i ve d fr o m a fich , t o m o ve , h ave t h r ee b as es
A i ms . on ST R NG B
O A SE , PA D A OR M I D D LE B A SE . B EA OR WEA K B A S E.

ant
i p a tyci fich,
r b ehi nd ( Pan v 1 . . 2, 52 ) m p r a ty a ch t nfi
fl p r a t i ch
ar ti s n
s a m ci
ch, r i h t
( 1 2 , 5 2)
m s a my a ek
m s a mi ch
'

t y g v .

l
ny ci nch , l o w v 1 2 , 5 3
( ) nyach fifl ntch
’

fl T-

W m
l
s a d hr fi h acco m yi ng (V I 3 95 ) s a d h r ya ch
W s a d h r i ch
'

yd c , p an .
,

W a nvci i i ch , fo ll o wi ng ( v1 . 2, 52 ) m a na ne h
11
55
1
a mi ch
W t i vis h vafich , all -
p er vadi ng f a“ vi s h va ch fi gfi vi s h zi c h

fl w
d afich , u pwar d ( v 1 . 2, 5 2 ) 33
1 ti d a ch
W ti d i ek

firfifl t i r ya nch to r t u o u s fi fij m
' ’

,
t i r yach ti r a éch

B as es i n “ a t a nd i(
ii
-
a nt .

1 . P ar ti cip les P r es ent .

1 82 . Par t i ci Pl e s f t h e Pr e se nt h ave t wo b as e s , t h e Pada

o and B ha b as e
3311
1 a t, th e A ng a b as e i n “1 a nt A cce nt , Pan V I I , I 73 . . .

SI NG L R
U A D U L’

A P L UR L A
M C M C M C
. . .

A S . A S . A S .

m a da ta h
 1 84 . D E C LEN S I O N . 83

S I NGUL R A . FL R L
O A .

N . A .

m add t waft ada t(

FE M
NGUL R
.

S I A .

N .
M a da ” &c ,
.
, li ke fi nadi .

1 83 . Th er e i s a ver y difficul t r ul e ac co r d i ng t o whi ch cer t ai n p ar t i c i pl es k ee p th e

i n

i n th e N o m . an d A cc D . ual o f n e u t er s , and b efo r e t h e i t o f t h e f emini ne . Th i s r ul e can

o nl y b e f u ll y u nd er st o o d by t h o s e wh o q
ar e ac u ai nt ed wit h th e t en cl as s e s o f j
co n u g ati o ns .

It i s th is ,
I . Par t i ci l e s p o f ver b s f o ll o wi ng t h e B h u, D i v, and C h ur cl as s e s mus t p r es e r ve th e i n .

II . Par t i c ip l es o f ver b s f o ll o wi ng t h e Tu d cl as s may or may no t p r e ser ve th e i n . Th e

s am e a ppl i es to all p ar t i ci pl es o f t h e f utu r e i n
M eg
/ a t ,
an d t o th e p ar ti c i pl es o f
ver b s o f th e A d cl as s i n “1 6 .

I II . Par t i ci l e s p o f all o th er ver b s mus t j

r e e ct th e i n .

I .
t dva t . N o m . a nd A 00 D . u al N eut . m bhdvantt .

M d i vya t ’

m w
.

’ ‘
c h o r dya t c h o r a an t z
.
y .

M bh avi s hyd t w bhavis hydnti or m bhavi s hya tf .

“ 316 9 . w fl ydntt o r '

m yd t f .

I II .

W add t . N om . an d A cc . D u al N eut .
‘H
fi fi a d at i .

Th e f em ini ne b as e i s t h r o ugh o ut i d ent i cal i n f o r m wi t h t h e N o m D u al N eut H e nce

m
.
.

W W fi
’
bhcivanti , b ei ng, f em il a d a ti eati ng
'
'
. tudcinti or s t r iki n
g tuda tf , f em .
;fl a , ,

f em . Th e f em ini ne b ase i s d e cli n e d r e gu l ar l y as a b as e in i t .

1 84 . A no t h er r ul e, wh i ch o u gh t n o t t o b e mi x ed u p wi t h t h e p r ece d ing r u l e, p r o h i bi t s

th e s tr en gt h eni n
g o f th e A ng a b as e t hr o u gh o u t i n t h e p ar t i ci pl es pr e sent o f r e du pli cate d
ver b s, e ce x pt i n t h e N o m A cc V . . oc . Pl ur . N eu t .
,
wh er e t h e i nser t i o n of
i n is o p ti o nal .

W it h th i x pt i n
s e ce o , t h es e p ar t i ci pl e s ar e t h er ef o r e r eal l y d ecli ne d lik e n o uns in
“

( t wit h
u n ch an
g eabl e b as e s .

B as e
mNGUL SI
adam, gi vi ng , f r o m indd, t o g ive , (
D AR U L
an? ! ddd dmi , 1 g i ve .

UR L
A PL A
M C M C M C
.

A S . N B UI
' ‘
. A S . AS .

N V
d «( da t dadat
i l
. .

A .
w da d a t am
’

fi dddat
fla ddd a t a Eflii l ddd att « a: ddda

1 eats : d dda dbh ilz

w
.

D . dddadbhydm
Ab .

33 3 2 ddd a t ah
G
W ’
2 da da t o h
84 D E C LEN S I O N . 1 85

Th e s am e r ul e a ppl i es to th e p ar t i c i pl es
W j aks h a t, e at i ng ;
W i dg m t wak i ng ;
m
.

E d ar i dr a t, b ei ng p oor ;
m sds at , co m m an di ng ;
W a
c h a k s a t, s h i ni ng . B ut

m j i
cg a t , n eu t . th e wo r l d, f o r m s N o m Pl ur
. . “ fil j cig anti ,
o nl
y .

m p f wat er , d ecl i n e d l ik e
’
85 bgi ha t , gr eat , m d e er , dr o
a
’
1 s ha t, n ar e
‘
. . a . a o

p ar t i ci pl es o f ver b s o f th e A d cl a s s .

S 1N GULA R .

M C A S .

SI NGUL R A . PLU R L A .

N m a na n? br ih a tz
” ‘
A ri e
. .

g
FE M .

SI NGUL R A .

ge mbvik at t

m
.

mah a t, g r e at, li k e wi s e or i gi n al l y a p ar t i c i pl e o f th e
A ng a or s tr o n
g b as e in
W ant .

SI N G UL R A . D U L
A .

M C A S . M A sc .

I H3 ?"ma h a td

D . 113 } mah at e ’

W ma h a d bhydm
'

’
was : ma h a tah
’

‘
F Fi fi? maka t i ’

V .
m mdha n

SI NGUL R A . PLU R L A .

f
N . A V . .
zi l gi
' '

L mah ci t “fl mah a ti

Th e r e st li k e t h e m as cu l in e .

FE M .

SI NGUL R A .

f
? mah a ti
F ER

B a s es end i ng i n t h e S nfii wes “ m at a nd a vat , f mi ng th ei r A ny a B as es

( q or

in fli m an t a nd sh van t
t .

Th e po s s es si ve s u ffi x e s
87 ma t an d anva t fo r m t h e ir A ng a o r
1 .

“
s tr o n
g b a s e i n l i f ma nt and fil
t l v a nt Th e y l e n gt h e n t h e i r v o w el i n t h e .

N o m S i ng Mas c
. Th e s e s u ffi x e s ar e o f ve r y fr e qu e nt o c c u r r e n c e
. . .
86 D E C L ENS I O N .

M bhava t , b ein g , p ar t . p r e s ent .

S IN G UL R A .

M C
AS .

N .
t avan

A .
‘E T I I bhavant am
V m . bh avan

SI NGUL R A .

N . A V . .
t ava t

FE M .

SI NGUL R A .

N . WEI?“bhavanti

1 89 . 3 1 1 mo 31 at , mas c h o r s e, i s d ecli ne d
. r egu l ar l y li k e no un s in
fl o a t, ex cept i n th e
wh ere i t h as $ 5 1 W W
'

N o m S i ng ami d . a w an i n a na m an, wit h o ut a fo e, i s a

m
.
. ,

t o t all y differ ent wo r d , an d d eclin ed lik e a no u n in “ an N om . S i ng . ana r ud

N o m. D u al W E S a nar vdnau ; A cc S i ng s wi m} a na r vanam ;

'
I n str S i ng “ at !"
m
. .

m
. .

a nar vana I nst r Pl ur . . m fifin a na r va bhi h . Th e f emi ni ne o f a m at i s a w afl .

1
90 .
W hi g/ a t, H o w m u ch ? W i g/ a t , so mu ch , ar e d eclin e d li k e b as es i n “ ma n
(
Th eir f emm m es ar e fawn
? ki yati , M i ya ti .

D UA L . P L UR L A .

M C A S . M C
A S .

fannfi My f a i n:
’

ant an kiy a nt ah

f a t al N ya nt aw farm h i ya t ah

B as es in fl an
( 1 151 an, “ man, Have n .
)
1
9 1 . W o r d s in fl an h ave t h r ee b as e s : t h eir A ng a or s tr o n
g b as e 1s

m (i n t h ei r B h a or weak e s t b as e i n ; and t h ei r Pada or m i d dl e b as e i t a .

M ar k b e sid e s ,

1 . Th at t h e N o m S in g m as c h as
. . . an d, no t m ad e) .

2. Th at t h e N o m . S i ng . neu t . h as W a , no t
M an.

3 T.h at t h e V o c S i n
g . . n eu t . m ay b e e i t h er i d ent i cal wi t h t h e N o mi nati ve ,
o r t ak e
i n .

4 Th
. a t w o r d s
g i n 11
1 m a n an e n di n
d s i i a n k e ep H
i m a n an d a
q v an as
m
t h e ir B h a b ase s , with o u t dr o pping th e w a , wh en t h er e i s a co n s o nant
i m m e di at el y b efo r e t h e t r man and an va n Thi s i s t o avo i d th e
q .

co n cu r r en ce o f th r e e c o n s o n an t s , s u c h
i
v p a r vn fr o m W311 p ar va n,
'
as
 1 92 . D EC L EN S IO N . 87

m d tmn fr o m m d i ma n Thi s r ul e li o nl y
'

or . a
pp e s to wo r d s
e nd i n
g in W ma n and
W
“
va n, no t to wo r ds e ndi n
g in si m
m e

«a an . Th u s m t a lcs h a n fo r m s was: t a ks h nd 8
1 1 m i i r d ha n ,

a? ! mdr dh nd, &c .

5 Th.a t i n all o t h er wo r ds t h e l o s s o f t h e w a i s o pt i o nal i n t h e Lo c S i ng .

an d i n t h e N o m A c c V o c D u al o f ne u ter s Th e fe m i ni ne , h o wever ,
. . . .

d r o ps t h e wa ; t h u s ( Ta? r dj ni .

M di
e an, m kin g . . A ng a, m r dj dn Pad a, W r dj a ; B h a,
q r dj ii .

MA S C UL IN E .

SI NGUL R A . DU LA . FL R O A L .

v .

1 mm r ated
D . ( T? r dj ne
Ab . ( Ti t : r dgn h a

G ( 15 2 r dyh a h f

W hi tman , 11 . nam e . A nga, m ndmdn Pad a, amnama ; B h a, m nd mn .

NE UT E R .

S I N GU L A B . D UA L . PLU R L A .

w d
11 or m mi mant
‘

V . “T“nd ma or
m miman

W WI ndmabhydm
l
I . W nd mnd

D . mi mi m e m m? ntmabhydm
’

Ab . W mimna h W WI ndmabhydm

G . W mfmnah m mfmno h

L . m '

ndmni o r m fi? a
'

dmani m n dmno h

1
9 2 . N o un s i n wh i ch t h e su ffi x es Ire- ma n an d
( “ c an ar e
pr e c ed e d by
a c o n s o n ant , s u ch as
m br a h ma n, m . n . th e c r e at o r ,
m y aj va n, m .

11 . j o i nt , fo r m t h e i r B h a b as e i n “ ( ma n an d
“ c an .

an br a h man, m . cr e at o r . A ng a, m br a h mti n ; Pad a, al l br ah mci

B h a, m br a h mci n .
88 D E C L E NS I O N 1
.
93

MA S C ULI N E .

SI NGUL R A . DU L A . PLU R L A .

W WII br a hmd nau

V m . br dhman

I . m br a hmdna
'

D . m br ahmdne

Ab . m : br ah mdnah

G . 3 mm: b r a h ma na
’

L . m br a hmani
’
await : br a hmdno h

NE UTE R
e GULA a . DU L A . PLUR L A .

N . A TN Tbr ah ma
.
’
w aft br ahmani
V . are br dhma or
m br dhma n

D e cli ne
m g a vj
a n,
s ac r i fic er
m dtman, s el f ; W sudh a r ma n ;
vi r t u o u s .

uf afaaq p r a ti di van,
‘ '
'
o ne wh o s
p o rt s , fr o m {
hi m d i v d ivy a ti , l e ngt h e n s
th e fq d i t o
‘ '

f t d i ,
w h e n e ve r t h e
av i s i mm e di at el y fo ll o we d by i n N o m . .

S i ng .
ufii f qm p r a t i d i vd ; N o m Pl ur ufwfqarm: p r a ti di vdna h ; A cc Pl u r . .
'
. .

t r a t i d i vna h
1 93 . W o r d s in “ a n, l ik e W r j
a un, ki ng , f o r m t h ei r f e m i n i ne i n
i t, d r o pp i n
g t h e

‘3 a bef o r e t h e -
T
[ n w r j hi ,
a q u e en .

W o r ds i n EIi t van, l i k e
'

W d hi van, fi sh er man, f o r m t h eir f em i ni ne i n afl

’
var i m
d hi var i , wi f e o f a fi sh er m an .
( S ee , h o wever , Pan . I v. 1 , 7 , ver t .
)
W o r ds in i i - man, i ( if f e mi ni n e, ar e d e cl i ne d li k e m as cul i nes .
d man, f em 1
. ro p e ;

N m S i ng M ddma, A d md nam bu t t h er e i s p ti o n al b as e am damé , A

‘
o . . cc . an o cc .

S i n g and ddmdm
. .
( Pan . 1v 1, 1 1 ;.

1 94 . N o uns in M a n,
“ man, fl va n, at t h e e nd o f j
a d e ct i val co m p o un s , d m ay
e it h er u se t h eir m as cu li n e f o r m s as f e mi ni n e s , or f o r m f e m i n i n e s i n E T (1 . Th o se i n a.
an,

i f i n t h e B h a b as e t h e y dr o p th b ef o r e t h e i m ay al s o t ak e i t ( Pan
‘

c an e fl a n, . Iv . 1 ,

Th u s , No m S in g m as c an d f e rn g filfl
'

s uc h ar md, h aving g o o d l e at h er , No m D u al

m
. .
. . .

S i s u c h a r manau
‘

3 51 11 s up a r vd,
W su
p ar vanan :
‘

o r, N om S i ng f em 3 3 51
w
. . .

W fi fi
'
s uc h ar md , N om D 2s u ch ar mdh ;
. u al s uch ar me , Pl u r .
fi l s up a r va,
a su
p a r ve ,

i n:
g a sup ar vd h . Of
W b a h ur dj a n, h avi ng m any k i ng s , t h e f em i ni ne m ay b e ,

1 .

W ba h u r a
j d, D
‘

ual
W fi fib a hur dj dnau .

2 a t
g m wahu r sj s D u al
W ba h ur dj e

w
. .
,

3 agt rsi bahur dj nt, D

. u al ba h ur dj fiyau

w
.

dvi damni
‘
P
( an . I v. 1 , h avi ng t wo ro p es, is an e x pti
ce on .

A dj ect i ve s i n “ fi fi fl [ d h i vam a fi s h er m an ,
’
wh i ch f o r m t h ei r f e m i n var i , t 7-
~ ' '
’
va n, .

t fi afll pi van
'

, ai n t pi var i , f at , m ay d o t h e
’
s am e at th e end o f co m p o u nd s , o r
 90 D E C L ENS I O N . 1
97

1 9 7. A t th e e nd o f a co m p o und , to o , W uh an i s ir r egul ar . Th u s m a r g hd han,

h avi ng l o ng d ays , i s d ecl i ne d :

S IN G U LA R . D U L A . P L U nA L.

N . i
a m -
gr: di r g h dkdl
'
fi N A V . .
W di r g hdh dpau
'
di ms/ m} a .

Fem i ni ne, 5
$ 3
1 1 d i r g kd hni ( Pan V I I I . .
4,

1
9 8 I n d
. er i vat i ve co m p o un d s wi th nu mer al s , an d wi t h ffl ‘
vi an d m s ei y u, WE akna
is s ub st it u t e d fo r W uh an . b ut i n t h e Lo c S i ng b o t h f o r m s . . ar e a d mi tt e d ; e . g a} !
.

dvyal malz, p ro du ced i n t wo d ays ; Lo c S i ng . .

fi dvya hne or fl ff dvyakni or d y a h a ni .

( Pan V I . .
3, n o .
)

99 W 1 . éva n, m . d eg , W y u va n,
In . yo u ng , t ak e
m éun, m 1 d
y n
as th e i r B h a b as e s . Fo r th e r e s t, th e y ar e d e cli ne d r egul ar l y l ik m
, e

br ah man, m .
(A c c e nt ,
Pan . V I. 1 ,

S IN G U LA R . D U L A . P L UR L A .

N “12v
. N . A V . . fi ‘
s v na uf N . m ‘
f l
s vt na a

W
'
s vdnam
‘
A .

V w as
. . I . m a m a.

Th e femi ni ne o f m évan i s
w éuni ; o f m ydva n, gafi r: yuva t i z l
mm W i
’
acco r di ng to s o me
g r a ar i an s , y dn .

zo o .
W mag havan, t h e Mig h t y, a name o f I ndr a, tak es n ho n as it s B ha
b as e .

S IN GUL R A D U L A P L U RA L
w
. . .

N m . mag kdvd N A V . . . mag hci vdna u N W . : mag hdvdnalc

A . “W Wi - ma
g hdvdnam A . m mag htfnalz

V W . mdg h avan I . W mag hdvab hi lz f

Th e s ame wo r d m ay l ik ewi s e b e d ecli ned l ike a m as cul i ne wit h t h e s u ffi x Efi tm t or “ ma t

(
( see W ay ni mat ) .

S IN GUL R A . D U L A . P LUR L A .

M am
i

N A V . . . ag hdo anta u N .
zI Efl flt‘ ' '

mag kcivant alz

A . W i mag hdvantam A . W mag hdvat alz

V . a m mg h avan I . m fg : mag h dvad bki z

.

Th e f emi ni n e i s acco r di ngl y eit h er Wi fi fi mag hdnt o r um ? mag h ao a t f

‘
.

W p ds hdn an d fi [ H - a r a mcf
m two n am es o f V edi c d eit i es, d o l en g t h e n
'
20 1 . i ‘l T
y no t

t h eir vo wel ex ce pt i n t h e N o m S i ng . . and th e N o m. A cc V . o c. Pl ur . n eu t ; .

(in th i s th ey
f o ll o w t h e b as e s i n fi i n; Fo r t h e r e st , t h ey ar e d ecl ine d li k e n o u ns in $7 1;an

Pan . VI I I . 2, 69, var t . I ; S i d dh .

- K au m . vo l . I. p . 1
94 ; b ut C o l ebr o o k e, p . 83 , h as

( fi rst dff g hdhd as N o m S i ng. .

1 C o l eb r o o k e , S ansk r it Gr am m ar ,
~
p .8 1 .
 20 3 . D E C LEN S I O N .
. 91

B A SE. N O M. S I NG . N O M. PL . A 00 . PL . I N R PL
ST . . N OH . PL. “ UT .

m T N W W 3 W 3 “fi
ws
.
r

w
: D

p as h a nmfls h a
m n
as h pa pfls h dzzaz
»
W hndl t pas h f
c bhi z
z pa

md dzu
'

m ar yamdbhi z l ar yam
’
a r y aman, a r y ama , o r g
/a t a r ya a r y a mdz
za z l a r y amz
ta z l
Lo c S i ng
. . fi
{ pl l fls h u
z
’
or
m pds ha zi
z ;
’
o r , acco r di ng to so m e, I f? pfls h i .
( S fir . I. 9,

20 2. Th e ro ot
E la m, t o kil l , if u s ed as a n o un, f o ll o ws t h e s ame r ul e ; o nl y t h at

wh en t h e vo wel b et we en
g h and
i n i s dr o t , p ihb eco mes
‘ g h .

B A SE . N OM . SI NG . N OM . PL . A CC. PL . I N R PL
ST . .

K han. E h a,
R yl m I M I F f: h anala I : y hnal: {fin h abhi lz {i t s Ma i

W . a, 11 mm m m: m w est: m rfin
’
br a hmah an, h a, g hn br ah mahd br ahmahdz
zalz br ahmag hndlz br ahma hdbhi lz br ahma hdai

Lo c S ing
. . m br ahmag l mf or m br a hmah azu
’ '

B a s es in « in .

20 3 . W o r ds i n « i n ar e al mo s t r eg ul ar ; i t i s t o be o b ser ved th at

L Th ey dr o p t h e i n at t h e en d o f t h e Pad a b as e .

2. Th e y fo r m t h e N o m S i ng m as c i n i f ; t h e N o m A cc S ing . . . . . . ne u t . in
z ; and t h e N o m A c c Pl ur n eu t i n fir i ni
g { . . . . .

MA S C U L I N E
NGUL R DU L PLU R L
.

SI A . A . A .

N . W d h ani
'
V fifi fidh a mnd u
’

uf - E ffl Tad h
’

A ta d h amnam mnan
‘ ’ ’
a
'
.

D .
W d h amne
'

vfwwi d hanfi kydm m d h ambhyak

’

A b ufa . m dham n ll ’
a . vfimi dh am bhyafm
’
m : dkambhyalz
vF-
’
.

G vfim: d h anzn lz fi
xrfin : d kanzno li wh at d hamnd m
' ’ ’ '

. . a

V W . d hci m n
'

w d hci m nau
'

SI NGUL R A . DU L A .

N A . wd h am
vF-
’
s t are? d h anfni

m
.

V . “fa dha ni
’
or d ha m u
’ ’

FE M
NGUL R
.

SI A .

D e cli n e
W med h dvi n, wi se ; “ P
E T-
l
iy a éas vi n, gl o r i o u s ; W edg mi n,

No te —
Th e s e n o u ns in fl i rt , (
et
ym o l o g i c all
y a sh o r t ene d fo r m o f W an
) fol l o w
th e anal o
gy o f no uns in 1ri l
fll an ( ke
li W r dj a n, in th e N o m S i ng . .

m as c . an d n eu t .
, an d I n th e V o c. S ing . an d i n th e N o m A . cc . Pl ur . n eu t . Th ey m i g h t b e
r an g e d , i n f act , wi t h t h e no u ns h aving u nch an g eabl e b ases ; f o r t h e l eng t h enin g o f th e
vo wel i n th e N o m . an d A cc Pl ur . . neu t . i s bu t a co m p en s at i o n f o r th e ab s ence o
'
f th e nasal

wh i ch i s i ns er t ed i n th ese cas es i n all b as es e x pt th

ce o s e endi ng in nas al s an d semi vo wel s .

N 2
 D E C LE N s i O N .

P ar t zczp l es i n fig
' '
"
vas .

20 4 . Par t i ci pl e s o f th e r e du pl i c at e d
per f e ct i n
“ w e h ave t h r e e b as es ;
“ 1;d as t h e A ng a,
fl us h as t h e B h a, an d “( we as th e Pad a b as e .

A c co r di n g t o S an skr i t gr am m ar i an s , t h ey c h ange t h e i t s o f “ w e i nt o t, if
i
t h e t ( e i s fin al , o r i f i t i s fo l l o we d by t er m i nat i o ns b e gi nn i n g wi th 31 6 11 an d ( a

( s ee 1 73 , B ut the fact i s , t h at th e Pada b ase is r e al l y “ va t ,

no t

vq m s .

A nga, W m m dvdfiw Pad a, w r ur u dva s ; B h a,

W m m dus h .

MA SC UL N I E .

SI NGUL R A . DU L A . PLU R L A .

K w r u r u dzis h a b

W mdus ki
'
ru

S IN GUL R A . PLU R L A .

FE M .

SI NGUL R A

w
.

C r ur udus ki

20 5 . Par t i c i pl e s i n “ ( m s wh i c h in ser t an
g
’

z bet we en th e r e du
pl i cat e d

ro o t an d t h e t er m in at i o n , dr o p t h e § i wh e ne ver t h e t e r m i n at i o n
“ w e is

ch an
g e d i nt o m us h . Th u s

M mi vdn m w ll tas t h us ki
’
t as ,
fr o m arti ni , to s t an d , fo r m s t h e fe m .
i .

Ufa a
-
m p ch i vdn,
e fr o m W p ach , t o co o k, f o r m s t h e f em . 11 5}
3 p
1 e ch u s h i

A ver y co mm o n wo r d f o ll o wi ng t hi s d e c l en s i o n IS
W o i dva n, wi s e, ( f or

“
f afi g fl vi vi dvdn ) fe m Pa e ? vi d zi s h i
' ‘

g . .

If t h e ro o in g zt en d s
’

or
i
'
i , th i s r a di c al vo wel i s n e ver dr o pt b e fo r e fl us h ,

th e c o nt r ac t e d fo r m o f
N e ws . H en ce fr o m ai ‘
u i,
W a i nfvdn I n s tr .

fang“ ni nyus hci ; fem fag s? . ni nyus h i .

94 ~

D E C L ENS I O N .

Th e f em i ni ne i s
W
e i t h er sup ad o r
W a
( n bu t m et r e co ns ist in g
‘ '
s up adi P . IV . I ,
a

o f t wo f eet i s call e d W Td vip a dd .

W o r ds
W A ng a
‘
20 8 en di ng in H vah , car r yi ng , r et ai n a di» as an d Pada b ase, but
.

Q
sh o r t e n it t o
Q 12h as B h a b as e . Th e f em i s 3 .
? fl hi .

Fi nal
E h i s i nt er ch ang eabl e wi t h t , d
§ Q t ( S ee , . 1 28 1
14 ,
K Vri d dh i with p fir m
"

Th e Hi t? o f 3 ii h fo rm s a r ece d i n g G a or “
31 d Th u s
‘
vi svavah, u ph o l d er o f th e u ni ver se . ( A ccen t , Pan . V I . 1 ,

SI N GUL R A . D U L A . P L UR L A .

I .
m vi é vavddbhzh
’

20 9

i ng i t i n t h e N o m
.

m and
’
svet avdh i s f ur th er ir r egul ar , f o r m i ng i t s Pada b ase i n
V o c S in g ; e g N o m V o c. am svet avti h; A cc w
E “ w as , an d r et ai n

avet avdham
'

w m
. . . . . . .

I n str svet aa h d; I nstr Pl un Lo c Pl u r svet avalzszi

m
. . . . .

S o m e gr am m ar i ans all o w svetavdh , i nst ead f svet aa h , i n all t h e B h a

'

o cas es

( S t
i r I 9,
. a n
. d lik ewi s e W ‘
2s vet avah i n V
’
o c. S i ng .

210 . A mo r e im p o r t ant co m p o u nd wi t h
m vci h is
W a na uh , an o xd , (i . s . a car t

d r awer .
) I t h as t h r e e b ases I . Th e A ng a b as e W M ih; 2.
ana vc d Th e Pada b as e
W
a naqlud ; 3 Th e B.h a b as e W K a nadu h .

I t i s ir r eg ul ar b es i d es i n t h e N o m . an d V o c. S i ng .

SI N G UL R A . U L D A . P LUR L A .

N W . a na o d dn N . A V . .
w e a na vdh a u d N .
m a na vci h ad h
V W . a na va n d I D Ab . . .
W a na ud bh d ydm A .
W a na u h a d h
A .
W a na d vdh am
’
G L . .
W t ana u h o d h 1
=
. ways : a na ud bh i d h
I .
W ana u hd d L 317 1 7
33 3
. l u tsu
a na g

If u se d as a ne u t er , at th e en d o f a co m p o u n d, it fo rm s

SI NGUL R A . D U L A . P L UR L A .

N W 337 a naduhi “ gift

W
'

. A V . . a na ud d a naqlvd fizhi

Th e r est li k e t h e m as cul i n e .

Th e f emi ni n e i s M d
a na u hi o r
'

W ana v d dhi ( Pan V I I . . I , 8

9 ,

wat er , i s i nvar i ab l y pl u r al , and m ak e s i t s 5! a l o ng i t h e

n
“

an ap ,
l
q
21 1 .
1

A ng a b as e an d s u b s t i t u t e s t fo r b f ffi b i i wi t h w M
, p e o r e an a x e
g n n n g i u \
.

Pl u r al : N om . m : dp a h A ce ,
. em: a
p h
ci ,
I ns t r . mfg : a d bh i h, L o c .
m ap s zi .

( A c c en t , Pan . V I . I ,

In co m po s i t i o n m ap is s ai d to fo r m m s vdp , N o m S i ng m asc . . . an d

fem .
, h avi ng g o o d wat er ; A cc . mil s vdp a m I nstr . a m s vap d ,
&c . N om.

Pl u r s vdp a h ; A cc h ; In st r a f a: s va d bh i h, & c Th e
‘

. EN : . a n: svap a . .

n eu t e r fo r m s t h e N o m . S ing .
m svap ; N om . Pl u r . a fix s vamp i
f or a ffix

s vamp i , a cc o r di n
'

g t o d i ffe r e n t i nt er pr et at i o n s ( C o l e
o b f Pani ni
r o o ke,
p 1 0 1, . .

n o te .
) Th e S ar as vat i ( 1 .
9, 6 2 )g i ve s a ffix n m f a s vamp i t addgdni , tank s
wi th g o o d wat e r .
 2 1 4, D EC LE NS IO N .
95

2 1 2.
“ p H/ 1518 , man, h as t h r ee b as e s : 1 . Th e A ng e b as e .
m pu mdrhs ; 2 . Th e Pads
b as e
“ p ai n , 3 Th e B ha b as e
.
“ p unt s .
( A ccent , Pan . V I. 1,

SI NG U L R A . D U L A . PL U a A L .

p a mtfn M W
l

N .
W p u mdi izs au N .
p mtfi h s ah
u

V s i ma n
w p umbhyf m A
EU : pmhs cih

Th e Lo c Pl ur i s wr i tt en
. .
fi gp ufhs zi , no t
ag p ui h s hzi o r
35 1
pu ns i
z 1 00 , n o te ) Th e S a
. r as vat i

g i ves u p i
uh ks hz Pani ni ( VI I I .
3 , 5 8) sa s
y t h at
3 7 mm o nl y, no t A nus var a i n

g er al ,
en d o es no t p r e ve nt th e ch a ng e o f
U s i nt o fi s h ; a nd t h er ef o r e t h at ch an g e d o es no t

t ak e pl ac e in M m hi ns u an d
Hg p mi zsu I n t h e fir s t , i n is r a di cal , n o t inser te d ; i n t h e

m
.

s e co n d, t h e A nu s var a re p r es ent s an o r i g i nal

fl m C f S iddh - K au m . vo l . I p 1 86 :

m
. . . . .

W mm m fi m u

In co m p o s it i o n i t i s d e cli n ed In th e s am e m anner if us e d I n t h e m as c
f e m g en d er . or . .

A s a n eu t er i t i s , N o m S i ng
M s up um, N om D ual fi sup mhs i , N o m Pl ur
W
’

gg
‘
i
‘ ‘

. . . . .

2 13.
“ di e or
g dyu, f . s ky, i s d ecli ne d as f o l l o ws, ( A ccent , Pan . V I. 1 , 1 7 1 ;

B as e
“ d i v,
g dyu .
( S ee
SI NGUL R A . D U L A . P L U RA L .

a : dyazih N . A V . . d i va u
’

fai l davam l dyzi bhydm fifi : di vala

’
A I D Ab A
g
’
. . . .
al .

G L fai n: di vdh I z fir: dya w.

. . .
g
D . D Ab . .

g m: dyzi bhyah

Ab G . . few: d i vak
L . feta di e z ’
L .
g
V mi . : dy aii h
'

A no th er b as e dyo i s d ecl i ne d as a bas e endi ng in a vo wel , an d f o ll o ws th e p ar ad ig m

o f T fig o ,
21
9 .
( S ee S i ddh .
- K au m . vo l . I .

Com p o un d s li k e f
g fl
a s udi v ,
h avi ng a g o o d sk y, ar e d ecl i ne d i n t h e m as c . and f em lik e .

firi di v . H ence gal : s udyaa h , W s udi vam, &c .

I n th e neu t er t h ey fo rm N o m A cc V. . o c. S i ng . s udyu, h avi ng a go o d s ky ; D u al

gfifi
‘

f
‘

i
'

s udi vi ; Pl ur sa di a i
ge a . r .

§ 2I 4 . A numb er of wo r d s i n S an s kr i t wh at Gr eek gr amm ar i ans wo ul d

ar e cal l

M e tap l as ta i , . e. t h ey e xi st u nd er t wo f o r m s , e ach f o ll o wi ng a diff er en t d e cl e ns i o n, b u t o ne

b ei ng d efici ent i n t h e S ar van amas t h ana c as e s , i . e . N om V . o c. A cc . S in g . and D u al , N o m .

V oc . Pl ur .
,
and No m . V o c. A cc . Pl ur . o f n eu t er s .
( Pan . V I . 1, Th us

D E FC V E TI E B A SE B A SE D C L N D R UG U
E I E TH O HO T

*
I . W E aw n, n
T-
( . bl o o d
*
2.
m ds an, n. f ace
*
3 .
m ada m 11 wat er .

“
'

4 . d a t, m t o o t h ; A cc Pl
. . .
3 77: d atak

N o accent o n V i bh ak t i .
( Pan V I . . I ,
 96 .

D E CLE N S I O N .

m d o s h a n, ( m .
)n . ar m ;

W u as , f . n o se ; A cc Pl . . WEI: nas d h
tanni n f , . n i gh t ; A cc . Pl . f an: ni sa
’

h
fi
gp a d, I n . fo o t ; A c c Pl . .
“ 2p a dah;

“ f ar m
W
’
r i t, Lo c Pl
g .
y . .
p r i tsu
fl i fl mafizs ,
'
n . m eat i ;

“ mas , m m o nt h ll ; . m : mas a h
' ’

zIEIiT
U/ a kan, n li ver fil
‘
.

W yd s h a n,
m pe a -
so u . p
W
’
s a kan, n . or d ur e ;

rid
g s nu, n .
g e

Hg h r i d ,
n . Ge n S i ng . .
33 : hr i d ah

H ence i n

N o . I . N V A S i ng i s
. . . .

m a sgi k o nl
'

y Pl ur .

N V A D
. . . u al is mfifi a m] ! o nl y ; I S ing. . m y"asma o r w '
as nd .

N V Pl ur i s
. . .
m as fl fij i o nl y ; or m as abhydn

N o .
4 . N A V S i ng
. . . . am, a, o nl ;
y A Pl ur . .
m dantdn or W da t o h .

N V A D
. . . u al is i f ? da nt a n o nl
y; b ut I S ing. . da nt ena or m d a ta .

N V Pl ur i s
. . .
e m : d a h tah o nl y 1 D . u al saf a ri d ant dbhydm o r a nd a dbhyan

N N A V S i ng is m A Pl ur W mds an are : mds ah

'

o . 11 . . . . .
, . . or .

N V A D
. . . ual i s an d meis au o nl y I S i ng
. mir e mei s ena o r m mds é
. .

N V Pl ur i s
. . . mm: mds dh o nl
y I . D u ul mmwi mss sbhy am o r mwi mabhyo
'

N o . 1 3. N A V S i ng i s
. . . . o nl
y; A Pl ur . .
m yi is hd n o r
’

{Wi t yds haah .

N A V D
. . . u al
{a y dis
s h o n l y ; au I S i ng. .
{ m
m
{F yfis
y ds hzzd
h ezza or a .

N V . . Pl ur . i s 135m yds hdh o nl y ; I Du W .

yd s hd bhg/
. f
am o 1 s w i s h o bhya °

L S i ng {B yfls h e o r fl fi H s h ani o r flm s h _ o °
z - - 1
. .

M
i’
Gr amm ar i an s diff er o n th e e act m ean i ng o f a nd f o r m s s u ch as x Pani n s r u l e

m
d o s h a , N o m D u al N eu t , wo ul d s eem to s h o w t h at i n t h e N o m A cc V o c D u al t h e b ase
'
. . . . .

M d o s h an m ay b e u sed. ( S e e S i ddh .
- K au m vo . l . 1. pp . 10 7, 1 3 1, 1 41 , By so me t h e
r ul e is r e s t r i ct e d t o th e V e da .

2 . B a ses end i n
g i n V o wel s .

21 5 . B as es e n di n
g i n vo we l s m ay b e su b di vi d e d i nt o t wo c l as s es

1 . B as e s e nd i n
g i n an
y vo wel s , e x c ept d er i vat i ve ws
‘

a an d E T d .

2 . B a s e s e n di n
g i n d e r i va t i ve i s a an d an d
“
.

N o a ccent o n V i bh ak t i .
T S i ddt au m . vo l 1 .
p . I 3I .

I S i d dh .
- Kau m . vo l . 1 . p . 141 . Th e s ar as vat i g i ve s all case s o f
M i nds ( 1 . 6,
1T Pan . V I. 1 , 63 .
98 D E C L EN S I O N 21
.
9

I f b as e s i n i ai , “
SB 0 l fiau ar e t o b e d ecl i ne d as neut er s at t h e en d o f co mp o u nd s t h ey
,
q
i
,

s h o r t en B ai to i an d f l o an d fl a n t o 3 a a nd ar e t h en d ecl i ne d l ik e n eu t e r s i n and
3 , ,
{i
3 a. Th e m as cul i ne f o r m s, h o we ver , ar e e q u al l
y all o we d ( i f t h e b as e i s m as cu li n e ) i n all

cas e s e x ptce th e N om. A cc V . o c. S i ng D . u al an d Pl ur al . H en ce I ns tr S i ng . . neu t .

W
i nd
W Ts w ag/ a; b ut o nl
W
'
s ur or
y s ununa .

2 19 . Z fi dy o , f em h eave n, i s d ecl i ne d l ik e
. T il g o . It c o i nci d e s i n th e N o m . and V oc .

S i ng wi t h
. fai di v, sky, bu t d iff er s f r o m i t i n al l o t h er c a s es .

SI NG U L R A . D U LA . P LUR A L .

N a} dyauh
: W ? dg tfvau
.

5
A . Q T( l g/ {m

I . W T dg civd

D . a ndy dv e sli m dydbhydm

fi t dycfvo h

Fo r m s o f dyu whi ch o c cur i n t h e Ri g -ve d a

N A d i vam, dytfm I di vd ( di vd, by d ay); D

’ ’
di ve ; G d ivak, ri g/ 6h; L di vi ,
’
S i ng . . dyai is . . . . .

N N dydo s
’
dydvi ; V dy aus .
( Rv . v1 .
51 , Pl ur . . dyao un; A . 1 dyii bh i h
. . D ual . .

B ei ng u se d at th e end o f a co m p o un d f i dyo f o r m s i t s n eu t er b as e as
g dyu ; e. g.

Hg p r a dy u , e m i n en t l y cel e sti al , D u al “ W p r a dy uni , Pl ur . “I f ? p r adyflni ( S i dd h Kaum .

- .

vo l . 1 . pp . 1 44, wh il e fr o m faj di v t h e n e u t er a d e ct i ve
j was , as we s aw,
fig
“

s ud
g u,
h avin g a go o d s k y, D u al su di vi , Pl u r .
W s udi vi ( C o l ebr . pp . 6 7, fi pr adg u
g ,

as a neu t e r , cann o t t ak e th e O pti o n al m as cu l in e cas es ( S i dd h .

-
K au m . vo l . 1 . p .

No t e —
Th er e ar e no r eal no u ns e n di ng in Q
‘

e, t h o u gh g r am mar i an s i m ag i ne s u ch wo r d s
as E: e h, th e s u n, u dy ad e h, t h e r i s ing su n N0m . D u al m ? 1 ud
yad ayau, N o m Pl ur . .

3 m : ud
y a d ay a h .

B in i i and d
“
ase s at .

1 . M o n o syl l a bi c B as e si n i t and a mbei ng

, bo t h M as cu l i ne and Femi ni ne .

(A ) . B y t h e m s el ves

2 20 . M o no syll ab i c b as es d er i ve d fr o m , ver b s wi t h o u t an
y s uffi x ,
l ik e t h i nk in g ,
3 3 kr i , b u yi ng , cu t t i ng , t ak e t h e s am e t er m i nat i o n s a s c o n s o nant al b a s e s . Th e y
r e m ai n u n ch an e d b ef o r e t er m i n at i o n s b e i nni n
g g g wi t h c o ns o n ant s , b u t ch ang e fin al
i t and

3 12 i nt o
{i i i-
7 and 37
p m, b ef o r e vo wel s .
( Pan V I . .
4 , 82 , Th eir V o cati ve i s th e s am e

as t h e ir N o mi nat i ve .

(B ) . A t th e en d o f co m p o un d s .

221 . Th es e m o n o syl l ab i c b as e s r ar el y o ccur e x pt ce at th e en d o f co m p o un ds . H er e

M ik a v 1 . 1, 93 .
 221 . D EC L EN S I O N . 99

i
‘

t h ey m ay e it h e r c h ang e t and 3 5 11 i nt o an d
fl uv, o r i nt o l
l y an d
i v . Th ey
ch ang e it

I nt o iy and
1 .
fl F
i nn

a. If t h e fir s t m e mb er o f th e co m p o u nd f o r ms t h e p r e d i cat e o f the s e co nd , an d the

s eco n d m ai nt ai ns i t s no m i nal ch ar act er . Th u s m p a r ama ni z,

‘

l t h e b e s t l ead er ,

A cc . S i ng . M p a r a mani y am . H er e a l :
l
ni b i s t r eat ed as a no u n , an d s ee m s

t o h ave l o s t i t s ver b al ch ar act e r .

W ‘
2s uddh a dhi lz, a p ur e t hi n k er , a m an o f p ur e

t h o u g h t , A cc S i ng . .

w as éuddhad hi yam ; g ut : kudha, a m an o f b ad t h o ug h t ,

A cc S i n g . .
W kud h i ya m .

b. If i t a nd
”

5 12ar e p r e ce d e d by two r adi cal i ni t i al c o ns o nant s . wasn t: j ’

a l akr i z, a l buyer
o f wat er , m ak es A cc S i ng . . W j al a kr i yam .
W M r i Zz, well far ing , A cc S i ng . .

W ( S i d dh K au m p p
’
s us r iya m . .
- . vo l . 1 . . Th i s i s a m er el y h o n et i c ch ang e,
i nt e n d e d t o f acil i t at e p r o nu nci at i o n . ( Pan . v1 4 ,
.

I nt o an d n, u n d er all o t h er cir cu m st ances i wh er ever th e m o no syllab i c b ase s

2. ‘
(y i e

m
. .
,

r et ai n t h e ir ver b al ch ar a ct er .
W g dma ni li , l ead er
r o f a. vi l l ag e , A cc S i ng . .

g r dmanyam ; h er e W g r ama i s
‘

no t th e p r e d i cat e o f3 72ni b
b u t i s g o ver ne d by i f }: ni ll ,
,

wh i ch r et ai n s s o f ar i t s ver b al ch ar a ct er . W 2p r a d hi lc, t hi nk in g i n a hi g h d e gr e e , A cc .

S i ng . W p r a d ky a m ; h e r e 1! p m i s a p p re o s iti o n b el o ng i ng t o ‘fi d h i , whi ch r e t ai ns

it s ver b al nat u r e .
“

33 1: unni z, l l ea di ng o ut , A cc . S i ng . W ini n
g/ am ; h er e 3
g ad is
a p p re o s it i o n b el o n g i ng t o Tl né
'
Th o u g h i
“

f is p r e ce d e d b y t wo co ns o na nt s , o n e

w
.

o nl
y b el o n s t o t h e
g ro ot. : s udd h a d hi
’

fi ( if a Tat p ur u sh a co m p o u nd ) , t hi nki ng

p ur e t h i ng s , wo ul d f o r m t h e A cc S in g
W é ud d ha dky am, an d t h u s b e d i st i ngu i sh e d

w
. .

fr o m : s u dd h a d hi i
’

l ( as a K ar m a dh ar a a co m
y p o u nd ),
a p ur e t h i nk er , or as a

B ah u vr i h i co m p o u n d, a m an p o s s es s e d o f p ur e t h o ug h t s ( S i ddh .
-
K au m . vo l . 1 . p .

wh i ch b o t h h ave 5 3 13-
111 s udd h ad hi y am f o r t h e ir Th e g e ner al i d e a whi ch
’
accu sat i ve
1 .

s u gg es t e d t h e d i s t i n ct i o n b et we en b as es ch an g i ng t h eir fin al i f an d 3 d e it h e r i nto

“i n an d fl a n, o r i nt o
fly an d
i n, s e e m s t o h a ve b een t h at t h e f o r m er wer e t r eat e d
a s r eal m o no s yll abi c n o u ns t h at m i gh t b e u sed by t h e m s el ve s ( flt d ki lz
‘ , a t h i nk er ), or

in s u ch co m p o u nd s as a n o u n a d mi t s o f ( W : s ud h i l
’
fi
,
a go o d t h i nk er ; 1
1 m
‘
s udd ka d ki z, a
.
l p ur e t h i nk er y or p ur e t h o u gh t e d ); wh il e t h e l at t er al wa s r et a in e d

s o m e wh at o f t h ei r ver b al ch ar act er , an d c o u l d t h er e f o r e n o t b e u s e d by t h e m s e l ve s ,

b u t o nl y at t h e e n d o f co m o u nd s , r e ce d e d ei t h er b y a r e o s it i o n ( p
: p r a d h ilz, p p p W
pr o vi d e n s ) or by a no u n wh i ch was g o ver ne d b y t h em . Th e n o u ns i n wh i ch i f an d

i i s t an d aft er t wo r a d i cal c o ns o nant s fo rm an e x pt i

ce on t o t h i s g ene r al r ul e , wh i ch
e x pt i
ce o n a d m it s , h o wever , o f a ph o net i c e x pl an at i o n so t h at t h e o nl y r e al

e x pt i
ce o n wo ul d b e i n t h e cas e o f ce r t ai n co m p o u n d s e n di n g in i bhd . Th us i bhd
b eco m e s bhuv b ef o r e vo we l s , wh et h er i t b e ver b al n o m i n al ( Pan
fi or . . v1 4 , .

Ex . svayambhd z, s el f -e l xi s t i ng , A cc S i n g . .
W svay ambhuva m .
( S ar . 1 . 6, 6 1 .

S i d dh Kau m vo l p N o t , h o wever , i n T 31 5 3 var s habhdlz, fr o g , A S i ng

‘

.
- . . 1 . . cc . .

a r s kabhva m
‘

( Pan . V I .
4 , an d in so me o t h er co m p o u nds , s u ch as R 1 3

ka r a bhflli or E mi t kdr a bhi i lz, n ai l ,

F i t punar bhi i ll , r e - b o r n, dr i nbhzi lz, t h u nd er
bo lt .
( Pan . V I .
4 , 84 , var t .
)

W 2 sud h i lz i s n ever t o b e t r eat e d as a ver b al co p m o und , bu t al wa

y f o r m s A c c S i ng
s . .

W su d ki ya m , &c .
,
as i f i t wer e a Kar m a dh ar aya co mp o und .
( Pan . v1 .
4,

0 2
1 00 D E C L ENS I O N . 222 .

i i a nd
“
2. P o l ysy l l abi c B a s es in 35fi .

22 2 . Po l ysyll ab i c b as es i n £ 6 a nd 3 3 6 b ei ng b o t h m as cul i ne and f e m inine, s u ch as

W : p ap i li , p ro t ect o r , t h e s u n, W : y ayi lz, r o a d, a n d 7

11 2 nyi tzZ Zz, d an c er , ar e d ecli ne d
t h e ver b al co m p o und s F i fi: p r a d hi lt an d
3 1
8 1
1 2c r i ks h a l ti lz, e x pt th
ce at

1 . t h ey f o r m t h e A cc . S in g i n .
3 5m an d

2 . t h ey f o r m t h e A cc . Pl ur . in {F U
n an d
W i n .

Re m emb er al s o , t h at t h o s e i n i f f o r m t h e Lo c S i ng i n . .
i t, no t in fil yi .

W W : vat ap r ami lt ,
‘
an t el o p e, m ay h e d e cli ne d l i k e mi l !p ap i l t bu t if d er ive d by f ail
levip , i t m ay e nt i r el
y f o ll o w t h e ver b al mfi: p r a dlzi l ( S i d dh z .
-
Kau m . vo l . I . p . Th e sam e

ppl i li k e g fi : s u ti lz wi sh i ng f o r a W 2 s u kki a,
’
l wi sh i ng f o r pl
'

a es to no un s r ,
so n ; e as ur e .

Th ey f o ll o w t h e ver b al w i t p r a d hi li t h r o u gh o ut , b u t t h ey h ave t h e i r Ge n . an d A b l S i ng
. .

in 3 : l
a l ;
"

3 3
3 : s ntyu t l ( S i d dh .
- Kau m . vo l 1 p
. . . I f t h e fi nal l o ng i f is p r e ce de d by
t wo co n s o nant s , it i s ch an g e d b ef o r e vo we l s i nt o {R ig Ex .

W
i
lt ‘
s us hki fi ll
, ffi
'

lfl fi
§ us hki yau, & c .
1 02 D E C LENS I O N . 222

st es s
r
a s

Q F Q
S

a;
Q
"Q

7
5

3 3
2 3 5
2 6
Q é a fi fl
g
S a.

- as
Q
“ '
Q
S Q

M s li t ;
is s it as is
"
as » as e . ;
z e n d g q s 5 5 4 z e n fid q
 2 24 . D EC L ENS IO N . 1 03

2 23 . A l l t h es e co m p o u n ds m ay b e u s ed wi t h o u t an
y g ch a n e, wh et h er t h ey r e fe r to

n o u ns i n t h e m as cul i ne or i n t h e f e mi ni ne g e n d e r If t h e h ea d -b o r o u g h or th e s wee
pe r
m
.

s h o ul d he o f t h e f e m al e sex , th e B at . S i ng wo ul d
. s t i ll be fa ? g r dma nye s t r i ya i ,

m a Fa ? kka l apve s t r i y ai ( Kasik a 1 .

4, S o m et i m es , h o we ve r , i f t h e m e ani ng o f a

co m p o u nd is s u ch t h at i t m ay by i t s el f b e a ppli ed to a wo ma n as we ll as to a m an, e .
g .

t r a d hi i , l t h i nk i ng , me gr amm ar i an s all o w s u ch
so co m p o u nds t o be d ecli ne d i n t h e

f e m i ni ne, l i k e s m x p
fi : Ia ks hmi lz, e ce t i n t h e A ce S i ng . . an d Pl u r .
, wh e re t h ey t ak e 3 ?
am

an d G: a t l r mi p r adhyam m , : p r a d ky alz, n o t fi p r a d hi m o r mfi : p r adh ilz ( S i d dh .

- Kau m .

vo l 1 p A s i m il ar ar g u m e nt is a ppli ed to F i t p una r bhdli , if i t m ea ns a wo man

m
. . .

m ar r i e d a s eco n d t im e . It m ay t h e n f o r m i t s V o c at i ve be pa nar aba ( d dh

S i .
-
Kaum .

vo l . 1 . p . and t ak e t h e five f ul l er f emi ni ne t er mi na t i o ns

MA S C . A N D FE M . FE M NL
. O Y .

SI NGUL R A . S I NGUL R A .

N . A V . . mi d pr a dkyan mi l? p r adkyan
I D Ab
. . . m p r a d /z i bhydm m p r a dhi bkydm

G L . . Huh: p r adhyo lz Hu h: p r a dhyo lt

PLU R L A . P LU B A L .

N . W !p r a d ky alz W 2p r a d kyalt

W 2p r a d ky alt

wi ts : p r a dhi bhili
m p ra d hi bkyalz

G . M p r ad hydm “ h i p r a d hi ndm
L .
W p r a d ki s h u wi g p r adhi s hu

1 . M o no syl l a bi c B a s es in i i a nd a ll , bei ng F emi ni ne o nl y .

2 24 . B ase s li ke i f? d h i , i nt el l ect , ‘
zfi sr i , h appin e s s, {i M i , s h ame ,
’
Wt bh i , fe ar , an d n
i b/m i , br o w m ay ,
be d ecli n e d t h r o u gh o u t e x ac t l y li ke
t h e m o no yl labi c b as e s i n s
i i an d a ti , su ch as $2 112, a c u tt er . Th e i r o nl y
e cu li ar i t y co n s i s t s i n t h ei r ad m i tt i n num b er f t i o n al fo r m s i n t h e
p g a o o
p
D at A bl G e n
. . . an d L o c S i ng . . an d G e n Pl u r . Th e s e m ay b e call e d t h e five
.

f ul l er f emi ni ne ter mi na ti o ns i n Q ai , m: d b, an: ti lt , w? ai m, an d vi i nam .

1 04 D E C L E NS I O N . .
2 25

SI NGUL R A .

A furl d ii zya m t
’
bh i i va m
.
g e
’
I fim d h i ya m bh uvti
.
g
D fifil d h i y é f bfi} d li i ya i 3
’
.
‘

5 bl i uve
’
A b fun: ang/ en. firm: d h i yah g ag bh uvd h
G fun: d h i yci li
. fil m: d i n g
/ ti lt
g ar: bh uva h

L . firfil d h i y i firt fi d h i y am fife! bh uvi

V . x k
i i : di n.

D UA L .

N A V fifl
. . . fi d h i ya n
I D Ab
. . . x t /ag ai n
fiwi d i n
fmfi: d/i i yo li
’

G L . .

PLU R L A .

N . fin : dh iya li
A fun: d i nya ll
’

fifm d h i bh i lt
’
I . z

D Ab . . W d lt i bh ya li
’

d h i yd m t dndm
L . i flg d h i s h u

P o lys yl l a bi c B in {i a nd fi, bei ng F emi ni ne o nl y

‘

2 . a ses ai .

2 25 .
( 1
) Th es e b as e s al wa ys t ake t h e f u l l f e m i ni n e t er m i n at io n s .

ey b e fo r e
) Th c h an g e t h e i r fin al i i an d 3 5 ii int o an d
i t er m i n at i o n s
‘

v
2 I
ty
b eginni ng with vo wel s .

e y t ak e
(3 ) Th
a m an d
a s as t h e t e r m i n at i o n s o f t h e A ce S i ng an d Pl u r al . . .

(4 ) Th e y s h o r t e n t h e i r fi n al { i a n d 3 5 i i i n t h e V o c a ti ve S i n
g ul ar
“
.

(5 ) Re m e m b e r t h at m o s t n o u n s i n
i i h a v e n o
( 3 n t h e N o m S i ng whil e l . .
,

th o se in 3 22 h ave it .

No t e —
S o me n o u ns in i t t ak e
a s in th e No m S i ng . : mi : ( wi ll , no t d es i r i ng ( app li e d
t o wo m en ); m . l a ks hmi h , g o d d es s o f p p
ro s er it y ; m t ur i lz, b o at ; ti a t: t ant r i k, l u t e
‘
.

V er su s

" ( S ar
m e m o r i al i s m m m m m 7T

W ? . p . 1 8 a .
)
B as? na d i va d h ii an d Eas va d l w
as e an d
W na dy . B ase
q t .

SI NGUL R A . SI NGUL R A .

FE M . FEM .

N .
W i na d mg va a lui It ’

A . we? na d i m -
A .
fl va d h fl-m
'

I .
a m na dy d -
1 . mm na d ha ( i
1 06 D EC L EN S IO N . 2 26

e x cl u di n g t h e f ull er t er m i n at i o n s (i ai , a n: ti lt , W i ri m, Wi n dm) f o r t h e m as cul i n e , or th e

sim pl e t er m i nat i o n s (E e, 2 ab, 33 2 a l,l i i , all ai m) f o r t h e f em i ni ne

“
. Th e s am e a ppli es to

the co m p o und
g l
il : s u d hi lz ,
wh en u s e d a s a s u b s t a nt ive, g o o d i nt ell ect .

If th e p i i 3 11 f t h eir
“

s am e co m o u n d s ar e u s e d a s neu t er s , t h ey s h o r t en t h e fin al or o

b as e, an d ar e d e cl i ne d l i k e m vdr i
fig mgi du, wi th t hi s d iff er e nc e , h o weve r , t h at i n
an d
'

t h e I n st D . at . A bl Gen Lo c
. . . S i ng D u al an d Pl u r al th ey m ay o t i o n all y t ak e t h e m as cu l i n e
. p
f o r ms .

M asc . a nd F er n .

SI NGUL R A .

gfifi s nd h i y a i

fif fl
’t
l l s ud h i y dm
‘

D U L A . D U L
A .

A V f zfi s u d /i i a n
‘

g u
'
. .
y
1 D Ab
. . .
gfvwi s u d hi bh ydm

g f
v afi: s nd h i no i l
P LU R L A . P LU R L A .

N V . .
g fim: su d h i ya i l

I .
W s ud h i bh i i l or
“

g fl l filt
’ ’
s nd h i bh i b
D .
gmu s udh i bh g a b or
“

5 3021 :
1 s nd h i bh y a i l
Ab .
W s udh i bh y a i l or
gfii fl l: s u dh i bh ya i l
or
gu l ‘'
m s u dh i nd m
or
g ffl g s a dh i s h u
'

I c an fi nd n o au t h o r i t
y by wh i ch t h e s e f ul l er t er m i nat i o ns ar e e x cl u d e d . In n
g i m
vfi
‘
ba husr eg asi , t h e f em in i ne W ‘
er eg as i r et ai n s i t s f em i ni n e ch ar a ct e r ( n a di tva ) t h r o u gh o ut
( S i d dh .
- K au m . vo l . 1 . p . 1 16 ) an d th e s am e i s d i st i n ct l y m ai nt ai n e d f o r t h e co m p o u nd

p o s s es s e d o f di st i ng ui sh ed i nt el l e ct , if u s e d as a m as cul i n e ( S i d dh .
-
K au m .

vo l . 1. p .
 227 . D EC LE N S I O N . 1 07

O pt i o ns l m
gpgna az
e“ e x cept
Mm . an d F e rn . O pt io nal fu l l er fo r ms .
r s
n

wi t h beaut i f ul b r o ws .

S l N O U LA n . S xN G U LA n . SlN O UL A n .

N s u bh r dli s u bh r u
H fig
’
.

A .
gg i '
e s u bh r u va m
fig s n bh r n

I W s ub/wa nd 1111 s nbh r und

. o r
33
1

D .
fig? s ub/ wa ve
fig? s nblm w ai or s u bkr u ne

Ab .

W s nbh r u va z l figm t s u bh r nvd li or

W s nbh r nn a lz

G gg q: s u bh r uva t l m s u bl t r uvd lt
w i ll : s u bh r nna li
‘

g or
.

L fi s n bh r nvi fts
.

gg r
W s u bh r u vdm or
g i s u bli m ni

V l t s u bl t r zi lz s u bkm o r €1 bh r o
.
Si fig
° -

D U L A .
D U L A . D U L A .

N A V . . .
fig fi s u bh r nvau
‘

m i s u bkr uni

I D Ab W s u bki li bl t ydm
W s u bh r u bb
g dm
'
. . .

G L . .

m s u bl t r u vo t l W s u bl i mi na l;
P LU R L A .
PL U n A L . PL U B AL .

t s u bl i mi na l:
N V . .
W gaf er s nbl m i ni
f
A g ff
a r: s u bh r uva li ft s u bh r ii ni
gi !
.
e

I .
g gf u : s n bh r ii bl i i li or
W s n bh r u bh i i l
d bh ya lt
D .
“ i n: s nbhr or
gn
t s ubhr n bky a i l
Ab .
W t s n bh r i i bh g a i l o r
g um: s u bh r u bh
y a z l
G .
fitF — ’ l
T s u bh r nvdm
g m fis nbh r und m o r
W s u bh r d na m
L . s u bh mi s h u or
m s n bh r us h n

C o mp o unds en di ng i n P o l ys yl l abi c F emi ni ne B a s es in i i an d3 fl .

l ik e HQl p
'

F em i ni n e n a di an d i
c kamz m ay f o r m t h e l as t o r ti o n O f m
' ‘

22 7 . n o u ns fl
i co

p ar e u s e d i n t h e m as cu l i n e g en d er
W 1 ba kus r ey as i m a n wh o
’

o un d s wh i ch . Th u s , a

h as m any au s pi ci o u s q u ali t i e s ( S i d dh .
- Kau m . vo l 1 . . pp . 1 1 6, an d
W a ti c h a mzi , o ne

wh o i s b ett er t h an an ar m y ( S i dd h .
- K au m . vo l . 1 . p . ar e d ecl i ne d in t h e m as culi ne an d

f e m i n in e

SI NGUL R A . D U L A . P LUR L A .

n
g
'
i mrfi ba hu s r eyas i
v
’
5
3 W ‘
ba hus r e
W ba husr eyas yali

w
y asg a n
w g m
i
a t ba hns r eyas i m ba h us r ey as i n
’
‘
ba hus r eyasyan
fi
g a

3 1 5 1 18 “ ba ku s r ey asyd
W W
'
ba hus r eyasi bhydm 2ba hus r eyas i bh
’ ’

3
3 W
3 ba lt us r eg asy ai
’

W ba hus r ey asi bkg am

w m ba kusr ey a si bhyalz
m W W W bahus r eg as i bhy ab
’
‘
bah u sr eyas y alt ba kusr eyas fi hy dm
g
“5 m a r “3 m ba huér ey asyo z
a n
ew b ‘
a ku s r e y a s i nd m

W ba knsr eg as ydm
W 2 ba h usr eg as yo lz
W ba h ns r ey asi s hu
‘

a“ W m
x
H
g ba hus r ey asz ba ku§ r ey asy au .
‘
ba h u s r ey a sy a z l

Fr o m 73 8 112l a ks h mi li , t h e N o m S in g wo u l d b e W
. .
W a t i l a ks h m fi .

P 2
1 08 D E C LE NS I O N . 228

SI N G UL R A D UA L. P LUR L A

m
. .

N . a t i c h amu/i W ti h m a c a van W 2 a ti ch amvalt

A .
W a ti c h a mu m W ti h m a c a va u
“
El
m ? ! a ti cka mdn
I . W a ne /t ame d m a i al ti h m i bhydmr t a c a t W 2 a t i c h a mu bhi lt

D . W
?
e! a t i c h amb ai
W a t i c h amd bky dm m um: a ti c ka mubkg a t l
Ab wf m: a ti c h amvd i l W a t i c h a md bk m
'
W W 2 a t i c h amnbky alz
'

a ar 1
3 y a

G . W 2 a t i c h a mvdli W 2 a ti c h amvo li W a t i c ka mzi na m

’

L . m ul l a t i ch a mvam
’

W 2 ati ch amvo h fl “ ? a t i c h amus h n

V . wfirfl g a ti ckamu W a t i c h a mva u W a t c h amvah

i *

N o u n s l ik e finl fi “ '

kumar i , a m a n wh o b eh ave s li k e a gi r l , ar e d e cl i n e d l i ke a
gm ’
t
ba hu § r eyasi , e x ptce i n th e A ce . S i ng . and Pl u r .
,
wh er e t h ey f o r m W kumdr yam an d

W 2 kumar y alz .
( S i d dh .
- Kau m . vo l . 1 . pp . 1 1 8,

2 28 .
a ? s tr i, W o m an ,
i s d e cli n e d lik e Hai
‘
na d i , o n l y t h at t h e ac cu m u l a

tio n o f fo u r c o n s o n an t s is i d e d b y t h e r eg ul ar i n s e r t i o n o f an 3: i , e g
avo . .

fl aw s tr i y d, an d no t W s tr yd R e m e m b er al s o t wo o pt i o n al f o r m s i n t h e
.

A c c S i ng . . an d Pl u r .

B as e {a} s tr t an d fa n s tr iy .
( A cc e nt , Pan vr . I,

SI NGUL R A . D U L A . P L UR L A .

V fi
,
N H} s tr i N . A . s tr i y a u N . fa t s s tr ig a i l
A .
{El s tr im o r ffatl s tmyam' ’
I D Ab W R IT s tr i bh
y dm A s tr i l o r l W ’
2s tmg alt

m
. . . .

G L . . s tr i yd i l I .
a m: s tr i b l i i l l
a i m:
’

D Ab
‘
s t mbh a l
. .
g i

W
l
Ab G . . 2 S t Ti Z/ dll G .

L .
W Ts t r i y dm L .

m i
s tr i s h z

V . fa s tm
’
P
( an . I .
4, 4 )

2 29 . W h e n {El s tr i f o r m s t h e l as t p o r t io n o f a co m p o un d, a n d h as t o b e t r eat e d as a

m as cul i ne, f e mi ni n e , an d n e u t e r , t h e f o l l o win g f o r m s o c cu r

SI NGUL R A
M C
.

A S . F EM. N U E T .

N . Wfilfifi ? ‘
a ti s t r i h wfirfca: a ti s tr i z l
fil fia W
.

‘H a ti s t r i m o r EE a t i s t r i m
‘
or
wtafia a ti s tr i
as fata t i a ti s t r ig am wfirfiafi a ti s tr i g am
I .
W a ti s t r i nd wfafiam a ti s tr i y d wfs fa m a ti s tr i nd
’

W a t i s tr i y a i o r
‘H filfiafl l a t i s t mne o r

D .
W a t i s t r ay e
fi li a l} a t i s t r ay e W a ti s t r ay e
-
33! a t i s tr i ycili or W il l i ( HERa ti s tr i nalzo r
Ab G l
“ 2 ti t l
. . a ti s tr e t
a s re i

mafiaFm t i t i ni
-
a s r or
fil i fi
W
L fi a ti s tr an
’

W ?
.

a t i s t r an a ti s tr an
' ‘

V .
‘H f fl a a ti s t r e
‘

m a ti s t r e

Th e n e u t er 1 5 s ai d t o be N A V S i ng
“

3
3“ ba husr ey as i ,
'
N A V D u al

w
. . . . . . .

ba huf r eyas i ni , N A V Pl ur 33 W bah usr eyas i ni , D at . S i ng .

f
Gi t )
7 ‘
01

l fl7 f
°
e 9 ) i ne, & c
’
bakus r eyasy ai -s
y . or -s
.
1 10 D E C L ENS I O N . 236

B as e s in g i . B as e s in “

an .

N G UL R
SI A
M C M C
.

A S . FEM . N U E T . A S . F EM .

nfir ii
E
‘

kam,
’
p o et
’
m a ti , t h o u g h t vd r i , wat er mr i du ,
’
so ft myi dn,
’
so ft
El fin : fl fif :
'
T
a ft qg 5g :
kdvi - li ma ti -li d
n ri mr i dzi -li mr i dzi -li

ar t i nfii
-

K
‘
i?
t

kavi -m ma ti m -
mgi d i i m
‘ -
mr i dzi -m

W T
kavi —
né ma ty -
d myi dzi '

né mgi dv-d‘
mr i d zi -nd
-
eo r $
13 3 R ama d an-c o r

fi d f?
’
my i d av- e mr i dv- ai
’ ’
Icavay - e Fi ma ty - a i n r i -ne s

3 52 HB 2ma t e li o r -
r m:
af fi l
ge : gam ete s li o r s
ign: mr i d zi - -na
lt or
-
[cave-li W T ma ty - dli d
v r i na l i nf i el d- L I q : m i
r i dv « n l t m i d d l
'

. t g r sa r i -

HE B Iil F
'

Gma t ai i o r C
E} 1 8 m i d r i
az o r

kanazi W ma ty -dm mr i da n qg
'
i mr i da di n
ai r
'

El fi vd r i o r
$5
mat e
’
37 h vdr e *
mri do mndo
’

D U L A

“ in” ii 55 ‘
E fi’
N A V r
.

d i nd mr i dif
. . .

kavi v r i nt
'

wfi w
0

fi i
0

af o ul qg s
qg
I D Ab
d
. . .

kani —bhydm ma ti — bhg am

‘ '
bhydm mn dzi— bhyam mm di i - bkg am mmdu- bhydm
'
n ri

w
i th ash : mfinlfi: {i t si t:
g ar ment -n

m
’

kavg -dli ma ty dli -

ndr i no i l mri dv dli -
myid v-dli mri dv-dli
‘
-

P LUR L A .

W W sen ge ar:
135 ?
1

mri dd ni
’
h andy- alt
’
ma t dg - ali vdr i - ni mr i ddv- alt mr i da v-ali -

mai n uni : K :
A ,

ma t itlz ndr i ni
.

[cant -
n - mgi du -n i

’
kavi bli i li-
ma ti — bhi lt vd r i - bhi i l ma de- bi n mad e- bi n mri dzi -bh i li
i nfi rm: nfim z mi t e r: 1n 1
1n nw:
1
e
kavi - bhg ali ma t i -bhyali d
v r i -bhg a z l mri dzZ-bhg alt mrid zi - bhyali
0

122
dm 1
’

mri dti -ndm

'

kani ma ti -ndm vdr i -nam mri dii -ndm

‘
n
‘
-

wa s “Fi rs lt “ as as a s I
kavi s hu
a
[ .

-
ma ti -
s hu vdr i -s ku mr i dii -s hn mgi dii -s hu
‘

mri dzZ-s hn

Th e Gu n a m t h e V o c. S ing . O f n e u t er s in i i, 3 a, fi r i, is a pp r o ve d b y M a dh yan din i

V yag h r apa d , as m ay b e s e en f r o m t h e f o ll o wi n g ver s e : W W an N T

m e t a1 -
m m ;fa fifi ngnn n mnei nfi e : n

1 N o u ns e n d i n g i n sh o r t h avi ng t h e t h e se vo wel s ,
“

i i, i fi n an d Rit a , an d accent o n
‘

n, ,
I

may t h r o w t h e acc e nt Wi ndm H en ce ma ti nam,

’
on i n t h e Gen Pl u r . .
( Pan . V I . 1, or,
I

mo re u s u all
y,
ma t i nam .

I Th e l i nes O f se p ar at i o n pl a ce d i n t h e t r ans cr i b e d p ar a di gm s ar e no t i nt e n d e d t o divi d e

 23 2 . D E C L EN S I O N . 111

23 1 . E ff! ka t i , h o w ma ny, W ya t t as m a ny an d I f? t ati , so m any, ar e us e d

i n t h e Pl ur al o nl
y , an d t ak e no t er m i nati o ns i n t h e N o m . a nd A c c Pl ur al
. . Fo r t h e r es t ,

t h ey ar e d e cli ne d l i ke EFF
? kavi , an d wit h o ut di s t i nct i o n o f g e nd e r .

N o m V . oc . E f f? kdt i

A cc . “i f? kdt i

ai firfir : ka ti bhih
’

I ns t r .

D at . affirm: kdti bhyalt

A bl . ai firm: kdt ibkyalt

Ge n . W kdti ndm
-
Le e i st a
v
.
3
23 2 . F flfl s ci kh i ,
'
fr i e n d , h a s t wo b as e s
M fo r t h e A ng a , i e t h e s t r o ng
s d/ch dg . . b as e .

F fifl s dkhi f o r t h e Pa d a a n d B h a b a se
‘
.

I t i s i r r egul ar i n so me o f its ca s e s .

SI NGUL R A . D UA L . P LUR L A .

11 mm? s ci khag a u
'

W ed/ch i n

1 . va n s a khyd
'

a ts mi s a khi bhyci m ’
nfis fin s dkhi bhi lt

afs mi s a lch i bhyd m nfis m: l

’

D s a khi bhy a .
’
.

Ab . mag: s dkhy u i l a fs mi s dkh i bhy dm «Pa m: s dkhi bhyak

G . 1 15
3 :
’
s a khyu t l man:
L Rs al hg/au
. FE
’
c 113 13 2 s a khyo lt
’

V “G s aklze
.
’
l ike N o m .

Th e f e m i ni ne E d n a /ch i i s re
g u l ar ,
li ke ai l na d i .

A t th e en d O f co m p o und s , we find F fl fl
'

s a khi , m as c d ecl i ne d
. as f o ll o ws

B as e
W s us a khi , a g o o d fr i e nd , m a s c .

SI NGUL R D L P LUR L
w
A . UA .
A .

N W s us a khd s u s a kh dyau m s us a kh dy a k “

m
.

A .
g m s us a khdy a m s us a khdya u
g u m su s a kh i n

m m af a fir: m e/alt
“
-
I .
gut G s us a kh i nd
gnf a i s us a khibhyd m
g s es a

D .
W s us a k/zag e
g nfis mi s us a khi bhydm 15 m m: s us a kh ibhya z l
Ab .
g a n: i s us akh e t l g fiam
si s us a kh i bhyd m
g fiam
s: s us a khi bhya t l
G .
W 2 s us akh eli W 2 s us a khg o lz gm sus a kh i nam
'

L .
E RG } s us a kkau
W 2 s us a kkg o li m3 s us a kh is l m

v .
ga in s us akke
n fi s us a khdyau
5 m m
1: s us a khdya l l
A t th e e n d O f a n e u t er c o m p o u nd FE
E s a khi i s d e cli ne d l i k e fl Tfv dr i

t h e r e al t er m i nat i o n s fr o m t h e r e al b a s e , h il t o n l y t o f a cili t at e t h e l e ar n g y
i n b h e a r t o f t h e se

no u n s M as culi ne n o uns i n sh o r t 3 11 ar e “Tabhanu, s u n, cin vag u, wi n d , fa g

.
n
“
v i s h nu ,
11 0 m ‘ “

‘fi i t m s c , i s t e n am e o f a t r e e ; as
h h m f i t f u i t
p pr 0
Q p a , as a n e u t e r , t .e n a e O s r

Fe m i ni n e n o u n s i n sh o r t 3 a ar e “ : d h ennli , c o w, (
a Q 2r ai f l ,
a i r o e ,
2 t a n u l i , b o d y p W .

S i d dh .
-
Kau m . vo l . 1 . p . 1 12 .
 1 12 D EC L E NS IO N . 23
3

2 33 . tr r fi p a ti l o r d , i s i r r e gu l ar
,

SI NGUL R A . D U L A . P L UR L A .

N W . 2p dt i li N . A V . . V al p a ti
’
N mm: .
p d t ay ali

-
nfii p e nm nfirmi p a ti bkg dm uni {p eat
' ’
A . I D Ab . . . A .

I . m p dtyd G L . . with: 1 .
t r r r:fifi p
’
a t i bh i i l
D . d
p gt e D Ab . . W 2p dt i bhy alt

Ab G
“ 2p dtg nli G ” m
’
. . .
11
p a t i na

L . fl a p dtg au L .
W p at i s ka

V . Q Rp dte V . W 112p dt ayali

Wfir p a t i at th e en d o f co m po u n d s, e .
g .
i nf }
: bh dp a ti , l o r d o f th e e ar t h ,

m uffi p r aj dp a ti , l o r d f cr e a t u r e s , is l l i ke difa ka vi Th e f e m i ni n e
“
ar
O re
gu , .

o f t rfirp a t i i s t ra l
‘
p a t ni ,
wi fe , i . e. l egi t i m at e wife , sh e wh o t ak e s par t i n t h e
s acr i fic e s o f h e r h u s b an d .
( F i
f n . IV . I ,

23 4 . Th e n e u t er b ase s m a les hi , e e
y , m as t /i i , b o ne , i f “d a d h i ,
cu r ds , W s a kt hi ,

t h i gh , ar e d ecl i n e d r e gu l ar l y li k e HTF
t vd r i , bu t i n t h e B h a c as e s t h ey s u b s t it u t e t h e b as e s

W ab bi t , W a s t kn,
“ d a d /i n, W s a kt hn . In th es e c as e s t h ey ar e d e cli ne d , i n f ac t , l i k e
n eu t er s in M a n, s u ch as
W ndma n .
( S e e no t e to 203 .

A ng a an d Pa d a b as e W a ks ki , B h a b as e
W a ks kn.

SI N GUL R A . D U L A .

N A . .
m dks ki N A V . . .
m dks ki ni

1 . mm a ks hn d I D Ab
. . . mam? dk hi bhydm s 1 .
in f afir: dks hibhi li

D . mai l a ks hne
’
G L . . mai n: a ks hndlt D Ab . .
m ’
aks hibhy a t l
Ab G . .
W 2 aks hnali G . mau l a ks hndm
L . mfima ks hnz an d 11 m a ks hdni L . wi ng dks kis ka
V .
53
aa k k
’
s e (o r m dks h i )

B a s es in wr ,
i M a s cu li ne F emi ni ne N eu tei , ,
'
.

235 . Th e s e b as e s ar e d ecli ne d afte r t wo m o d e l s

SI NG L R U A .

I . M A sc . FE M . N U E T.

B as e
’

H1!nap tri , g r an d s o n
’
E 1 !s vds ri , s i s t er H1?! dhatri ,
’
p r o vi d en c e

N W ’ '

. nap t d E F Tsvas d

A . m ndp tdr -u m W evds dr

‘
-a m

WE Tndp t r W m W d lui tr d
’ ‘

I d hatri - na o r
'
*
'

.
-
a G E T s vas i -c i

D . Hi nap t r
’
-
e mé s vdsr -
e E li a d h dtr i -
ne or mad lzdtr é
2 s vds uli
W “
’

Ab G 3 2 nap tnlt d hdtr i —nali

'
. .
3 E § or 2 d katzi li

L . W ndp t ar - i m s vas ar
’
i
-

V .
7 m: nap t a i
’

l (r ) W s va s a t
’

l (r ) W d hdtgi ‘
or W 2 d hdt ali (r )

I f fi r i h as U d att a
“

an d b ec o m e s g
‘

r an d is p r e ce d ed by a co n s o n ant , t h e f e m i nin e

an d t h e A j ad i A s ar van am as t h an a cas e s h ave t h e U d att a .

1 14-
D E C L ENS I O N . 23 7

S IN GUL R A . D U LA . P L UR LA .

N . ai mk r o sht d N . A V . .
M kr o s kydr au N .
“

siren : kr o s h wm z .

saga ? kr o s h tu bhyci m
mi k
I D Ab
“ ’

. . .

r o sh r yd

G fi gfl i
“
. kr o s hfflndm

m kr o s h gus ku

Th e b as e i fi kr o s h tr i
g
‘ ‘
1s
y th e o nl o ne a d m i s si bl e as A ng a, i . e . in th e s t r o ng ca s e s ,

e x pt ing t h V
ce e o cat i ve .
( E airs : he kr o s ktah IS , I b el i eve, wr o ng l y a d m i tt e d by W i l s o n .
)
Th e b as e Efi
l gkr o s htu th e o nl o ne a dm i ss i bl e as Pad a, b ef o r e t er m i nat i o ns b eg i n
‘

IS 1 e.
y .

n in g wi t h c o n s o nant s .

Th e o th er case s m ay b e f o r m ed fr o m b o t h b as es , b u t t h e A 00 Pl ur i s . .
W h o sh yfln o nl y .

P
( an . V II . I, 95
Th o s e wh o
6,
ad mi t
W kr o s h gfl n as A cc Pl ur lik ewi se
. . ad mit
W kr o s h gum as A cc S i ng . .

( S ar . I .

Th e f em i nine i s sh i t kr o eh m d ecl i ne d li k e , we? nadl .

23
7 .
3 m i , m an, a wo r d o f fr e q u e nt o cc ur r en ce , t h o u gh , f o r co n ve ni e nce s ak e , o f t en
re pl ace d by 3 1 m m , i s d ecli n e d r egul ar l y l ike f'TQ p i tr i
'

, e x pt ce in t h e Gen Pl ur al , wh er e i t
.

m ay b e ei t h er
1 “7 nfl ndm o r Gl
“

i li un adm .
( Pan . V I .
4, 6 .

SI N G U LA R . D U L A . P LUR L A .

N HT nd 18 u dr a n T C mi r alz

A at ndr am Hé u dr an 7 71
: m
1 i
'
. n

i t fi nmbkz z
’ ’
nr zbhydm r
’
1 . HT«m q
ui
q l
D . 3 nr e ( V e d
‘ ’
. na r e
’

) 3
11 11 121 177 71
m “

T
01 I 2 nnbhycili
’

nf! n bh tim
’

l
’ ’
Ab 2 mi l. 1 12 nr zbh a
3 i T
0
.
n y y i

m m
'
'
l) 3 1 2 nr dlz nri ndm o r nr i ndm ( V ed nar dm )
’
G .
3 2 mi l: ( V e d . na r a i
T .

L fl fi nar i 3 32 M 611 is nrfishzi

V WEnag au 3 1 2 mi m ic
" ’
3 271611
'
. .

Th e f e ml m ne i s m ndr t
'

2 . B as es endi ng in é ! a and
“

ma
“
.

23 8 . Th i s cl as s i s t h e m o st nu m er o u s an d m o s t i m po r t ant i n S an s kr i t ,
l i ke t h e c o r r es
po n d i ng cl a s s es o f n o u n s an d a d e c t i ves j in us , a , u m i n L a ti n ,

Th e acce nt m ay b e t h e fir s t n th e s e co n d ll bl i n t h e Pa d a b eg i nni ng
‘

on s a es cas es
or o
y
wi th bk an d
a ( an
P
{ s. . V I. 1,
 2 3 9. D EC LE NS I O N . 1 15

a nd 0 9, 17, 011 i n Gr ee k . Th e c as e -t e r m i nat i o ns ar e

pe cu l ia r , and it i s b e st to
l e ar n a im c nt a lz, a i m lcdntd , E ff! c nt a m by h ear t i n t h e s am e m ann e r as

we l ear n bo nus , bo na , bo num, wi t h o u t as ki n g an

y qu e s ti ons as to th e o ri
g i n

o f th e c as e -t er m in ati o ns , o r th e ir r el a t i o n to t h e te r mi nati o ns en d ed to
a
pp
b as es e ndi ng in c o ns o nant s .

m kdntdysz
.

a imui
-

a t? ki nte

D U L A .

N A V. . . aiii fi1 4mm
. afi kante
' ’
at ?

I D Ab
. . . W kcintdbhydm
’ '
wimwi kdntdbhydm
'

m kdntcfbhyti m

G L . .
"
i fi2 kdntayo lz
i i lfl
' ’
. m 2kdntay o li
’
mi sfit: kcintayo lz
‘ ’

P LUR L A .

N V . . a i m: ai m: ksnt dz
.
'

m
ai kdntJ
ni

m kci nttin m
’

ké ntdni
'
A .

wfi : kci ntazlz iii :

'

I .
’ ’
i
sk kamdbhi z
'

. x
-
kdnta n

A b aiii rm: kdnt ébkyali aiii nw: kdntdbby az

'
’
D . . . kti nt ebhy alz

G a i ms ? kdntcfndm
. ai ms ? ar tc
-
m ? kdntdné m '

afi g kdnt es hu fi g kczntes hu
’ ’’ ’

L .

No t e — C e r t ai n a d e ct i ves
j i n 3572 all , ‘HT6 , ‘ fi am’

,
wh i ch f o l l o w t h e an ci e nt p r o no m i na]
d ecl ensi o n, wil l b e e xpl ai ne d in th e ch a pt er o n Pr o no u ns

B as es in ms , M as cu l i ne and F emi ni ne .

Th e s e b as e s ar e d er i ve d i m medi at el y fr om ver b s e nd i ng i n W1 6, s u ch as “ pd ,

W Td hmd . Th ey ar e d e cl i ne d i n t h e s am e way i n t h e m as cu lin e an d f em i ni ne g en d er . In

t h e n eu t er t h e fi nal WTd i s s h o r t ene d , and t h e wo rd d e cl i ne d l i k e w e c nt am .

A ri g a an d
’

Pa d a b as e i
i
é vap c , B h a b ase i évap , p
al l - r es er vi ng , ( m as c . an d

f em ) Th e n e u t er i s d ecl i n e d l ik e fi i d kdnt am
‘ '
.

B as e s i n N T( 7, m eani ng m o t h er , f o r m t h eir V i
o cat ve i n “
N a eg. . E? a lcka , l
Ei amba,

W alla ! B ut m a mbd
‘

dd, W E Tambdl d, an d s itEran ambi kd f o r m t h e

-
r eg ul ar V o cat ives

a ims ambdde ,
vis t a ambd l e, s ifiq fii ambi ke
“ '
.
116 D E C L E N S IO N
'

. 2 40

MA S C UL NI E A N D FE M N NI I E.

SI NGUL R A . DU L A .

1 . fawn? ‘
vi svap -(i

D . fm fi vi s vap ’
-
e W 2 viévap d- bhy alz

Ab . W ‘
2 b i s nap - ali

G . fawn: vi f vap -a i l

L . fa vsfn vi f nup
'
-
i m ’
2b i s nap -o la

NE UT E R .

fami vi s vap am ’
Fawnvi § vap e mm ’
vi s vap ani ,
‘

&e .

D e cl i n e m s o map dfi, S o m a d r i nk er ; Sim

‘
s a fikh a d h md z,
.
l s h el l -bl o wer ;m 2
d lza na ddfi, weal t h gi ver .

2 40 . M as c ul i ne s i n W 6 , no t b e i n g d er i ve d by a K ri t s u ffi xf ro m ver b al r o o t s , ar e d e cl i ne d
as f o ll o ws
B as e {Ta h dhd .

SI NG U L R A .

{3
1 1 2 1 111 111.

A .
m i I dkdm z

I {m n1 1 1 111 1 1 1 1 .
'
.
{E T h d izci u

D . in ? m i 1 11 11 1 311
ax 1 1 1.

Ab .
3 13 1: 3 1mm?
gm : 0 h d h a uh

g r? 2 bd ka ufz

C H A PTE R IV .

D EC L E N S I O N or A D JE C TI V ES .

24 1 . As e ver y no u n i n S a n skr i t m ay at t h e e n d o f a c o m po u n d fo r m th e
, ,

fi n al po r t i o n o f ,
a n a dj e c t ive al l t h e e s s e nt i al r u l e s f o r t h e d e c l e n s i o n o f s u c h

c o m o u n d adj e c t i ve s h a d t o b e i ven i n t h e r ec e d i n h a ter Th u s in th e

p g p g c
p .

d ecl e n s i o n o f n e u t er n o u n s i n “ a s , l i k e mai na s , m i n d , t h e d e c l e n s i o n o f
m
W s u mdnas , a s a n a d e c t i ve j m a s c fe m. . an d neu t . , wa s e x h i b i t e d at t h e s am e

tim e I 6 I n t h e d ecl e n s i o n o f n o u n s e n d i ng in c o n s o n a nt s , a nd a d m i t t i n
g
o f no d i s t i n ct i o n b et we en m as cii l i ne an d femini ne t er m i nati o n s (thi s appl i e s t o ,

Th e S ar . 1 . 6 , 3 8, g i ve s t h e O pt i o nal f o r m {13 1 2 i n t h e m a s c u l i ne . A t th e en d o f
a f e m i ni ne co m p o u nd th e s am e fo r m is s an ct i o ne d i n t h e Rfipaval i , p .
9 b .
1 18 D E C LEN S I O N or A D JE CTI VE S . 248

2 48 . Th e f o r m at i o n o f f em i ni ne s u b s t ant i ve s mu st b e l ear nt fr o m t h e d i ct i o nar y . Th us

W 2aj alz, g o at , f o r m s m a
y . W 2as valz, h o r s e , f o r m s
’

W asvd.
f

3 1 1 32bd l alz,
-
7 b o y, fo r m s m bal d .

'
'
o f t h e S udr a cas t e .

S udr a ,
$
’

2 s i i dr a fi, a ’
e wi f e o f a S udr a .

2 t u l afi, m at er n al u ncl e , fo r m s “ 5 mdtul i '

W mdtul ani , an u ncl e s

’
wif e
’
m
'
311
3 3 a 3 or .

m 2dc hdr yalz, t each er , f o r m s wmrfir at ‘

wif e o f t h e t each er b ut m
achar ya, f em al e t each er
'
a .

W 2p a ti lz, l o r d, f o r m s “a l p a tni wif e

l
, , &c .

D egr ees f
o C o mp ar i s o n .

2 49 . Th e C o m par at ive i s fo r m e d by at tam , or m

{ t y
i a s th e

S u per l at i ve by m ta ma ,
or
{a i s h flza i . Th e s e t er m i n ati o n s Ht t a r a an d at ! l ama

ar e n o t r e s t r i c te d i n S an skr it t o j
a d e c t ive s . S u b st ant ive s s u ch as 7
1 mi , m an ,
7m: nri t a ma b, a t h o r o u g h m an ; ( a? i , wo m an, {ahrt r ét ar d i ,
‘ '
fo r m 7 s tr s tr '

1
mo r e o f a wo m an . E ve n afte r c a se - t er m in at i o ns or per s o n al t e r m i nat i o n s ,

at t a r a a nd 7m t a ma m ay be u sed . Th u s fr o m p dr vd h ze, i n t h e
z
fo r en o o n , w p flr vci h ne t ar
‘

e ,
e ar li er in th e fo r e n o o n Pa
( n . v1 .
3,
F r o m “ f a p a ch a t i , h e co o ks , tr a fmm p a ch a ti tar dm, h e ‘
co o ks b e t t er ( Pa n v .

W fil fifl i p a ch a ti t a mdm, h e c o o k s b e s t ( Pan v
’

3 , 3, . .

2 50 Ht t ar a a nd an t a ma , if a d d e d t o
. c h an g e ab l e b as e s ,
re qu ir e th e

Pad a b as e . Th u s fr o m “Ti p r ack /

m md kt a r a ; fr o m
d a ni n

W d fia ni t ar a fr o m
m d h a nava t m m d h ana va ttar a ;
fr o m farg q vi dvas fir st : vi d va t t a ma ; fr o m
m p r a ty ac h 1 8i ),
m m a ty a kta r a . Th e r e ar e , h o we ver , a fe w e x cept i o n s ,
s u c h as
W :

d as yuka nt a ma b, fr o m m d as yuka n, d em o n -kil l er ;

W t s up a fl zi nt a r a z, l
fr o m
W s up a th i m wi th g oo d r o ad s .

2 5 1 .
M i yas a nd
{s i s kz
ha ar e n e ver a dd e d to th e s e co n d ar y s u ffi x es
m i f ew If j
a d ec t i ve s e nd i n
“
t ri , ma t, a o a t,
“
va l a , t h - vi a i
q fl g n e se
( , fi n .

s u ffi x e s r e qu ir e a , t h e s u ffi x es ar e d r o t , a nd t h e
i y
n : i a li an d
g ? i s hg
f h p i y
n: i a lz

a d
n
{ a i h
s t ka a dd e d t o t h e l a s t c o n s o n an t o f t h e o r i g i n al b a s e b a l a J
.
w
van, s t r o n g ,
W ba l i yas , af a r ba l i s b fiza
- - .
a n d o g a l zgi , m ilk i n g,
!
’ ‘

m
d o b i y a s, fi fg v Hf !“ ar l an d e d ,
W i
jj y m
’
-
a o h - i s h gh a s r ag vi n, er a a s r
.
g , o e

p r o fu s el y g ar l an de d W . i na i i md n, Wi s e “ ,
m a t- {ya mwfim m a t -
i s h flza .

O n t h e d e nt al i n, s ee Gana Ks h u bh n ad i i n t h e Kas -V ri tt i

m
. .

1 B ef o r e i t t ar a an d 7m l ama j
a d e ct i ves r et ai n t h ei r a ccent ; b ef o r e fg/ as an d
{E i s h gh a
'

t h ey t h r o w i t on t h ei r fir st s
yl l abl e ( Pan . 111 . I , 4 ; v1 . I , Th er e ar e a f ew e x pt i
ce o ns .

I Fe m i ni n es i n i f, d er i ve d f r o m m as cu l in e s , m u s t sh o r t en th e i f b e f o r e i t t ar a an d

7m t a ma ; 1 m m? br ahmani f o r m s a wfulm br dhmani t a r a

' ’ '
. O t h er f e m i n i n e s i n i f or 3 22

m ay or m ay no t s h o r t en t h eir vo wel s ; {al

i
s tr i fo r ms a i m s tr i tar d or fa i "
l ! s tr i t ar d .

A l so W sr ey as i t ar d or afi fifi i fl ‘
s r ey as i t ar
. d fag m vi d us h zta r a o r
‘ '

W
'
vi d us ki t ar a .
( Pan . v1 .
3 , 43
 25 2 . D EC L EN S I O N . or A D JEC TI V ES .

2 5 2 . O th er j
ad ec t i ves , t o o , l o s e t h e i r d e r i vat i ve e l e m e nt s b efo r e M i g/ as
an d
n i s h i h a, o r ar e o th er wi s e i r r e gu l ar by su b s t i t u t ing n e w b a s e s fo r t h e

C o m par ati ve and S u per l at i ve .

11 W : p dp a lz, b ad ; m m a i
p p y ,
as-
wo r s e ;

w mp p i t , wo r s t
fi a - sh ha
.

s e co nn B A S E. C MP R V
O A A TI E . s u p z nu n vz .

1 . fil m a ntika , near
m nedi yas
’
i f? ! ned i s h t h a

2 . m a
k m, s m al l m kani yas
’
ka ni s h gh a

W as a ai yas
h wf am a lp is hgh a
3 3 6
. um wi de m va r fya s aft ! var i s h gha

4 .

fl m u, s t r ai
g ht W rij y
l a
'
s W r ii i s h t h a

V e di c
W ra fl y as ( Fa? ra j i s ht ha
“

W
’

5 . kri s a , l e an

6 .
mk s h ip r a, q u i ck

7 .
m ks hudr a, m ean

8 .
{IE g u r u, h eavy
?
Tl
g ar
m g a r i y as m g ar i s h t ha

9 an.tr ip ra , s at i s fie d “ tr ap
m t r ap i yas m t r apt s ht h a

10 .
fl fi di r g ha ,
l o ng
m dr ag h
‘

m dr dg hi yas w '
dr ag lus h t ha

gt di a, f ar ( 3 d av af ar d avis h t ha

g z dr i dh a, fir m W dr adhi yas Ef f ? d r a dhi s h t ha

11 1? x ft i lfip ar i m adk W r i vr adhtyas M

1
i r i dh a, e al t ed lI
p ar i vr a dh is h t h
'

13 l1 8 ar v
p
'
a
p
1 4 .
13
1
pyi t h u, b r o a d
“ p ra m m p r a t hi yas
‘
ufirs p r at hi s hgha

15 .
W p r a sas a , r ai s e
y p wo r t h y W sr a
’

W ’
s r eyas
“
a? ‘
s r es h gh a

or 37 1 j ya i dyas fi g j y s h t ha 1 e
‘

1 6 . funp r i ya dear , 1! pm m p g
r e a s a? p r es h t ha

1 7 g
fi b
.al m, m
“
an
y {1 6 7112 bhzi yas
’

w bhdy i s h t ha

1 8 1 .

3 6 bakul a, f r e q u en t fig bamh m ba mhi yas fif e? bamhzs h t h a 1

'

19 .
W bkgi ' ‘
sa , e x ces s i ve 85
1 bh r a s ‘
m
8 51 ‘
bh r a si yas m bhr as zs h t h a

20 . l
ig mgi du, '

so ft HQ mr ad
: m mr ad zyas H Q ? mr ad zs h t h a
“

W yuvan, yo u ng
“
I
R y av
m y avi yas y a ms h t fia

fl kan m ka ni yas
‘

3 51? Ica ms h t h a 1
“

m am m M mfw
‘

22 . ad , fir m s dd h a da m s dd h i s k gh a
23 .
33 vfiddh a , o l d
fi var s h
m var s hi ya s va r s h is h gh a

wj y m jy y fi s j y s ht h a
'

or a a a s e

im fl nddr aka fi eaut i ful

i vri nd
v ndfyas vr i nd zs h t h a
“
v
;
a
24 .
v

25 ° FE R N /l i r a , fi r m 8 ! s t ha fil m s t h ey as m s t h es h t h a

26 . s t hii l a , s t r o ng
“

N
i s t h av
m s t h a vi yas
‘
W m s t ka vis h gh a

2 7. fe at sp hi r a, t h i ck Emsp h a W sp h ey a s £ 31? sp h es h t lza

2 8. £8 h r as va , sh o r t
m h r as i f “? h r as t s h t h a

Pan v1 4 , . . 1 62 .
‘

I S ee Ph its ut r a ,
'
ed . Ki el h o r n , 1 . 7 ; 23 I P5 11 " 3 , 6 3
.
 1 20 N UMERA L S .

i 25 3 :

C H A PTE R V .

N UMERA L S .

i 25 3

m min eka lz elcd m

’

(
’ ’
1 q 123 2, elea m, o n e . B eka
)
”

, , , , as e .

a a a a a va zi d ve d ve (
’ ’

)
’

t wo B 3 d va ; i n m p fa a vi
'
2 , , , , , , . a se co .
“
.

3 3 a m f i a t m t,r ay b
a , , ,
t i s r d b, tr i m th , r ee .
( B ase fa tr i .
)
4 8 W 2, W , W ft , ch a tvc r a z, f l ch ci t a sr a z, l ch a tvdr i, fo u r .
( B as e

3 13
1 c ka tur .
)
5 ‘I 1 ifl i m
c fi cl za ,f fi ve ( B m p a fich a n )
‘

p . . 11 . . as e .

6 t,
fi s h ci f, m f n . . . S IX .
( B as e

7 s mi
”
s ap t ci , m f . . n . s e ve n .
( B as e
m s ap t a n .
)
8 l; are? as h a i i , t m f . . n . e i gh t .
( B as e 3 91 a s h l an .
)
mi va , m f ni n e ( B m )
“

9 2 H? . . n . . as e na va n .

10 ac m d aéa , m f . . 11 . t en .
( B as e
m d a sa n
) .

1 1 at mc
s ékd d a sa , el even .
( B as e as in m da sa n ) .

1 2 “ R m d vdaa éa .
35 a ll

1
3
(
13 a m tr dyo d asa . 6
3 Qfi W s hafl mméa t .

I 4 98 “3 23 ch atur d a éa .
37 as “ fia s ap t a tr i méa t .

m d h d é 8
’

1 5 an p ri c a a a .
3 31:
1 6 a;t ha t s h dda éa .
39 aa
m nava t r i méa t
ms a t
.

1 7 as w as; s ap tdd a éa .
4 0 80 W ch a tvdr i ,
fe m .

m adam
w W i méa t
’
1 8 qt; rest .
4 1 82 e ka cka tvar .

42 83 m m d vd ch a tvdr i ms at or

2 0 20 f aiwfir: vimédti lz fe m ,
.

2 1 R“! W 2 e ka vi méa t i h .

44 88 m ch a t uéch a tvdr imsat .

4 5 8M
24 3 8 fi g fi wfin ch a tur vi méa ti h
m
. 6
4 at, m s h a ch a t vdr
t i méa t
i méa t
.

2 5 a“W w pfi : a nc fi
h a vi é a t i b .
4 7 88 W t
“ s ap t a ch a tvd r .

2 6 afifl f fl f a s h a dvi m
g é a t i lz
‘
. 8
4 8b M as h m c h a tvd r i méa t or

wfé srf a: s ap t a vi méa ti lz i méa t

2 7 as w M m as h a ch a t vdr
l
‘

. .

28 a m rfq nfw: -‘
as h tdvi ms a ti b
’

.
49 3 a
m na va clza tvdr i msa t .

29 QQ fi fé mfif : na va vi méa ti lz .
5 0 no
W p a fi ch déd t ,
fe m .

3 0
s f a
o
“ t r iméci t , f e m .
5 1 HQ
W e kap a fi ch déa t .

3 1
m 3 2 m eka tr i méa t .
52 II
; M dvap a fich déa t
'
or

3 2
d dtr i méa t .

m fg fi d vip a fich dsa t .

3 3 33 m tr a yas tr i msa t “3 51mm

'

. tr a y a lzp a fich déa t or

i msa t fa fim
3 4 38 W e l i a tus tr . t r ip a fi clzdéa t .
1 22 N UME RA L S . 25 3 .

I I0 990 5 5r m 5 11? d a sad hi kam

'
sa t a m or 55 15 171 d a éa éa ta m .

31 38 5 17? kd d é é m &
'
1 1 1 999 2 551 5 5 111 ekad a sadh i ka m sa t a m or ( 75 1
55 5
1 111 e a a a t a c .

5 111 e kad a s a m h u n dr e d h avi ng el eve n

(i
'
éa t a m, i
‘
01
’
. e. a n

e x ces s ) . P811 . v . 2,

9 9 9 3 13 11118 191 5 171 dvad a sad l i i /f a m sa l a m 3 15 51 5 171 d vdd a sa m éa ta m

' '
1 1 2 or .

I 13
M W 517? t r ayo a asddh i ka m sa t a m o r anhu h rfr t r ay o d aéa m sa ta m
’
.

1 14 99 8fl émm w ch a t ur d a éad l zi ka m sa t a m o r a é5 i 51fr ch a tu r d a éa m sa t a m

g
' '
.

999 W mfifi i g fip ia afi W p a fi ch a a a éa m éa ta m
’
1 15 a fi ch a d a sdd l zi ka m sa t a i l i or t .

1 1 6 99 2, HE W 5 11i s h o da sd d h i ka m sa t a m or 15 813 5 1 5 17i s h o da sam sa t am .

mm ? a m s am
W W s ap t a d a éa m éa t a m
’ '
1 1 7 99s 5 17 s a
p t a d a s d h i ka a t or .

W 5 17i zaa a éd d h i ka m sa t am 15 51 5 17i a s h l d a a éa m sa t a m

' ’
8 991;
'
1 1 as h o r 215 .

q 1 i d é m s m
'
s i k m é m
'
1 1 9 uc
5 7
1 n a va d a aa l z a a t a o r 7 1 3 51
51 5 17 na va a a a t a
9 .

msa tya a h i ka m sa ta m fsi 5i 5 l vi vi msa m sa t a m 9“

°

920 1515 13 1193 1:

’
1 20 5 13 vi or
'

m fa m firaii 5 m e ka vi méa ty a dh i /cam sa t a m o r m fam 517i eka vzméa m

°

95 9
'

1 21

sa t a m &c .

13 5 15 13 1? 5 m t r i méa d a d h i ka m éa ta m f a 51 5 rri tr i méa m sa ta m

°

3 0 9
5
'
1 0 or

1 4 0 9 80 m m c h a l vdr i msa d a dh i /ca m sa t a m o r 5 17? e b a l a d m ~

r i msa m sa t a m
1 5 0 99 0 m m 5 p
111 a fich déa a a d h i lca m sa t a m
’
or 1 81 15 1W p a fich déa m éa ta m
1
“

or 111155171 s dr d /za sa t a m, ,
1 00
( h u n dr e d
) .

6 0 9240 W fil ffi 5 r7i m s h a s h tis a t a m

’

s h as h zya d h i ka m sa t a m s fn
’ ' ’
1 or .

m firfir i w firsm s ap t a ti sa t a m
’

1 7 0 99 0 5 17 s a
p t a t y a d h i ka m sa t a m or .

1 80 99 5 8215113? 5 111 a é i ty a d h i ka m sa t a m o r wai f ( 15 m aé i ti sa t a m

-
.

1
9 0 92 0 M M 5171 na va tya d h i lca m sa ta m o r Ra f 115 m na va ti éa ta m -
.

200 2 51 7} d ue sa t e o r fg 5 1ii d vi sa ta m o r fg m } d vi éa t i
' ' ‘
20 0 .

0 0 afifm5 1q
°

ni sa l ami o r fa 5111 t r i s a t a m
’
i
’

3 00
5 t r .

4 0 0 800 5 173 111 5 1mf 1 =c h a tvdr i sa t ani or 3 3 2

5 111 c h a tu lzs a t a m
’
.

1 1 51111 F=
°

5 0 0 110 0 1 5 r p a fi cl za sa t dni or 115 1513 p a fi c h a éa t a m .

600 sa t ani s h a s a ta m
‘
H s h at f
g o r
5
51
5 111 .

7 0 0 9 00 1 111 5 m fi=1 s a i a sa t dni or W 5171

°

sa t a sa t a m
p p .

80 0 t o o 5 1111f = 1 a s h ga sa t an i or 515 5 111 a s kta éa t a m

’
9 .

0 0 2 0 0 7 13 1 511 11f= a va sa t ani o r 7 13 5171 na v s t a m

° ’

9 1 n a a .

g m
°

1? s s d ? fe m s a h cis r a m,
'
- d t i d é é t i
“
1 0 0 0 9 00 0
55 1 5 1111 a a n o r 5 r a a a a ,
or 82 3

n eu t an d m as c l
‘

. .

2 0 0 0 5 00 0 3 Rafi d ve s a h as r e .

3 000
5 0 00 ai f m 1 13 1511 q tr i ni s a h a s r d ni .

1 71 a g a l a m , n eu t an d m as c x f
3
5 .

Pan v 2, 46 Th e s am e r u l es a ppl y t W o s a h a s r am, 1 0 0 0 , s o t h at 10 1 1 m ig h t b e

m
. . .

m m ms am
.
'

r en de r e d ekddas a m s a h as r a m, 1 0 4 1 e kac h a tv r i d
’

by
“
by
“

838 HEB
s a h as r a m , &c .
1
'

S i d dh -
Kau m . . vo l . 11 . p . 6 35 .
 253 . N UME RA L S . 1 23

3 3 1l a ke/1 a m, ne u t . o r fe m 151 371 ni yut a m ,

n e u t an d . m as c d ’

O ne m illi o n, 11371 p r a y ut a m, ne u t . or m as c .

T e n m il li o ns , 15
311 8 Ieo gi , fe m 1 .

A h u n d r e d m i lli o n s , wi g a r bu a a m asc ’
,
. a nd ne u t .

A t h o u s an d m illi o n s , ma h dr bud a , m as c . a nd n e u t .
,
or w p a d ma , n eu t .
,

i . e . l o tu s .

Te n t h o u s and m i lli o ns , l fi Ich a r va , ‘

neu t .
,
i . e . m i n u te .

A h u nd e d t h o u nd m ill i n
r sa o s, Fem? m lch a r va ,
'

n e ut .

A b ill i n 113 1 121 m h dp d m

o ,
1 a a a, neu t .

Te n bil lio ns ,
°

5 r§ sa i l ka , m as c .
,
i . e . a n a nt - h i l l .

A h u n dr e d b ill i o ns , 5 Rw
°

é a fzkh a , m a s c . neu t .
,
i . e . a n
co c h -
s h ell , or 113 3
s a mu a r a i
'
,
m as c .
, . e . s e a.

A t h o u s and b i ll i o ns 115 15119 ma h déankka o r 3 33 1 a nl ya u l t i m ate

, , ,
.

Ten th o us an d b il li o n s g m h dh d m as c o r mn ma a h y a m i d dl e
’
a .
, ,
.
, ,

A h u n dr e d t h o u s an d b1111 0 n s m am ma h dh dh d o r W fip ar ar dh a j 1 0 o th e r h al f ,
. . .

O ne m il li o n b illi o n s d l mna n e u t
3 a , , .

Te n m illi o n b illi o n s 115 13 7 1 mah dd huna ,

.

A h u n dr e d m il l i o n b illi o n s fi ft flfi a lcs h a a h i ni fem i e a h o s t , , .

,
. . .

A th o u s an d m il li o n billi o ns Rafi f gqfi ma h dks h a uh i ai

'
'

, .

I n t h e s am e m ann e r a s W a d/ aka e x c e e di n g m ari a di m in i s h e d m a y , , , ,

be u sed to fo r m n um er i c al co m po u n d s .
5 13 p a fi ch o na m é a t a m o r

1 13 11 5111p afich o na éa ta m ,
10 0 95 5, i . e . . If o ne i s t o b e d e d u c t e d , $ 71 127 m,
wi th o u t E311 e ka , mfiwfii ana vi nzs a ti lz o r W rath : eko na vznzé a ti lz,
' ’ ’

s u ffic e s .
' ’
“

20 ,
-
91 A n o t h e i
r wa
y
. o f
e e x
.
pr es 1
s i n g n
. i n e t e e n an d s imi l ar nu m b er s
i s by pr e fix i ng E m ekdnna , i e by o n e no t ; W W eka nna vi nzs a ti z, l
’

. .

by o n e no t t wen ty , i e 1 9 ( Pan V I 3 , . . . . .

D ecl ens i o n f
o Ca r d i na l s .

eka , o n e .
SI NGUL R A PL U R A L
M C M C
.

A S FEM N U E T A S FE M N U E T

m
. . . . . .

m: m M t fi m
‘

l ék m
'
'

N l
’

l
’
eka z m k e
’
. . r e ka e e e ca z a . a

( a? 41 m was? ékdm m ekam m m f

’

A n ekult a s ";
’

a s : a
’
. . t a

I . Eat 5Teken a
- ’
m clcayd V al? é kena ( a! ekai lz
’

W eka bhi ZL E a éka i lz

’ ’ “
t
"

F i fi ekas y ai 27 111 3 e lcas mai fi W w kebkg/ alam t ekabky ah fi W e kebhy al z

’ ’

D eka smai
’ ’ ’ ’

.
1 . .

ékas mdt m e n: é/casya h ekas ma t m

Ab
W W é kebky alz W W é k bhya lzW W ekebhy alz
' ’ ’

. a .

G . W elca sy a m’
ka sy ala W ekas a
y m i ekes h a m W
.
’

E T ekas a m m ekes /za m

' ’ ’

W asmi n W f m W fl ekes l m
' ’ ’

ek é as am E i 317 ekes h u eka s a

L fi ag
’
k k ( 3
’
.
y fi e a s n

v n aca E311 eke m eka fi r e ke can: ekci lz m f a ek ni ’ '

' ’ ’ ’
. a

S i dd h .
-
K au m vo l . . 11 . p . 63 5 .
1 A m
‘

a r a - Ko s h a 111 . 6, 3 ,
24 .

I A d iff er e nt s t r i ng o f n am e s i s g i ve n i n t h e V aJas an .
-
S an h it aX V II 2. . S e e a l s o W o e pc k e M e m o ir e
'

,
'

su r la p pro ag at i o n d es c h iff r e s i n d i en s p .
7 ; L al i t a
0 -
vi s t a r a , e d . C al c ut t . p . 1 68 .

R 2
1 24 N UMERA L S . 254

254 . fg dvi
‘

,
t wo , b ase a d va , li k e
“
611 13 kanta
D U L A .

M C AS . FEM . NUE T .

N A V . . . ii d o ati

G L . . 3 111 : dvay o lz

25 5 . Pa tr i , t h r e e, fe m fin;ti s ri . .

Fara : am a 66) afifin

’
N V . . t r ay a fi 1

A .
m tr n f fi a t ti s r dfi

1 fa fir : m afia. I ti sr fbh il z .

D Ab . . fa n : t r i bhya z
.
'
finpn: tzsr zbhyafi
’

' '

G . 3 13 1 1? tr ayana m ( V e d tr i nam)
‘
. f ifl z
l tfi ti sr i ndm 1 ‘

L . f ag tr i s hu firm: ti s ms hu
’

25 6 lg ch a t a r fo u r , f e m
g
' '
1ci .
.
,

W mfr i
'

N V . . W c h a tv r a z d l ( Parnv n . 1 , 9 )
8 W 2 c haft a sr alz c hat

W
'

W ! c h a tur aZz ( Pfin v 1 6 7) W c hd t a s r ah c h a t vdr i

’

A . . . 1, 1

wgfii : mu ffin ch a ta sr zbhi fi W

'
’

1 . c h a t zi r bhiJ
z : c h a t ar bh a.

D Ab 3 .
3 W . c h a tzi r bhyak
W 2 c h a t as ri bhya lz
’

fl WI c h a t ur
’
bky ak

w
.

' '
’
G c a t ur n dm c h a t as ri z dm l W e h a t u r nd m
“ “

. z

L .
v
er
gé ch a tur s hu c h a t as r i s/ea wgfic ha t a r s hu

fi ve s ix a s h a n, e i
25 7 . 1
q o a fich a n, . .
W t g h t .

N . A V . . W p
’
a fi ch a fl
? s ha g
’
‘
. ml as kt a zi o r
‘
W as h a g
’

1 . i f p afichd bha.3:
t a a: 3 6 1: s h a a
5 bh a ma fia: as k ga ha. o r mafia: a s h a bh i z
g
’

l u
D Ab fla w: p afichabhyalz W W gabhyalz
’ ’ ’
3 3 1 11 s kaqlbky lz 2 as h t dbky a fi o r as h
. .

'
3 '
a

'
:

G .
TQ T F TTp afi chdndm 11 W s ha mrdm QT W EN Ta s h yandm 11
L . fla g p afic/zcis u W i
s h a ts u
m a s h gds zi o r
m a s h gasa

C ar di n al s Wi t h b a s e s di ng i n 3 n, s u ch a s
en s ap i a n, 3 51
3 na va n,
m
m d a éa n, W e d d a éa n, & c , f o
k ll h
ow t e d l n
ec e s i o n o f
. 3 1 1 p a fich a n
9 7- .

fai5 1fi1 : c i nzéa ti b i s d ecli n ed l i ke f e m i n in e i n th o in 15 l i k e f e m i ni n es

’

°
a se
3
in “
t 5 13 é t m li k a n eu t m as c i n 15 a
i a a e . or . .

258 . Th e co ns t r u ct i o n o f th e c ar d i nal s fr o m 1 to 19 re q ui r e s a f ew r e m ar k s . N eka

is n at ur al l y u s e d i n th e s i ng ul ar o nl x pt wh i t m e a ns m e ; E 35 fifii e ke va d a n ti
’

e ce en so El
y , ,

N ot fia : ti s rzlz,
‘
3 711 2 c h a t a sfl lz ( A ccent , Pan 6 7 , v ar t ; va )
t
no r
2 . . v1 . 1 , 1 . v1 1 . 2, 99 , rt .

FH Q ITti s ri zzdm, m
'

1 N ot c h a t as fi dm ( Pan t h o u gh t h e s e f o r m s
Q
'

3 3
no r
5 v1 o c cu r
‘

a . .
4,
i n th e V e d a an d E ic p p o et r
y .

I A c ce nt , Pan . v1 . 1, 1 80 ; 1 81 .
[1 Pan . V I . 1 ,
1
72 .
{1 Pan . vu . 1 , 55 .
1 26 N UMERA L S .
25 0

51 19 113 2 s h a s h i i t amdb, th e s i x t i e t h
33 1 3 3 3 3 2 eka s h as h gi t amd li ,
th e si x ty -
fir s t .

3 3 113 3 2 e ka s h a s h tci b,
°

3 3 i3 3 3 2 s ap t a ti t a mdb, t h e s event i e t h .

3 313 3 133 3 2 eka s apt a ti t a mci fi,

the s eve nt y -
fir s t .

3 3 3 3 3 2 eka s ap ta t ai lz,

W 2 a éi ti t a md lz, t h e ei
gh t i e t h .

3 3 11 511fi13 3 2 ekd éi t i t a mdlz,

’

t y- fir s t .

( 3 11511 11: elcdéi t d z, l

3 3 f3 3 3 2,
°
31 ,
°
3, na va t i t a md b, i, a m, t h e n i n e ti e t h .

123 13 3 13 3 3 2 e ka na va ti t
t h e ni n et y -
fir s t .

3 3113 3 3 2 eka nava t d lz,

5 13 3 3 2,
°
3 1,
°
3 , éa t a tamd lz, i , a m, t h e h u n dr e d th .
( n
Pa . V .

k § a t a t a mdlj , t h e h u ndr e d an d fir s t
( 511
513 3 3
'

2 e a .

3 3 3 3 3 : s ah a s mt amdlz, t h e t h o u s an dt h .

260 . N umer i ca l A d ver bs a nd o th er D er i va ti ves .

113 3 11 11 1 115, o n c e . 3 3 13 1 eka dhd , in o ne way

3 .

fi t dvi li , t wi c e . F5 3 1 dvi dhd or 3111 dved hd ,

i n t wo way s .

f a: tr i b, th r i c e . Faw
n tr i dhci or $3 1 tr ed hd ,
in th r e e way s .

3 32 ch a tu lz, fo u r t i m e s . 3 3 31 ch a t ur d h d i n fo u r way s , .

1 3 3 12p afich a kfl tvalz, fi ve t i m e s

1 3 . 33 3 1 p a 1i ch ad hd , i n five wa
‘

ys .

kri tva li , s ix t i m e s , 81 0 313 1 & c (o r

3 7 3 2s h a z
5 . sh o dhci , i n s ix ways ,
W
.

3 215
5 12 eka a , o e fo
e é l
n -
ld .

125 12d vi écqlz, t wo fo l d -

.

f a5 l 2 tr i suli ,
t r ee fo l d , & c
h -
.
( Pan . V .
4,

dvaya m or fg mi d vi taya m, a
p air .
( n
Pa . V . 2,

3 tr ag a m fa mi tr i tay a m a 3 1 tr a y i , t r i ad
'

6 or or a .

3 35 1 1 ch a tus h zaya m, a t et r a d .

£13 3 1 1p a fich a t aya m, a

p ent ad , &c .

Th e s e ar e al s o u se d a s a d e ct i ve s , j in th e s en s e o f five fo l d & c -
.
,
an d m ay
t h en fo r m t h eir pl u r al as 33 3 3 12p a fich a t a y d b or 1 13 3 3 p afich a ta ye
1 3 1 1 p a fich a t, a
p e nt ad,
3 5 3
1 d a éa t,
a d e ca d ( n
Pa . V . I ,
ar e
g e n e r all y
u sed as f em i ni n e ; b u t b o th wo r d s o c cu r l ik ewi s e as m as cu li n e i n t h e
’

co m m e nt ar y t o P51} . V . I , 5 9, a nd in t h e Kas i k a-
V r i tt i .

Th e o r d i n al s fr o m si xt y a d mi t o f o ne fo r m o nl y, t h at i s 3 3 : t a mafi; b ut i f p r ece d e d

by an o th e r n u m er al , b o th f o r m s ar e all o we d ( Pan . V . 2, m ‘
s a tam f o r ms i t s o r d i nal as

W ! s a t a t amah o n l y ( Pan
’
. V . 2,
 26 1 . PR O N O UNS AN D PR O N OM I N A L A DJ E CTI VE S . 1 27

C HA P TE R V I .

PRO N O UN S AND PR O N OM I N A L A D E TI J C V ES .

26 1 . P er s o na l P r o no uns .

B (i mpo s i ti o n) a ma d a nd B (i mpo s it i o n) fi i va d and

as e n co
? as e n co
g
w a s ma d .

m y u s k m a d .

N . W? a h dm, I H tvci m, t h o u

mgm, m md, m e
'

A . Hi H i tvd m, a t t vd, t h ee
I . IN T mci y d, by me a m twi g/ d, by t h ee

D . a? mci h ya m, ame ,
to me
“

g lat zi bh a m
y ,
t e, t o t h e e

Ab .
“ md t , fr o m m e H
1 tvd t, fr o m t h e e
G . in m ci m a , a me , o f me 1m t ci va 3 ,
‘
t e, o f t h ee
mé g i , i n m e a f u t vdyz, i n t h e e
’
L aft !
’

D UA L.
' ’

marl dvdm ,
we t wo ri
F y uvd m , y ou t wo
' '

m a? dvdm , ?
a nau, u s t wo 33 ? yu vd m, a? vd m , y o u t wo

W dvdbh ydm , by us t wo 3 3 1W ? y u vdbky dm, y by o u t wo

W W ? dvdbhyci m, a? mm , t o
'

us t wo gam u t y uvcib h y d m , ai v d m ,
t o
y o u t wo
'

m m? dvcibh yd m, fr o m t wo W ? d b h d m f m w
‘
t
33 us
33 1 y u v y , r o
y o u o

N dvci yo lz, H? m m, f 13 : a y o lz, Hf vd m ,

’

: o us t wo 3 3 yu v o f yo u t wo

N dvdyo lt , i n t wo h d l i n yo u t wo
"
: us
g :
i rt
y u v y o z,

PL U RA L .

afi vay d m, we
-

T l d
y y ci m , y o u

A .
W 4
( 1 3 772 72, 3 : na lz, us
gm y us h m n,
d
w k, yo u 3 :

m
' '

I . : a s m d bh i z, l by us
a unti e: y us h m d bh i b,
b y y o u

D . E mmi as mci bhy a m, a : na b, t o us

g wai
y us k m ci bh a m,
y a : va lz, t o y o u

Ab .
m a s md t , fr o m us
m y u s h md t
;
fr o m yo u
G . W as m dka m , a : na k, o f us
3 ml; yu s h m d r a m
65
f ,
“
at: w k, o f yo u
L . M fg d
a s m s u, in us
m yu s h md su , i n yo u

Th e su b s ti t ut e s i n th e e ve n c as e s , at met, a me ,
Ti} m m , H: na b, H T t vd ,
t e , ai vdm, 3 : w k, h ave no acc en t an d ar e n e ver u s ed at t h e b eg i n n in g o f

a s e nt e nce , n o r c an th e y b e f o l l o we d by s u ch p a r t i cl e s as a ch a , a nd, 31 11 61,

o r, E ar eva , i n d ee d , 3 h a , E 3 a ka .
1 28 PR O N O UN S AND PR O N OM I NA L A DJE C TI VE S . 26 2

c c e n t , Pfinw l
26 2. B (i co m o s it i o n ) g t a d, h e , s h e, it ( A
"
as e n fi I
p . .
,

SI NGU AR L PL U RA L
MA C
. .

DI A S C . FEM. N U E T. S . FEM . N U E T .

fi te
.

N F T8 d t dt
’
H ! s dfi
“ ’

.
fi
? tdm m m: t dla f ? ! tdm
'

fr t dm t dn
’ '

A
“

HT ta t i
‘ '

fr
.

t
I . i s t énu m t dy d fin t ena ’
?r: mfg. 3: t dbhi lz
711 5 - mfg.
D . 7113 tas mai
’

mi t ds ya i
"
Fi fi t ds mai $01 1: tebhy a lz 71m : t dbhy alt
’
$
01 12t ebhyalz
’

$9 1 12 t ebhy alz 7mm t dbhy al M

’

M t ds md t KW : t as ydh
W t ds mdt t ébhy ab
’ ’
Ab . z

G . W t ds y a He n: t asydlz
'
m t ds y a fin? t es kdm m i tds dm ’
h i t és hdm
m fig mg tds u fig t es hu
’

ws mi n fe
He n t dsydm i n
’ ’
L .
s
t t dsmi n

D UA L
MA C S . FEM.

N . A . 1 3t a d 3 te ’

1 D Ab
. . . mm? tdbhydm am t t dblzy dm

G . L fi . t : tdy o lz nt h: t dy o lz

2 63 . B as e ( i n co p it i
m o s on ) a s i ya d .

SI NGU AR L PL U RA L.
MA C
.

S . FEM . N U E T. MA C S . FEM . N U E T .

FITS yd 73 ty é m : td W tydm
'

N s yd z l M it
'

. F? tg/ (

mi tydm m
'

d
'

A . 711 tydm N
1 ty dt ty n WT: tydfi “Th ty dni
I . i t? ty ena ’
am tydy d a? tyena ’
fit tyazlz ’
mfir: ty bhilzd i t ty a zlz
’

71115 ty asmai N a ty dsy ai Wfi tyds ma i M W i tyébky

’
’ ’
ty e bhy alz t ydbhyala fi
‘

D . a

WRIT: tyds ydlz W i nn: 2tydbky afi fi f mtyébhy alz

W tyds md t ty ds mdt ty ebky a lz W
’
Ab .

G . N ETtyds ya WRIT! tyds ydfi m ty us y u

'

W ty es h dm
’
7am? ty dsdm fit fi tyes hdm ’

L M tyds mi n WE N tydsy dm M dent i n 213 tyes ha

"

m ds u i f s ty es ha
’ ’
. tg
/ ty

D UA L
MA C
.

S . FEM.

N . A . Rfit y ad all t y e
’

m m? tydbhydm 7am ? t yd bh ydm

’

1 D Ab
. . .

G L . . m ’
ty a y o k RFD: t ya y o fi
’

P o ss es s i ve P r o no u ns .

264 . Fr o m th e b as e s f t h e t h r ee pe r s o n al pr o n o u n s , po s s e s s we
o j
ad e c ti ve s

ar e f o r m e d b y m e an s of
{ y
q i a .

ft, m a d Z y a /ft , yd , y a m, m in e
A
h n, ° °
'

Ha 1 IT, .

H afi z,
0
111
,
O
il , t va d fy a lz, yd, y a m, t h i n e .

x
Ham, i, t a d zy a lz, y d, y a m, h i s , h e r , i t s
O
z .

sag
gi ng m,
0
a s ma d i
y y y
l da z,
a m , ,
o ur .

W
i
nn, 0
211 , O
i l y us h ma d iya lz y d y a m
, , , ,
yo ur .

3 3
3 311 0
111, t a d zy a h , y d , y a m, t h e ir .

O t h e r d er i va t i ve po s s e s s i ve pr o n o u n s ar e m *
m dm d/ca lt , m i ne ; m3 :
r ’

t dvd/ca lz, t h i n e ; m : ds mdlca b, o u r ; di m .

y us h
a md ka lz, yo u r . L i k e wi s e

Pan . IV .
3, 1— 3; IV . I , 3 0 ; V I I .
3, 44 .
1 30 PR N O O UN S AND PR N O OM I N A L A DJE CTI VE S . 2 70

MA C S .

N A V . . .
{a i mati
Q i me
'

W W dbhytfm
’

I D Ab
. . . dbhg/ dm

G L . . W 2 anayo fi
’

W 2 anay o k
’

m {é i ddm wh en p
’
2
7 0. e t a d an d re eat e d in a s e co n d s e nt e n ce wit h r e f er e n ce to a

p r ece di n
g E711
2e t a d an d
{Q i d am , var y i n t h e f o ll o wi ng c ases , by s ub st i t ut i ng E H ena, wh i ch
h as no accent .

SI N G U L AR .

MA C S . F EM. N U E T. MA C S .

m m W fi
0

A W W
A
enam
o
4
A endn
A
enam enam l
‘

Efl
’
. ena t . ena z

I . m enena m enay d fi n enena

MA C S . N U E T.

en au fit fi en e

G L . . m en ayo c l 127 61 : enayo fi W 1? “ano g o k

Ex . $ 31? W W 137 i fias unw
’
a nen a vyd kar anam a d ki t a m, ena m o hba nd a

p aya , t h e gr am mar h as b e en s t u d i e d by t h i s p er s o n , t e ach h i m p r o so dy .

m 2 t rfi a Q 3 “I f é a nayo z l p avi tr am Im l am, ena y o z

.
l p r a bh d t am
t h e f am i l y o f t h e se t wo p er so n s i s d e cent , an d t h eir weal t h vas t .

2 71 . B as e
(i n co mpo si ti o n) m m,
ada t h at (m edi at e
) .

SI N G U AR L .

MA C S F EM N E UT .

« : a add b
111 ( 1771 12726
“
551
3
fl
fi a mzis hm ai

W
'
a mds hm dt

m a mzis hya

W amzis hmi n

MA C S N E UT

A .

I . W N W: a mtbhi e l
D Ab . . w : a ma h yat fi
G . W ami skdm
L .
W if
a m shu

N A V . . .
fl ame I D Ab
. . . G L. .
m : a mzfy o z l
 2 74 . PRO N O UN S AND PR O N OM I N A L A D JEC I I V ES
'‘
. 131

R e la ti ve P r o no un .

2 72 . B as e
(i n co m
p o sit io n
)q y d d ,
wh o or wh ic h .

PL U RA L .

MA C S . ne w . n u .

’
in
/ fi t ‘ 1 y!
1 1: ”
yd (
m mi
z

A .
‘ l ycim "
Il l ydm l1
1 t m yi n m o
0
.

i ? yena a? y na 3 2y ai lt mfir i
3i
W yag d
’
I yaflz
’
‘
. e 1 O

t ra a s mai a fi ydsmai W mébhyah

'

D y ds y ai y k
’

yebhya z bk
11
.
y l y a

Ml
a l awzy ebh ya]; ’

m yd8 4m w 6t 31 3

mg y48“ i n y és hu
a
’

MA C S . F EM. N U
E T .

I nter r o g a ti ve P r o no uns .

r i m, W h o
B (i co m o s i ti o n
) fi wh i ch ?
’
2 73 . as e n
p r l or

PL U RA L .

MA C S . MA C S . FEM

Ab .

m kds mez m zkds ydz.

G .
“
am kasy a ’
a w n i ng s}.

tmaI smi n W I kcfsydm mg ktfsu

"
—
an
’
L . ca

MA C S .

N A . . 3 k zi
7 a a.ke ’

a m? kabhydm m ? ktbhydm
’
I D Ab
“
. . . ai

G L am} : k y lz }: Icayolz
’
an
'
. . a o

2 74 . Pr o no un s adm i t t h e i nt er p o s i ti o no f 33 3
5 alc b ef o r e th eir l as t vo wel o r s yll abl e, to
d eno t e c o nt em pt or d ubi o u s r el at i o n ( Pand a 3, t aya kd, B y t h e e ! ins t ead o f
a !"tvayd .
W 2yuvakay o lz, O f o u t wo
y m f g : asmakdbhilz W i th u s ,
W a
g/ 0 7cm .

fi m aka u, & c .
( S e e S i d dh .
- K au m . vo l . I . p .

8 2
132 O N O UN S O N OM I N A L DJ E C TI V ES
‘

PR AN D PR A . 2 75

O O mp o und P r o no uns .

B y a dd i ng dri s, g md rzs a ,o r dfl ks h a , t o cer t ai n pr o n o m i n

W al
m
'
’

2 75 .

b as e s ,
t h e f o l l o wi n g co m po u nd pr o n o u n s h ave b e en fo r m e d

m tci dzi é, a
n st td dri éa ,
m t ci d r i /cs ka , s u ch l i ke
’
“

g
‘
.

W e td d fl s, m W d d r i éa, EI e t ci d ri ks h a , th i s l ike
’

y! e t .

W d d r i s,
m y d d i é
m y i d i k h wh at l i k e
’

y a, s a,
‘

g r c .

m i dr i s,
m i d yi éa ,
m i dyi ks h a , t h i s l i ke .

é m
W ki d r i é,
m ki dri a, ki dri /cs h a , W h at l ik e ?

Th e s e ar ed e cl in e d i n t h r ee g e nd e r s , f o r m i ng th e fe m i nin e i n i i .

m
t d dri /c, m m ; an st? tci d r i éi , f o r em sfi, si , t dd r i sa b, i , a m S i m il ar l y
“ ° O “

. .

g . .

fo r m ed ar e
m y md d r i éa , m t o ddr i éa , lik e m e , li ke t h e e , & c .

B y a d di ng fl o a t an d mt g o t t o cer t ai n pr o n o mi n al b as e s , t h e
2 76 .

fo ll o wing c o m po u n d pr o no u n s , i m pl yi ng qu a nti t y , h ave be en fo r m e d

W i do w ,
so m u ch ,

m e t d va t, s o m u ch , d e cli ne d l ike no u n s in ari

t va i

m y d va t, as m u ch ,

m iy t a so m u ch ,
m m
,

?
zya n, i yat
H m h
.

s w
’

y a t , o u c

N o te — O n t h e d e cl en si o n o f i f ?! kdt i H o w m any ? Wfi?

, t ci t i , so m any, an d l i
“
f t? ydt i ,
as

m any, s ee 23 1 .

2 77 . B y ad di ng f a ch i t, a ?
i ch a na , or wfi: ap i , to th e i n t er r o gati ve

p r o no u n flit ki m, i t i s c h ang e d i nt o an in d e fini te pr o n o u n .

m Ica éch i t, m fa ( Lc -
fir m kzm o h i t , me al s o
W
’

ai ci nt , so o ne ; kach chi t ,
an yt h ing .

m Ica éch a na , W kdch a na , fi fl kzmch a na , so me o ne .

1 51 q lco p i , W fit kép i , h ath ki mapi ,

’
so me o ne .

I n th e s am e m ann er i n d efini te a d ver bs ar e fo r m e d : am Ica dci , W h en ?

m ffl ka d d ch i t, 3 5 3 m ka d ci ch a na , km W h er e ? a a f t: na Icvcip i
‘
“ “
o nc e ; 5 , ,

n o t an ywh er e .

S o m e ti m e s t h e r el at i ve
p r o no u n i s pr e fix e d t o t h e i nt e r r o g at ive , t o r en d er

i t i n d e fini t e : 1 1 : Eli:
y a z l Ica b, wh o s o e ver ; my ai m y asyn Icas ya , wh o s es o e ver .

L i k ewi s e
W /f kaéch i t , wh o s o ever , 1 1: 3 523 k Icaécka, W
“
I t:
yn t or y a or 1 1:

y a k kaéch ana .

Th e r el at i ve
p r o n o un , i f d o u bl e d , as s u m e s an i n d e fini t e o r r at h er di st r i b u ti ve
m e a ni ng : fi 1 13 m m, na g yo ya k, yd yd ya d d wh o s o ever O ccas i o n all y
“
T
, , , y ,
a .

th e r el at i ve an d d em o n s t r at ive pr on o u n s ar e c o m b i n e d fo r t h e s am e
p ur
p o se :

W t t d wh at s o e ve r
? y a a ,
.
 P RO N O UN S AND PR O N OM I N A L A DJE C TI VE S .

I . ai m ’
s ur nag é Hi m? s d r vdbkydm

D fi a s ci r vasyai
. m ’
s ar vdbkydm
'

A b 17 3W : s ar vas ydfi
.
’
t ri m? s dr vdbkydm
G 1738 11 2s dr vasydla “i f “s ci r vayo lz '

m
.

L 1138 1? s cir vasydm

. fi a t s ar vayo lz ’
s ci r vds u

N EU R TE .

SI N G U AR L . DU A L.

N . A V . . Us? s ar vam ’

Th e r e st l i ke t h e m asc uli n e .

27
9 . a m a nya, W a nya t a r a ,
{at i ta m , a nt ka tar a ,
“
a m ! ka ta ma ,

t ak e i n t h e N o m A c c V o c S in g f th e n eu t er
V . . . . o

N o m . S i ng . a m: a ny a z, l m as c .
; W a ng é
/ , fe m
W a nya t, n e u t .

2 80 . u bh a is u s ed in th e D u al o nl y
M a sc N A . . . V . a n u bh au,d I . D . A b W M ? u bh dbhydm,
.
"
G L . . f
snu f: u bha y o lz;

3 3: non N A V fem a nd n e u t
“
e, . . . . .

2 8I . m : u bkay a t , l - i
y ,
°
i yam i s
1 ~

,
ne ver u se d in th e D u al , but o nl y
i n t h e S i ng . an d Pl ur . H ar ad att a a d mi t s t h e D u al .

MA SO U LI N E
N G U AR
.

SI L . PL U RA L.

N . m : u bka a
y z l 3 0a a bbaye
am i W
'
A . u bka
y am ubkaydn

I . w u bka
yen a d ubh ayai lc
an :

D . m fi u bh a
yas mai , &c . swi m: ubh ayebhyak , &c .

2 82 . Th e n i ne wo r d s f r o m a
{ p d r va to W an t o n : (1 4 to t h o ug h u sed i n t h ei r
p r o no m i nal s en s es , m ay t ak e i n t h e N o m Pl ur . .
{i or m: aZz i n t h e A b] S i ng . .

W m dt
o r
“ at ; i n t h e Lo c S i ng . .
“ m in or
{ L

SI N G U L AR . D UAL . PL U RA L.

{5 pzi r o a z l 3
1 pflr v
°
e or
1 31 : p dr vdfa

fi
?
A . t !pd r vau

I . am
{ p d r vena
i
1 3 1W ? p fl r vd bh yci m '

fi t pti r vaeh

D .
1 5a p u r vas mai
1 5 W“ pzi r vdbky dm
'

fi p
n k u r vebky ak

Ab
W mdt
W W r vdbkydm
fi p
'
ur o as d vd t fll: u r vebhya h
p or p r p u

G 1 5? p um as
y a
1 m p fi r vay o h fi p
fl l '

ur ves hdm

2 83 . Th e f o ll o wi ng wo r d s m ay l ik e wi s e t ak e fl : l
a z or
{ i i n th e N o m Pl u r m asc . . .

( Pan . I . I,

mm: fir st , I N F? p r a t h amau,
m l mi mm p m tkamd h ; f em
'

p r a t ka a z, r a t kame or 11
p .

warm p r a t hamd ’
.

W 2 c kar ama lz, l as t , a n d c h ar a mau, at } ch ar ame o r W : c h ar amdh .

FZ W
‘
dvi t aya lz, t wo -f 1d, f em . fg ifl fl dvi t ayt '
, an d s i m i l ar wo r d s i n an t aya
t hr e e - f o l d ; t r i t aye o r farm : t r i t aydlz .
 2 85 . PRO NO UNS AND PRO NO MIN A L A DJ E C TIVE S . 1 35

3 1 12 dvayalz, t wo -f o l d , f e m g fi d vayt, an d s i m il ar wo r d s i n ” y a E1 I2tr ayalz

'
.
l .

W 3 12 a lp alz, f e w, F a a lp e o r v an: a
kadlz .

ar d ka h , h alf , fl ar d ke or « Qu /1 4h .
ar t z

m ka tip aya h , so me, W ’

ka tzp aye or aifir w r: Ica tip aydh .

3 112 nemalz , h al f , fin neme o r 3 m: nemd h .

li ke i f? “ kdnt ah
“ ’
I n all o th er cas es t h es e wo r d s ar e r e g ul ar , .

2 84 . W 2dvi ti yalz
’
and o t h er wo r d s i n tiy a ar e d ecli ned li ke an kdnt a, b ut i n
t h e D at A bl . . and Lo c S i ng t h ey m ay f o ll o w F 5
. . s a r va .

MA S C U LI N E .

SI N G U AR L . DU A L. PL U RA L.

N . fi r m : d i ti y v a z l f g am) dvi tfyau

’
f g fi m:
’
dvi ti ydlz
'

A t th e end o f B ah u vr i hi co m p o un d s t h e S ar vané m an s ar e tr e at e d li k e o r di nar y wo r ds

D at S i ng
. . W p fl y o bh aydy a , t o
hi m t o wh o m b o th ar e d ear ( Pan . I . I , Th e sam e

at th e e nd o f co m p o unds s uch as
W 2 mi s apd r vak, a m o nt h e ar li er ; D at . ”W 1 51?

mds apur vaya ( Pan

‘
. 1. I L i k ewi s e in D van d vas ; W mm dp ar dnd m , o f f o r m er and

l at er p er s o ns ( Pfin . I . I , t h o u gh i n t h e N o m Pl ur t h es e D
. . van d vas m ay t ak e {} 1

m O nl y i n p xp p p
'
r vdp ar ah . m o u nd s e r es s i ve o f o i nt s o f th e m
'

p i
z r vd a r e o r
p p u co co as s ,

s u ch as W u t t ar a -p ur va , no r t h -e as t , t h e l as t el e m ent m ay t h r o u gh o u t t ak e t h e pr o
n o m i nal t er mi n at i o n s ( Pé n . I. I ,

A dver bi a l D ec l ensi o n

2 85 . In a d dit i o n t o th e r e g ul ar cas e -t er mi n at i o n s by wh i ch t h e d ecl e ns i o n o f n o u ns

is eff e ct e d , t h e S an skr it l an g u ag e p o s s e s s es o th er s u ffix e s whi ch diff e r f r o m t h e o r d i n ar

y
t er mi n at i o n s chi e fl y b y b e in g r e s t r i ct e d i n t h e ir us e to cer t ain wo r ds , an d p ar t i c ul ar l y to

p r o n o mi n al b as e s . Th e or dinar y cas e -t er mi nati o n s , t o o , ar e fr e q u ent l

y us e d in a n a dve r b ial

s e ns e . Th u s
A cc . fa t c ki r am, a l o ng t i me .

I n s tr . fi r mchi r eno ,
in a l o ng t i me .

fa r m c hi r ayu
'

D at .
, fo r a l o ng t i m e .

A bl .
M a ntr a}, l o ng ag o .

Gen . fm c hi r as ya , a l o n g ti m e .

fa} c h i r e, l o ng .

O th er adver b i al t er mi nat i o n s ar e ,

I . 3 2 t aZz, wi th an ab l at i ve m ean i ng , b eco m i ng g ener al l y l o cal .

2. a t r a, wi t h a l o cat i ve m e ani ng

w
.

3 .
Ki dd, wi t h a tem p o r al m eanin g ; al s o r ai s e d t o c1a

4 .

m hi t , wit h a l o cat i ve m eani ng .

 PRO N O UN S AND PRO N O MI N A L A D JE C TI E S V .

5 WT t kd
. wi t h a m e ani ng o f m o d al,i ty ; l i k ewi s e V i t h am and Wt ha .

6 M s fit ex p r e ss i ve o f eff e ct
“

i .
, .

7 N . d an d m fg dhi , l o cal .

8 . f? r h i , t em p o r al an d cau s al .

9 . 3 t ar , l o cal .
¥

IO .
3 h a l o cal , .

S ee al s o t h e t er mi nat i o n s f o r f o r m i ng nu m er al ad ver b s

I . 3 2 tall , wi t h an abl at i ve m eani ng .

3 3 2 t a t afi, t h en ce .
1 m :
y a t a z, l wh ence .
{3 l,
2 i t a z h en ce ;
( cf .
{fit i ti , t h u s , {3 i va, as .
)
W 2a t afi, h en ce .
5 3 2kutab, W h ence ? W 2a mutafi, t h en ce . 3 3 2mo t t alz, f r o m m e .

wa s : as ma tt a a, l fr o m us . was : bhava t ta lt , fr o m yo ur H o n o ur .
{33 2 p flr v a t afi
'

b ef o r e ( i n a g en er al l o cal or t em p o r al s ens e )
. 1 13 3 2s ar va talz, al ways .
W ag r a t aé ,

b ef o r e , l ik e “i f!o g r e . “fl -
13 2 a bhi talz, ar o u n d , n ear . 3 m m: ubh ay a t a a, o n l b o th s i d e s .

m 2 p a r i t ale, all r o un d . 111 3 3 2 g r dma t alt , fr o m t h e vill ag e . W 33 2 a j fici na t ala ,

f r o m i g no r an ce .

2. a tr a , l o cat i ve o r i g i nall y 31 mi ,
as in SW
"

p u r u s h a tr d, a mo ng s t m en .

u tr a, W h er e ?
3 3 t atr a, t h er e .
1 13
y a t r a , wh er e .
Q H k W a tr a , h er e .
W amut r a,

t h er e, i n t h e n e t wo r l d x . w ar eka tr a , at o ne pl ace , t o g et h er . GE T s a t r d, wit h ,

“

.
"
and Fa s a tr am, with ( s ee Hg s ah a )
’

3 .
QTdd , t e m p o r al .

3 31 t adcz, t h en ,
’'

an d m t a ddni m . l l ET add,
‘

y
' ’

wh e n .
m kad d, W h e n ? W a ny a dd ,

ano t h er t im e . 3 33 1 s ar va d d, al ways , at all ti m es . W ET ekadd , at o ne t im e .

GeJ s add,
‘ ‘
‘
al wa s
y .
{3Ti d d , i n t h e V e da, l at er {TN Ti ddni m , no w.

4 .
“ Mt , l o cal .

W dktd t, i n fr o nt
'

p r .

Fr e q u ent l y aft er a b ase i n

q s

W p ur as t dt, b ef o r e . a d h ar as t dt, b el o w .

W p ar as t dt, af te r war d s .

W a d h as t dt, b el o w .
W u
p ar i s h dt
g , ab o ve .

5 WI.t h t
a m o d al , .

7m t a th d, t h u s . W y a th d, a s . ai m s ar vathd '

, in ever y way . W u bh aya t hd, in

b o t h ways . W Ta nya tkd, i n ano t h er way . m m a ny a t a r a t h d ,
’
in o ne o f t wo
ways .
{3 3 11 i t a r a t hd , i n t h e o t h er way .
3m cr i t h d
'

, vai nl y i ( ) . O r V i t h am, i n

[ca t/ mm, H o w ? W i tt ka m t h u s O r Y! t h a , in W a th a , t h us
{ , . .

6 .
“ si t , eff ect i ve .

W r ci as dt ,
j (U i fi r ji
a no d h tna
’
m, de
'
p en d e nt o n t h e k i ng .
) m ohas mas dt ,

r e du ce d to ash es .

M ag mi -
ac t , r e du ce d t o fir e .

7 W Td and m fg dki l o cal .

m
. ,

a w daks hi ndh i , i n t h e S o uth , or 2 5mm d a/csh i nd

'
. u t t ar dhi , i n t h e No r th ,

or m u t tar d . W o nto “? ( or
°
t -r am, o r
a
t -r e
,
or
3
m -r e
na ), b etwe en .
S t !

p ur d, i n t h e E ast , i n fr o nt , f o r m er l y, ( or
g p
t : u r a fi a n d
m p ur as tci t , b ef o r e .
)
W W )
‘
p asc h d, b eh i nd, ( or p as c h dt .

A dver b s s uch as
w mu dh d, i n -

vai n, 3
13 1 mzi s h d,
f al
‘
s el y, ar e i nstr um ental cas es o f
o b s o l ete no u ns en di ng in co n so n ant s .
 11 38 CO N JU GA TI O N . 2 88

eg Wa
. f fl
.
p a c ka ti h e c o o k s ; , he co o k s f o r h i m s elf , W y j
a a ti , he s acr ifices ;

W y aj a te h e s acr ifi ces f o r h im s el f
, . . Th e sa me a ppl i es to C au sal s ( Pfin . I .
3,
T h es e d i st i n ct i o n s , h o weve r , r e st i n m any ca ses , i n S an sk r i t as we l l as in G r eek , on

p e cul i ar co nce pt i o ns wh i ch i t i s d ifficul t t o anal ys e o r to r eal i z e ; a nd i n S anskr i t as wel l as

in G r e ek , th e r i gh t u se o f th e act i ve an d m i ddl e vo i c e s is b es t l ear nt b y p r acti c e . Th us

Tfim
‘
t o l ea d, i s s
u e d as Par as m ai pa d a i n s u ch e xp r e s s i o n s as T ? i fawnfi g ap d a m vi na a ti * ,
y
mw
,

he car r i e s o ff a s welli n
g ; b ut as At m an epad a ,
i n ai
“
kr o d h am -vi nay at e, h e tu r ns
awa
y or d i s m i s s es wr at h ; a su b tl e di st i n ct i o n wh i ch i t i s p o s si bl e to a pp r e ci at e wh en s tat ed ,
bu t d ifficul t t o b i ng
r u n d er any g e n er al r ul e s .

A g ai n , i n S an skr i t as well as in G r e ek , s o me ver b s ar e m i d dl e i n cer t ai n t e n s es o nl y, b ut

45i fi v
4

act i ve o r m i ddl e i n o t h er s ; e .
g . At m . 3 va r d h a t e, h e gr o ws , n ever ar d h a ti but A o r .

W avfi d fia t, Par .
, or fi ft h a va r d lzi s h ga, At m . h e gr ew .
( Pan . 1 .
3,
O th er s t ak e t h e Par as m ai pad a or fit m an epa da acco r d i ng as t h ey ar e co m p o u nd e d wi th
c er t ai n p p
re o s i t i o ns ; e g . .
m ‘
vi s a t i , he en t e r s ; b ut f flfil fi ni -v s‘a t e
i , he e nt er s in .

( Pfin . I .
3, I 7) .

2 88 . C au s al ve r b s ar e c nj o u
g at e d bo th i n t h e Par as m ai pada an d A t m ane
p ada D e s id er ati ve s g en er all y fo ll o w t h e Pada o f t h e s im pl e r o o t ( Pan I 3
. . .
,

D eno mi n at ive s endi ng i n W dy a h ave b o th fo r m s ( Pan 1 3 Th e . .

,

i nt e n si ve s h ave t wo fo r m s : o n e i n 1: y a whi ch i s al ways fi t m an epad a ; t h e ,

o th er wi t h o ut 1 ! y a wh i ch i s al ways Par as m ai p ad a ,
.

2 89 Th e p as s i ve t ake s t h e t e r m i n at i o n s o f th e A t m an epad a an d p r e fix es
.
,

1 1 d t o th em i n t h e f o u r S p e c i al o r m o di fie d t e n s e s I n t h t h t n t h
y e o e r e s e s e .

fo r m s o f t h e p as s ive ar e wi t h a fe w e xc ep ti o n s t h e s am e a s th o s e o f t h e, ,

A t m an epad a .

2 90 . Th er e ar e i n S ans kr i t t hi r t e en di ff e r e nt fo r m s , c o r r e s p o nding t o th e
t e ns e s an d m o o ds o f G r ee k an d L ati n .

I . F o r med f ro m th e S p eci a l or Mo d ified B as e .

PA RA S M A I P A D A . KT M A N E P A D A .

Th e Pr e s ent (L at) mnfii bh dvci mi

2 . Th e I m p er f e c t (L a n) W d oba va m ‘ mfi dbh a ve
ai nt
'

bh ci veya m

?
"

4 Th e I m p er at i ve
.
( )
L ot Harri? bh ci vci ni a blui va i

II . F o r me d f r o m t h e Gener a l or Unmo d ified B as e .

PA RA S M A I PA D A . KT M A N E P A D A .

e Re du pl i c at e d P e r f e ct (Li t) my a bh zfva 3
’

5 Th. b $ 3 ba bh uve

“
/
6 Th e Per i p h r as t i c Per fe ct ( Li t) i fit mmf rch o r aydm ba bh uva W e h o r aydm
“

e Fi r s t A o r i s t ( L u n
7 Th.
)
8 Th e S e c o n d A o r i s t (Lu n) 5 d bh d am
“

.
63
1 ! v

M bh a vi s kydmi Hfalfi bh avi s h yé

 2 91 . CO N J UGA TI O N . 1 39

10 . Th e C o ndi t io nal (e ) w d bl za ms hya m

'

W d bkavis h ye
1 I . Th e Pe r i p h r as t i c F u t u r e ( L u t) m bh a vi tds mi af a r } bh a vi t d he
’

1 2 . T h e B e ne d ic t i ve (A s i r l i n) m bkzl yds a m m 1! bh a ms h i yd
'

I 3 . Th e S u bj u nc ti ve ( L e t) o ccur s i n th e V eda o nl
y .

S ig nifica ti o n o f th e Tens es a nd Mo o ds .

§ 29L I . 2 . Th e Pr e s e nt an d I m p e r fe c t re qu i r e no e x pl anati o n . Th e
I m p e r f e c t t ak e s th e A u gm e nt whi c h h as al wa
y s t h e acce nt .

3 . Th e pr i nc i p al s en s e s o f th e Opt at i ve ar e ,

a . C o m m and ; e .
g fi . l m? “fi t tva m g r dma m g a clzch h e lt , t h o u m aye s t go , i . e .

g o t h o u t o t h e vi l l ag e .

6 . W i sh e .
g .
W K bh a vdn i hds l t a , L e t yo u r h o n o ur s it h er e !
0 . In q ui r i n
g; e .
g .
m l! 3 71 m ved a m a d h zy l y a ,
‘
u ta ta r ka m
a d h l y iy a , S h all I st ud h V d o r s h al l I s t ud l o ic ?
’

y t e e a
y g
d . S u pp o s iti o n ( s a mbh dva na
) ; e .
g . “33 11? m m bh a ved as au

ved ap d m g o br d h ma zza tvd t , h e p r o b ab l y i s a s t u d e nt o f th e V e d a, be caus e

h e is a B r ah m an .

6 . C o n di t i o n ; e .
g .
as h fi afi
’ ‘

W um: d a nda s ch en na bh a vel

l o lce vi na sy eyur
’

i md lz p r aj d lt , i f t h e r e wer e no t p u ni sh m e n t i n t h e wo r l d ,
th e p eo p l e wo ul d p er i sh .
1 1:
W 8
W y k p a th eat eu dp nuyd t , h e
wh o s t u di es , wi ll o bt ai n . w as21 1 —
W m y a d y a d r o ch e t a

vip r e bh y a s t a t t a d d a dyci d a ma ts a m b, wh at ever pl e as e s th e B r ah m ans

l et o ne
gi ve t h at t o t h e m n o t ni g g ar dl
y .

f . It i s u sed in r el at i ve d ep e n d e n t s e nt e n e s c e .
g “ H ail
5 131 ?
. Q
W y a ch
ah a tva m eva m kur y d na ér a d d a d l ze, I b eli e ve d no t t h at t h o u c o ul d s t
act thu s .
fl at
gm
-
: m w y t
a t ci d gi éci lz kr i s h zza m ni nd e mnn
'

d éch a r ya m, t h a t ch p e r s o n s sh o ul d r evi l e Kri sh n a

su ,
i s wo n d er f ul .

4 . T h e I m p e r at i ve r e qu i r e s n o e x pl an at i o n a s f ar as t h e , c
s e o nd p er s o n is
c o n c er n e d ; e g 33 tu d a S tr i ke ! Th e fir s t an d t h ir d p er s o ns ar e u s ed
. .
,

i n m any c as e s i n p l a c e o f t h e Op t at ive ; e g W fl an ed i ch chh ci mi

g . .

bh a vdn bh wzktdm, I wi s h y o u r h o n o u r m ay
‘

e at .

5 . Th e Re du p li c at e d P e r fe c t d e no t e s so m et h in g a b s o l u t el
y p as t .

6 . C er t ain ver b s wh i c h ar e n o t all o we d t o f o r m th e r e du p li c at e d p e r fe ct ,

fo r m
t h e ir p er fe c t p er i p h r as t i c all
y i e b y m e an s o f ,
. . an a ux i li ar y ver b .

7 8 T h e Fir s t
. . an d S e co nd A o r i st s r e fe r
g e n e r all
y t o t im e p a st , an d ar e th e

c o m m o n h i st o r i c al t en s e s in n ar r ati o n Th e y t ak e t h e A u gm ent .

9 . T h e Fu t u r e al s o c a l l e d t h e I n d e fi ni t e Fu t ur e
, e g W W . . W
d eva s ch ed va r s h i s h y a ti d kdnya m vap s yd m a h , if i t r ai n , we sh a ll so w

ri ce .
m m m y a va jj - wa m a nna m dd s y a ti , as l o ng as life
T 2
1 40 S PE I A C L AND GE N ERA L TE NS ES § 2 92 ~

l a s t s , h e will g i ve f o od . Unde r c er t ai n c ir cu m st anc es t h i s Fut ur e

m ay b e u s ed Op t i o n all
y w i t h t h e P er i p h r ast i c F u t ur e ; e .
g . 1 1 1 t han
h a dd bh o h tci or bh o ks h y a te, W h en will h e eat ?

1 0 Th e C o n di t i o nal is u s ed , i n st ead o f t h e Opt ati ve i f th ing s ar e s p o ken of

. ,

t h at m i gh t h ave , b u t h ave no t h app en e d ( Pan I I I 3 e .

g .
,
. .

W WW M s uwi s h ti é ch ed a bh avi s h y a t t a d d s u bh i ks h am

a bh a vi s h ya t, if t h er e h ad b een ab u n d an t r ai n , t h er e wo u l d h ave b een

pl enty Th e C o ndi ti o nal t ak e s t h e
.
A u g m e nt

I I . T h e P er i p h r as t i c o r D efini t e F u t u r e e. g . W m : m ayo d h yci m

‘

saa h p r a yd tci s i , t h o u wi l t t o m o r r o w pr o ce ed to A yo dh ya
‘
-
.

1 2. Th e B e n e di ct ive is u sed fo r e xp r e s s i n g no t o nl
y a bl e s s ing , bu t al s o a

w i s h i n g e n e r al ; e g W é r i md n. .
m bh ag at, M ay h e b e h ap py !
f fl i ai m
ch i r a m j i vy dt, M ay b e l ive l o ng

I 3 . Th e S u bj u n ct ive o cc u Ve da o nl y
rs in th e .

2 92 . Th e S an skr i t ver b h as i n e ach t e n s e an d m o o d t h r e e num be r s,

S ing ul ar , D ual ,
an d Pl u r al wi t h t h r ee p e r s o ns i n e ach
,
.

C HA PTE R V I II .

S PE I A C L AND GE NERA L TE N S ES A N D TH E TE N C L A S S ES OF V ERBS .

S an sk r i t g r am m ar i an s h ave di vi d e d all ver b s i n t o t en cl as ses ,

2 93 .

a c c o r di n
g t o c e r t ai n m o di fi c at i o n s wh i c h t h e i r r o o t s u n d e g
r o b e f o r e t h e

t er m i n at i o n s o f t h e Pr e s en t , t h e I m p er fe ct , t h e Opt at ive , an d I m p er at i ve .

Th i s di vi si o n i s ve r y u s e fu l , an d will b e r et ai n e d wi th so m e sli gh t al t e r at i o n s .

O n e an d th e s am e roo t m ay b el o n
g t o di ff e r en t c l as s e s . Th u s
m bh r ds,

m bh l aé, al
l bh r a m, mi kr a m, a kl a m, a t r a s ,
s q g? tr a t,
“ l as h b el o n
g
to th e B hfi an d D iv cl as s e s ; E mi t hh r ci éa te
’

o r m bh r déy a te, & c .

( n
Pa . 111.

I A g ai n , q s ka , Gi u s ta mbh , g u s ta mbh, fi s ka mbh , ims ka mbh b e l o ng

,
g g
t o th e S n an d Kr i cl as s e s ; s ka no ti o r m fi- w
Ts lca nd ti ( Pan I I I I , . .

2 94 . Th e fo u r t e n s e s an d m o o d s wh i ch re q u ir e t hi s m o di fi c at i o n o f th e
roo t wi ll b e c al l e d t h e Sp eci a l or Mo d ified Tens es ; t h e r e st t h e Gener a l or

Unmo d ified Tens es . Th u s ch ang ed i n t h e Pr e s en t

th e ro ot fa ch i is ,

I m p er fe ct Op t at i ve an d I m p e r at i ve i nt o fa g ch i nu H en c e c
, ,
hi na mah -
.
- -
,

we s e ar ch ; d ch i nu ma we s ear ch e d B u t t h e Pa s t P ar t i c i pl e fi rm
- -
, .

ch i tdh s e ar ch e d o r t h e Re d u pli c at e d Per fe ct fl a : ch i ch y i i h t h ey h ave

g
-
, , ,

s e ar ch e d wi t h o u t t h e W e c al l f fl c h i t h e r o o t fa ch i na t h e b as e
3 nu
g
‘

, .
, , ,

o f t h e s p e c i al t en s es .
142 S PE IA C L AN D GEN E RA L TE N S ES § 2 97 4

4 . Th e Ch ur cl as s (th e t ent h wi th n at i ve g r am m ar i an s , a nd cal l e d by

d ch a r ad i b e c au se t h e t i n t h eir li s t s i s
th em
3 ? fir s t gr ch a r to
‘ ‘

r ,
roo ,

)
s t e al ;

a . an: ay a is add e d t o t h e l as t l ett er o f th e r o o t.

6 . I f th e roo t en d s in a si m pl e c o n s o n ant , p r e c e de d by w a , w a is
l engt h e n e d t o s r (3 .

E x .

m da l, t o cu t ; m d dl - ci ya - ti , (m an
y e xc ep t i o n s ) .

c. I f th e r o o t e nd sp l e c o n s o n ant p r e c e d e d b y U 3 a sq ri Fi fi
in a s im , :
‘

, , ,

t h e sh vo wel s t ak e Gu na wh i l e q r i b e c o m e s i i r
'

n
“

.
,

Ex fg qél i s h t o e m b r a c e ; m él es h ci ya ti 3s ch a r t o s t e al ; m
‘
'
- - .
.
, ,

ch o r ci y -
a- ti . I
R mr i s h , t o e n du r e ; Ir tafi m ar s h dya - te -
.

R
E kr i t, t o
p r ai s e ; 3 3 t ki r t ay a ti
- -
.

d F i nal g i ,
.
i i, 3 a , 3 5 12,
“

g r i ,
an d
a ,
r t t ak e V ri dd h i .

Ex . fa j r i ,
t o gr o w o l d ; W firj r dy iya ti -c -
. J fi mi , t o wal k ; wm rfir may dya ti — -
.

d h ri , to h o l d ; “TU d h dr - dy a - ti m W
”
t o fil l d d t i
1
1
t
!
-
.
p , p r y a -
.

N o te — Many, if n o t al l r o o ts ar r an g e d u n d er t h i s cl as s by n at i ve gr am m ar i ans , ar e

s e co nd ar y r o o t s, an d i d e nt i cal i n f o r m wi t h cau s ati ve s , d eno m i nat i ve s , & c . Th i s cl as s differ s

fr o m o t h er cl as s e s , i n asm u ch as ver b b
s el o n g i n g t o i t , k ee p th e ir m o d ificat o r y syll a l e b W g/ a a

t h r o u gh o ut , i n t h e u nm o d ifie d as wel l as i n t h e m o d i fi e d t e ns e s , e x ptce i n th e B n di t iv

e e c e

Par . a nd t h e Re du l i cat e d A p o r i st . Th e acce nt r e s t s o n t h e fir s t Q

“
a o f W
’
ay a .

II . S eco nd D i vis i o n .

2 97. Th e se o nd c di vi s i o n co m pr i s es al l ve r b s wh i ch do no t, in th e

S p e ci al t en s e s , end in w a bef ore t h e t e r m i nat i o n s .

It is a d i s t i ngu i s h i n g fe at u r e o f th i s c
s e o nd divi s i o n t h at , b e fo r e

c er t ai n t er m i n at i o n s , all ver b b el o ngi ng

s t o it re qu i re s t r e n gt h eni n
g o f t h ei r
r adi c al vo wel , o r i f t h e y t ak e na , 3 a , Hi nt, s t r e ngt h e n i n f th e wel s
3 g o vo

o f t h es e yll a l es
s b . Th i s s t r en
g t h e n i n
g g e n er al l
y t ak e s p l ac e by m e a n s o f
G u na , bu t =fi ni i s r ai se d to m na i n th e Kr i , an d
{ n to wna i n t h e Ru d h
c l as s .

We S h all c all th e t er m i n at i o n s wh i ch re qu i re s t r en
g t h e n i n
g o f th e

i nfl e c t i ve b as e , th e we ak t e r m i na t i o n s , an d th e b as e b e fo r e t h em , t h e

s t r o ng b as e ; ‘

a nd vi ce ver s d, t he t er mi n at i o n s wh i ch do no t re qu ire
s t r en
g t h eni ng o f th e b as e , th e str o n
g t e r m i n at i o n s , and th e b as e b e fo r e
t h e m , t h e we ak b as e .

As a r u le, th e a ccent f al l s on t h e fir s t vo wel o f s tr o n

g t e r
m i n ati o n s , o r, if
t h e t e r m i n at i o n s ar e we ak , on th e st r o ng ba s e, th u s e st a bli sh ing t h ro u gh o u t

an e q u ili br i um b et wee n b as e an d t er m i n ati o n .

 2 99 . AND TH E TE N C LA S S ES or va n s . 1 43

II a . B as e s whi c h t ak e 3 nu, R u , vfl n i .

b di vi
i

§ 2 98 . T h i s fir s t su s io n co m p r i se s t h r ee cl as se s
I . Th e S u cl as s (t h e fift h cl as s wit h nat i ve g r a m m ar i an s ,
a nd c all ed by
t h e m a rfq s vdd i ,
‘ ' ’
bc e au s e t h e fir s t ro o t i n t h e ir l i s t s i s
Q eu
).

3 nu is a dd e d t o t h e l as t l e t t e r o f th e r o o t, b e fo r e s t r o n
g t e r m in at i o ns ,

i t no b ef o re we ak t er m i nat i o n s .

Ex “ I! s u -nu - mci h, I st p er s p l ur Pr e s
‘

to u e ez e o u t
.
g s u, s
q ; . . .

g i f t! s u -na-
mi , I st p er s s ing Pr e s . . .

2. Th e Tan cl as s (t h e e igh t h cl a s s wi t h n at i ve g r am m ar i a n s , an d cal l ed by

t h em m ta nd di , b ec au s e th e fi r st ro ot i n t h e ir li s t s i s m t a n) .

3 a is add e d t o t h e l as t l e tt er o f the ro o t, b ef o r e s t r o n
g t er m i n a t i o ns ,

a n0 b e fo r e we ak t er m i nat io n s .

Ex .
fl t a n, t o s t r et ch ; was : t a n-u—mci h, I st p er s pl u r Pr e s. . .

fi fil t a n 0 mi ,
- 2
1 st p er s s ing Pr e s
. . .

N o te — A ll ver b b s el o ngi n
g t o t h is cl as s e nd in i n, e x ptce o ne ,
i Icyi , -
m kar o mi , I d o .

3 . Th e Kr i cl as s (th e ni nth wi t h nati ve gr amm ar i an s an d call ed by t h em ,

W in g/ d l
e i b e c au s e t h e fi r s t r o o t
,
i n t h e ir li s t s i s afi kr i )
‘
.

=
fi ni i s add e d t o t h e l as t l e tt e r o f t h e r o o t b efo r e s tr o ng t er min ati o ns , ,

Wi nd b efo re we ak ter mi nat i o n s ,

i n b e fo r e s tr o n
g t er m i n ati o ns b eginning wi th vo we l s .

E x fi t Ir r i , t o b u y ;
. m i l: kr i -
i
n m eth,
-
1 st p er s pl ur Pr e s . . .

m Icr i - nci-mi , I s t p er s s i ng Pr e s
. . .

. fi l t fl fit
‘
kr i -
n anti ,
-
3 r d p e r s p l ur Pr es . . .

II b . B ases c
t o wh i h t h e t er mi nati o n s ar e j o i ne d i mm e di at el y .

2 99 . Th e c
se o nd di vi s i o n co m pr i s es thr ee cl as s e s
I . Th e A d cl a s s (t h e c
s e o nd cl as s wi th n at i ve g r a m m ar i a n s , an d c all e d by t h e m
1 13 q a d ad i , beca u se t h e fir s t ro o t i n t h e ir li s t s i s
W a d, to ea t
) .

a . Th e t er mi n ati o ns ar e ad d e d i m m e di at el y t o t h e l as t l e tt er o f t he bas e ;
a nd in th e c o nt act o f vo wel s wi t h vo wel s , vo wel s wi th c o ns o nan ts ,

c o ns o nant s wi th vo wel s , an d c o n s o n an t s wi t h c o n s o nant s ,

t h e p h o n et i c

r u l e s e x p l ai n e d ab o ve 10 7 — 1 45 ) m u st b e c ar e full y o b s er ve d .

6 . Th e str o n
g b as e b ef ore t h e weak t e r m i nati o n s t a kes Gu na wh er e
p o s si bl e 2 96 , 1 . b) .

Ex . fag l i h , t o li k c : fe m: h mci h, we li k ;
l i -
c fi fa l eh mi
’
-
I l ick ; m '

l elt -s hi ,
t h o u li ck e s t d i e l i dh d, yo u l i c k 2 8) W dle t, t h o u li c ke d s t
“
1

Th e a ccent is on t h e fir s t vo wel of -
t h e t e r mi nat i o n s , e xc ept in cas e o f
we ak t er mi nati o ns , wh en t h e a cc ent fall s on th e r adi al c vo wel .
1 44 S PE C I A L AN D GE N E RA L TE N S ES A N D THE TE N GLA S S E S o r V ERBS .

2 Th e H u cl as s (t h e cl as s wi th n at ive gr amm ar i an s an d c all e d by

t h ir d ,

w
.

t h em j u h o ty ci d i b e c au s e t
‘

h e fir s t r
,
o o t i n t h ei r li s t s i s
3 h a ,

W )
’

j a h o ti .

a . Th e t e r m i nat i o ns ar e a dd e d as i n th e A d c l as s .

6 Th e s t r o ng
. b as e b ef o r e t h e we ak t er m i n at i o n s t ak e s G u na , wh e r e p o s si bl e .

0 . Th e ro ot t ak e s r edu pl i c at io n .
( Rul es o f Re d u pl i c at i o n ,
c c h, we s acr i fi c e ; f f -mi
Ex h a, t o sa rifi e :
W j : ha i nci
fi r n j h o I
- -
. u -
u ,

c
sa r i fi e c . Pa
( n . v1 . 1,

Th e i nt e ns i ve ver b s c nj , o u
g at e d i n t h e Par as m ai pada, fo ll o w t h i s cl ass .

Th e ac c ent is on t h e fir st syll a bl f e o t h e ver b ,

i f t h e t er m i nat i o ns ar e weak , l ik e wi se if
’

b gi n wit h a vo wel Ex F?! dddh at i ; M

'

t h e t er m i nat i o ns st r o ng , b ut N ddd h at i
'

ar e e . .

xt O pt
A

( Pan . v1 . 1 , 1 89 W h et h er th i s rul e e end s t o th e at ive A t m anepad a i s d o u t f ul b .

W e find t h e Ri g
-
veda o t h da d hi t a an d d a d hi t a
in P r o f B e nf e , wh o
y b ’ ’
. . at fir s t a cce nt u at e d

p
d ad httd, no w l aces t h e accen t o n t h e fir s t s yl l a l e , l ik e B o eh t li ngk an d b B pp o . Th e Ag am a
s i yu t i s, no do u t, b avi dya m Anavat s var avidh au ( Pan I I I . . I , 3 , vat t . bu t t h e q u es t i o n is
wh eth er {ta i s t o b e tr eat e d as a j ,
ad i b egi nning wi th a vo wel , or wh et h er t h e t er m i nat i o n
i s t a wi th Agama i . I a do pt t h e f o r mer vi ew, an d s e e it co nfir m e d by t h e Pr at yu d ah ar ana

g i ve n i n v1 . 1 , 1 89 . Fo r if yat o f dad -t is no l o n g er a j adi , t h en i t a in d dd -i t a m u st be

aj adi on th e s am e gr o u n d . Th e pl i t d v b bhi h i bhri

r edu ca e er s , r , , bu, ma d, j an, d h a n, d ar i d r a, ’

a
j g r i h ave t h e U datt a on th e y ll
s b l p ad i g t h t
e m i t i r e ce n e er na o ns, if t h e t er mi nat i o ns ar e

fw fi t fwfir b bh ti ( Pan v
’
bi bha r ti , b u
’
weak . Ex . i ra . r . I ,

3 . Th e Ru dh c l as s ( t h e s e ve nt h cl as s wit h nat i ve gr amm ar i an s , an d call ed

by t h e m s erfs r udhd di , b c au se
e th e fir st ro o t i n t h e ir li s t s i s
q r a d ii ,

g affg
-
r and ddh i , to o b str u ct) .

a. Th e te r mi n at i o n s ar e a d d e d as i n th e A d cl as s .

11 . B et wee n t h e r adi al vo c wel an d t h e fi n al c o n s o nant { n i s i n s er t e d , wh i ch

i n th e s tr o n
g ba se be f ore we ak t er m in at i o n s i s r a se i d to a na .

Ex .
fi ya j ,
to j o in
g
0

i n: y u-i i j mci h, we
'
- - j o in ; ‘

g af ai y a -
nci -
j -
mi , I j o in .

Th e a ccent f al l s on a na , W h er ever i t a pp e ar s , u nl es s it i s a tt r a ct e d by t he
au g m e nt .

F i r s t D i vi si o n .

B h fi cl as s, wi t h n at i ve gr am m ar i ans , B h vadi , I cl as s .

T ud cl a s s ,
T u d adi V I c l as s , .

D i v cl as s ,
D i vadi I V cl as s , .

C h u r c l as s , C h u r adi X cl as s , .

Su cl as s wi th , n at i ve g r a mm ar i an s , S vadi , V c l as s .

Tan c l as s , Ta n ad i V I I I cl as s , .

Kr i c l a s s , Kr yfidi I X cl as s , .

A d cl a s s , A d adi I I cl as s , .

'

H u cl as s , Ju h o ty adi I I I cl as s , .

Ru dh cl as s ,
Ru dh ad i V I I cl as s , .
1 46 A UG E M NT ,
RE D UPL I C A TI O N ,
AN D TE R M I N A TIO N S .
3 3
0

Gener a l Ru l es of Redup l i ca ti o n .

3 03 . T h e fir st yllsa le b o f a root
(i . e . t h at p o r tio n o f i t wh i ch e n ds

wi th a vo wel ) i s r ep e at e d .

a! t budh z
m bubu dh .
i
z t is e xc ept i o n al i n fo r mi ng a g ba bh a .
( Pan .

V 11 4 . 73
04 A s p i r at e d l etter s ar e re p r es ent ed in r e du pli c at io n b y t h ei r co r
3 .

r es p o nding u n as p ir at ed l e tt er s .

fi g bh i d, t o cu t , = fitfil bi bhi d
§ .

l l icit, to s h ak e , d ud h u
i z
fi .

3 0 5 .
G u ttu r al s ar e r e p r e s e nt e d in r e du p l i c at io n b y t h ei r c o r r es po ndi ng
p al atal s ; g h by
i f .
( P i
a n V II . .
4,
“

gt h at ,
to s e ve r ,
m c h u ku t .

m kh an, t o di g , = W ch a kh a n .

mrg a m ,
to go , =
m j a
g a m .

a h as , to

3 0 6 . If a roo t b egi ns wi t h m o r e th an o ne c o ns o nant ,

t h e fir s t o nl
y i s

r ed u p li c at e d .

kr us, t o sh o ut ,
w ch a kr a s
“

gt is z .

m ks hip , t o t h r o w, f ar m ch i lcs hip .

3 0 7 . If a root b egi n s wi t h a si b il ant fo ll o we d by a t e nu i s or as p ir at e d

t e nu i s , t h e t e n ni s o nl
y i s r edu pli c at ed .

lg s tu , to p r ai se , gg tus h tu 1 0 3, I
) .

m s t a n, to s o und,
m t as t a n .

an
? sp a r dh , t o s t r i ve ,
?
var p asp ar d h .

a n s t h d, t o s t an d , z m t as t h ci

m
.

éch yu t , t o dr o p , =
w ch uéch yut .

B u t 13
3 sm i
g,
‘
t o p in e , we;s a s mri .

3 0 8 . I f th e cal vo wel wh e th er
r adi ,
fin al or m edi al , i s l o ng , i t is
S h o r t e ne d i n th e r e d u pli c at ive s l l ab l e
y .

111
i g a h ,
to e nt e r , =
m jaya h .

sd d, to s t r i k e, s us h i i d
fig .

3 0
9 . If t h e r adi cal (no t fi nal ) vo wel i s E e o r E a i i t b e c o m es 3 i ; ,
if i t
is sfi 0 o r WI a n, it be co m e s 3 u ‘
.

s ev t o wo r s hi p
, fifi g s i s h ev ,
.

dh a u lc t o app r o ach a
g i
, z dudh aulc , .

3 1 0 . Ro o t s wi t h final I! e, i ai, s h 0 , ar e t r eat e d l ik e r o o ts e n d in

g i n
1m at ,
t aki ng at a i n th e r e du p li c at i ve s yl l abl e .

Q dh e , to fee d a fi d a d
, h au
z .

ag a i , S in = w rfi a au
to g j g , .

sfi So , to s h ar p en 5m ? sasau ,
.
 3 12 . A UGMEN I , '‘
RE D UPL I C A TI O N , AN D TE RM I N A TI O N S . 1 47

3 1 1 . Th e fo ll o wi ng ro o ts ar e s li
g h t l y i r r e ul ar
g on cco u nt o f th e
a

s emi vo wel s wh i c h t h e y c o nt ai n and wh i ch ar e l i abl e to , b e ch ang e d i nt o

s c h an g e i s c all e d S amp r as dr ana
vo we l s .
( Th i ) P an V I 1 . . .
,
I 7 .

Ro o r . F R F I S N G R DU
ST EES P . I W A F m
. E PL . aa r . E K o r Wu n sr '
Fo nn l
' ‘
.

fi y a j m z/ i d i d to s a c r ifi c e
( fo
,
r m y y j ) {
a a a
1 f]i ,
. .

“ va ch m u dch a t o S p eak d ch ( 1 uc h )
v ,
. . 3 .

mgva d m uvdd a, to sa
y . as i l d
g .

“ p
va z m uv dp a ,
to so w . m 1 tip .

Eu va s
r m uvdsa
'
,
t o wi sh .

m as (m ). as .

T erra uvd t o dwell a s 128 ( q )

“ “
s q va s a, s
s us
. . .

H
g va h z asng uvdh a , t o
'

c ar r y . 3 1 an
? ( t
a .ah
) .

v" 3 u )
“ i vay I m uvdya , t o weave . E
m ail y o r d ( . .

“ vi/ a cti fai n?

i
vi vy c c h a , t o s u r r o u nd . fafi w vi vi c h .

I
N vy a d h f awn! vi vy ddh a, to s tr i ke .

W vi vi dh . F
( r
u vi d h .
)
un v a t h
y t faafi'
vi vya t h é ( n
Pi . V II .
4 , f a“ vi vya t h .

m s vap
g m s u s h vd
p t
e r
a o S l e e p , .
m s us h i/4) .
(u )
s up .

fi na s
W éu édva t o s well 1l , .
“ anm .
(a ) n
i vy e f arm vi vydya t o c o ver ,
. fasfi vi vi .
(i t v i ) .

an jy dfir st? j ifya i i , t o gr o w o l d

: .
( if )
R t
h ve = gfi j uh dva , t o c all ( Pan V uh d h it )
i gj
”

§ . I . I ,
. .

m d
py y fifitp ip yéfl o gr o w fat (Pan . V I . I , fit 'f t p ip i .
( p )
f l i .

11g g r a h z
m j a
g r dh a , t o t ak e . $17
1;j a
gri h .
(K g ) r i l l .

m vr a éch m vavr déch a , t o c u t ( Pan V . I . I I 51

3g vavr isch .
(w v yi é ch ) .

W p r a ch h w p ap r d ch chh a , t o as k .

a bh r aj i was ba bh r dj j a t o fry , . was t ba bh r aj i .

(W bh rij j .
)
I n t h e l as t t hr ee ver b s t h e we ak fo r m in t h e r e du pli c at e d p er fe ct i s pr o
t ect e d a
g ai n s t S am pr as ar ana b y t h e fin al d o u b l e c o n s o nant ( P511 I . . . 2,

Ro o t s g i nbni n
e g wi t h a va, b u t en di n
g i n d o u bl e c o n s o n ant s ,
do no t

E x Er ? vavri t e ; t ra } va vri d h é
ch ang e p
’

a va t o a u a . . .

3 1 2 . Ro o t s b egi nning wit h sh o r t a a, an d endi ng

1
in a s in
g l e c o ns o nant ,

c o ntr act a a w a int o at 12 .

ad, to e at ,
er
g
Th e weak f o r m s a pp ear i n all p er s o ns o f th e r edu pl i cat e d p er f e ct wh er e ne it h er V ri d dhi
no r G u na is re qui r e d .

1 Th e weak e st f o r m s o f t h e se
‘

ver b s do no t b el o ng to th e p li
r e du cat e d p er f e ct , b u t h ave
b e en ad d e d as u s ef u l h er eaft er f o r t h e f o r m at i o n o f th e p as t p t i i pl
ar c e, th e b en e di ct i ve , th e
p as s i ve, &c .

I a
fl vay is a su b st itu t e fo r five i n th e r e du pli cat e d p er f e ct ( Pan I I 4
,
. .
, If t hat su b

s t i tu t i o n d o es no t t ak e pl ace, t h e n ave f o r m s T EDvavau F a t vavuh ( Pan v1 ,

. . 1,

ll Pars V I .
39 . 11 o r fsrmv s a dya ( r ag . v1 .
 N EW E S T, RED E LICA TI Q N
I
’
,
A N D. TE RMI N A TI O E S
i 3 3 1

3 3 1
R9 t b 9 s e
gi nn i n
g wth
i s h o rt
“
1 a, a n d e n di ng wi th m o r e t h an on e
c o ns onant ,
p r efi
x m an
i .
( Pan . V II .
4,
d , m
a r ch : E ra
r i
'

dn fi
r ch
, ( A l s o
31 5 1 a s ( )
S u i n )
d a se P
l a n V I I . . .

4, 72
Th e r o o t i fo r m s th e b o f t h er e d u p li c at e d p e r fe c t a s m dr
“
14
3 . 5
5 i as e .

O t her r9 ots b gin ning wi th a i p efix m i n ( P n V I I 4 7 1

e r r a . a . .
,
.

o bt i n W a n r ii ,
w r i d h t o th iv
d a -
.
,
r e, ri dh fi

t e t d n f ct s i f t h y w
ar e r a e 1 5 r ch
fi ar d h
I a a e er e a , ,
&c .

p r o s o di all y l o n g ) c o ntr a
c
ts (
a n no t tg i
“
oo or ‘ ,

d as 12; b u t i f t h e r a di c al g i o r q u takg

G u na or V ri ddh i , q y ‘

an d E v ar e
t i n s er t e d b e t we e n th e r e du
pl i ca i
t i e s
yl l a le b
an d th e ba se .
( P an . V I. 4 7 8,
.

fi i sh :
m : i s h a tu h, t h ey t wo h ave g o n e -
.

{an i r/ é
- sh a
( G u na
),
I h ave g o n e -
.

uh h M W d hh - a tu h, t h ey t wo h ave wi th er e d
s
q : .

( G u na
) I h a v W
e w i t h e r e d av -
dlch -
a , .

A s t o r o o t s wh i ch c anno t b e r e du p li c ate d o r ar e o th er wi s e ir r e gu l ar s ee t h e ,

r l s
ue g vn i e f o r t he f o r mat i o n o f t h e R e d u p li c at e d an d P e r i p h r a s t i c P e r f e c t .

Sp eci a l Ru l es of Redup l i ca ti o n .

3 6 S1o far t
. h e p r o c e ss o f r e d u p l i c a t i o n wo u l d b e t h e s am e , wh e t h e r app l id
e

to b
t h e a e s o f t h e Re d u p li c at e d P e r f e c t o r t o t h o s e o f t h e fl u cl a s s
s B u t t h er e .

ar e s o me p o i nt s o n wh i c h t h es e t wo cl as s e s o f r e d u p li c at e d bas e s d iff er ; viz .

1 I II t h eRe d u p l i c at e d P er fe c t r a di c al a r i t w h et h er fi n al o r m e di al
.

a , ,
r
, ,

are r ep r e s e nt e d i n r e du p l i c at i o n by S t a
,
, .

2 I n t he b as e s o f t h e fl u cl as s fin al a! ri an d a r i (t h ey d o n o t o c c ur as
z
-
.
'
,
,

md )
e i al ar e r e p r e s en t e d i n r e d u p li c at i o n b
.

y { i .

RE DU L C A D P RF C P E I C A PR N & TE E E T. U L SS . ESE T, c .

‘
1 $
1 bh ri fi fl f fi bi bhdr ti .

I
! sr i fa i l fil s is ar ti
“
(
I
'

Th e t g ri , t o go fo r m s gaff i y- a
r ti ; i fi fi
’
t fi l l t i
“
ro o v
,
Q p r ,
o , p i
p a r .

7 Th e t h r ee ver s
31 . b f ai nt ] fas,
-m
] t , an d
fi ni s h o f th e H u cl as s t ak e . Gu na
ths red upl i cat g syl l a l e
d b .
(P 613 . V II. 4, 75 .

Pi a nij , t o wash , Rafi nénekti , m neni lct e ; fii vi] , to se p ar at e , M véve lcti

fi l l i vi s h , to p er vad e , fi fe vévesh ti .

3 1 8 Th e t wo
. ver b HT nd t ms 1 , o eas u r e, an d {I h d, t o g o , o f th e H u
'

cl as s t ak e i in
fi

t he r e du pli cat i ve s
yll a bl ( Pane. 4 . V II. ,

WTmd , W mi mi té {I hd ; , f i f th -j i had .

1
3 9 . C er tai n
R o o ts ch ang e t h ei r i nit i al c o ns o n ant if th ey ar e r e d u pl i cat e d .

{ i h an, t o kil l ,
T W j ag h n da . Li k ewi s e I n t h e d e s id er at i ve w ’
fi j i g hd fii s a ti , an d th e
150 A UG M EN T RE D UPL I CA TI O N AND TE R M IN A TI O N S
, , .
3 22 .

SECO N D D I VI S I O N .

S n, Ta n, Kr i , A d, E u, a nd Ru dh C l a s s es .

PA RA S M A I P A D A . AT M A N E PA D A .

Pr e s ent . I m pe r fe ct . O pta ti ve . Im p er at i ve . Pr e se nt . Im p er f e ct . O ptat i ve . Im p er ati ve .

mum
v
tr i g/ am m i ni z e
g i i y
n e a

g .

. l l
zh m t
g/ ca fg ki l a mu m i nn a t e}; a m

ll l m
i i d
h ! m i i m Tl i t dm
‘ ‘
t a ta
'

y te s

h W 6m ? Hf? W Im ai
I
'
11 2 va “
El e u c a ke va hi
’
I . a
y va a i va ki dvaha i

W2 t h ah ii t a m “Wi g/ 6 mm fit am “Taci t h e W W W
"
d t hdm i ydt h dm
'
2. dth am

3 H t ab
. : at t dm W y at dm ni t am wfit dte wri t dtdm 3mm i y d t dm W dt am
’

1 . 11 3 mah Ir ma m ydma m ama H i ma h e Hf g ma hi fi re man m i ama hai

2 . Y! t h a Ht a 1113
yat a
’
Ht a £5! d hve W d hva m i
0

86! i d h vam SE? d hva m

3 . fi a nt i
z
W an
3
a! yuh E
3 a ntu
2
W?! a t e W a ta
m i r an W a té m

Th e t er min at i o n s en cl o s e d q in s u ar e s ar e the we ak , i . e . un a cc ente d

t er m i n at i o n s wh i h c re
q ui r e s tr e n t h e ni n
g g o f th e b as e .

No t e I —
W h en & hi i s a dd e d i m m e di at el y t o t h e fin al c o n s o nant o f a

roo t (i n t h e A d , R ud h , or Hu cl as s e s ) i t i s ch ange d
, to fit dh i ( P an V I 4 . .
, 101 .

S ee N O . Th e ver b g h a , t h o u gh e n di n
g in a vo wel , t ake s fit dh i i ns t ea d
O f fg h i , fo r t h e s ak e o f eu p h o ny .
( Pan . V I. 4,
Kr i ver b s e n di n
g i n c o n s o nant s fo r m t h e 2 nd p er s . S in
g i m
.
p i n W . d na .

( S ee N O . 1 55 . Pan . III . 1 ,

I n th e p er s S ing im p Par asm ver b s o f t h e S u and Tan cl as s e s t ake

2 nd . . . .

no t er mi n at i o n e xc ep t wh en a a i s p r e c e de d by a c o nj u n c t c o nso nan t
, ( S ee .

N O .

No t e p l u r p r e s an d i m p er Par as m ver b s o f t h e H u
I n t h e 3 r d p er s
2 —
. . . . .

cl as s an d m r e d u p li c at e d b as e s
a bh y a s t a , i e t ak e wfir a t i an d m a tu
g . .
, .

N o t e 3 I n t h e gr d p er s p l u r i m p Par as m ver b s o f t h e H u cl as s r e du
—
. . . .
,

p li c at e d b as e s and fag vi d t o k no w t ake 3 uh b efo r e whi ch ver b s ending

, , , :
, ,

i n a vo wel r e qu ir e G u n a a u h i s u s e d O p t i o n al l y aft e r ve r b s i n m d an d
“

. :
, ,

aft e r F g t d vi s h t o h at e ( Pa
'
e
n III 4 1 0
9, . . .
,

3 22 . B y m e an s o f t h e s e t er m i n at i o n s t h e s t u d ent is a bl e t o fo r m t h e
Pr e s ent , I m p er fe c t , Op t at ive ,
an d I m p e r at i ve i n t h e Par a s m ai pad a an d

A t m an epad e o f all re
g u l ar ve r b s in S an s kr i t ; an d an
y o ne wh o h as cl ear l y
u nd er s t o o d h o w th e ver b al b ase s ar e p r e p ar e d i n t en di ff er e nt way s fo r
c
r e ei vi ng t h eir t er m i n at i o n s , and wh o wil l at t ach t o t h e s e ver al as es t h e b b
t e r m i n at i o n s as g ive n a bo v e, a cco r d ing t o th e r ul e s o f S an dh i , will h ave no

di ffi c u l ty i n wr i t i ng o ut f o r h i m s el f t h e p ar adi g m s O f an S an s kr i t ve r b i n
y
fo u r o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t an t t en s e s an d m o o ds , b o th i n t h e Par as m ai pada an d
A t m an e p a d a . S o me ver b s, h o weve r , ar e i r r e gu l ar in t h e fo r m at i o n o f t h eir
b ase ; t h e s e m u s t b e l e ar nt fr o m th e D h at u path a .
 3 2 6 . G E N E RA L OR U N MOD I FI E D TE NS ES . 159

X C H A PTE R .

GE N E RA L O R UN MOD IFI E D TE N S E S .

I n t h e t e ns e s whi c h r e m ain t h e Re d u p l ic ate d P er fe c t t h e Pe r i

3 32 .
, ,

h r as ti c Pe r fe c t t h e F i r s t an d S e c o nd A o r i s t th e F u t ur e t h e C o nd it io nal
p , , , ,

t h e Pe r i p h r a s t i c F u t ur e and B e ne di c t i ve t h e di s t i nc t i o n o f t h e t e n c l as s e s
, ,

van i s h e s A ll ver b s ar e t r e at e d ali ke to wh at e ve r cl as s t h e y be l o ng i n t h e

.
,

m o difie d t e ns e s ; an d t h e d i s t i ng ui s h i n g fe at u r e s , t h e i ns e r t e d a nu , 3 a , fi ni ,

&c .
,
ar e r e m o ve d ag ai n fr o m t h e ro o t s t o wh i h t h ey h a d c be en atta ch e d in
th e Pr e s e nt t h e I m p e r fe c t
, ,
th e Op t at i ve , a nd I m p er at i ve . O nl y t h e ve r b s

o f t h e Ch u r cl as s p r e s er ve t h e ir 3 m dya t h r o u gh o u t , e xc e p t i n th e A o r i s t
an d B e n e di c ti ve .

R edup li ca te d P erf ect .

3 4
2 . Th e roo t in i ts p ri m i ti ve s t at e is r ed u pl ic ate d . Th e r ul e s o f
r edu pli c at io n h ave been g i ve n a b o ve .
3 02

3 5
2 . Th e Re d u p li c at e d Per f e c t c an be fo r m e d o f al l ve r b s e xc ep t ,

1 . M o n o s yll ab i c r o o t s wh i c h b e i n wi t h a n
g y vo wel p r o s o dia ll y l o ng b u t

i f; a o r an 62: s u ch a s
$9 5 4 t o p r ai s e ; t i
r,
e d /z t o g r o w ; “ i n d /z t o l i g h t , ,

flannel ,
t o we t .

2 .Po l ys yll abi c r o o t s s u ch as m o h a kds t o b e br igh t

, ,
.

V er b s O f th e C h u c l n d d i v t i v v b s u ch as C au s ati ve s
3 . r as s a e r a e e r s , ,

D e s i d er at i ve s I nten s i ve s D eno m inat ive s

, , .

2 6 V er b s wh i c h c ann o t f o r m t h e P e r f e c t b r e d u pli c at io n f o r m t h e
3 .
y ,

Per ip h r ast i c Per fe ct by m ean s o f c o mp o si t i o n .

S o d o lik e wi s e al d ay t o p i ty & c wi ay t o go m é s t o S it d o wn
l ,
t , .
, , , ,

( 1
P 5 1 I I I
. I .

“, h i s t o c o u
g h ( P, an 1 1 1 I a l s o
m m .
t o s h in e
.
, ,

( S i m ); O p t i o n all y 3 1 a s h t o bur n
9 ( fi a,t o s h ci m ) fa
g a,
i d t o k n o w ( fi l e ? vi dd m ) , , , ,

i d li
W j dy r i t o w ,
a k e
(W j ,
d g a r d m P a n I I I 1 a n d,
a ft er t ak .
n g r e .
u
p , ,

c ati o n bfi bh i , ( wgmj
f i h r a y d m ) ! r (
t b h i Fa rt ? b i b h a r d m ) , ,

an d h u ( am j uh a vdm Pap 1 1 1
g , . .

Th e ver b dr na t o c o ver al th o u gh p o l ys yll ab i c al l o ws o nl y o f s l i m?

, , ,

dr nu na va as i t s P er fe ct .

r i ch h t o f ail al t h o u h i t s b as e In t h e Pe r fe c t e n d s I n two c o n s o nan t s

m , g , ,

fo r m s o nl y W a na r ch chh a I t I s t r e at e d i n fac t as i f wé i a r ch ch h
.
, 3 31
,
. .

Ter mi na ti o ns o f th e R ed up l i ca ted P erf ect .

SI N G U L AR .
 160 GE N E RA L OR U N MOD IFI E D TE N S ES .
3 7
2

D UA L.

I .
{ t w
i a

a th u h
2 . i1
3 1

av : a t uh
3 .
g
PL U RA L .

1 .
i n i ma gfi l i ma h e
2 . a: a i d h ve or
g? i dh ve

3 3 3 “11
f t ir e

Th e s e t er mi n at i o n s ar e h e r e gi ve n , wi t h o u t an y r e g ar d t o t h e s y s t e m s o f
n at i ve or co m p ar at i ve g r a m m a r i an s , i n t h at f o r m i n w h i c h t h e
y m a
y b e

m e ch an i c al l y a dd e d t o t h e r edu p l i c at e d ro o ts . Th e r ul es o n th e o m i s si o n o f
t h e i ni t i al { i O f c e r t a in t e r mi nat i o n s wi ll b e gi ve n b el o w .

3 7
2 . Th e c ent f ll s
ac a o n t h e t er mi n at i o n s i n th e Par as m aipa d a
.
an d

A t m a n e pa d a , e xc e p t i n t h e t h r e e p er s o ns s i ng ul ar P a r as ma ip a d a . In t h e se
th e a cc e nt f all s o n th e r o o t, wh i c h t h er e fo r e i s s tr e n
g t h e ne d a cc o r di ng to th e
f o ll o wi n g r u l es

I . V o wel s c ap abl e O f G u n a , t ak e G u na th r o u gh o u t t h e s in
g u l ar , if fo ll o we d
by o n e c o n s o nant .

are;bh i a , f aaa bi bh ed s rew

c r s —
’ ’ ’
—
a, bi bh e d i t h a ,
ef :
c bi bh é d -
a -
.

fi bu dh ,
g i f t: bu bo dh - a ,
’

W M bubo d h —i t ha ,
’

3 m bubo d h - a
’

B ut
‘

i fiq j i v, a l o n g m e di al vo wel no t b ei n
g
b
li a l e t o G u na ,
fo r m s f ai l ?

j ij w fa afifawj ii w i th a , W aj y t
'

v
’
a, - -a .

2 . F i n al vo we l s t ak e V r id d h i or G u na i n t h e fir s t , G u na i n th e se co n d ,

V r iddh i o nl
y In t h e t hi r d p er s o n s in
g u l ar

a? ui , faw a firm r=
f=m ni neth a
'
i fanf are ni nd -i
’

n: n n y a
-
or : ni nd -
y ,a or y th a ,

3 w a if f o ll o we d b
.
y a S in
g l e c o n s o n ant , t ak e s V rid d hi or G u na i n t h e fir s t ,
G u na i n t h e s e c o n d V r i d dh i o nl y i n t h e t h ir d p er so n s ing u l ar
, .

d
’

a h a mm j g
a h d n a o r sm a j g
a h d n a W j g
a h dn i-
t h a m j ga h n a -
,
-
,
—
.

N o te —
If th e s e co n d p er s o n S i n g u l ar Par as m ai pa d a i s f o r m e d by l El t h a , t h e ac cen t f al l s o n
th e roo t ; i f wi t h 3 1 1 i th a , t h e a c c e nt m a
y f al l o n an
y y b
s ll a l e , b u t g e n er al l y i t i s o n t h e

t e r m i n at i o n . In th is c as e th e r a d i c al vo wel m ay, i n c e r t ai n ve r b s, b e wit h o u t G u na,

firs tl y farEm m ej a
,
- '

, bu t fafi fa m u yah a .
( Pan . 1 . 2, 2 ;

3 2 8 . A S t h er e i s a t e n d e n cy t o s tr en
g t h en t h e b as e in th e th r ee p er s o n s
s in
g u l ar Par a s m ai pa d a, SO t h er e i s a te n d e n cy t o we ak e n t h e b as e , u n d er

c e r t ai n c ir c u m s t an ce s b e f ,
ore th e o t h er t er m i n at i o n s o f t h e Pe r f e t , Par as m ai c
a nd A t m an epad a . H er e t h e f o ll o wi n g r u l es m u s t be o b s er ve d :

1 . Ro o t s li k e
W p t,
a i . e . roo t s i n whi ch i t a p r e c e d e d an d fo ll o we d by a
is
s in
g l e c o n s o n an t , an d wh i ch i n t h e i r r e d u p l i c at e d s yl l abl e r e p e at t h e

i ni ti al c o n s o n ant wi th o u t ch ange e x cl u d e s r o o t s b e g i nn i ng
any
(t h i s

wi t h as p i r at e s an d wi t h
g u t t u r al s ; roo ts b e
g i n n i n g wi t h i
t v, an d
16 2 ,
TH E I N TERMED I A TE g i .
33 1

Ro o t s e ndi n
g i n S u , as
“
i t,
'
c h a n
g e
“
t h e s e vo we l s a l wa
y s i nt o 3
1 m ) .

Mo s t ro o ts e ndi n
g i n
a , r t c h an g e t h e vo we l t o s
u g ar
( Pa n V I I 4, . . I I
).

1
1g r i, m zj a
g ar d tu h

t af wa fist f f f w
’ ’
a? ni , ni ny- i vd, we t wo h ave l e d s i si é i i d
'

'

. r , sl zr q q r y
-
v , e

t wo h ave g o n e
7
. kr i , wa s : ch a lcr - d th u h, yo u t wo h ave d o n e .
q s i ri ,

m : t as t a r - dth u h y o u ,
t wo h ave S p r e ad .
g u
y , m u
y y uv—
d t h u h, yo u
t wo h a ve Jo i ne d
m s t u, tus h tuv d th u h, yo u t wo h ave p r ai s e d kr i ,
“

fi y:
i
-
. .

W : ch a kar - dth uh yo u t wo h ave s c att e r e d

3 , .

C HA P T E R XI .

THE I N TERME D I A TE i .

3 3 1 . B efo r e we can p r o c ee d t o fo r m t h e p ar adigm s o f t h e Re d up li c at e d

Per fe c t by m eans f j o i ni ng t h e t e r m i nat i o n s wi t h t h e t , i t i s ne c e s s ar y
’

O ro o

to c o n s i d er t h e i n t e r m e di at e i i , w h i c h i n t h e Re d u p li c at e d P e r f e ct an d i n

th e o t h er u nm o di fie d t en s e s b
h as t o b e i n s er t e d et wee n t h e ve r al as e an d b b
th e t er m i nat io ns , o ri
g i n all y g b
e i nn i n g wi t h c o n s o n ant s Th e . r ul e s whi ch
r equi r e, a l l o w, o r hi bi t t h i r ti o n O f t hi s i f o r m o ne f t h e m o st
p r o e n s e
{ o

di ffi cu l t ch ap t er s O f S an skr i t gr amm ar and i t i s t h e Obj e ct o f t h e fo ll o wi ng ,

p ar agr aph s t o s i m p lify t h e s e r u l es as m u ch as p o s si bl e .

Th e gener al t en d e ncy an d s o f ar t h e g e n er al r ul e i s t h at t h e t er mi n at io n s
, , , ,

o f t h e u nm o di fie d o r g en er al t e n s e s o r i gi nall y b e gi n ni ng wi t h c o n s o n ant s , ,

i ns er t t h e vo wel § i b e twe en b as e and t er m in at i o n an d fr o m a n h i s t o r i c al

p o int O f vi ew i t wo u l d n o d o u b t b e m o r e c o rr e ct t o S p eak O f t h e r u l e s whi ch

as h a s b ee n d o ne i n
r e u ir e t h e ad di t i o n o f an i n t e r m e di at e
q { i t h an
( 3 )2 6
t o r e p r e s e nt t h e i as an i nt e g r al p ar t O f t h e t e r m i n at i o n s an d t o i v t h
g g e e ,

r u l e s wh i ch r e qu i r e i t s o m i s s i o n B u t as t h e i nt er m e di at e { i h as p r evail e d
.

i n t h e vas t m aj o r it y o f ver b s i t will b e e a s i e r f o r p r act i c al p ur p o s e s t o

, , ,

s t at e t h e e xc ep t i o n s i e t h e c a s e s i n whi c h t h e i i s n o t e mpl o e d i t d
, .
{ .
y n s e a ,

O f d e fini ng t h e c as e s i n wh i ch i t mus t o r m ay b e i n s e r t e d .

O n e t er m i nat i o n o nl y t h at O f th e 3 r d p er s p l u r P e r f A t m fi i r e k eep s t h e
, . . . .
, ,

i nt er me di at e 3 i u n d er all c ir c u m s t an c e s I n t h e V e d a h o weve r t h i s 3 i t o o .
, , , ,

h as n o t yet b e c o m e fi x e d a nd i s o cc as i o nall y o m i t t e d ; e g
, d u d uh r é . .
-
.

In 3
1 at r ,
i dr i , an d l
i pri a f ur th er S h o r t e ni ng m ay t ak e pl ace ; M f g saf ar dt uh
:

b ei ng sh o r t ene d to 3 3
13 1 : saér dt uh, & c .
 33 2 . TH E I N TER E M D I A TE g i .
163

L et i t b e r e m em b er e d t h e n , t h at t h er e ar e t hr ee p o i nt s to be co nsi der e d
1W h en i s i t
. ne c es sa r y t o o mit t h e g i ?
2 W h en i s it
.
.
Op ti o na l to i ns e r t o r t o o m i t th e Q i

3 W h en i s it
. ne ces s ar y t o i n s er t t h e g i

Fo r th e pur po se s o f r e adi ng S an s kr it , al l t h at a s t u de nt is o bl i ge d t o k no w

i s, W h en i t is ne ces s a r y t o mit th e g i
o . E ve n f o r wr it i ng S anskr i t t h is
kn o wl e dg e wo u l d b e su ffi c i e nt , fo r i n all c as e s e xc ept t h o s e i n whi h t h e c
o mi s s i o n i s c
n e e s s ar y, t h e
{ i m a
y y s afe l
b e i n s e r t e d , al t h o u h ,
g acco r din
g
t o vi e ws O f n at i ve g r amm ar i an s , i t m ay b e e qu al l y r igh t to o mi t i t . A
s t u d ent t h e r e fo r e , an d p ar t i c u l ar l y a b e g in ner ,
is safe if h e o nl
y k n o ws t h e

c as es i n wh i c h { i i s n e c e s s ar il y o m i t te d n o r , will an
yt h i ng b u t e xt ens ive
r e adi n g e nabl e h im t o k n o w t h e ver b s i n whi ch th e i n ser ti o n i s e i t h er

Op ti o n al o r n e c es s ar y . N ative g r a mm ar i an s h ave i n d ee d l ai d d o wn a nu m b er
o f r ul e s , bu t bo th b e fo r e an d aft er P ani ni th e l a ngu ag e o f In dia h as
ch ang e d ,
an d
g e ve n n at i ve r a m m a r i an s ar e o bli g ed to a dm i t t h at on th e

Op ti o n al
i ns er t i o n O f g i au th o r i t i es di ffe r ; t h at i s t o s ay, t h at t h e li t er ar y
l angu ag e o f In d ia di ff e r e d s o m u ch i n diff e r ent p ar t s o f th at eno r m o us
c o untr y ,
an d at diff e r e nt p er i o d s o f i t s l o ng h i s t o r y , t h at no r ul e s , h o wever
mi nu t e , wo ul d s u ffi ce to r eg i s t e r all i t s fr e ak s and fanc i e s .

2
33 . Tak i ng as th e st ar t ing - p o int th e g er al
e n xi m ( Pan
a o 35 ) t h t . V I I . 2, a ever
y
t er m in at i o n b e gi nni ng o r i g i nall y wi th t ( x pt ) k h i w hi ch we
a c o nso n a n e
Ry cet t Q a es e ,

p
r e r e s e nt as a p o rt io n o f t h e t er m inat i o n, we p r o ce e d t t t th
o x pt i i t h
s a e e e ce o ns , . e. e cases

i n wh i ch t h e {i m u st o n n o acco u nt b e i nser t e d, o r , as we sh o ul d s ay, m u st b e cu t O ff fr o m

th e b eg i n ni ng o f t h e t er m i nat i o n .

Th e f o l l o wi ng ver b s, wh i ch h ave b ee n car e f ul l y co ll e ct e d by n at i ve gr amm ar i a ns ( Pan .

V II . 2, ar e no t al l o we d t o t ak e t h e i n t er m e di at e {i in t h e s o -call e d g en er al o r unm o difi e d

t ens e s , b ef o r e t er m in at i o ns o r affi x b es e
g i nn i n g o r i gi n all y wit h a co n s o nan t ( ex ce p t ( y) .

( N o t e —
Th e r ed u pli cat e d p er f e ct an d its p ar t i ci pl e in
“ vas ar e no t aff e ct ed by t h ese r ul e s ;

s ee

1 . A l l m o no syll a i c b r o o t s e n d i ng in 5 11 d ”
.

2. A l l mo no syll a bi c r o o t s e n d i ng in i
Q , e x p t fifl
ce
’
sr i , to att en d ( 21, 3I ) * f wsvi , t o
‘
gr o w
( 23, ( N o t e —
f? ! s mi , t o l au gh , m u st t ak e
{ i i n th e D es i d er at i ve . Pan . V I I.

22

3 . A ll mn o os
yll a icb r o o t s en d in
g in i t, e x pt 3 4 di
ce , t o fly ( 2 2,
7 2 ; 26, 26 . a nu td i tt a ), an d

sfi a , to r e st (24 ,

4 A l l m o no s yl l a i c
. b r o o t s e n din g in 3 u, e x ptce
3 3 m, t o m ix ( 2 4, 2 3 ; no t 3 1,
“

Km ,
to so u n d ( 2 4,
amt, to p r ai se ( 24, 2 6 ; 2 8, 1 0 4
‘
g ks hu, t o s o un d ( 24,

w ks hnu , t o sh ar p en ( 24,
“

Q s u n, t o flo w ( 2 4, tak e s { i i n Par asm ai pada

( Pan . V I I . 2, ( N o t e —
Q s tu , to p r ais e, an d
g s u, to p o ur , t ak e { i i n th e Fi r st

A o r i st Par asm ai pad a . Pan . V I I . 2,

Th ese figu r es r ef er t o th e D h at u path a i nW e s t e r g aar d

’
s Ra di ce s Li ngu a
e S ans cr it ae , 1 84 1 .

Y 2
 164 TH E I N TE RM E D I A TE g i .
33 2

5 . Al l m o n o syll a i c b r o o t s e n di n
g in $ 3 27 e x p t a m} t
ce i o ch o o s e (3 1 ,

Im p o r t ant e x ptice on : i n t h e Fut . an d C o nd . in E s ya, all ver b s in a {i t ak e

Q i ( Pan .

V I I . 2,

sar i , so u n d , may t ak e ( Pan m ay t ak e i i n th e

q to i {
’

3 bhr z, t o car r ,
i . V II . 2,
! y
D e si d er ( Pan V I I T dr i , t o r e g ar d , d hgi , t o h o l d , an d a n} t o g o t ak e
2,
; ‘
i
‘
. . .
,

{i i n th e D e s i d er .
( n
Pa V . 11 . 2,
74 ,

I n th e B e ne d i ct i ve an d Fir st A o r i s t Kt m anepad a ver b s en di ng in i s ? ri a nd b egi n n i n g

wi t h j
a co n un ct co n s o nant m ay t ak e {i ( Pan V 1 1 . . 2,

6 . A l l m o no syll a bi c ro o ts en d i n g in E e, i ai , mi 0.

Th er e f o r e , wi t h f ew e x pt i
ce o n s , as m e nt i o n e d a b o ve, all m o no syll a i c b r o o t s e nd i n
g in
vo wel s, e x pt th
ce e vo wel s 3 a an d fl fi ,
m u st no t t ak e 3’
4
i .

b e ab l e ( 2 6 78 ; 2 7
7 Of . r o o t s e ndi n
g i n
fi W le, sa le, t o , ,

8 Of . r o o t s e ndi n
g in
fl ak
“ p a ck , , t o co o k ( 2 3
“ , e a ch , to S p e ak (24 ,
fl
muc h , t o l o o s e ( 2 8, 1 3 6 ) fil fl s i c h, to s pi r nkl e ( 2 8, fli nch , t o l e ave ( 2 9 ,

“ s i c k, to se p ar at e ( 2 9,
9 . Of r o o t s en d i n g in
Q c hh ,
m p r ac kh , to as k ( 2 8, I t m u st t ak e {5 i n t h e D es i d er .

( Pan V I I . . 2,

Of r o o t s e ndi ng in
flj e ni m a, t o em b (23 W i s ai t o l e ave (23
10. ,
g r ac e . . ,
fl
p
o

s an ,
j to adh er e ( 23 , 1 8 ) fi ) fi j bh aj , t o wo r s h i
t o co l o u r ( 2 3 3 0 ; (
'

23, 2 r afi
9 , ,

26 ,
W y aj t o s acr ifi ce ( 2 3 ,
t o cl ean ( 2 5 vii t o s ep ar a t e
, ,
“ ,

i
'

( 5
2 1,
2 ; n o t 2 8 9 o r 2
9 [
,
K as
fi , m n j ] fi y uj
, t o m e d i t at e ( 2 6 t o j o i r .
, ,

( 9
2 ,
1
13 m } t o l e t o ff ( 2 6 6 9 ;,
2 8 G
a b / w ai f t o b a k e ( 2,8 4 e x c ept , , , ,

t o b r eak ( 2 8 bhm t o b en d
“ “
“

may t o d ip r aj
fl
’

, , , ,

( 2 8 , t o p r o t e ct ( 9
2
fi b h a fij t o b r e ak ( 2
9
, , ,

O f r o o t s en din g i n d 3 h ad t o e va cu at e ( 2 3 ig s kand t o s t e p ( 2 3 1 0 ) “l a d ,
1 1 .
i ? , G ,
g , , ,

t o e at ( 2 4 11
gp ad t o
g o (26 fl ag /ski d t o b e d is t r e s s e d & c ( 2 6 6 1 ; 2 8 1 4 2 ;

m
.
, , , , , , ,

29 , i n d to be ( 2 6 f a gsc i d t o s weat ( 2 6
, ,
R t ud t o s t r i k e ( 2 8 , , , ,

a nd t o p u sh ( 2 8 2 ; 2 8 s ad t o dr o o p ( 2 8 s a d t o p er i s h
fig ,
R E
; , S Q , , , ,

fi gvi d t o fi nd ( 2 8 1 3 8 ? 2 9 1 3 ; no t 2 4
, fi g bhid t o cut ( 2 9
, , , , ,

fa qu i d t o di vi d e ( 2 9 es / m
z s t o p o und ( 2 9
g ,
ga , , ,

Of r o o t s en d i n
g in
fl dh, fl bu dh, t o kn o w ( 2 6 ,
fi y u d k, t o fig h t (26 “ , r ad ii ,

wi th $73 a nu , t o l o ve ( 2 6, t o k ee p o ff (29 ,
W r ddh, t o g r o w ( 26
7 ;
1 ,

“ vyad h , to st r i k e (26 ,
“ km dh, t o b e a ng r y (26 ,
“ ks hu dh , t o b e
h u ng r y (2 6 , e x pt ce Par t .
W ks hud hi t a an d Ger .
W ks kudki tvd ( Pan .

V II . 2,
“ smi le, t o cl ean (26 ,
M s i dk, to s u cce e d (2 6 ,
W s ddk, to
ach i eve ( 2 7,
fl ba ndh , t o b in d ( 3 1 ,

1 3. Of r o o t s endin
g in i n,
G h an, t o k i ll ( 2 4, e x pt th ce e Fu t . an d C o nd . ( Pan . V II . 2,

li k ewi s e i t s su b st i tu t e
fl ba dh; “ ma n, to t h i nk (2 6 ,

1 4. Of ro o ts W
en di ng (
i n Rp , 1 0
fi p sfl t ip , t o “ p t a t op h e at
o ur , , to go (23 , ,

( 3
2 1 6,; 26 “ p s a t o
, s w e ar ( 2 3 3 1 ; 2 6 “ m p,
t o s o w ( 23 at , , , ,

s vap t o sl e ep ( 2 4
, m p a t o r ea c h ( 7
,2 t c p to th r o w ( 2 8
ki , l up , , , m ,

t o c ut ( 2 8 f a l l ip t o an o i nt ( 2 8
,
i l c h hup t o t o u ch ( 2 8
g , ( N o te , , ,

“ trip an d
fl dfl p w hi ch ar e g e ne r all y i n cl u d,
e d m a
y t ak e
Q i a.c co r di n g t o P a n , , .

V II . 2,

15 . Of r o o t s endi n
g in
R bh, D
i r abh, t o d es ir e ( 23 , 5) E ‘
U a bh, t o t ak e ( 2
3 , 6) H y ab h,

co ir e ( 23 ,
1 66 TH E I N TE R M ED IA TE i
g .
3 33
:

( Remar k t h at t h e p ar t i ci pl e in Ht a i s m o st o pp o s e d, as th e r e du pl i cat e d p er f e ct i s m o st
di s p o se d t o th e a dm i s s i o n o f 3 i .
)
M ono syl l ab i c r o o t s en d i n g in 3 a, 3 ii ,
a fl fi , do no t t ak e {i b ef o r e th e p ar t i ci pl e

i n H t a,
‘

no r b ef o r e o t h er t er min ati o n s wh i ch t en d t o we ak en a ver b al b as e .

( n
Pa . V 1 1 . 2,

3 ya , to j o in ,
3 y
712 a -t a
k, W y g m
n- t avdn,
y a t va ( Pan V 11 2 -
'
. . .
,

a m to , cu t , e
"

f fT2 I-
i n h W i -
a ,
Ii i navan 1 m Ii i tad ( E x cep t
35
-
'

1 1912
,
- .
, 3 3 5, I I .

a
! mi to m W e fi t avdn
'
i t h
, c o ver ,
33 2
-
a ,
3 3 1 c ri tva
-

-
,
-
.

mg g dk , to e nt er , m ay f o r m ( Pan . V 11 . 2, 4 4 ) t h e f ut ur e as “Ti3 7"g dk i t d o r 7 113 1 g ddkd - -

h e nc e i t s p ar t i ci pl e we : g ddh ah o nl y .

“ ga p , t o p r o t e ct , m ay f o r m ( Pan . V 11 . 2, 44 ) t h e f ut u r e Tfifil fl T o -i -t d
g p or T fim g ap - t d;
h en ce i t s p ar t i ci pl e
IH 2g up t ah o nl
y .

2. Ro o t s wh i ch b y nat i ve gr amm ar i an s ar e m ar k e d wi th t e ch ni cal m e? o r i i do no t t ak e

3 i i n th e ar t i ci l e i n 71 t a ( Pan p p '

. . V 1 1 . 2 , 1 4,

Ffi i sai d, to s we at ( m ar k e d as fil m F6 3 2s vi nnah .

B
i l aj , t o be ash am e d ( m ar k e d as wh en? o la fl ); 3 73 2 l ag nak .

Li s t f
o P ar ti cip l es i n H t a or 7 1 na whi ch f or sp eci a l r easo ns and i n sp eci a l s ens es

do no t t a ke
3 i .

f‘fl
’
sr i, t o g o ; fifl m f r i t ak, W Tsmtvd
'

.
( Pan V I I . . 2, S ee 332, 2.

f? sc i , t o swell ; 3
5 2sdnah .
( Pan V I I . . 2, S ee 33 2 , 2 .

sh ak e ;
Qfi
‘
ks kubk, t o 8 3 42 ks ha bdkak, if i t m ean s t h e i i ( Pan
”

3 h
c u r n ng
-
st ck . . V 11 . 2 ,

S ee 33 2 ,
1 5.
E R sc an, to s o und ; a i m s vdnt ah if i t m eans t h e m in d , .

85 5i d hvan s o und ; fi l m d kvant ah if i t m ean s d ar k n es s

‘

, to , .

E
K l ag , t o b e n ear ; 8 7 7-
12 l ag nah , if i t m e an s att ach e d .

ml e c h ckh , t o s p eak i n d i st in ct l y ml i s kt ak, if i t m ean s i ndi st i n ct .

firm vi r ebh, to s o und ; faf w : vi r i bd h ak, if it r e f er s to a no t e .

t a n, to p p re ar e W 2p hantak, if i t m e an s wi t h o ut an eff o r t .

ar
e vdh , to la b o ur ; m : va
'

dh ah if i t m eans
, e x ce ss i ve .

fl d kgi s k, t o b e
‘
co nfi d ent ;
3 9 2d hri s h yak, if i t m ean s b old ( Pan V 1 1 2,

m
. . .

vi sa s , to p r ai s e ; m vi s as t a
’

h i f it m eans
, ar r o g ant .

K dr i k t o gr o w ; 6 3 2 dpi dkak, if i t m ean s

“

,
5 st r o ng .
( Pan . V 11 . 2,

W W p a r i vr i h, t o gr o w ;
W 2p ar i e gi dkah, if i t m e an s l o r d .
( Pan . V II . 2,

“ leas h , t o t r y ; 3 5 9 2 kas kyak, i f i t m ean s d i fficul t or im p er vi o u s .

( Pan . V 11 . 2,

ai
17
g h a s h, t o m an i f e s t ;
3 9 2 g has h i a k, if i t d o es no t m ean p r o cl ai med .
( Pan V 1 1 . . 2,

fi ar d, wit h t h e pr epo s Ii . s am,

‘

Ffl ai, fa vi wi nar nnah ,

s ama mnah ,
pl ag u e d . ( an
P .

V 11 . 2,

W
i ar d, wi t h t h e pr epo s .
‘H fi! a bhi ; w ai t: a bhya r nna k i f i t m eans
,
n ear .
( Pan V 1 1 . . 2, 2

c m? ( as cau s at i ve ) 33 2 c mtt ah, i f i t m e ans r ea d .

’

11 ,

W mi d , to be s o f t, t h o u gh h avi ng a t e ch ni cal W ei , m ay, i n cer t ai n s e ns es , fo r m it s

p ar t i ci pl e as
W 2me di t ak or
7
18 75 2mi nnak ( Pan . V 11. 2, Th e s am e a ppl i es to al l ver b s

mar k ed by t ech ni cal ‘Efl a

'
.
 3 35 . TH E I N TERM ED IA TE g i . 167

I nt er medi at e { i i n t h e R edup l i c a t ed P erf ec t .

3 3 4 Th e
. p r e ce d ing r ul es , p rohi b i t i ng in a nu m e r o b f ro o t s th e x i f or all or mo st
g er al
e n t e n s e s , d o no t aff e ct th e r e du pl i cat e d p e r f e ct . Mo s t o f t h e ve r b s j u st e nu m er a te d

wh i ch m u st o m it i i i n al l o th er g e ner al t e ns es , d o m it i t i n t h e pe r fe ct
no t o S o g e ner al , .

i n f a ct , h as t h e u se o f th e {i b eco me i n t h e p e r f e ct , t h at e i h t r o o t s o nl
g y ar e a s o l ute l y b
p rohi b it ed f r o m t aki ng it . Th es e ar e ( Pan . V I I . 2,

I .
f
’

kri , t o d o , ( u nl e ss it i s ch ang e d to q s kri ) ,

I st p er s . d ual W ch a
--
i va ; b ut

m sa mckas kar i va ; 2 nd p er s . s i ng . m n
s a i c kas ka r i t h a .

si i
q
”

1
'
2. , t o g o , 111 s? s asri -va .

3 .
q bkri , t o b ear ,
W ba bhri -va .

4 ami.
(3 1 5 vri ii and
a? ari a to ch o o s e, Par .
W e av fi -
va fi tm .

W ? vavri -va h e,

F i fi vavri -
s h e.

5 . l
g s tu, to p r ai s e,
3g ? ! t us h u-c c
t .
gi n: t us hto -t ha .

6 .

2 dm , t o r u n,
$
2 3 dad r a -va .

m da dr o -t h a .

7 g sr u, t o fl o w,
W sas r a -c u.
m s uer o -t h a .

w
.

8 .
” s‘r u
g , t o h ear ,
“ a sa sr a -va . sa sr a-t ha .

335 . In th e s e co n d p er s o n s i ngul ar of th e r edu pli cat e d p er fect Par . th e {i bf e ore

1 l tha m us t ne ces s ar il y b e l eft o ut ,

I n th e ei gh t r o o t s , e nu m er at e d b ef o r e . Th m ar i h o wever , b
1 .
( e f o r s vavar -t h a , e i ng

r e s tr i ct e d t o t h e V e d a, is co ns i d er e d t h e r ig h t f o r m . S ee N o . 1 42 , in
t h e D h at upath a .
)
2. In r o o t s e n di ng i n vo wel s , wh i ch ar e n e ce s s ar i l
y w i t h o ut
3 i i n t h e fut ur e (HTt é ) ,
Pan .

V 1 1 . 2, 61 . S ee 33 2, wh er e t h es e r o o t s ar e g i ve n .

1“ d
y , t o g o ; F ut 11TH! y al d ; .
"
mm! yag d - t ha .

fa chi , t o g ath er ; F ut . fim cketd ; ffl é fl l ‘

c ki ch e -t h a .

3 . In r o o t s e nd i n
g i n co ns o na nt s an d h avi ng an ‘3 ii f o r t h ei r r a d i c al vo wel , wh i ch ar e

n ec e s s ar il wi t h t i i n t h e f u t ur e (HTt é ), Pan 62 S ee wh er e t h e se
y o u
{ . V 11 . 2, . 2
33 ,
r o o t s ar e i
g ven .

W1 p a ck, to co o k ; Fut . m p a kt d; W a
p p ak- t h a .

B ut
m kri s h a ti , h e dr ag s ; Fu t aré i kar s h td ; . wai f m ckakar s k i
l5 - - t ka .

( B h ar ad vaj a q
r e u i r es th e o missio n o f i i aft e r r o o ts wi th Q ri
.
o nl y, whi ch ar e n e ces sar il y

with o ut {i i n th e p i ph
er r as t i c f ut ur e ( Pan . V 11 . 2, e x ptce ro ot fl r i i t s elf . H ence h e

al l o ws hf“ : p ecki t h a b es id es um p ap akt ka {um ,

i yaj i t h a , b e s i de s
m i y as h tha

al s o ufim y ag/ i t ka fi ra fim c ki c hayi t ka & c )

, , .

4 . A ll o th er ver b s en d i ng i n c o ns o n ant s with an

y o t h er r a d i cal vo wel b ut “H a, re q u ir e
i i,

an d so do all ver b s wit h wh i ch { i i s eit h er o pt i o n al or i nd i s p e n sa bl e i n t h e f utu r e

fi vr i fi , ( 2 7, 8) s t i r var ane , S u .

fi vri ri ,
‘

( 3 4 , 8) m d uar azze. Ch ur .
Ti ”Tm:

(3 1 , 3 8) W sa mbh akt aa , Kr i .

1 Th e f o r m
‘

w c ava r i va, wh i ch W est er g aar d ment i o ns m ay b e d er i ve d ,

fr o m an o t h er

b ans and
fi vri n
'

l O Ot
‘

3 vii . t
he r ul e o f Pani n i ei n g r e st r i ct e d by t h e co mment at o r t o Tt i .
 1 68 TH E I N TERME D I A TE g i .
33 6

E x pt i ce o ns

1 . In
fl ar e] an d
W ant , t h e o mi s s i o n i s o pt i o nal .

W er e}, m s as r as k tka , or
‘

fl
fl
'

fi l q
'
s as r ii i t h a .

2. Th e ver b s i f ? at ti , i lf‘ ’

fi ar ti , m u st t ak e {a 33 8, 7 .

W a d,
d - i -tha, ( e x ce p t i o n t o N o .

wi r
o ,
1'
‘c
i
- -t h a, ( e x ce pt i o n t o No .

T
i si n e
g/ , W c i vy ay -i -t h a, ( e x c ep t i o n to N o .

Ta bl es s h o wi ng th e i n whi c h t h e i n ter medi a t e i m u s t be o mi t t ed be tween t h e Unmo d ified

cas es
{
Ro o t a nd t h e Ter mi na ti o ns o f t h e s o -c a l l ed Gener a l Tens es , or ig i na l ly beg i nni ng wi t h a

C o ns o nant, ex cep t
Qy .

33 6 . b
I n t h es e t a l es h t a st an d s f o r t h e Pas t Par ti ci l e ; ( T-
{s ari p ”
s t and s fo r th e D e s i d er a

t i ve ; El si/ a f o r t h e Futu r e an d C o n d it i o nal ; mtd p

f o r t h e Per i h r as t i c F ut u r e ; fil fl si ck
'

f o r th e Fir st A o r i s t ; fa nl i ft f o r t h e B ene di ct ive .

'

I . Fo r al l Gener a l Tens es , ex cep t t he Redup l i ca t ed P erf ec t ,

O mi t 3 i,
1 . B ef o r e
“

E t a, N i s an, El s ie
/ a, H1 td,
” s i c k,

In t h e ver b s enu m er at e d
33 2 .

2. B ef o r e 17
“

t a, “ s ari , N eg a
/ , HT t d
In fl klip , if Par a s m ai pada .
3 33 A , .

3 . B ef o r e 71 t a,
”

fi s an, F l sy a
In a
n fl c nd k, d esg/ana “ seek if Par as maipada B
’

g t e , , , .
333 , .

4 . B ef o r e
“

H t a,
”
-
G [ s un
T

In m o n o syll a i c b b s en ding in 3 35 i , W w7 5 an d
K C
“

k
ver , Hg
, g r a k , ,
{ g n .
3 33 , .

5 . B ef o r e tl
‘ ‘

ta

a. A ll ver b whi s ch by nat i ve g r a mm ar i ans ar e m ar k ed with “ d , i f, or 3 5 it

v b f? !
‘
b Th e
. er s r i an d o t h er s enu m er at e d in a g e n er al l i st , 3 33 D , .

II . F o r t he Redup l i cat ed P erf ec t ,

O mi t Q i,
1 . Bf e o r e al l t er m i nat i o ns , e x pt f t i
ce re

I n ei g h t ver b s, m ent i o n e d 334 .

B p
'

2 . ef o r e V Tt h a, 2 n d er s . s in g

A ll ver b s o f 33 2 e n d i ng in vo wel s

Al l ver b s o f 3 3 2 en di ng in c o n s o nant s wi th 3 a as r ad i cal vo wel p i ph

er r as t i c f ut ur e .

O p ti o n al i ns er ti o n f Q
o i .

3 3 7 Fo r . p r act i cal p pur o s es , as was s t at e d b ef o r e , it i s s u ffici e nt t o kno w wh en i t

wo u l d b e wr o n g t o u se t h e i nt er m e d i at e
{i f o r in all o th er c as e s , wh at ever t h e V i ews o f
d iffer e nt g r am m ar i an s , o r t h e u s ag e o f d iff er en t wr it er s , i t i s s af e t o i ns er t th e i Q .

A s nat i ve g r am m ar i an s , h o wever , h ave een at m u ch ai n s t o co ll ect t h e cas e s i n wh i ch {i b p

mu st o r m ay b e i n s er t e d, a sh o r t a st r act o f t h eir r u l es m ay h er e f o ll o w, wh i ch t h e e ar l y b
s t u d ent m ay s af el y p ass by .

Th e t ech ni cal 3 11 sh o ws t h at i n t h e o th er g ener al t e ns es t h e {i i s O pt i o nal .

33 7 I , . 2.
170 TH E I N TE RM ED I A TE r i .
33 8

5 . B ef o r e t h e g er u n di al t er m i nat i o n H Tt e d
In ver b s h avi n g a t ech ni cal 3 a ( Pan V II 2,

m
. . .

5 11 mm ( w samu) , sami tvd or El l i ? !s dntvd

‘
.

6 . B ef o r e t h e g er u n d i al t er m i n at i o n Fin ta il an d th e p ar t i c i pl e i n d ta
‘

In t h e ver bW icks .
( Pan V I I 2 . .
,

f af srm kl isi tvd or ta g kl is htvd f § f 51 fl2 kl i si t ak o r fair : ,

‘

kl i s kt ah .

I n th e ver b 1 pm ( Pan . V 11 . 2, 5 1 .

f wfamp avi tak

a' '
tI l fi Tp avi t vd I t m u st t ak e i i
'

i tte d
s or
1 3 1 p or
1 p
11 2 a t ah .
Q n

th e des i d er at i ve ( Pan V 1 1 . . 2,

7 . B efo r e th e p ar t i ci pi al t er m i nat i o n s if t a
"

H na ; ( s e e or al s o 3 33, D 2 , n o te )
m
.

I n t h e ver b s QH\d am ,
t o t am e , si n: d ant ak o r
‘

d ami t ak .
( Pan v1 1 . . 2,

“ sam,t o q u i et , W2 ’
s dnt a k or m sa mi t ah .

R p m to ”
, fill , {3 2p zl r nah o r
’

W 2p d r i t ak .

m p arts
-
ad e, t o er i s h , a s : d as t ah or d : d ds i t ah .

“ sp as, t o t o u ch , a n : sp as ktah or m ‘
s ds i t a z.
p l
E Q c h h ad , t o c o ver , 3 3 2 c kkannah o r m c h kd di t a h .

fl j nap t o , i nf o r m , 5 112j fiap t ak o r “ 2j fiap i t ak .

em:
“ r us h to , h ur t , Isa: m a e r us hi t ah
d or s t .

g
B ri
t a i n, to g o , da t ah o r E f f-
W 2 a mi t ah .

H Q t e ar , t o h ast en, 3 82 t ar nah o r R F ?“t var i tah

03
C

m
.

ea n-Mus k, t o sh o u t , s ang h us k a t h o r t ig fim sa ng hus hi tah .

( S ee 33 3 ,
D .

s van, t o s o u n d, ma i n: dsvdnt ak or m ds vani t ah .

( S ee 333 ,
D .

a n
hgi s h; t o j
r e o i ce , gr : hri s h tak or g m
fi hr i s hi t ah, if a pp li ed t o h o r r i il ati o n p .

( Pan V I I 2 . .

m
,

su rf s a a c hi
-

p
-
, t o ho n o ur , W 2ap a chi t ah or ap a ckdyi t a h
8 . B ef o r e th e p ar t i ci pl e o f th e r e du pl i c at e d p er f e ct in
N
In t h e ver b s 7 “( y am t o g o , W j ag mi vd n o r
W j ag anvdn
M W
’

a ’
kan, t o k ill , ag knivan o r ag hanvd n.

fi l Q vi d t o k n o w, fafaf es rq e i e i di e an Faf ag me i vi d e dn
' '

, or .

W a t s,
'

to e nt er ,
W a i vi fi vdn o r
w vi vis vdn
’

W W
"
dadm
“
‘
dri s , t o d a dr i si vdn s vd n
g a s ee , or .

N eces s a r
y i ns er t i o n o f Q i .

338 .

Q i m u st b e i n s er t e d i n all ver b s i n wh i ch , as s t at e d b efo r e , it i s ne it h er p r o hi b it ed,

n o r o nl
y O pt i o nall
y al l o we d
( Pen V . II 2, . B e s i d es t h e s e, t h e f o ll o wi n g s p eci al cas es m ay
b e m e nt io ned :

1. B ef o r e
“ va s , p ar t i ci pl e o f r e du pl i cat e d p er f ect

I n th e ver b s e n d i ng i n WTd ( Pan . V II . 2, 1IT

p a,
‘

W p ap i vdn .

In t h e ver b s r e d u ce d to a si n gl e s yl l a bl e i n th e r e du pli cat e d p er f e ct ( Pan . V II . 2,

w as, t o eat ,
s ie da .

I n th e ver b W yk as , to e at , W j aks hi vdn .

O th er ver b j t its r e ec .

3“ Pan 1 Pan 2, 68
‘

V 11 2, V II
. .
30 . . . .
 3 4 1 , TH E I NTERME D I A TE g i . 171

2 . B ef o r e El si/ a o f t h e f ut u r e and co nd i t i o n al

In al l ve r b s e n din g in an d i n {Kh an ( Pan . V II . 2, In

“ y a m, if us e d in
t h e Par as mai pad a ( Pan . V II . 2,

3 . B ef o r e t h e t e r m inati o ns o f t h e fir s t ao r i s t ( fi l ‘
Q s i c k)

I n th e ver b s
fi s t u,
g sa , t
V

gd h zz i n t h e Par as m ai a d a ( Pai r
p V II 2, Th us fr o m
m
. .
p

lg s t u, to p r ai s e , Fi r s t A o r i s t Fi
( st Fo r m ),
r as t dvi s h a m ; b u t in t h e
At manepada , m a s t o s ki .

4 . B ef o r e t h e t er m i nat i o n s o f th e d e s i d er at i ve ( 117-( sen )

In t he ver b Tkfl Ti g
s
“

, r t,
g dr i , l i d kr i , an d
“ p r ac kh ( Pan V I I . . 2, an d in
m if u sed i n t h e Par a s mai pad a ( Pan
Tl
fl g a , . V II . 2,

In t h e ver b s fa? s mi Kpd fl , , ri , W a n , an d 33

j 9
1 a s. ( Pan V I I . . 2,

5 . B ef o r e t h e g er u n d i al H Tt e e? an d th e p ar t i ci pi al t er m i nat i o n d t a
“

.
( Pan . V II . 2, 5 2

I n t h e ver b “v s as, t o d wel l ;

l
Q
‘
h c kud /z, t o h u nger ;
“ mi c k, t o wo r s hi p; “ l a b/i ,
to co nf o u n d ( D h at upath a 2 8,

6 . B e fo r e H T tva o nl y
'

W
’
In
i i
jr , t o g r o w o l d ; e r asc h, to cu t .
( Pfin V I I . . 2,

7 B ef o r e “ t h e , z u d er s s i n g p r e du pli cat e d p er f e ct :

m
. . .

In
“ a d, to e at ; wri ,
t o go ; a ay e , to co ver . dd it ka , agains t 335 , 3
W ’
ar i t h a, 33 5 3 , , no te ; W ai vy ayi t ka .

§ 33 9 . Th e vo wel Q i th u s i n s er t e d is ne ve r l ia l e b to G u na or

I ns er ti o n o f th e l o ng i i .

34 0 . Lo ng i i may b e su b s t itu t e d f o r th e sh o r t wh en su bj o in e d to a

Ver b e n d i ng in at r t, al s o t o 5
1 vr i , e xc ept i n th e r edu pli c ate d p er fe ct ,
th e

ao r i s t Par as m ai pad a , an d th e b e ne di ct i ve (Pan . . V II . 2, 3 8

E tr i ; Pe r . F u t Tram t a r i ta o r
. m t ar i ta, & c ; b u t . Pe r f . zu d p er s . s in g .

t er i tka ; I 3 . Aor . Par . rd p er s p l ur wmft g:

. . a tdr i s ku k; B ene d .

r d p e r s s i n g il ft fl te t ar i s ki s kta
’ ‘

g . .

vri ; P er F u t af t m va r i td o r af t ?" va r i ta; b u t Per f Raf t ? ! vavar i tka ;

'
-

1 . . .

A o r Par c ft lfi?
'

a vdr i s kn k; B en e d . él var i s ki s kta

‘ ‘

. .
g .

34 1 . I n t h e d es i der at i ve an d i n th e ao r i s t At m . an d b e ne di ct i ve At m . t h ese ver b s m ay

or m ay no t h ave Q i ( an V
P . I I . 2, 41 wh i ch , if u se d, is l ia l e t o b e b ch ang e d to Q i , no t ,

h o we ver , as f ar as I c an j ud
g e, in th e b e ne d i ct i ve At manepada .

"
—
ri : far tcafe fi re fi atfifir ‘
t i t tr s h a t i ; A At m
U D t i t a r ts h a t i ;
“

es . ti t ar i s ha ti ; or . .

m it e a t ar i s kta W rrtcw
‘
’
, W I? a t ar i s k a , and t a ti r s k a ; t B en e d . rs t a r i s kts kta,
i fit fie ti r s ki s kta
‘
.

3 mi ; D es . tantr a? vi var i s h a t e ; W EI} vi var i s h a t e ;

W vuvi i r s ka t e ;

m a var i s h a, t W 1? avar i s h a , an d t “a? avri t a ; B ened . m va r i s hi s kta,

W e vri s hts kta .

Th e ver b HQ g r a k, t o o , t ak e s t h e l o ng i t, e x ptce in th e r e du pli cat e d p er f ect , th e

d esi d er at i ve , an d ce r t ai n t en s e s o f th e p as si ve . ( P51 3 . V 1 1 . 2,

areg r a k; Per F ut ne . . wg r a hi t d I nf tre .

fi g r a hi tum ; b ut j aggi hi
-
ma .

Th e f o r m s g i ven in t h e C al cu tt a e di t i o n o f Pani ni V II . 2, 42, m 7 ca r i s kis ht a,

H fi ‘ fi? s t ar ts hi s h a , ar e t wr o n g .
( S ee Pan . V II . 2,

Z 2
172 PA RA D I GM S or RE D UPL I C A TED PERFE T C .
34 2

34 2 . V er b s wh ich ,
cc o r di ng t o 5)3 2 5 c ann o t fo r m a r e du pli c at e d p er fe ct
a , ,

f o r m t h e i r p e r f e c t b y affixi ng i s ? an (an a c c u s at i ve t e r m i n at i o n o f a fe mi n i n e“

ab s t r a c t n o u n i n i n d t o t h e ve r b al b a s e an d a ddi n u p li c at e d
) t t hi t h d
“

s e r e
g o ,

p er fe ct o f 33 1 m} t o do i bi mt o b e o r w a s t o b e , , , ,
.

é und t o we t m W EI W d d m k a kdr a ba bh z i
g , , u n c v,
a as a , , , , .

W eh a kds t o s h i n e m , m m a m ch a kd
,
s a m ch a k d r a b a bh d v a as a , , , , .

'

an
’
m bo d /zaya , t o m ak e k n o wn , W , 5 3-
,E ,
ar m ,
bo d h aydmch a ka m ,
ba bh uva , ds a .

A ft er ver bs whi ch ar e u sed in th e fi t m anepada , th e au xili ar y ver b 5 kr i

is co nj u g at e d as A t m an epada bu t m as and 31 61312 i n t h e Par as maipada ,
.

H e n c e fr o m IN ? e dka t e h e g r o ws , ,

W e d h dm ch a kr e ; bu t w -
ba bh dva a nd m ds a . .

I n t h e p as s i ve al l t h r e e au xili ar y ver b s f o ll o w t h e A t m an epa da .

3 4 3 I nt n . i v b w he i h
s n t k
e G n t k
asesi t b f N I dm d icd t i v b
ca a e u a, a e e ore
“

; es er a e as es

n v
e er a dmi t f G n o u a.

“ q b g m M a m b bh vdfi k kd
'

6 f f
’
6 1 2 nt t
0 i v11 blre ue a e ase o o a tc a r a.

m
, ,

ga3 bubo dhi s h, d esi d er ati ve bas e of

fi bud h , W m &c . bu bo d hi s hdm .

c h a kci r a &c
‘
.

P ar a d ig ms of the Redup l i ca ted P erf ect .

I . V bl b er a as es i n WT d, re q ui r i n g i nte r m e di at e
3 i .

“Tdhd
’

, to pl ace .

PA RA S M A I PA D A . A TM A N E P A D A .

S I N G U AR L . DU A L . P L U RA L . SI N G U AR DU A
L . L. P L U R A L.

am am v3 we we
da dki vd d a dki md d a dh é d ad hi vci ke da d hi mdhe

Em m i ? z fi
fin
“ "

a e
r .
a
'
d ad hdt hulz d ad ké d ad h is h e d ad hdt h e d a dhi d l wé
'

m : as : as w ?
’
ae r

d a dkci t ulz
’
d ad hzi la da d hd t e d a dhi r e
’
d a dhe

2 .
V blb
er a as e s in {i an d
i p t, r e ce d e d by o ne c o n s o nant ,
and r e q u ir i ng i nt er medi ate Q i .

“I a i , t o l ead .

fawn ma
y . or areaq
-
fafias fai t Fafi nri f
h a s?
W ni ndy a / i nd
ni ng ni nyimd ni ny e
’
ni ny i va h e
’
ni nyi mdke

faam II I nan em na f am e f afiua o r

-
or fan g: far- e 1 05 )
W i
n nayi t h a *
ni nydt hu z l ni ng
/ d ni nyi s h e
’
ni ng
/ t he { ni nyi d kvé o r -
dh vé
faf z ft
'

3 . fawn! ni ndy a f awg: fag : fafi f auna

ni nya t u
’

fi ni nyu
’

fi ni ng e
’
ni ng
/ l t e i ni nyi r é

335 ,
2 , an d 335, 3
1 74 PA RA D I GM S or RE D UPL I CA TE D PE RFE T C .
343

b p q
,

8 . V er bal as es I n W ,
r t r ece d e d by t wo co n s o nant s , and r e u ir i ng i nter m ediat e Q i .

! E s tri , to s p r ea d .

W t t as ttfr a , or mafi a m fm WEI} m m ?

m t as t a mvd t as t ar i md t as tar é t as t a r i mi he t as t a r zmdh e
’ '

t e s t ar a

2 . ne w
? t as tdr t h a Han g: mat mafi a men d mafi a} o r 0
?
t as t a r dft h e
’ ’ ’

t as t a r zdl
'

l t a s t a r zs h e wé
'

athu z
dhve
'
t as t ar t as t a r a or -

3 . m t a s t tfr a
"
d a t a! m m m nfi
’
N FC}
t as t ar zi lz
’
t as t a r a tufi t as t ar d t e
’
'
t a s t ar é t as t ar i r e

9.V er blb a as es in
“

t
af , re qu i r i ng i nt er m ed i at e 3 i .

kfl , t o s c at t er
E
B .

m o h ak dm or W ft
’

q
’
w att s fl a k m a
y? “ Fm?
W i vd c h a ka r i md c h aka r i vdh e c ka ka r i
'
c h a kar c h akur e mahe
’

c h akdm

W eh a kar i t h a m “ I w it h m i W m
ch a kar cit huk c h a kar d c h aka r i s ké c kaka r t ft he c h a kamdhvé o r -dl we
’

m ai r m ?
’
3 W e h ak dm : an : “ fa
'
dt ulz aka /cam ; ] c h akar é
’

c h a kar c h a kar dt e
’
c kakamr e
’

Io . V er blb
a as es in co n s o nant s , r e q u ir i ng i nt er m e di at e 3 i .

W tutdda W ? W as? We ? W
t ut ud i vd t utu di md
’
t u tudé t ut ud i vah e t utu di md he

W t u t o dah a
m : 333 W wa s 5
33 3
1 3
t u tt
’
t u t u da t hula t u tu dd t u t u d i s hé ke t ut ud id l we
’

m :
“

as as? W saf s
e
d
’
t utuddtufi t ut udull t u t ude t u t ud t e t ut u di r e
'
.

I I . V er blb a as es in c o ns o n nt s , a h avin g 2 e, an d r e q i
u r i ng i nt er m e di at e 3 i .

s tr et ch .
H t an, t o

m a t a tdna
’

or i f“ fir M m
m ’
t em vti t enzmd t ené t em vcflze
' ’ ’

t em ma he
'
’
t at a na

if fim t eni tka fins : $

’
e f
?
t ena t h uh t en t eni s ké t em t h e t eni d hve

3 . m t a t c na f w : B3 39: B7"? fifi fi
t endtnlz t endt e
‘

t ené t enzr e

12 . V er blb a ases in co n s o n ant s , h avi n g S am pr as ar an a, an d r e u i r i ng q 3 i .

/ aj , t o s acr i fi ce .
tJ
i g

se e:
i m
s i s i ms
s i ms
s
i j zvd {j i mcf tfi e tj i vcfh e tfj i md h e
' '

m i g
n in i f } i a fit 5 3 63
’
i yas hth a or : s

{ 1
1m '

z a
y j ha
i t ,
ii
’
a t h uio rj a
f ’

ij zs he
’

Mm e wa s
3 1 17? i yéf
j a
W 3 i; i
3 l
W
tj dt e
 344 . PA RA D I GMS or RE D UP LI C A I E D '‘
PE RFE T C . 1 75

I 3 . V b lb er a as e s in co ns o nant s , r e q u ir i n
g co ntr act i o n, an d i nt er me d iate
1 i .

a ba n, t o k i ll .

wit wfifl i ’

W j ag hm vci j ag hné
’

j ag hni md
'

j ag ha na j ag hni vdlt e j ag hnimd he

m j ag hdnma o r was : an fifi fi w e
W j ag h ani t h a
'

j ag hna t hulz j ag hnd j ag hni s h é j ag lmdt h e j ag hni d hve

’

W j ag hdna a n: a m a t: m wfm
dtulz it l j ag hmft e
’

j ag kn h
j ag hnz j j ag hni r
'
a
g né e

I 4 V er
. b lb
a as e ¥ Lbhii ( ir r egul ar ) .

m ba b m a fl ats s
-
wafers
’ '
ba bhdvi va ba bkd vi md babkdve ba bhflvi vdh e ba bhflvi md he

fi h bab m i ma a m : we W m "
?
ba blni vdt kulz ba bhdvd babhavi s hé ba bhev m e bab hdvid hvé o r -
'

dh ve
my ! babhatva m n 13 mi s fit a s}
t
“
a : a : 1 t
'

ba bkflvdt ula babhztmi lc ba bhdve babhevdte babhflvi r e

’ ’

C HA PTE R X II .

S TRE N GTH EN I NG AND WE A KE N I N G V ERBA L BA S ES

OF TH E

IN TH E S I X RE MA I N I N G GE N E RA L TE N S E S .

3 44 . I t m ay b e u s efu l , wi t h o u t e nt er i n g i nt o mi n u te d e t a ils , t o
t in g ui sh b e t we e n t wo f g e ner al t e ns e s , m o o d s , an d ver al d er i vati ve s ,
s et s o b
wh i ch di ffer fr o m e ach o t h er b y a t e n d e nc y e i t h e r t o St r e ngt h en o r t o we ak e n
t h e ir b as e . Th e s t r en
gt h e n i n g t ak e s p l ac e chi efly by G u na ,
but , u nd er

s p e ci al c r i cu m s t an c e s ,
li k e w i s e b y V r i dd hi ,
b y l e n g t h e ni n g o f t h e vo we l ,

or by nas ali z at i o n . Th e weak e nin g t ake s p l ac e by s h o r t e ni ng , by ch ang in g

a r t t o
{g ,i r o r ,
be fo r e c o n s o nant s , t o i tr , by S am pr as fir ana, o r by
t
dr o p pi ng o f a n as al . Th er e ar e m an y ro o t s , h o we ver , wh i c h e i th e r c ann o t
be s t r en
gt h ene d or c ann o t b e we ak e ne d, an d whi ch t h er e f o r e ar e b
l ia l e
to c h an
g e in o ne o nl
y o f th e s e s et s . S o me r esist b o th s t r e n g t h e ni n g an d

we ak e ni ng , as , fo r i n s t an c e, all d er i vati ve b as e s , c au s ati ve s ,

d e s id e r a ti ve s ,
an d i n t e ns i ve s (i n th e whi ch g e ner al l y h ave e e n s tr e ng t h e n e d , as b
far as t h e ir b as e s wi l l al l o w, p r evi o u s l y t o t h e ir t akin g t h e c o n u g ati o n al j
t er m i nat i o n s .
 176 S TRE N GTH E N I N G A N D WE A KE N I N G o r VERBA L BA S ES 3 44

Th e b as e is, if p o s s i bl e ,
Th e b as e is no t s t r e ngt h e n e d , an d , if
s tr e n
gt h e n e d i n p o s sibl e ,
wea ke n e d i n :
I . Th e F u t u r e . 1 . Th e P ar t i c i p l e i n a ta ( u nl es s i t t ake s
2 . Th e C o n di t i o n al . int e r m e d iat e i) .

P er i p h r a s t i c G er u n d m
{

3 Th.e F u t ur e . 2 . Th e in te d ( unl e s s i t t ak e s

4 Th.e B nedi e ct ive A t m an epada . i nt er me di at e 3 )

i .

( Ex p t b ce as e s e n di n g in c o n so n .

Th P Ive
01 E
°

5 Ti , an d no t t aki ng i nt er m .
3 ° e a s s .

g i . Pan . 1 . 2, n 12 . vu . 2,
4 T h
. e e n e d iBc t i ve Par as m aipad a .

Th F i r st A o r i st , I I I Th F i A i IV
5 .e . .
5 ,e r s t o r s t
x pt
.
,

( E ce Fi r s t A o r I I At m o f
6 Th e S e c o n d A O H S t
. . .

ver b s e nd ing i n co ns o n .
,
3
G 11 7, o r
° .

a m (i .
350 ( E x cep t ver b s in a ri , &c .

I Ro o t
. . B as e Fu t ur e . C o nd i ti o nal . Pe r Fu t
. . B en . At m . Fi r s t A o r I I I . . .

str eng t h ene d .

t fi W At m .

'
bh o bh avi s hydti bh avi ts
’
bh a vi s hts h ta dbkavi s hta

dt o tsyat t o t t dr ( tsi s hta )

’
t u dt autsft

'

dw i t e devi s hts htd ddevtt

c h o r ayzs hydt i dch o r ayi s hy a t d

’

c h o r ay i t c h o r ayi s kts k td

kar i skydn
i
ka r t d kar is hts hgd

s o s hydti ds o s hya t s o s h ts h td

H
t an t ani s hydt i dtani s hyat t ani t d
'

t a ni s ki s ktci
W
dt antt or
m
m
dt dni t
i
s Em
’

kr es hydti
’
kr e dkr es hy at kr et d dkr ai s hi t
’
kr es hts hta

fir st E1 m Est (tr ai t )
dveks hydti
’
dvi s h ddveks kyat ( d vi ks h ts h t )
a

g i s
h o s ky dti h o s hi s h td d h au s h i t
' ’
hu ho a h o s hy a t

F ‘
i fix
( r ut si s hta )
’ ’
r ud h dk dr o t sya t dr autstt
'

ro r o t sy a t z

7 C au s .

'
kdr ayi s kya ti kdr ayi s hts h td
’
kdr ay kdr ayi t d
’

eri
J a lcdr ayi s hy a t

D es .
m f fl fi ffi l fil
'
‘ ‘
W ET

kr i chi ktr s h c hi ktr s ki s hydti

'
dc ki ktr s hi s hyat c hiktr s hi t d chi ktr s hi s hi s h td dchi kt r s htt

a
; I nt am am
-
«s a w s a m en e s s v i s i t s?
dchekr tyi s hyat a ch ekr i yi m ch ekr tyi s hts kté dchekr i yi s hta
’ ’
kri c h ekr ty c kelcr tyi s hya t e
 S TRE N GTHEN I N G A N D WE A KE N I G N or VERBA L B A S ES ,
&C .
i 3 45
mm (gal! )
g ko ks hydt i dg h o ks hy at 9 0 t (g h uks his h ta )
’

i f? “ M
g dhi s hydti dg i i hi s hya t g a ut m g i th i s hi s k a ti ayaki t
‘

‘
fi
td ds r dks hi t
'

f
’
sr a j sr aks hyc ti a s r a ks hya t s r as h

fa 111 3

mafs ya ti mds i s ktai

’
mi dmci sy at
’
7nd

as five
nas ‘
na nks kydt i dnanks hy at d
na fizs h t

Gin W 5
é fa m
l
affi r m wai te r
ns i s h ta
’
n s r ai ns i s hydt e ds r a i izsi s hya t a d s r a fizs i s h s h a i cis r ai
'

s r anzs sr a i s s r a fizs i t t

w m
'

as I

bandd h d
’
d bh ant sy at a bhdntst t
’
band h band k bh a ntsyctti

II Ro o t
. . B as e Par t i t t a, Gen fi Tt vci ,
'
B en . Par . S ec A o r
. . Fi r s t A o r , l V .

W i t h o ut
{a W i th o ut
i t an d I I A t m

w
.

w
, .

fl in t ? a ai t
I

mgi s htdli
’
mgi s h tvd
'
mf ii yli t e

as as us e 23 1 8
as ?
uh g uh gfldhvd g u hydt e
’
Q
‘
ag huks h a t

H3 i
n a
s
as w e

fit fa fan:

“l “I
n
’
‘ ’
nas nas nas h ta nas ydt e
‘

HQ HQ W 31 0

sr afii s sr as s r as tci il s r as yci t e ds r as at

fl W? W
bandh badh bad hy dt e

1 Pan vI 4 , 89 2 3 4
. . . Pan . V I. I , 58 . Pan . V I . I , 50 . Pan . V II . I ,
60 .

5
Pan V I 4 , 2 4
. . .
6
B ut wi t h i i, mfftm md j i tvd r ,
no t fi a t marj i tvd .

7 A t h e l o ng l
a 9
W
’

to 3 512, 1 2 8. 8 O l g zfl zi tvd , '

I Or n a nzs h tnd
g
'
s s ee r T
L fi 33 7 , . 2 . .

1°
p
Ro o t s whi ch m ay th u s dr o t h eir nas al , ar e wr i t t en i n t h e D h at upath a wi t h t h eir n a sal ,
HQ or
W rr a n
a ts wh il e o t h er s wh i ch r et ain t h eir n as al t h r o u g h o ut , ar e wr i tt en wi t h o ut t h e
.

n as al , b u t wi t h an i nd i cat o r y
Q i Rf? na d, &c .
( P an . V I. 4, 24 ; V I I . I , Two ve r b s th u s
m ar k e d by i , E fi l l ag an d i f? lea , m a h o wever , dr o
3 p y,
'

t h e i r n a s al , t h e g en er al r u l e n o t p
wi t h s t an d in g , i f u s e d i n cer t ai n m ean i n s ,
g i
r
“? vi l ag i t a m, ur nt ; W vi kapi t a m, M b W
d ef o r m e d 2 4 , vart d r o s i t s nas al ef o r e t er mi nat i o ns
. p b
b eg i n ni ng wi t h a vo wel , b ut no t b ef o r e t h e i nt er m e d iat e Q i ; fi fl ffl var h aya ti , b ut
i f? “
vyi ni
’

hi td . fi t an ,
-
} t o t i ng e, m ay d r o p it s n as al , e ve n i n th e c au s at i ve ( i . e . b ef o r e a vo wel ),
i f i t m e ans t o S p o rt ; ( a nts ra a j y a t i ( Pan . v 1 4 , 2 4 , var t
. .
3 ,
Th e sam e r o o t , l ik e so m e o t h er s ,
dr o p s its n as al b ef o r e s dr va d hd tuka affi
j x es ( a re r a at i , &c .
( Pea . v1 4 , . s e a s o n if ,
it
m ean s t o wo r sh i p , m u s t r et ain i t s nas al ( Pan V I 4 3 0 ) an d t ak e t h e i nt er m e d i at e 3 i ( Pan V I I
. .
,
. .

53) El ffl fi t wo r s h i pp e d ; o th er wi s e W akt alz o r fi fl fi : anc hi t ali b ent

’
2, .
,

11
O H ffl fi l
‘
r sr ai i zsi tvd .
 34 7 . A C RI ST . 179

N o te — Th e b b
ver s e g i nn i ng wi t h
m but ( D h atu path a 2 8, 73
—
I 08 ) do no t st r en gt h en

t h eir b as e ,
,
e x pt b f
ce e ore t er mi nat i o n s wh i ch ar e m ar k e d by
{ it or B
U fl ; hu t, t o be

b W ’
ku ti s kya t i , Per Fu t W ku ti td, Fi r s t A o r W Q dku fit ( Pan I )
'

e nt , Fut . . . . . . 2, I .

W f af mn mj i td ( Pi n
’ ’
m}, t o f e ar , ne ve r t ak e s G u na b ef o r e i nt er m e diat e 3 i ; Pe r Fut . . . 1 .

2, fl r nu, t o c o ver , m ay d o so o pt i o nall y ; zi r nuvi t d o r wfifim flr navi t d

Pfi
( n . I . 2,

C HA P TE R X III .

A O RI S T .

34 6 . We c an d i s t ingu i s h i n S an s kr i t , as in G r eek b et wee n , t wo ki n d s o f

A o r i sts, o ne fo r m e d b y m e an s o f a si bil ant i n s e r te d b e t we e n r o o t an d t e r mi

n at i o n , — t h i s we c all t h e F i r s t , —
a no t h e r , f o r m e d by a d di n
g t h e t e r m i na ti o ns

to th e b as e , t h i s we ca l l th e S e co nd A o r i s t .

B o th A o r i s t s t ak e t h e A u gm e nt , wh i ch al way s h a s t h e Udfit t a ,
and , wi th
so me m o d i fic at i o n s , t h e t e r mi nat i o n s o f t h e I m p er fe c t .

347 . Th e F i r s t A o r i s t i s f o r m e d i n fo u r d i ffer e nt ways .

Ter mi na ti o ns f
o th e F i r s t A o r is t .

Fi r st F o r m .

PA R A S M A I PA D A . AT M A N E PA D A .

fi m fi w
‘

g i s h am
{E r i skva
W i s hma
st e a {a e a h e a ki
r fz i s hma hi

i E W i
’

: i f ? { i s hga m
se esa w W i s h tkdfi i s hat kam 3 or
gq
86id h e am o r i dbvam

in n {s i e n n a
gg zi s hu z
e
{E i gh t s
se mi i s lzd td m
' ‘

W i s hat a

I n t hi s fir s t s et o f t er m in at i o n s t h e i nt er m e di at e g i s t ands as p ar t of the
t e r m i n at i o n s , b b
e c au s e all t h e ve r s t h at t ak e t h i s f o r m ar e ver bs li abl e t o
t ak e t h e i n t e r m e di at e
i i . Th e fir s t an d s e o ndc fo r m s o f t h e Fir s t A o r i s t
di ff er , i n f a c t , b y t hi s o nl y , t h at t h e f o r m e r i s pe cu li ar t o ver s wh i ch t ak e , b
b
t h e l at t e r t o ver s wh i ch r e e c t i nt er m e di at e
g i ( S e ej 33 , 4
2 , n o te ) . .

S e c o nd F o r m .

PA RA S M A I PA D A . AT M A N E PA D A .

ii s am er se a 8 ? s ma fi fé s vahi F i fi s maki

fi
.

s t am E st a SE d kvam
an: an mm s ‘

a thr im
d t am m
“

f171
"
or or IT t a or
g ,

i a m s dt dm W s at a
m mmi su t
0,
 1 80 A O RI S T .

3 Th i r d F o r m .

Th er e ar e so me ver b s wh i ch ad d
q s to th e end o f th e roo t b e fo r e

t aki ng t h e t er m i n at i o n s o f t h e A o r i st , a nd wh i c h a ft er th i s
a s, em pl o y th e

u su al t er m i n at i o n s wi t h i
g , v
r
i z
{i t i s h am & c
,
. . Th ey ar e c o nj u g at e d i n th e
Par as m ai pad a o nl
y .

PA RA S M A I PA D A .

fi ni s i
- -s h am fi lfl s -i s hna

l fi: fe w: si s h ( a )h)
'

3 (f o r fi re s -i s h yam

si
n s -i t (fo r m ad m n) a fe at s - i s h gdm

4 . Fo ur th Fo r m .

L as t l y , t h er e ar e so m e few ver b s , e n di n g in
q s,
fi sh,
g h, p r e ce de d
by g i , 3 26 , sa r i , wh i c h t ak e t h e fo ll o win g t er mi n at i o n s , wi t h o u t
'
”
an i nt e r
m e d i at e g i (ks a) .

PA RA S M A I PA D A .

5
“

s um ma s ci va m s ci ma

8 2 s ah 8i s at a m E H s at a

“( F i f i s a t dm W “Tif f s dt ci m
'
s at

Sp eci a l Ru l es f or the Fir s t F o r m o

f th e F i r s t A o r i s t .

3 4 8 F o r fin al. vo wel , V ri d dh i i n Par as m aipad a *

.
a m to ,
cu t , m
d l dvi s h a m ( Pan . V I I . 2, I ) .

F o r final vo we l , G u na in A t m an epad a .

Q Iii , W ci l a vi s h i .

F o r m e di al o r i ni t i al vo wel , G u na (if p o s s i b l e) b o t h i n Par . a nd A tm .

“ bu d h , t o k no w ; Pw . wfl)fl l fi dbo dh i s h a m A tm d . o dh i s h i .

Th e vo wel as a
,
f o ll o we d b y a s i n g l e fi n al c o n s o n an t ,
m a
y o r m a
y n o t t a k e

V r i ddh i i n Par . i f t h e ver g bb

e i n s wi t h a c o n s o n a nt an h em ,
t o s o u n d , W
“

t
fmfi ci /cci ni s h am W d h a ni s h a m ( Pa A tm M FG! d h a ni s h i
‘

or n . V II . 2, . .

E x ptce f?
’

svi , to swel l ,
m a svayi t ; fl T’I j dg gi , t o wak e ,‘

m a j
'
ag ar i t

( Pan . V II . 2, 3 1
3 d r ai n, t o co ver , m ay or m ay no t t ak e V ri d dh i W au muvi t , o r

fi fil afifl '

zdvi t , o r
aur z fi fii fifl umavi t ( Pan V I I a . . 2,

1 Ro o t s
'

en di ng in W al o r “
S
Q a r al wa
y s t ak e V ri d dh i i n t h e Par a s m a i pa d a Q aj va l ,

to b u r n, fi
W t fie dZi t ( Pan V I I
’
. . 2, Li k ewi s e Hg va d , t o s p e ak , and El
i oru j , to go
P
( an V Ro o t s e n din i
( h, mfl y , t h e r o o t s
fl i m ks h an, t o h u r t , V al sva s fi o
i b r e at h e ,
'

. II . 2,
g n

an d ver b s o f th e Ch ur cl as s , r o o t s wi t h t ech ni cal E e, do no t t ak e Vr i d dh i ( Pan . V II . 2,

Hi g r a k, to t ak e ,
t g r a h i t ; E l l i s yam, t o s o u nd, W fi d sy a mi t ; mavyay ,
to
t h r o w, 3 15 11 13
1 do yayi t ; a l
'

l ks h azz, t o h urt , mani a dks h azi i t ; ”J

R
’

s e as , to b r eat h e ,

M i
’
dsvasi t ; E fl fl nay , t o m i ni sh , fififi i ai i na
y ; Ul
i t r ey , to su s p ect ,

EM di d hi , to sh i ne, 3fifl
2 '
vevi ,'
t o d e s i r e, an d fi
a fil d a r i dr d, t o b e p o or, dr o p t h eir final

wel s , a cco r d i ng t o th e r ul es o n i nt er m e di at e i i aft ? !d ar i d r ci , Wh fifi dd ar i dr i t

t
'

vo .
1 82 A O RIS T .
357

Sp e ci a l R u l es f or t h e Th i r d F o r m f
o th e F i r s t A o r is t .

35 7 M o s t. ve r b s t aki ng t hi s f o r m o f th e A o r i st en d in m d ,
or in
dip h t h o ng s wh i ch t ak e at d as t h e ir su b st i t u t e . Th i s an d r em ain s

un ch ange d . I n th e A t m an e pad a t h es e ver b s t ak e t h e S e c o nd Fo r m .

35 8 T h.e ver b s F fi mi , t o h ur t , fi? mi , t o t h r o w, an d Ffi l i , t o s t i ck , i n t aki ng t h i s f o r m,

ch a ng e l i k ewi s e t h eir fin al vo wel s i nt o W 6 . Ex . u nf ai r amds i s ham, I t h r ew, an d I h ur t
W a l ds i s h am ( or fi fi a l ai s h am) .
353 .

3 59 Th.r ee r o o t s en d i ng
i in T m t ak e t h i s f o r m 1 m yam , t o h o l d, G r am, to j
r e o i ce ,

“ fr o m, t o en d , A o r b . m tai ayams i s ham ,

&c .
( Pan . V II. 2

S p eci a l Ru l es f or t he F o ur th F o r m f
o the F i r s t A o r i s t.

5) wh i ch t ak e t h i s fo r m m u s t (
3 6 0 . Th e r o o ts
“ h i send
t o i n 31 s as to t ,

s ee , c f . Pan . III . I , fi sh, i ts ,

g h, p r e c e de d by any vo wel bu t w EN 8 ,

Th ey m u s t b e ver b s wh i ch c re e j
i nt er m e di at e g i
t th e , 3 ,
3 2 I 7
—
2o ;

a Th eir r ad i c al vo wel r em ai ns u n ch an e d
( n
P . III . I , g .

3 6 1 . Th e root
m sl i s h t ak es t h i s f o r m o nl
y if i t m e a ns t o em b r ace ( Pan . I II . I , 46 )
fl m O th er ver b s u ch h an d
m p x pt
’ ’

as l i ks h a t . s, as
g p us s us h, ar e s e ciall y e ce ed .

3 66 )
362 . Th e r o o ts
fi d uh , t o m il k , fai di h, t o an o i nt ,
W hi z ,
t o l i ck , Tr g/ uh, t o h i d e
i
( Pan . V II .
3 , m ay t ak e In th e A t m anepad a
WT! t hah i nst e a d o f W . s a t hd h .
al l? va h i i n st ead o f m fg s dva hi
.

V ii d ho o m s a d hvam
“

H ta ( Fri s ata . l 18i .

Th ey t h u s a pp r o ach t o t h e S eco n d Fo r m o f t h e fir s t ao r i st i n m o st , but no t i n all p er s o n s .

Ex .
SK du h , 2. p . s i ng . At m .

m . a dug d h d h o r ‘H W a d huks h a t h c z. fl
3 p i s ng A tm gSl
g
'
T'kl a du d h a o r
g W a d hu ks h a t a .

m
. . . .

I . p d . u al A t m “
3 . a d u hva hi o r
W a d hulcs hdva hi .

2. p pl. ur . At m .
W W a dhug dhvam o r w a d hulcs h ad hvam .

F I RS T A O RI S T .

wit h i nt er m e di at e i i .

a. V er bs e n di n g in a vo wel ; 7
g hi , t o c ut .

Vri ddh i In Par as m ai pada, G u na I n A tm anepada .

PA RA S M A I P A D A .

m rfi-
fi wa i f m i -
m i an:
’ ’ ’
1 . aI dv i s h am
-
a l dv-i s ho d si a l do - i s hma

wmf em a l dv i s h tam
'
’
’
-
m 2
’
a l dvi -s h a t

3 . W a ttl es -
u W ar t d l du-i s h tdm wa fers: ’
l dvi -s huh

AT M A N E P A D A .

m faf q s ta f m fz a l av i s hvahi wa fawfg

‘
’ ’ ’

1 . a l av- i s h i -
a l av-i s hma h i

2.
“
sa far i :
’
a l av-i s h t h dh m ml ’
a a v-i s h d t h dm s ta tu s a l a v i d ho am
'
- -
dh o o m
3 ava tar
.
’
a l av-i s h t u fl a ffl fl fi l l d l av-i s hd t dm
'
wa fer“ dl av-is ha ta
 3 6 2 , A O RIS T . 1 83

b V er
. b s e n d in g in c o n s o n ant s ; “ bu d/ i ,
t o k no w .

G una i n Par asmai pada and At mane pada .

PA RA S M A I PA D A .

wi th a bo d h -i s h a m W a bo d h -is hva ai f
r a re a bo d h -i s h ma

m . a bo d h -i h W ab o d h - is h a m t W abo dh is h t a

3 .
m a m au - m tfimi abo d h
’ - i s h td m «i ml an t p e d /1 4 mm
AT M A N E PA D A .

1 . w a s . b d h i hi a o - s mam a a bo d h - i s hva hi m a ng abo dh

-
i s hma hi
-

2 . m : b dh i hghdh a o s W W a bo d h -i s h at hd m
’
W a bo d h - id h va m

W m b dh i h m fifim ai wa tfim r abo d h

‘
’

3 . a o s tu d hadh -i s h dt dm - i s ha t a

S eco nd F o r m ,
wi t h o u t i nt er m e d i at e Q i .

a . Ve r b s e n di ng in c o ns o nan t s ; fa ct ks h ip t o ,
thr o w .

Vri ddh i i n Par as m ai pad a, n o ch ang e in Atm ane pad a .

PA RA S M A I PA D A

m m
.

ward a ks h a ip -s am a lcs h a ip -s va a ks ha i
p s ma
-

W a ks h aip -si h was alcs h aip - t a m 35 1 ) E a ? alcs ka ip -t a

3 .

W a ks h aip s i t fl a i l a ks h a ip -t dm
m 2 a ks h a ip -s uh

AT M A N E PA D A .

x m a ks hip -s i wfzmafg
‘

a lcs hip -sva hi W antg

-
a lcs hip -s ma hi
2 . wfwwr: a lcs h ip t hdh fl aw a lcs hip -
s dt h dm wfmj a ks h ib -d ho o m

3 .
W alcs hip ta «fies ama ks hip
t -
-s dtdm m a lcs hip -s a t a

b . Ve r b s en di ng in vo wel s i i , a, a i l ); a?
“
h i , t o l ead .

Vriddhi i n Par as mai pad a, G u na in A t manepad a .

PA RA S MA I PA D A .

ZmZ:
.
’

a na i s h a m 313W a nai s hva

‘
. a na i s hi h fi e a na i s h t a m
3 .

M a n a i s hi t s fi m a nai s h t dm

A T M A N E PA D A

m m
.

1 . fi f e anes hi W a ne s hva hi a nes hma hi

2 . fl a
"
i l : anes h th dh W a nes h dt h dm W5 ? ane dhvam
3 . fl at a nes h ta fi mwi a nes hdtdm m anes h a t a

c . Ver b s e n di n
g i n a r i ; T kr i ,
t o d o .

Vriddhi i n Par as m ai pad a, no ch ang e in At m anepada .

PA RA S M A I PA D A .

1. mm? alcdr s h a m m m ? a kdr s h va

2
z a kd r s hi h was? akd r s htam
3 fl .

m a kdr s hi t W IFT akdr s h td m

1 84 A O RI S T .
3 6 2 .

ATM A N E PA D A .

W a lcpi s ho a hi
m fg

W W a kp i s h dt hci m

W W I a lcpi s hd t dm W W a lcp i s h a t a

d . Ve r b s e ndin
g i n =
srr d ; a d d, t o g i ve .

At m an epad a o nl
y; WTd ch an g e d i nt o 3 i .

ATM A N E PA D A .

ni t ra t e a di s l wa hi m m a d i s hma h i

wfefl mi a d i s h dth dm sa fe? a di dh va m

mm arts“
‘

a a di s h d t dm a dis h a t a

e. Ve r b s e n di n
g i n
a p i «
I s tpi , to st r e t ch .

Vri d dh i i n Par as m a i pada, wi th i nt er m e d i at e i i .

In A t m anepada t h e i ns er t i o n o f {i i s o pt i o n al .
( S ee
33 7 I I 4 Pa n , . . . V II . 2,

If i i i s i ns er t e d , t h e n G u na 3 4 8) and o p t i o n al ly l e n g th e ni ng o f i i .

If
{ i is no t i nser t e d , t h e n a pt ch ang e d t o k in

PA RA S M A I PA D A .

marfur as tdr i s ham

’
’
lik e F i r s t F o r m
'

, &c .
, .

F i r s t F o r m, AT M A N E PA D A . S eco nd F o r m,
wit h Q i .
S I N G U AR L . wit h o u t Q i .

I . W fi fq or W a s t a r i s hi o r as t ar i s hi w aflfi as ti r s hi
2. matt er: or m : as t a r i s h
‘

thd h o r as t ar i s h thdh W i t : a s fir s hi hdfi

3 . W I? or mafi a a s t ar i s h a o r as t a r i s h a
t t W ? as ti r s h a t
DUA L

m
.

1 . W W W or W I? a s t ar i s hva hi o r a s t ar i s hva hi as ti r s hva hi

2 . W or W W a s t a r is hdt hd m o r a s t ar i s h dt h dm W W as ti r s hd t h dm

3 . W om r m as t a r i s h dt dm o r as t a r i s hd t
’
dm W fifi l ’
as ti r s hd t dm

1 . m m or W “ as t ar i s h mahi o r as t ar i s hma hi m a s ti r s h ma hi

2 . mafi a?! °
§ or m l l 85 as t ar i d hva m -dho o m o r as t ar i dhvam - dho o m W ? as ti r dh vam
3 . m or mini “ a s t ar i s h a t a o r a s tar i s h a t a

f V e r
. b s wi t h p e nu l t i m at e a pi W s pi
j , to l et o ff .

Pe cu l i ar V r i ddh i ln Par as m ai pa d a, no ch an g e I n A t m anepa d a .

PA RA S M A I PA D A .

1 .
m as r dlcs h am m as r dlcs hva
m i l“ ? a sr dlcs hi h m a s r ds h am t

3 .
W as r dlcs hi t W WI a s r ds h tdm W a sr dks hulz

AT M A N E PA D A .

’
t W ks hma hi
’

1 . at
g1ar a S pi ks h i a
g e
a a spi lcs hva hi asn

2 . m m:
“

as pi s h thdh m i ni as pi ks h d t hdm
W as ri ddh va m

i ll “
W W asr i ks hd tdm
g aS pi ks ha t a
18 1
asr i s h a t
1 86 A O RI S T . 6
3 3

A TM A N E PA D A

w
.

I .
‘H‘
gfl i
’
ag hu ks h z
w ag k i
i
ks h ava h z or
W ag uhva h z ag h u cs h a ma hz
f
2.
W 1ag h uks h a t h d/z o r fl f
'

g l !ag zi dh dfi
W ag h uks kfit kdm
w or
W 1

3 .
w ag h u ks h a t a or
W ami d/La
w ag h u ks h dt dm
W?
B3 I I ag kuks h a n t a

I t m ay al s o f o ll o w t h e Fi r s t F o r m , “I f? “ ag dh i s h a m an d m f gf fl ag d/zi s h i
'

Q 3 3 7, I
fa g l i b , to sm e ar .

PA R A S M A I I’ A D A .

I .
m a l i ks h am m a l i ks hci va «P
a m a l i ks h dma

2. m a l iks h a a l ‘H fE Hd a l i ks h a ta m
’ ‘

m a l i ks h a t a

3 .

m a l i ks h a t WW a l iks h a t d m
W a l i ks h a n

AT M A N E PA D A .

I .
m a l i ks hi W d
a l i ks k va h i o r
'

W a l i hva hi W a l i ks hd ma h i

2 . mw za l i ks ka t h dh m m : a l i dhd lz
.
’
«far m a l i ks /zdt h dm W Or
m ?

3 .
W a l i ks h a t a o r m a l i dh a W a l iks kd t a m m a l i ks h ant a

d uh , t o m il k
gg .

PA RA S M A I P A D A .

m ad hulcs ka m, &c .

AT M A N E PA D A

w
.

I .
W fl a d huks hi
W I? a d huks hdva hi o r
m f g a dui wa hi a d h uks kdma h i

W W
.

mW a d hu /cs h a t h dfio r fl ’v l i a d u d kd
fi a d h u ks k dt h dm 7 83 3
g
'

g o r 35
3
3 .
W a d hu ks h a t a o r “ “ ! a dug d ka
g W a d h u ks h d tdm
‘
“
31
3 m d a h u ks ka nt a

ff ? d i h , to an o i n t .

PA RA S M A I PA D A .

m a dki ks ka m, &c .

A T M A N E PA D A .

1 . wfirfis ad hi ks hi m a d hi ks h dma h i
’

L W O Mm wfirmwi a dh i ks hdt hd m m ail or a ffin e 6

}
3 . wh en or $1 q 7
m am? a d hi ks h a t dm «Faah -
a d ki ks h a nt a

SECO N D A O RI S T .

6
3 3 . V er b s ad o p ti ng t h i s fo r m t ak e th e au g m e n t , an d att a c h t he
t e r m i na ti o ns ( F i r st D ivi s i o n ) o f t h e i m p er fe c t to a ve r b al b as e e n di n
g
in a a, li ke t h o s e o f t h e Tu d f o r m .

1 a hu ks h a d kva m o
g r ag hzi dhvam .
2 a l i ks h a d l
wa m o r ali dhva m.
3
a d kuks ka dkvam o r a d kug d hva m .
4 a d ki ks hci va ki o
r a d i hva ki
’

5 '
a d ki ks h a t h a i o r a di d hd i
l 6
g l . a d hiks h a dkvam o r a d ki d hva m
g .

7 a d hi ks h a
t a o r a dig d h a .
 6
3 7 . A O RI S I '‘
.
1 87

f “ s i ck, t o p r inkl e Pr e s ffiWTfiI si ri ch dmi I m p f v fii t i

‘

S . . . as i i i cha m .

PA RA S M A I PA D A .

I . W a s i c h am w as i c hdva

2. a si aba k «Fe m ? as i c h a t am

M wfi m ai a s i cha tdm ’

3 . us i c ka t

KT M A N E P A D A .

I . E lfi l a us i che
'

M a s i c hdva hi

2 . m a s i c h a t hdlz W a si c het hdm wfa w i '

as i c had hv

3 . wfim wasi cha ta m as i c ket dm v fin m as i c hant a

‘

l i ve , t o c all . Pr es .
m h vay dm i ; Im pf . 1513 6 a hvaya m ; G ener al b as e g lut
PA R A S M A I PA D A .

I .
as
? a hva m W3 1 3 a hvdva

2 . WI : a hva z l m a hva t a m

3 .

W a kva t W a hva t am
’

KT M A N E P A D A .

1 . v i a hve m fg a kvd va h i
'
ta
g
-
mfg a h vdma hi

2 . al wa tkdh V i vi a hvet hdm ma g i a hva d hvam

m i al m
“
a bud ia V a hvet dm ah van t a
3 .

6
3 4 . Ro o t s e n di ng in an d, E e ,
g i ,
d r o p t h e se vo wel s, an d su b s ti t ut e

a b as e e n di n
g i n “
J a :
i
“
five su b s t itu t e s
3 km ,
A o r . w; a kc am ; fi e évi
su b stit ute s w éva , Aor . W a éva m . Ro o t s e n din
g i n 5
3 pi
“

,
an d th e roo t

g w d pi é, t o s e e, t ak e G u na ( Pan V I I . .
4, I 6 ), an d t h e n fo r m a b as e e n di n
g
in s h o r t as a : s pi , t o go ,
m as a r a t d ri s, t o m fm a dar éa t
“

g g!
s s ee ,
’

, .

6
3 5 . R o o t s wi t h p e nu l t i m at e n as al ,
dr o p i t : E li
; ska n d, t o

3 6 6 . I r r eg u l ar fo r m s ar e , wi ts?! a vo ch a m I , s po ke ,
fr o m a
fl va ch ( c
ac o r di n
g
to B ppo a c o nt r a ct e d re d u p li c at ed ao r s t , i 3 7 ,
0 fo r W a va va ch a m ) mi
p s i bl c r ac t e d r e du p li c at e d a o r i s t fo r
ap a
p t a m ,
I fl e w ,
f r o m ( o s
y a o n t p t
a

W ap ap a t a m ; fi st a neéa m I p e r i s h e d K a é o n Pa n v I 4 w e (p o s s i bl
) y , ,
. . .
,

fo r W a na na éa m
); wf sré a éi s h am I d e r e d , fr o m
m ads W E I ds th a m ,
‘

,
or ,

I t h r ew, fi o m
w as .
( PanN II .
4, I 7 .
)
367 . Ro o t s wh i ch t ak e t h i s f o r m ar e ,

a
s as , to th r o w (N d ds t h am),
'

“ s a c k, to S p e ak ( wfi é
'
a vo ch am ), a n khyd t o ,
s p e ak

(W a khy am ) ,
if th e ag e nt i s i m l ied p .
( Pan . III . I ,

M l ip , t o pi a nt , f“ s i c k, to s pi r nk l e , i
“

h ve, t o c all ( ir r e g u l ar l y a
“

? a hva m ) ,
in Par
an d o pt i o nal l
y i n fitm ( Pan I I I . . . I , 53, Par .
W a l ip a t , Atm W . a l ip a t a

ssh
-
or n a l ip t a .

Th e ve r b s cl as s e d as
M p us hdd i, b e
g i n n i n
g wit h Sip us h73 (D h P . . 26, EH “
?
Hya tddi , b e g i n ni n
g wi t h gfl dy u t ( D h P . . an d t h o s e m ar k e d by a t ech ni c al 3 5 ii ,

i n t h e Par a s m ai pa d a .
( Pan . III . I ,

B b 2
1 88 A O RI S T .
3 8
6

b 1! ri w as , t o der , an d 5 i , to go (W dr a m), i n Par an d At m

‘

Th e ver s s to go , or 5 r . .
,

( Pan JI I .

O pt i o nal l y, ver b s t e ch ni cal l y m ar k e d b y

a i r , b u t i n t h e Par asm ai pa d a o nl
y ( Pan . III .

I , W fl a bhi da t o r 531
W a bh ai t si t .

O pt i o n all y,
i 11 4 t o f ail ,
“ s t umble, to s t iff e n (W fi a s t abh a t or
M as t a mbhi t ) ,

a ? mr uc k, t o g o (“ amm o /t a t o r W fl a mr o c ki t ),
g ? ml uch , t o g o ,
“m u c h,

to s t e al ,
fi g l u c h, t o st eal , 7 8 ? g l ufic h , t o go (W ag l u c ka t o r
W
) fa t o gr o w ( i r r egul ar l y but m t h e Par as m ai pad a o nl y.
’
ag l ufic hi t ,
s vi ,

( Pan .

3 6 8 Th er e f ew b s , en d i n g in s m i, E filo wh i ch t ak e t h i s f o r m f th e
’

. ar e a ver s, ,
o

s eco n d a o r i s t i n t h e Par as m ai pad a ; al s o 3

1 67212, t o b e . Th ey r et ai n t h r o u g h o u t t h e l o ng

final vo wel , e ce t x p b ef o r e th e u i l o f th e 3r d p er s . pl ur .
, b ef o r e wh i ch t h e final m d is
j
r e e ct e d . In th e fit m an epad a t h es e ver b s i n Q ! 6 t ak e t h e S eco n d Fo r m o f t h e fir s t ao r i s t ,

an d ch a ng e 33 1 (i t o i
g .

3 1 d d, t o i
g ve . Pr es .
safe d a ddmi Im f p W E? . a d a d dm .

PA RA S MA I PA D A .

I .
w a d dm W a ddma

mm? a ddtam were a dd t a

n a d uk

fi bkzi , t o b e
’

. W fil bhavdmi ; I m f p m . a bh ava m .

PA RA S M A I P A D A .

I .
‘H‘
fil
‘

a bhi i va m *
w a bhfl va

2 . m1 : ab kzi h an y a blni t a m

3 su.

m a bhzi t was? abhfit dm

V b er s wh i ch t ak e t h i s f o r m ar e,

TIT d
y , to go U
; E d d, t o g i ve ; V Td i m, t o
”
pl a ce ; t np d , t o dr i nk ; a n s t hci , t o
’

s ta n d ; Ed c,

t o gu ar d ; a do , t o cu t ; g ut s, t o b e .
( Pa
in . 11 .
4,

O pti o nal l
y , m g hr a ‘

, to s m ell ; adhe , t o d r i nk ; Qfi
‘
so, to s h ar p en
‘

f f chh o , t o cu t ;T O
t o d e str o y .
( Pan .

6
3 9 Th e . ni n e r o o ts o f t h e Tan cl as s e nd i ng i n —
T n o r II! n
[ m ay f o r m t h e z u d an d 3r d
p er s . s i ng . A tm in . WT: t ka h an d E t a, b ef o r e wh i ch t h e fin al nas al is j
r e e ct e d .
E mm t o

s t r et ch ; A or . M FR? at a ni s h i a o r W a tat a ; m a t ani s k th dli or m : a tat ha z

‘

l
P
( an . 11. 4, Th es e f o r m s m i gh t be co ns i d er e d as ir r e gul ar A tm an epad a f o r m s o f th e
s e c o n d ao r i s t , o r o f t h e fi r s t ao r i s t I I , wi t h l o s s o f i ni t i al
as .

S eco nd or R e dup l i ca t ed F o r m f
o t h e S eco nd A o r ist .

37 0 . A fe w p r i m i t i ve ve r b s , an d .
t h e ver y n u m e r o u s cl as s o f th e Chu r
ro o ts, t he d e n o m i n ative s an d c au s at i ves in
m a y, r edu p li c ate th ei r

b as e i n th e se co nd ao r i s t , t aki ng t h e au g m e nt as b ef o r e, an d th e u s u al

t er m i n at i o n s o f t h e i m p er fe c t .

I r r e g u l ar i n t h e I st p er s . s i ng .
, d u al ;an d pl ur .
, an d i n th e 3 r d p er s . pl ur .
1 90 A o ms r '
.
3 75

l o ng vo wel
( a ch u ch yu t a t , n o t a ch d ch yu t a t
) . In roo b eginni ng n d
ts a e n di n
g i n

t wo c o n s o n ant s ,
th i s m et r i c al rh
yt h m i s n e e s s arc il y b k n ( ch k
ro e a as a nd a t
) .

3 75 . In th e roo ts wh i ch do n o t r e si s t th e s h o r t e ni n
g p r o c es s ,

W a,
g i , 3
“
u , s q r i ar e r e ,
p r e s en t e d in th e r edu p l i c at i ve s yll abl e by
gs1 a o r i E i a n d al l l e n gt h e n e d , wh er e n e c e s s ar y
i , u,
{ .

S eco nd or R ed up l i ca t e d F o r m f
o t h e S eco nd A o i s t r .

I . u u .

“ p a ck,
to co o k M , p d c/zdy a t i ;

m ut ed , t o cu t , i t saf ar bh ed dy a ti ;
-
w m d bi bhi d at .

j ic W mo d a y a t i
w dmdmu d a t
’

mu d , t o
R re o e, .

a vri t , t o e xi st fi qfi r var tdy a ti d

,
‘

i vr i ta t .

c l ean s e afi uf a m drj dy a ti imma t

fi mr ii , t o
d
‘

.
,

fi kr i t, t o p r ai s e Efififl fi kir tdya ti ; W W d ch i lcr i tat

,
‘

Th e l eng t h e n in g bec o m es su p er flu o u s b e fo r e r o o t s b egi nni ng wi th co nso

t wo

n an t s , b c au s e e t h e t wo c o n s o n ants m ak e th e s h o r t vo we l h e avy (gu r u) .

R m;ty aj ,
t o l e ave , 3 11 m tydj dyat i ;
W d ti ty aj a t .

e rs
t bh r dj , t o s h i ne , e m f? bh r dj dya ti m l d bi bh r aj o t .

M ks hip , t o t hr o w, m ks h ep dya ti W d ch i ks h ip a t .

t o f all , W m ch y o t dy a t i ; wm d ch u chyu t a t .

{
i s vr i, to s o u nd , s dr dya t i
s iw ar at .

2 0

(
g r a ks h , to p r o t e ct mufir ,
r a ks h dy a t i ;
q r a r a ks h a t i .

fin bh zlcs h , t o b e g , t3 r m m w
‘

bh zks h dy a ti t i bh i ks h a t
‘

s ; a .

§ 3 76 . If th e roo t b e i
g sn an d ends wi t h d o u l e b co n s o n an t s , th is rh
yt h m i c al l aw i s

b r o k en .

11
s
'

p r a c hh , to a sk , m p r a c h c kh dya t i ;
d ap r a c h chh a t .

Ed
? s kand, to st e p m fil s kand dy a ti ;
W ei c h as ka nd a t
’

.
,

3 77 . Ro o t s wi th r a d i cal 5
5 ri or
a rt, f o ll o we d by a c o n s o n ant , m ay o pt i o n all
y ta k e

th e u u or u u fo r m s .

TIE
R g a zmy
’
and
W ka t h dy t ak e i i or 33 a o pti o n al l y ; fi fl l fl md dflg ana t or

W fii at .
a ag az

1 Th e f o l l o w i ng
'

ver b s t ak e “
3 a i n st ead o f { i or
i t in t h e r e du pl i cati ve s yll a bl e o f th e
ao r i s t in th e c au s at i ve
”

Bi s mg
d,
i dr i , 13
“

2 te ar ,
“ p r a m H g mr ad
, ,
“
E
l s trt,
“ sp as .

( I; smr i C au s . W s mdr dy o ti A or . E
s as mar a t .

Th e s am e ver b s wh i ch , as wi ll b e sh o wn h er eaft er r ed u pl i cat e ‘ Sfi l a v,

i (t h e G u na o f
35i i ) i n t h e d es i d er at ive b y 3 a, t ak e i n i n st e a d o f { i i n th e r e du pli cat e d ao r i st :

a C a us ? fi fl ffl ndvdy a t i ; D fi m f f ndnd c ayi s ka t i ; A f C au s fl l i

‘

fié dmi navam
’

nd ; . es a q fl fl or . o .

I Ra d i cal “H a i s r e du pl i cat e d b y 33 7 a if t h e ro o t end s in a do u l e b c o n so nant .

 3 80 .
A O R IS T . 191

“ wi t , t o b e , m va r tdy a t i ; fl
m ’
avi vg i t a t o r
'

d avar ta t .
( Pen V I I . .
4,

fi mr ij ,
to cl e ans e , W mdrj dya ti ;
d i mnj a t or
d a md q a t
'

p fl i nt? W a ke/ mm: M ac/15mm

’
e /er st to r ai s e , ki r tay a t i ;
Tl , or .

37 8 . Ro o t s b e g i n n i ng wit h a vo wel h ave t h e s am e i nte r nal r ed u pli c ati o n ,

wh i ch wi l l b e d e s c r i b ed h er e aft e r i n t h e d e s i d e r ati ve b as es .

Th u s
“ as fo r m s t h e C au s .
m dsdy . Thi s a fte r t h r o wi ng o ff m
t ay ,

a nd s h o r t e ni ng t h e vo wel , b co m e “
e s a s; t hi s r e du
p
li c ate d, fl u
i d s-i s;
an d l as tl , wi t h
y au m e n t a n d
g ter mi nat io n , s a far : i dé is - -
a m.

I n th e s am e m an n e r , wfi é ‘

dr cki ch a m a h , ? ! a zi bj ii a m, & c .

3 79 A r e s li
.
g h t l y ir r e g ul ar :

Q T p d, t o dr i nk , whi ch f o r m s i t s
dp fp aya t ) Pan V II
caus al ao r is t as
W dfl pya t ( i nst ea d o f
m
. . .
4, 4 .

W T s tbd , to s t an d , wh i ch f o r ms its caus al ao r i s t as

W dt i s hthip at ( inst e ad o f

M a is mh ap a t )

m
.

m gh r d, t o s m ell , wh i ch f o r ms i t s caus al ao r i st as
d g hr ip at or

dj ig hr ap at .

RE D UP L I C A TE D A o msr '
.

PA R A S M A I PA D A .

x . «F ara t
-
i dé ‘
i s r ay a m warm s asi s r ay d ma
‘

wfsrama W m
‘

3
’

as i s r ay a t a m
’ ’
‘
as i s r aya h
’ ’

2. 11 1 t a s i s r ay a t a

3 .

M af i s r a
’

yat W W I as iér ay a td m
‘
m ’
asi s r ayan

A T MA N E PA D A .

1 . W W ‘
asi s r a ye W ‘
asi s r aydva lzi W as is r a ydma hi
‘ ’

2 .
m 2 as i sr aya t h dli W asi s r ay et kdm
'

W a s i s r ay a d h vam
‘ ‘

3 .
m a§ i§ r ay a t a W m asisr ayet dm m asi sr ay ant a

3 80 . In th e cc as io nal r u l es h ave be en g ive n as t o t h e

pr e c e d ing o

p ar t i cu l ar fo r m s o f t h e a o r i s t wh i c h c er t ai n ver b s o r cl as s e s o f ve r b s ado pt .

A s i n G r e ek s o i n S an sk r i t t o o p r acti c e o n l y c an e ff e c t u all y t e ac h whi c h

, , ,

fo r m s d o a c t u all y o ccu r o f e ach ver b ; a n d t h e r ul e s o f gr amm ar i ans ,

h o we ver m i nu t e a nd c o m p li c at e d ar e n o t u nfr e q u e nt l y c o nt r a di ct e d by th e ,

u sa
g e o f S an sk r i t au t h o r s .

H o we ve r , t h e g e ner al r u l e i s t h at ver s fo ll o w t h e fir s t ao r i s t , u nl e s s t h i s b
is s p e c i all
y p r o h i i t e d , an d t h at t h e
y t akbe t h e fir s t f o r m o f t h e fir s t ao r i st,

u nl e s s t h ey ar e b ar r e d by g e n e r al r u l e s f r o m t h e e m p l o ym e n t o f t h e i n t e r me
d i at e g i Ve r . b s, thu s b ar r e d , t a ke t h e s e c o nd fo r m o f t h e fir s t ao r i s t .

Th e n u m er b o f ve r b wh i ch
s t ak e t h e t hi r d fo r m o f t h e fir s t ao r s t i is ve r y

li m i t e d , th r e e ro o ts e ndi n
g in H m, an d r o o ts e n d i ng I n G T 4 .

Th e fo ur th fo r m o f t h e fir s t ao r s t i i s l ik e wi s e o f ve r y li mi t e d u se s ee 3 6 0 .

A s to th e c
s e o nd ao r i s t , th e roo t s wh i h c mu st o r m ay fo ll o w i t ar e
1 92 F UTURE .
3 8 1

i n di c at e d i n 6
3 7, an d s o ar e th e roo ts wh i ch t ak e t h e re du p l i c at e d fo r m o f
th e c
s e o n d ao r i s t in 37 1 .

Ro o t s wh i h f o ll o w t h e c se co nd ao r i st Op t i o n al l
y , or i n t h e Par as m aipad a
o nl y , a r e al l o we d t o be c o nj u g at e d i n t h e fir s t ao r i s t , s u bj ct e t o t h e g e n e r al

r u l es .

C HA PTE R X IV .

F UTURE , CO N D I TI O N A L , PE RI PH RA S TI C F UTURE , A N D B EN ED I O TI V E .

F utur e .

Te r m i n at i o ns .

PA RA S M A I PA D A .

SI N G U AR L . DU A L. PL URA L .

{ a 61: i s hydmi
gum : i s hydvalz
{mm i shydm
1 a z l
wfi m m i s s/ sma
’

.
{ r i s hyds i i s hya th afi

3 .
{ fitn
ui s hydt i
m : i hy d s t alz
vi ta i s hydnt i

ATMA N E PA D A

3m
.

1 .
{a i s kyé i s hyéva h e
{W i s kydma h e

2 . i s hya s e
’

{GI Gi s hy et h e
’

M ’
i s kyad lzve

3 .
{WIT i s hydt e
{a i s hyet e
’

{W } i s kydn t e

Th e c as e s i n wh i ch t h e 3 i o f m i s h y dmi & c . m u s t be or m ay b e o mi t t e d
h ave b een s t at e d i n c h ap t er X I , 33 q 1 se . Fo r th e c as e s in wh i ch g i i s
ch ang e d to i i, s ee
34 0 . O n t h e ch ang e o f El s i m an d F s a, s ee 1 0 0 s eq .

O n th e s tr e n
gt h e n in g Of th e ra d i c al vo wel , s ee ch ap te r XII, 3 44 q se .

3 82 . Th e ch ang e s wh i c h the b ase un de r g o e s b e fo r e th e t er m in a t i o ns o f

th e s t r e n gt h e n i ng t en s e s , t h e t wo f ut u r e s , th e c o n dit i o n al ,
an d th e b ene d i c tive
A tm .
g
ar e r e u l at e d p byr i n c i p l e t h at o f
o ne ggeinvi
e n
r a
glw e i g h t t o t h e b a s e , ,

t h o u gh t h e i r app l i c a ti o n var i e s a cc o r di ng t o t h e pe cu li ar i t i e s o f c e r t ai n ve r b s .

S e e i ll u s t r at i o n s i n 3 44 ( b h a v i s h y d m i ) an d 3 45 Th e s e

p e cu l iar it ie s m u s t b e l e ar n t by p r ac ti c e bu t a few g e n er al r ul e s m ay h er e be ,

r e p e at e d

I. F i n al 12 e 3 d i i !) 0 ar e ch an ge d t o i n d
, ,
t
fl g a i t o s i n g m fiz , ,

d
g y s dm i
’

& c , .

2 F i nal {i an d i : i 3 i t ai d a ri and 5 3
.
,
‘
‘

;1 4 t a k
,
e G u n a ;
, f a j i t o c o n q u e r , , ,

aw fuj es hydmi ; 31 6ml nfi wrfir bh a vi s h ydmi ; a;1 mafifnmfn Ica r i s h y dmi , ,

d r i t o t e ar aft wrfil d a r i s ii y d mi o r afi m fi! d ar is h ydmi

'

Th e r e ar e t h e
‘ “

2 , ,

“
.

u s u al e x é e t i o ns
p 1 led t o s o u n d
g fa
, m fi ? ku vi s h y,d m i 34 5 n o te )
,
‘

.
,

3 . P e nu l t im at e
g i E u s
q ri p r o s
, o di a ll y s h,
o r t
“
t a k e,
G u n
,
a
a r t b e c o m e s
,

W o d /zi s h y d ni ; sa bh i d a m emi s t
"

3? t a bu d/i b c h
r ;
gr ,
g : ,
.
1 94
: PERI PH RA S TI C F UTURE . 8
3 4

AT M A N E PA D A .

1 . 315 ai s hi/ e a i s hydva hi Rm ai s hydma hi

2 . h m : a is hyat hali
'

Ravi ai s hy et h dm h as? ai s hyad hvam

3 . h i s a i s h ya t a Rafi ai s hy etdm Qatar ai s hyant a

P er ip hr as ti c F utur e .

8
3 4 . Th e t er m i nat io n s ar e ,

PA RA S MA I PA D A .

sm a : i tdw ala

{ i mam i t ds t h ali

{an d i td r au

A TM A N E PA D A .

I
m? i take
’
W i tds va h e W i tdsma h e

m
.

2.
{mi i tds e i tds dt he {HTS } i t dd hv e

3 .
{in i td {M d i t dr au
{ETC i t dr alz

Th e s e t er m i n at i o n s ar e cl e ar l y c o mp o u n de d o f m td (b as e atr i ) ,
th e co mm o n 1
s u ffi x fo r f o r m in g no mi na ag ent i s , an d th e au xili ar y ver b w as ,
to be . Th e r e
i s , h o wever , wi th re
g ar d to m ta ,
no d i s t i nct i o n O f nu m b er an d
g en d er i n th e
I s t an d an d p er s o n s ,
an d n o di s t i n c t i o n f g e n d e r i n t h e 3 r d p er s o n
o .

O n th e r e t e nt i o n m i s sio n o f i n t e r m e di at e i o r i i, s ee 33 1
or o
{ ; se
q .

O n the str en
g t h en i n
g o f the ra di c al vo wel , s e e 8
3 2 .

bu dh , t o kn o w,
gt i

wi t h i nt er m e d i at e 3 i .

PA RA S MA I PA D A .

S I N G U AR L . DU A L. PL U RA L.

1 . mm bo d h i tds mi a tfima
’ ‘
bo dki tds valz m : bo d huc s maz
ii
2 . i nfirm bo d ki t df
s tha

3 . um
s bo dhi td exam bo d u t dm z
.
’

A T M A N E PA D A .

si tuat eb W ? W
'
1 . o d ut d he E bo d h i tdsva h e bo d /zi t dsma lze

2 . W m ?! bo d hi tds dt he a i rti m e} bo d hi t ddlzve

W mb d h i td M fifim t : bo d hi t dr ali
’

3 . o bo d h i tdr a u t

3 5,

wi th o u t i nt er m e d i at e i
Q .

PA RA S M A I PA D A .

1 . m et ds mz m t dsv l e a z

e m : t ds t h i
'

e a i

a nd etd au
'

r
 3 88 . B E N E D I C T IV E . 1 95

A T MA N E PA D A .

2 1 TH ? et dsvah e
m d e t s d t ke

( mi et drau

B ened i cti ve .

8
3 5 c all e d b e ne di c ti ve i s fo r m e d i n cl o s e anal o gy t o t h e
. Th e so -

Op t at ive I t di ffer s f o m t h e Op t at ive by no t ad mitt i ng t h e fu l l m o di fied ve b al

.
r r

b as e a nd s e co n dl y by t h e in s er ti o n o f an g s b efo r e t h e p er s o nal t er m i na
, , ,

t i o ns I n t h e Par as m ai pad a t h i s q s s t and s b e t we e n t h e 111 yd o f t h e O p t at i ve

.
“

a n d t h e ac t ual s i gn s o f t h e p e r s o n s b ei ng l o s t h o we ve r i n t h e 2 nd a nd , , ,

r d p e r s s in g T h u s i ns t e a d o f
3 . .
,

O pt . “I,
’
1 m , W , W , m i , W , m , 3
ydlz y dva ydt a m d d
'

yd m, , , , yd t dm, y ma , y t a , yzi z, l we h a ve

B e n. mi ,
m , we , met , m at ,
tu m , m , we
i d s
'

w ll , y dt , y ds va , yds t am, y s t dm , y ds ma , yds ta , yd ulz .

A s th e O pt at i ve is a ver bl a co m p o u nd o f t h e m o di fie d b as e wit h a n a nci e nt se co nd ao r i s t

o f th e root “ yd t h e ,
b ene di ct i ve s ee m s a s i m il ar c o m p o u nd o f the u nm o d ifie d b as e wi t h an

anci e nt fir s t ao r i s t o f yd I n 111 : g ri nan d

“ g ri t we h a ve co nt r act i o ns f W yds s
”
411 . o

an d
W yds t . In th e V e da th e 3 r d p er s . s i ng . is m : ydlz .
(S ee B o ll e ns e n , Z ei t s ch r i ft

d er D . M G . .
, vo l . xx i i p . .
5 94 ; an d Pan V I I I . . 2, 73
In t h e A t m anepad a t h e q s s t and s bef or e t h e t e r m i n at i o n s o f th e Op t at iv e.

e .
g . l fiq
'
s i y a i n s t e ad O f
fi y
u i a . Be s id e s t hi s , th e p er s o n al t er m i nati o n s o r i gi n all y
b e
gi n n i n
g wi t h
( t or 1
a i h t ak e an a d d i t i o n al
a s. Cf .
35 1 . Th u s , i n s t e ad o f

O pt .
i ,
n i n,
n i s, t ats, t w at , i n it, M
n m i , £ 85, i fib
i t hdli , i ydt h dm, tr ain, we h ave
'

i dl wa m,
’
i dh
'
i y a, i ta, i vd hi , i ydt dm , ,

B e n. B TU, W t, m m , , m , Ha m “ , 9 W , m .

d
’

s i r dn
'

/ d, si s h thd i , si s h td, s i d hvdm,

’ ’
Sig l si va ki , si y s t h dm, s i yds t dm, si ma h i , .

Th e b ene d i ct i ve in th e At manepad a is r eal l

y an O pt at i ve o f t h e fir s t ao r is t . Th u s fr o m

i bkd , A or. w fi ffl a bka e s hi , B e n . Vl ffl flh

’ '

bh avi s h i y a ; f r o m a;s i n, O pt At m «pm

m
. .

s tuvi t a , Aor . m a s t o s h a, t B en . M s t o s hi s h a ; g fr o m fi l lm , O pt
'
. At m . t fi fi r an,

A o r “at“? . a kr es h a t a, B en.
W kr es hi r an .

3 86 V er . blb a as es e n d i n
g in
W ay ( Ch ur ,
C au s . D en o m &c . .
) dr o p Emmy b
1
e fo r e the

fi i fli ds am
I
te r m i nat i o ns o f the b e ne d i ct i ve Par . : “l l
a c h o r ay , B en . c ho r y

W c h o r ayi s hi y a
’
D eno m i n at i ve b as e s in
Ry dr o p {y i n t h e B e n Par W m tfi y,
'

m
. . .

B e n.
ga h mi p ut r i ydsa m
‘
bu t i n At m .
p u t r i yi s hi ya
’
.

8
3 7 . Th e b e n e di ct ive Par a s m ai pad a b l
e o n
g s to the weake ning, t h e
b e ne di ct i ve A t m an epad a to t h e s t r en
gt h e n i ng f o rms H en c e fro m

M ch i t , Par fi mmi chi ty dsa m,

. A t m am . ch et i s h i yd .

3 8 8 . Th e b e n e d i c t i ve Par as m aipad a n e ve r t ak e s i n t er m e di at e i . Th e
b e ne di c t i ve A t m anepad a g e n er al l y t ak e s i n t er m e di at e
3 i . E xc e p t i o ns ar e

p r o vi d ed fo r b y t h e r ul es
33 1 se
q .

C C Z
1 96 BEN E D I C TI V E . 8
3 9

Weakeni ng of th e B as e bef o r e Ter mi nati o ns beg i nni ng wi t h

{y .

3 89 . S o me o f th e r ul es r eg u l at i n
g t h e weak e ni ng o f th e b as e, wh i ch i s re q ui r e d i n th e
b Par as m ai pa d a , m ay h er e b e s t at e d t o g et h er wi t h t h e
e ne di ct i ve r u l es t h at a pply t o th e

weak e ni ng o f t h e as e i n t h e as s i ve a nd i nt en s i ve b p .

0
39 . W h il e , g e n er all
y s p e aki n
g , t h e t er mi n at i o ns o f th e b en e di ct i ve , pas s i ve , an d

i n t e n s i ve e x er ci s e a weak eni ng i n fl u e nce o n t h e ver bl ba as e, t h er e i s o ne im p o r t ant , th o ug h

o nl y a pp ar en t , e x pt i ce on t o th i s r ul e wi t h r eg ar d t o ver b s e n di ng in i t, 3
‘

u, Fi nal

i i an d
“

S
'

u, b e fo r e th e 1
{y o f t h e t er m i n at i o n s o f b e ne d i ct i ve, p as s i ve , an d i nt en s i ve , ar e

l e ngt h en e d ( Pan . V II .
4, b ut n o t s t r e ng th e ne d by G u na .

f? ! c h i , t o g at h er ; B en .

M i i
o b l/ c t ; Pas s . W c hi y ci t e ; I nt . QM c h ec hi y dt e .

Fin al afl i s ch an e d
g to ft ri .
( Pan V I I . .
4,

3
“

1 kri , t o do ; B en .
W Pas s . W kr i ya t e
’
.
( Th e I nt e n s i ve h as Q s hfi ‘ ‘

c h ekr t
y dt e, Pan . V II .
4,
In r o o t s, h o we ver , b e
g i nni ng wi t h j
c o n u nct c o ns o nant s , fi nal fl ri i s act u all y s tr e ng t h en e d

by G u n a, an d a pp ear s as W ar .
( Pan . V II. 4, 2
9 .

m s mr i ,
to r e m em b er ; B en waffls mar ytft ; Pas s mfi s mar ydte ; I nt mafi a sds ma r ydte
. . . .

W a n/ (ft ; Pas s wfi a r y dt e ; I nt “( Ti aa r d r y dt e
'

A l so In fi n , to go B en . . . .

Fi nal w e is ch a ng e d to i t s, an d , aft e r b
l a i al s , t o s t ar .

E
l s tr t, to s t r et ch ; B
M en . a i n/ t ; Pa s s f W a i n/ ci te ; I nt W ? t es tt r ydt e

m
. . .

E M , t o fil l ; B e n.
Ramp nf a t/ ( t ; Pas s .
fi p u r y dt e ; I nt . o u r dt e
p p y .

E x pt i
ce o ns .
$ 56 1 8 ch an e d
g to
“ My .

Qfi a, t o l i e d o wn ; ( B
W b b A t m anepad i n );
‘

s ayy dt t h e ver
‘
en . d o es n o t o c cu r , e c au s e Is

Pas s .
M i s ayyctt e ;
‘
I nt .
W } ( Pan . V II .
4, 22 .

i i, aft er p p re o s it i o n s, d o es no t l e ngt h en t h e fi nal 3

“
z in th e b e n e d i ct i ve .

W M
'

i i : t o 80 3 B en i g/ (it b ut s ami y dt .
( Pan . V II .
4, 24 .

S
i nk, to u n d er s t an d aft er p pre o s i t i o ns , I s s h o r t e n e d to
K uh ( Pan V II 4, 23

m
. . . .
,

B en .
W ai
n i / c t Pas s . uk at e
y
’
.

f
B en .

W s amu hyd t ; Pas s .

W s a muky dt e .

39 1 . Th e f o ll o wi ng r o o ts m ay or m ay no t dr o p th ei r fi nal i n, an d t h e n l engt h e n t h e

p r ec e di n
g vo wel .
( an
P . V I. 4,

W j a n, to b eg e t ;
W j a nyc t f Pas s .
d y
’
ate o r fi j a ny dt e;
I nt . ma m? j afij any ci t e
m
.

“ bt t
’
or “ Pas s 8 1W
’

s dy ci t e o r
“
to ai n ; B 36 a nydt e a nya t e;
s un, o en . 1 11 1 1
1 fl “ .

I nt . m s as dya t e
’
or W sa ms an y a t e
’

m m m Pas s s mfi kh ci ydt e
'

kh a n, t o d ig , B en . kh ay dt or kh anydt . or W
kh anya t e ; I nt a ns . m?
-
c h a kh dy a t e o r
’ ’ “
ar m c h a fikka nyc t e . i
I n th e p as s i ve o nl
y fi t a n, t o s tr et ch ; B en .

W t a nyd t ;
‘
Pas s . t ciy dt e or m
m
,

Int Ti
’ ’
t ung a t e ; . t ant a nya t e .

3 92 . A cco r d i ng t o a g e ner al r u l e, r o o t s e n d i ng in ai an d fi 0 ch ang e t h eir fi nal

p
di h t h o ng i n t h e g e ner al t e n s es i nt o HT4 El d hy a i , W } dh ydya t e Ro o t s e n d i ng i n ”
.
‘ ’
.

WTd r et ai n i t : TN p d, W ITp é gat e, h e i s r o t ect e d

'
B ut t h e f o ll o wi ng r o o t s ch a ng e t h ei r
’
p .

p
fi nal vo wel i nt o i t i n t h e as s i ve an d i nt en s i ve ; i nt o E e i n t h e en ed i ct i ve Pan ; a nd k ee
.
b p
it u n ch an
g e d b ef o r e g e r u nd i al 1:
ya .
( Pan V I . .
4 , 6 6 , 6 7,
1 98 PA S S I VE .
55 3 96

fr o m “ sw a
ns , Par t B ET fk,
s r as tc Pass M s r asy d t e, B en .
W / t,
W a sg d Ge r m
m
. . . .

f c fr o m fi m fij , B
W j ydt
’

s ani sr asya t e, A OL
s r as tvc , I nt . sr as a t ;
t en . r a ,

Pa s s t a . m ra jy
’
a t e, Par t ( 3 53 r aktdlz, Ger
. . r a ktvt f (o r W Tr aizktvd, Pan . V I .
4,

39 6 .
g W i th re ar d t o th e b e n di c t i v
e e A tm . s ee t h e g e n er al r ul e s as to

th e s t r e ng t h e ni ng o f t h e b as e ,
3 44 , an d p ar t i cul ar l y 34 8 se
q . Re m em b er ,

t h at i f t h e b e ne di ct ive A t m . d o es no t t ak e i nt er me di ate 3 i , p e n u l t i m at e i ,

3 u, a ri l eft u nc h an e d W h er e as in o th e r s t r e n g th e n i n
g t n e s th e t k
ar e g , e s
y a e

G u na F i n al 3 “

fl ,
to o , r e m ai n s u nc h an g e d , an d bec o m es £ 5
fr ,
b
l a i al s , d W ks hip , t o th r o w, W lcs h ip s fyci ;
‘
o r , af ter av é, t o fill ,
1
1
g r .
p r

s i r s h i yci .

B ened i ct i ve.

PA RA S M A I PA D A .

I.
w bud hyds am
3 mm bud hydsva

2.
3 m:
2 budhydk W budkytfs t am

m bud fiydt

A TMA N E PA D A .

fi finflu bo dhis kéyd i tfimiwfg M

‘
‘
bo d hi s hi vdhi
'
bo dhi s hi ma hi
’
x.

fi firam: bo dhi s hi s h ghdz M W

’
2.
‘
a a rn i bo dhi s hi yas t hem e } bo dhi s hi dhvdm
‘
s rfvfi s bo d ki s hts kta M bo dh is hsydstem fi finfiq
‘
’ ’

bo d/zi s h i r dn

C HA PTER XV .

PA S S I VE .

3 97 . Th e p as s ive t ak es t h e te r m in a ti o n s o f th e fi t m an e pad a .

Sp eci a l Tens es of th e P a s s i ve .

39 8 Th e p r e s.e nt ,
i m p er f e c t , Op t at i ve , an d i m p e r at i ve o f th e p as s ive ar e

fo r m e d b y a ddi n g 11 yd t o t h e r o o t . T hi s u ya i s ad d e d i n th e s am e m an ne r
as it i s i n t h e D iv ver b s, so t h at t h e A t m anepad a o f D iv ve r b s is i n all

r es p e c t s (e x c e p t in th e ccent ) i d ent i c al wi t h t h e p as s ive

a .

fit m . m ndh y a te h e bi n d s , Pas s i f-fir nah yci te h e i s b o u nd .

“

,
.

§ 3 99 . B as e s in
“ ;
s ( C h
a C D m &
ur ,
) d p “
au s . ty b f 1! yeno . c . ro r e ore
“
a o f th e
pe se we .

bo d hay, t o m ak e
’
o ne kn o w ; M bo d k-ydt e, h e i s m ad e t o k no w .

c ko r dy , t o s t eal ;fl cho r
’

y a t e, h e i s s t o l en .
-

I nt en s i ve b as es e n di n g in i l y r et ai n t h ei r
fl y, t o wh i ch t h e H g/ a
”

o f the p as s ive is ad d e d

wi t h o u t an
y i nt er m e d i ate vo wel .

W lo wy, t o cu t much W ?! l o l i yycft e

z , h e is cu t m u ch .
 4 0 1 , PA S S I VE . 1 99

I nte ns ive b as es end in g in

Ry p , r e ce d e d by a c o n s o nant , dr o p th e ir
R y .

W bebkid y, t o s e ver ; W bebhid yat e, i t is

’

se ver e d .

m di dki , t o s h i ne , w vent, t o ye ar n , m 1 d a r i dr d, t o be p o o r, dr o p th e ir final vo wel ,

as u s u al .

m d i d hi , M di d kycfte, i t i s l i g h t ene d I c i t l igh te ns .

§ 4 0 0 . A s t o t h e we ak enin g o f th e b as e , s ee th e r ul e s g i ve n fo r t h e

b e ne d i ct ive ,
8
3 9 se
q .

P a s si ve .

SI NGU AR L .

I 2 .
3 .

53 bhflyé 1 i 11 bhayds e a ? bhflydt e

m} y:
’
a bhzi
y e W 2 d bhdy a t hdli W dbhflya ta

g3m : bhfiyét hdla {i n bhayna

m bhayasa n m sha m an

D UA L.

W bhflycfva h e i i i : bha y ém e
{a bhflyet e
’

m i ni w a ?
’
a bhzi et h dm s d bh flyetdm
y
w fimwi bhflyéydtlzdm M bhfly éydtdm

fi ? bhrZ yethdm fimi bh i yétém

’
st x z

PL U RAL .

m i bhzi yrfma ke
’

bhziya d hve
’ ’

I xn m af g dbhdy ama hi
'

pf .

fimf i f s ai
-
O pt .
a
g blui y éma ki r t bhdyédkvam

m? w
’
I mp .
s a bhaydma h ai as bhzi yddhvam

Gener a l Tens es o f th e P a s s i ve .

40 1 I n t h e g en er al t en s es o f t h e pas s rve , I t y d i s dr o p t , s o t h at , wi t h
.

c er t ain e xc e p t i o n s t o b e m e n t i o n e d h e r e aft er , t h er e i s n o di s t i nc ti o n e t we e n b
t h e g en e r al t e n s e s f t h e pas s rve an d t h o s e o f th e
o A t m an epad a Th e c g/ a o f
.
"

th e p as s i ve is tr e at e d, i n fa ct , li k e o ne o f t h e c o nj u ati o nal c l as s m ar k s
g
-

(vi ka r a nas
) ,
wh i ch ar e r et ai ne d i n th e s p e ci al t en s e s o nl
y , a nd i t di ffe r s
b
t h er e y fr o m t h e d er i vat i ve y
s ll b
a l e s o f ca u sat ive , d e s id er ati ve an d in t e n s i ve
,

Ver b s , whi ch , wi th c er t ai n e xc e p t i o ns , r e m ai n t h r o u gh o u t o th i n t h e s p e ci al b
a nd i n t h e g en er al t e n s e s .

R edup l i ca t ed P erf ect .

Th e r e du pli c at ed p er fe ct i s th e s am e as in t h e A t m anepad a .

P er ip h r as ti c P erf ect .

Th e p er i ph r as t i c p er fe ct i s th e s am e as i n t h e A t m an epad a , b u t t h e
au xil i ar y ve r b Ws as an d t
i bi al m u s t b e c o nj u g at e d in th e A t m an epada ,
as wel l as
q M .
200 PA S S I VE .
4 2
0

A o r ist .

40 2 . Ver b s m ay b e c o nj u gat e d i n t h e t hr ee fo r m s o f t h e fir s t ao r i s t

wh i ch adm i t o f A t m an epad a , an d wi t h o u t di ffe r i ng fr o m t h e p ar ad ig m s g i ve n

a b x c ept i n t h e t h ir d p er s o n s i ng ul ar
o ve , e .

Th e s e c o n d ao r i s t A t m an epa d a i s n o t t o b e u s e d i n a p ur el y p as s i ve s en s e

4 3
0 I n t h e t h. i r d p er s o n s i n
g ul ar a p e c u l i ar f o r m h as b e e n fi x e d i n t h e

p as si ve e nd ing i n g i an d r e qu ir in g Vri dd h i o f fin al and G u na o f m e di al

, , ,

vo wel s (b u t a a i s l eng t h e ne d ) f o ll o we d b y o ne c o n s o n an t
“
.
,

Th u s , ins t ead o f m d l a vi s h za , we fin d
Fl l S t Fo r m
’
.

$1 q a di t a, S e c o nd F o r m .

W a d i /( s h a m , wast i
a d es-i .

WW ag h u ks h a t a ,
W i h-i
ag z .

m a li ks ka t a , was ; a l eh -
i. F o ur t h
33 1
W a d h u /cs h a t a , 13 W
3 ? a do k i -
.

m i a d h i ks h a t a ,
fig
sf a d eh i -
.

40 4 . V er b s en di ng i n W d or p
di h th o ng s, t ak e
fly b ef o r e th e p as s i ve
Q i .

"
—
narl q a dag i , i nst ea d fes
'

a ,
t d d s o f sa a di t a .

40 5 . Ver b s e n d i ng in
M ay ( Ch ur , C au s . D e no m &c . . dr o pfl ay b ef o r e the p i as s ve

3z ,
t h o u gh In t h e g ener al t en s e s , aft er t h e dr o pp i ng o f th e p as s i ve 1 ! y a, th e o ri
g i na l
W ay

m ay r eapp e ar ,
i . e. t h e A t m m ay b e . u s e d as p as s i ve .

M bo cflzay, m abo d ki ;
“ c h o r a y, W IT a cho r i;
m r dj ay, m ar fj i
a .

I n th e o th er p er s o ns t h e se ver b s m ay e i th er d r o p l
El
‘

i ag
/ or
‘
r et ai n it , b e i n g co n u g ate d j in
e
ei t h r cas e aft er t h e fir st f o r m o f t h e fir s t ao r i st :

m wmfi f q d ma rti an a bhdvi s kykalz W W fl fil fi!

’
bh avay ; a bh vi s hi , a bh avi ; o r
‘

a bh dvayi s hi , m m: a bhdvayi s h
'

tkalt , m fa abhavi ’

40 6 . I nt en s ive b as e s in
R y ad d th e p as s i ve
i i , wi t h o u t G u na .

I nt . fi m bo bhay, w as a bo bhfiy z
’

I nt en s ive b as es en di n g in
fl p y, r ece d e d by a co ns o nant , dr o p R y, an d r ef us e G una
m
.

wi firfa a bebhi di
‘

bebh zdy A or
‘

I nt . . .

D e si d er ati ve b as e s , li k ewi s e, r ef us e G u na .

W wgatfiuf a abubo dhi s hi

‘
es . bubo d hi s h ; A or. .

Th i s wo u l d fo l l o w if ka r t ar i e xt e nd s t o Pan . III . I , 5 4, 5 6 .
2 02 PA S S I VE .
4 1 1

D u al I . p er s m .
m a l d vi s h va h i , b
y t
-
h e sid e o f W a l etai — s h va h i
‘

W a l d vi s h d t h dm, W a l ci vi - s h d t h ci m
‘

W
’

2 . W -
.

3 . W a l d vi s h ci tci ni -
, m? W a l ita i -
s h d tdm .

Pl u r . I . p er s wa rfa mfg .
‘

a l d vi s h ma h i , -
by t h e s i d e o f m f awfg a l d vi s h ma h i
-
.

W }
as a l dvi ah na m o r W a l ci vi d ho o m o r
‘
0
g
-
2 .
-
.

3 . m a leta i s h a t a , —
m a l d vi s h a t a -
.

Fut . m l d vi -s hy e, by t h e s i d e o f l ci vi -s h ye
‘

C o nd . m al avi -
s h ye,
‘

ma fi a a l dvi -s h y e .

Pe r . F ut . m am al as t -
t ake, m l ci vi t dh e
‘
-
.

B TW s h iya , E F flw ti ni s h i y a
l
‘

B l ci vi
’ ‘
’

at
'—
en .
-
.

F r o m Fa ch i , t o g at h e r , gr d p er s . s i ng . A o r P as s
. . fi r fix a ch a
gi ; h e nce

A or . W filfi l a ch dy i s h i , b e s id e s W ai l ? a ch es hi , &c .

mfixfi
'
F ut . ch ay i s h ye , ch es hy e .

C o nd W . a ch dy i s hy e , T a
ra ach es h y e .

Per F u t mfimfi e hayi t dh e, Q afi ch et dh e

'
‘ ' '
. . .

B en . m c h dy i s h i y a ,
'
Q l flfl '
ch es h i y a
'
.

Fr o m w yh r a , to s m ell ,
g d r p er s . s in
g A . o r . Pas s . W fi r ag h r ci yi ; h e nce
A or . W ag h r dy i s h i , b es i de s m ag h r ds i .

F u t uTfirQ g h r dyi s h ye ,
. E tt a jgh r ds y e .

C o nd W . ag h r dyi s h y e , m a
g h r ds e
y .

P er . Fu t .
mfixmi '
g h r dy i t dh e, um ? g h r d t d h e .

B en. flTfifl fiq g h r dy is h i y a ,
‘ '

m g h r ds zy a
‘
.

Fr o m as
!d h ur i , t o h u r t , gr d p er s .
'

S I ng . A o r . Pa s s W . a dh v r d i ; h e nc e
A or . W a d h vci r i s h i , b es id e s waf er a d h vri s h i o r W EI a dh vd r i s hi .

wfi fi d h vci r i s hy e
‘

Fut d h vdr i s h ye,

’

m
. .

Pe r F u t W d h vci r i t ci h e , tai n? dh uci r t dh e

’ ‘

. . .

W
’“
w fctfi u d h var i s h iy a W d hvci r i s h fy a
'
B d h vri s h i ya o r
' ‘

en .
,

"
F r o m a h a n, t o ki ll , gr d p e r s s i n g A o r . . . Pas s fl uf f? agh ani ; h e n ce
.
'

A o r W faf fl ag h dnis h i , es i d e s
’ ’
.
’
b ( m fi l fi l a va a h i s hi
) P an V I 4
’
. . .
,
6 2 T .

F ut 1 a g h dni s hy e,
Eff - { 1 3 h a ni s h ye
F
'
“
. 2 .

Per F u t . .
m g h dni t ah e ,
'

gin
-
Eh a u t ah e .

B en . m g h ci ni s h i
’

a
y , (m i! na d h i s h i y a ) .

Fr o m “
s d r i s, t o
g! s e e,
g d p e r s s i ng A o r
r . . . Pas s . s t af f: a dar si h e n ce
A or .
m f ftffl a d a r éi s h i , es i d e s b m a d r i ks h i .

F ut af fifi d a r é i s h y e,
.
3 } 15 d r a ks h y e .

Pe r F u t f i ?
l m si d gwi d r a s h tdh e
’
. . a ar t h e, .

fi r th ar si s h iy a
W
'
en . d , d r i ks h i y a .

S ee 2
33 . 5
1 S i d dh
'

.
-
Kau m . vo l . I I, p . 2 70 , s e em s to al l o w R FB a ka s i .
 414 . PA RTI I P C L ES ,
GE RU N DS , AND I N FI N IT I VE . 203

Fr o m H g r a h , t o t a ke , gr d p e r s s i ng A o r
g . . . Pas s m fg ag r ci h i ;
. h e nc e
A o r w rf zfi l ag r dh i s h i , . e s id e s b W a r a h is h i
g .

F u t urfigfi g r dh i s h y e ,
.
£13 5 g r a h i s hye
1 1 .

mfg mi M fg g r a h i t d h e
'

Pe r . Fut .
g r dh i tdh e, .

B en .
mm g r dh i s h i y a ,
’

afi qh
‘
g r ah i s h i y a
'
.

Fr o m ( mt r a may ,
to d e li gh t , C aus . o f ( i
t r a m,
3 d r p er s . s i ng . A o r . Pas s .

u t fs ar a mi o r wa ft! ar dmi ; h e nc e
A or . m fi ffil a r a mi s h i or W fl fi ar dmi s h i , b e s i de s m ar a ma yis h i .

41 2 . C e r t ai n ver b s o f an i nt r a ns i t i ve m e ani ng t ak e t h e p as s i ve
{ i i n the 3r d p er s . s i ng .

A or . At m . Th u s 3 3 TH?! u tp a dga t e ( 3r d p er s . s i n
g p r ese nt o f the At m ane pad a o f a D iv

m
.

ver b) ,
he ar i s e s , b e co mes u da
p dd i ,
h e ar o s e , he s p r ang U p ; b u t it i s r e g ular in t h e
o t h er p er s o n s , m u d ap a t s dt dm, t h ey t wo ar o se , &c .
( Pan . III . I ,

41 3 . O th er ver b s o f an i nt r an s it i ve ch ar act er t ak e t h e s am e p
f o r m o ti o nall y ( Pand II I .
,
6I)

W } (M
el t ; d ipy a t e h e b u r n s D i v m p ,a d i i o r ad i i s h ta
p
, , m .

a fl j a n (3 1TH?!j dya t e h e i s b o r n h e i s D i v At m ; i t can no t b e f o r m e d fr o m W

, , , , .

( H u Pan ) t o b e g et ) G ET? aj ani o r m

, , aj ani s h ta , .

3 W?! bu d h a t e h e i s c o n s ci o u s D i v fi f
t ( W abud d ha
“

b d hi
3? 3 y e a o o r .

m
, , ,

(W p uayati h e fil l s r a u
p ri or , W p a zi i s h ga
, r .

My (WW II tag/ a t e h e s p r e ad s B h u At m ; r eall y D i v f o r m o f Ta n) m

“ , ,
a t dyi , .
,
or

m at dyi s hta .

W (m pydy a t e, h e g r o ws ), W fil m '

apydyi o r i h
pydy a a
py y s ta .

C HA PTE R XV I .

PA RTI I P E S , C L GE RU N DS , A N D J N FIN ITI V E .

4 14 . Th e p ar ti ci pl e of th e p r e s e nt Par a s m ai pad a r e ta i n s t h e V ikar an as

o f t he t en cl as s e s . I t i s m o st e a s il
y f o r m ed b
y t ak i ng t h e g r d p er s p l u r o f . .

th e p r e s ent ,
an d d r o pp in g t h e fin al 3 i Th i s gi ve s u s t h e A ng a as e , fr o m
. b
wh i c h t h e Pa d a an d B ha b as e c an be e as il
y d ed u c e d a cc o r di ng to g e n e r a l
r ule s cc ent r em ai n s i n t h e
Th e a o n t h e s am e p ar t ic ipl e s
yl l a le b
wh e r e i t wa s i n t h e gr d p e r s p l u r If th e a cc e nt f all s o n t h e l as t . . s l la l e
y b
o f t h e p ar t i c i p l e a n d i f t h at p ar t i c i pl e d o e s n o t t ak e a n as al th en al l B ha
, ,

c a s es a n d t h e f e m i n i ne s u ffi x r e c e ive t h e a cc e n t
( Pa n V I 1 . . .
,
Th u s

“al
l N o m S “3 1
. . A cc . want I ns tr . m &c .

’ ’
bh ava t d
’
bhava nt bh a va nt am
’
bha van

m 36 7? m m
t ud a t d
'
t u da n t t uddn t a m

'
m &c

d i vy a nt a m
 PA RTI I P E S , C L GERU NDS ,
AN D I N F I N I TI VE .

W W mm
’
N om S . . A cc . I ns t r a . &c .

ch o r dy an c h o r aiy a nt am c ho r dy a td

M &c .

s unva nti
’
s unnan
’
su nvci nt a m s unva t c f
m &c
’
t a nvafn t a nvdnt a m t anva t d
'

t a nua nt

shi m &c
kr i nafnt a m kr i na t lf

m &c
a do nt i
’
a d a nt a m
’
adat d

’
W I 84 )

j uhva ti j u hva t am j i
z h va t d

W T& c

f
’ ’ ’
r und h ant r u nd ba u d h a nt a m r u nd h a t t
’
r un dh a nt i r un

W I nt en s .
m 1 84 )
bo bhu va t bobh uva t am
’ ’

bdbhuva ti bo bhuva t bobhuva td

4 1 5 . Th e p ar t i ci p l e o f t h e fu t u r e 18 fo r m e d o n t he s am e p r i n c i pl e .

afawfir wf m w wtawa fw ni wf awm

’

N om s A ccfi I ns t r
'

a . . .

bh a vi s hyanti bh avi s hydnt bh avi s hyctn bh avi s hydnt a m bh avi s hy at cf

4 1 6 . Th e p ar t i c ipl e o f th e r e du p li c at e d p er f e c t m ay b est b e fo r m e d by
t ak i n g t h e gr d p e r s p l ur . . o f t h at t e n s e . Th i s co rr es o nd s ,
p b o t h i n f o r m an d

c
a c ent , wi t h t h e B h a b as e o f th e p ar t i ci pl e ,
o nl
y t h at t h e 1
1 3 , as it is al way s
f o l l o we d by a vo wel , i s ch ang e d t o i s h
t H a vi ng t h e B h a as e , i t i s e as y t o . b
f o r m t h e A ng a an d P a d a a s e s , a cc o r di ng t o 20 4 b
I n fo r m i ng t h e A ng a .

an d P ad a b a s e s ,
it mu st b e r em e m b er e d ,

I . Th at roo ts e n d i ng in a vo wel , r esto r e t h at vo wel , wh i h , c b ef ore u h ,

h ad b ee n n at u r al l y ch an g e d i nt o a s e m i vo wel .

2 . T h at , a cc o r d i ng t o th e r ul es o n i n t er m e d i at e
3 i , all ve r b s wh i ch , wi t h o u t
c o u nti ng t h e 3 : u h ar e m o n o syl l abi c i n t h e gr d p er s p l ur
“

, . .
,
i ns er t
3 i .

( S ee N e c e s s ar
y g i § 33 8 1 ; Op t i o n al 3 5533 7
i , , , ,

gr d P Pl ur . . I n s t r S i ng
. . N o m S i ng
. . A cc. S i ng .

was : 3 13m wars

ba bhumi h ba bhuvus h a ba bhavdn ba bh uvdi ns am
'

'

ni ng h ni ni vdi ns am
’

/ 22 ni nyzis ha

m 3

t u t u dus h d
'

t u t u d zi h

di d i s h

c h o r aydmds u h
 P A RTI I P E S , C L GE RU NDS ,
AND l N F I N I TI V E .

Fi r s t D i vi si o n . S ec o n d D i vi s i o n .

? bh ci va
“i n mm: bh ci va mana h l ir
—
m
'
nt e s u nv- d t e— : s u nn-dnci h
b-
fi g a
gfi
‘
f
— a

ga? l tu d a nte
gq m
-
: t u d ai ma na h
—
tr

fi a fi d w a nt e
y i fia l mfi -d iv y a m d n—a h W } t a nv a t e m . t a nv dnci h
— - —
.
-

fir m?! ch o r dya nte é fim m: ch o r dy a m dna h m M i nu te 951m : hr i n a nci k

‘
- — - —
“
-

P as s w t u dya nte g m m : t u ay a ma na h —
aga a d d t e
m : a d a n
’
a h
“
s — — —

m bh dvdy a mana h
' '
bh avci y a nt e j uh v a t e v ana h
ag n
s h
- - - —
u -
fl

fi m i i s h a mana h i
'

D bu bh u s h a nt e b u b h k r au d h d t
'

: n
—
“

gi gi flfl t
— - —
es .

‘
m
'
I nt bo d h zi y d nt e Hn : b o bh zl y ci mana h
gq — — —
.

4 20 . Th e p ar t i c i p l e o f t h e fu t u r e i n t h e A tm an epad a i s fo r m e d by add i ng
an : mdna h i n t h e s am e m an n e r .

af fi au
'

bh a vi s h y ci — nte— wfi rwq m: bh avi s h yd mdna h -

fifl fi n es h y d nt e fim ne s h y d md na h — — -

fi a fi t o ts y cf nte Tfim a : t o ts yci mdna h — — -

w as edh is hyd nte z fixm m: e dhi shyci - — -

mdna h

§ 4 2 L Th e p ar t i c i pl es o f th e p r e s e nt an d fu t u r e p as s ive ar e f o r m e d by
a ddi n
g F m: mci na h i n t h e s am e m anner .

ws
a mag na te —
am : bh uyci mdna h
'
-
mf au ifi —
q mm
ifi bu d h y ci nte u m z bu d h y ci mdna h bh dvi s h y d —
nt e —
bh dvi s h yd—m dna h
g
‘ —
g u - —

li f t?! s ti l ya nt e
’
- —
EQJW : s t zi y d —
mdna h W —
HTF
QW W :
nay i s h y d—n t e— ndy i s h ci -m dna h
f fi fi kr i y i q fl m: k i d md h g
i
-
c -n te —
r y
—
na

bh avyci
'
—
nt e m : bh ci vy dW (4n dll O r like t h e Par t . F ut A tm . .

Th e P as t P ar ti cip l e P a s s i ve i n H: t ab a nd t h e Ger und i n m t vfi i .

422 . Th e p ast p ar t i ci pl e p as sive i s fo r m e d by a ddi n

g
“

a: t a h o r a : na h

to th e ro o t .
t i, $ 3 : kr i t a h, d o n e, m as c .
31
1 1 Mi ni fem , .
; 3m h r i t ci m ,
n eu t .
Q M Ti a l i l u a h ,
“
,
cut.

Th i s t er mi nat i o n a t a i s , as we s aw, m o st Opp o s ed t o t h e i n s er t i o n o f i nt e r

m e di at e 3 i , s o m u ch s o t h a t ver s wh i ch m ay fo r m a ny o n e g e ne r al t e n s e b
wi t h o r wi th o ut 3 i , al way s fo r m t h e ir p a s t p ar t i c ip l e wi t h o u t i t Th e n u m e r . b
o f ve r b s wh i c h m u s t i n s er t g i b ef ore 71 t a
“
is ve r y s m all .
33 ,
2 D) .

B e si de s b e i ng ave r s e t o t h e i n s er t i o n o f i n t e r m e d i at e 3 i, t h e p ar t i ci p i al

t e r m i nat i o n a t a , h avi n g al wa
y s t h e U d at t a , i s o ne o f t h o se whi c h h ave a
c
t e n d e n y t o we ak en ve r blb a as es .
( S ee
3 44 )
§ 4 23 . T h e g er u nd o f sim pl e ve r b s i s f o r m e d by addi n
g R T t ur f to the

m
l
t kr i , kr i tva, h avin g do ne m u tvd fr o m Ea p un,
“

roo .
5 .
1 p u,
g p o r,
g
l
wh a r p a vi tva, h avi ng pu r i fie d .

Th e r u les as t o t h e i n s er t i o n f t h e i n t er m e di at e g i
o e f o r e m t ad h ave b
b ee n
g i ve n b e fo r e . W i th r e g ar d t o t h e s tr e ngt h e ni n g o r we ake ni ng o f t h e
 43 0 . PA RTI I P E S , C L GERUN DS ,
AND I N F IN ITI V E . 207

b as e , t h e g e ne r al r ul e i s t h at m
“
tvd wi th o u t i nt e r m e di a t e { i w e a ke n s , wi t h

i nt e r m e di at e { i s t r e ng t h e n s t h e r o o t ( Pan I 2 , . . It al wa
y s h as t h e
U d at t a I n g i vi ng a f e w m o r e s p e ci al r ul e s o n t hi s
. p o i nt ,
it wi ll b e co n

ve n ie nt t o t ak e t h e t e r m i n at i o n s 71 t a an d H T tvd to g e t h er , as t h ey a
g r ee to

a
g r e at e x t e nt ,
t h o u gh n o t al t o
g e t h er .

’
I ab a nd H Tt va, wi t h i nt er med i a t e i
“

. 11 2 t .

4 24 . I f rt: t ah t ak e s i nt er m e d iat e
“

3 i , i t m ay i n ce r t ai n ve r b p
s ro d u ce G u na . I n t h is
cas e th e G u na b efo r e an t vd 1 8 r e g ul ar .

5 3 a t o l i e d o wn
, , m say i t dh m ’
s ayi tv d.

Fa g sai d t o s weat E 1313 . svedi t dh o r fern: s vi nndh ; fi fizfi ' '

l s vedi tvd

w
.
, ,

fire mi d t o be so ft , med i t dh ; medi t vd

m
, . .

W p fifi flk k h f
Ics hvi d, t o dr i ved i t d ; h ks hved i tvd
'

, s .

d h r i s h , t o d ar e , vfi a : d h ar s hi t ah; “F53 1 d h ar s hi tvd

’

a .

b nf fiw: ma r s h i t a h ( p at i ent ) ( Pan affir m ma r s hi tvd

'

)
’
mri s h , t o
fl e ar , ,
. I . 2, 20 .

a pi i , to p ify t T5577: p
ur ,
avi t a h i ( Pan . 1 . 2, M p avi tv d , fr o m
fi pflh . S ee N O . 1 56 .

425 . V b wit h p
er s e nul t i m at e 3 a m ay or m ay no t t ak e G u na b ef o r e
"
tl t a wi t h i nte r

m e di at e i , i f t h ey ar e u s e d
‘

im p e r s o nall y .

r Efifil il dyo ti tdm, it h as b e en shi ni n .

’
dyut, t o s hi ne , d yuti ta m ( an
P
fi
' '
o g . 1 . 2,

42 6 . If R Ttvd t ak e s i nt er m e d i at e i i , it re q u ir e s, as a g e n e r al r ul e , G u na ( Pan 1 2 , . .

o r a t al l e ve nt s d o es no t p ro d uc e an
y we ak e n i ng O f th e b as e .

ad m i t, t o e x i s t 3 55731,

va r ti tv d .
W s r a ms , to f all , E FHH Tsr a ms i t vd ( Pan . 1 . 2,
{ p a ( i . e .
1 :
3 p un), t o

p ur if
y , W p avi tv d ( Pan . 1 . 2,

V b er s, h o wever , b eg i nni ng wi th c o n s o n a nt s , an d e n d i ng in an
y s i ng l e c o ns o n ant e x pt ce

l
l y or
i n, p r ece d e d by 3 i i
, or
“

3 5 ii, t a k e G u na O pt i o n al l y ( Pan . I . 2,
fi dyut , t o

s h ine , m m dy o ti tv dor W E Tdyu ti tvd . Th e s am e O pt i on a ppl i es to

a i r i s h, t o t h i r s t ;

Qi mr i s h; t o b eam ? Sl i ms , to att e nu at e ( Pan . 2

‘

I
If qfi Ttr i s hi t vd or t a r s hi t vd .

42 7 . Th o u g h t ak i ng i nt e r m e d i at e 5 2, H T t va d o es no t p ro du ce G u n a, b ut , i f p o ssi bl e,
"
weak e ns t h e b as e , in S
Q r ud , to cr y, Rafi ! r udi t vd ( Pan
"
. I . 2, Fag ai d , t o k n o w, ffl fifi
' ’
l

d; fif i mus h
'

"
'

f T
"
ui d i tv mus hi tvd ; 2
K t o t ak e ,
E i h i d 33 m 2
1: p }
s t e al , r ak T H !
E
'

fl fi
to g g g r t v ; ,

m
, ,

to d el ig h t , fiffi l mr i di tvd ( Pan ‘

. 1 . 2,
{Q mrid , to r ub , mr i d i t vd; W g ad h t o ,

c o ver ,
W y a d hi t v d; m kl i s , t o
‘

h ur t, W kl i s i tvd ;
’
'
7=
f vad , t o
§ S p e ak , m l

u di t v ; d
l
3 1 {vas , t o d wel l , m us h i tv d.

42 8 Ro o t s e n d i ng in
R th or 1
Q h
p , p r e ce d e d by a nas al , m ay or m ay no t dr o p th e

m
.

n as al b efo r e HT t ud ( Pan . 1 . 2, m g r a nt h i tv d or g r a t hi t v d , h avi ng t wi s t e d .

Th e s am e a p pl i es to th e roo ts “ m u ch , to ch e at , a n d
Q
‘

fl l un c h , t o pl u ck ( Pa n . 1 . 2,

E lfi fi l va nc hi t v do r vach i t v d .

II . a nd m i
t va, wi t h o u t i nt er med i a t e
‘

3 i .

42 9 . Ro o t s e nd i n g in nas al s l en gt h e n t h e i r vo wel b ef o r e i t t ah an d H Tt ad ( Pan . v1 .

4,

W sa m, t o r es t , W ’ ’
s d nt dh , S l i m sdnt vd .

M kr a m t o st e p m ay or m ay no t l e ngt h e n i t s vo wel b ef o r e 73 1 t va
'

( Pa n . V I .
4,
m
,

m kr am, m 3 kr dnt a h , mm kr dnt vd o r ai mk r a nt va ; al s o

'
kr a mi t va .

430 . T he f o ll o wi ng ro o t s, e n d i n g I n n a s al s , dr o p th em b e fo r e
"
71 t a h a n d H Tt ad .
( Pan .

v1 4 , .
2 08 PA RTI I P E S , C L GE RU NDS ,
AND I N FI N ITI VE .
§ 43 1

“ y am, to ch e ck , W 2y a tdh, fl fi 1 y a tvd* “ r a m, to s p o r t, W r a tah ,

’
m i nte d; “ 71 a m ,

to b e nd, HH
’ ‘
na td h am na tmt a h a n
, , t o k ill , g m h atah
’

, g m h a t vd 11 :
19 a m ,

g o ,
71112
g a ta h ,
’

" I
H Tg a tv ; ii i-
d ( ma n, t o t h ink , an: “ c a n, to
a sk ; Hi t an, t o s t r et ch , W 2t at a h,
’
WE Tt a tvd ; an d th e o t h er ver b s o f t h e Tan cl as s ,

e nd i ng in i n .

N o te — O f th e s am e ver b s th o s e e n ding in a n dr o p th e n a s al b ef o r e t h e g e r un d i al H y a
an d i n s er t T
U mm p r a
; md ty a ( Pan . V I .
4, th o se e n d i ng in
1
3m m ay or m ay no t dr o p
th e nas al b ef o r e t h e g er u n d i al Tl y a ; N W p r ag dty a o r M p r ag amy a
’
.

43 1 . Th e f o ll o wi ng ver b s d r o p final Fl a , a nd l e n gt h e n t h e vo wel .

FF
U an, to b ear , i n? “j dt a h,
“

W j d t vd ; N i s a n, to o bt ai n , am: s dt a h, man s dtvd ;

“ kh a n, t o d i g , W 2 khdt a h , W khdtvd .

I . Ro o t s e nd i ng I n
“

Q o kh , o r
“

i n, s u b st i t u t e an d ai d .
( Pan . V I .
4, 19 .

W p r a c h h, to as k ,
p r i s h t ah
W Tpr i s ht vd
h di v, t o pl a
y E
E K
,
dyi i nah ,
’

W dyzi tvd
’

2 . Ro o t s e nd i n
g In
i r c hh , o r
{ m} , dr o p th eir fin al co n s o nant .
( Pan . V I. 4, 21 .

W mur c hh , t o f ai nt ,
i h mii r t ah ; 3? tur n, t o s t r i ke ,
1 132 ti i r na h
‘ ’

43 2 . Th e f o ll o wi ng ver b s ch an g e t h ei r
"

i n wi t h t h e p r e ce d i ng o r f o ll o wi ng vo wel in t o
3 12.
( an
P . V I .
4,
S 5

fl j 3 d h 3 h i i r tvd
“

va r
13 j n h E j
2 i to E ai l ,
I fl t v i t! t v t as t e n
1 1 2 t Z n a 7
23 1 t '
i r a r a r o I r
'

, ; , , , ,

i —
fe
i v i c to d r
y 63
c
s r i Z t ah G ,
E T s r ii tvd ;
W a v ,
t o p r o t e ct 3 3 2 d t ah W
”
d
,
tv d , , ,

“ m a n t o b i nd
1 fi m u t ah , 1 fi 1 m u t vd , 2 , .

§ 4 3 3 Ro o t s e ndi ng i n fi a i s u b s t it u t e W d ; fi d hy a i t o m e d i t at e mm: d hydt a h

.
, , ,

W E Tdhyd tvd o r i f ; fi g ai t o s i ng 7 fifi 2 g i l ah n tvd Fi nal 2 e an d WT6 t o o

‘

.
, , , .
, ,

ar e ch an g e d t o
i i ; m p d t o d r i nk t fl fl i p i t ah t fi fi l p i t v d ; a d
,
h e t o s u ck W 2d h i t
,
ah
'

,
‘

, , ,

tfi m d hi tva .

43 4 . Th e f o ll o wi ng r o o t s ch an g e t h eir fi nal vo wel i nt o 3 i .

i t do , t o cu t , few: di ta h fam , dava ( Paa vu .

4, w
h o ,
t o fi ni sh , fa n: S i ta h fe m
,

s i t vd ; mm , t o m e as u r e, fin : mi t ah, ffl fi I mi tvd ;
‘

W s t h d, to s t an d , fe m s t hi t a h ,

fa rm s t h i tvd ; tn d int, t o pl ace , f ar: bi t ah, f ar h i tvd ( Pan . v1 1 .

4, 31 M , to

l eave ( gi n: hi nah), fzfi l h i t vd ( Pan

'
. V II .
4,

435 .
Sfi
‘
so, to s h ar p e n, a nd chho , to cut , s u b s t i tu t e
3 i, or t ak e t h e r e gu l ar W at .

sit a , firm: a m o r W dt ah, faint a n d m s d tvd ( Pan

‘ ‘
: s or . vn .
4,

43 6 . E x pti
ce o nal fo r ms

ET d d t g i ve, f o r m s 3 3 2 d a t t ah I, W T d a t tvd ( Pan V II 4,

‘ ‘

, o . .

m Sp h dy , t o g r o w, f o r m s m 2 sp hi t ah ( Pan . V I . 1 ,

fi s t y ai , to c al l ( wit h I t p r a ), f o r m s m p r as t i t a h ( Pan . V I . 1 , 23 ) an d mafia: p r a s ti ma h

( Pan VIII 2,

m
. .

fi ‘
sy ai , to cu r d l e, f o r m s m ‘
2s i aah, an d W ’
s i ta h ,
co l d ; bu t sa ms ydna h
’

, ro l l ed

u
p( Pan . V I . 1 , 2 4,

M p g
/ dz] ,
t o g w, f o r m s
r o 1T fifl 2p i nah; b u t l umzp ydnah af t er c er t ai n p p re o s i t i o ns ( Pan .

V I . 1 ,

4 3 7 Th e ver
. b s wh i ch t ak e S am pr a s ar an a b ef o r e 3 2 t a h an d FITt ad h a ve b e en m e nt i o n e d

S ee ver b s wit h o u t i nt er m e di at e i .
332 , 1 3, a nd

1 A ft er
‘
p p re o s i t i o ns e n d i ng in vo wel s , a d a m ay b e d r o t, p a nd t h e fi nal {i an d 3 a o f a

p p m W W s uda t t a h, $ i h
’

re o s it i o n l en gt h en e d . 2p r a da t t ah, 2pr a tt a h; 8 2s z tt a .
21 0 PA RTI I P E S , C L GE RU N DS ,
AND I N F I N I TI V E .
§ 44 3
an i ndi c at o r y ‘
Efi 0 ;
fi bh uj (15 h bh aja D h at u a
p th a , 2 8, to b e nd ,

3 73
3 : M ag net /ft .

6 . Ver bs b egi nni ng wit h c o ns o n ant o n e o f t h em b ei ng a s em i vo wel

a d o ub l e , ,

a n d e n d i n g i n i s! d o r a e 3 d i s h o ch ange abl e t o an d (Pan V I I I 2

, , , ,
“

. .
,

43 ) fl g l m g l d l f d d E xc p {3 d h i m di m
'

a z a : na a e ,
e t y a t o e t a t e u :z, .
, ,

d h yd ta lz ( Pan V I I I 2 m kh yd t o p r o cl ai m m : kh ydta l
. .
,
In , ,
z.

3 tr a i t o p r o t e c t m g h r d t o s m el l t h e s u b s ti t u t io n i s O p ti o nal ; am t
‘

, , , ,
.

tr dna lt or an : tr d t a lz ( Pan V I I I 2 , . .

7 M i
. s c ell an e o u s p ar t i c ip l e s i n a:
“
na b :
{i np dm a lz, o nl y i f d er i ve d fr o m

Er
: p dr ,
an d t h en W i t h an Op t i o n al fo r m af a r: p dmt a b ( Pan
’

. V II . 2,

w h il e t h e p ar t i c i p l e i i f s ai d t o b e i
g pt d t l ( Pan 2,
1 s o 1 r r a z V III
p . .

ai m: k / i s z na h , fr o m far ks h i , t o wa s t e ; W dydna lz, fr o m fr et di v, t o

l
p ya ,
( no t t o g am l e , wh e r e i t i s b a? d yd t a h ) *
m l ag na lz, fr o m am
l ag , t o be i n c o n tac t wi t h ( Pan . V II . 2, al s o fr o m
fi l aj ,
to be
a s h am e d sfia é ma li
“
an d m a: éyd na lz, c o agul at e d ,
bu t W : éi t a lz, co l d ;
{tun g b
b r i /t a or 3 11 : br i m/f t, as h am e d
( Pan VI I I . . 2,

§ 44 3 . N at i ve gr am m ar i an s e nu me r at e c er t ai n wo r ds as p ar t ic i pl es wh i ch , t h o u g h by
t h eir m ean i ng t h ey m ay t ak e t h e pl ace o f p ar t i ci pl es , ar e by t h e i r f o r mat i o n t o be
j
c l as s e d as a d e ct i ves o r s u s t ant i ve s b r a t h er t h an as p t i ipl
ar c es . Th u s m: p a kvd z, r i l p e ;

W i W : ks kdd weak ; i ky i s dlz fih in ; W h i p r a s t i mdlz,

'
‘
2.sz s k a i k l ,
d r y ( PanN I . I , z,
N
cr o wd e d ;
E ra: p ku l l dlz, e xp an d e d ; W : ks ki vdlz, dr u nk , & c .

444 . p o sBy
s e s s i ve s u ffi
addinx a
q v a t 1 8g7)
t h
t o
e t h e p ar t i c i p l e s

i n H m an d 11 na a n e w p ar t i c i p l e o f ver y c o mm o n o c c u r r e n c e i s fo r m e d
, ,

b e ing i n fact a p ar t i c i pl e p er fe c t act i ve Th u s 31m: kri td lz d o n e b e c o m e s .

, ,

7m kri t dvdn, wh o h a s d o n e , bu t g en er all y u s e d as a d e fini t e b

- “
o ne ve r . G

Gri m ka ga m kri t a vdn, h e h as m ad e t h e m at ; i n t h e f e m i n in e I n

“
eu or

W
-
sé kr i ta va t i , in t h e Th e y l rl
an d n e u te r
W i ts( t a t kr i t a va t . ar e r e
gu a
y
d e cl in e d t h r o u gh o u t lik e ad e j ct iv s e in
“ va t .

Ger und i n 2!
y a .

5) 445 . C o m p o u nd ver b s, bu t no t ver b p cs re e de d by t h e n egat i ve p ar t i cl e

'

wa ,
t ak e 11
y a
(wi t h o u t th e a cc e nt ) , i n s t ead o f Fan tvd . T h u s , i n s t ead o f

m bh dtvd, we fin d I i i3-
31 s a m bh d y a b u t i n f i rm aj i t vd ,
n o t h a vi n
g c o n u er e d
fi q .

44 6 V er s e n d.i n g I n a s h obr t vo w e l t a k e a: t y a i n s t ea d o f I t y a faj

“

. . r,

to c o n qu er , f i lm j i tva , h avi n g co n q u er e d ; bu t fi fvm

' '

j
vz zty a
’

. x
! Mai ,
to

c ar r y hi m bh i tvd ; b u t mms ambh ztya h avi ng c o l l e c t e d

,
r r
’

,
. E xc ep t fa ks h i ,
wh i ch fo r m s m ma ks h ya h avi ng d e s tr o ye d ( P n V I 4 z , a . .
,

Pan V I I I . . 2, 4 9,
‘

all o ws
fi dyd na i n al l s en ses o f th e ro o t f a? di v, e x ptce i n t h at o f
b
g am li n g ; s ee D h at u path a 26, 1 . dyd na and W W p a r i dyzi na, p ai n e d, c om e fr o m
a differ ent
[
r oot, fii '
di e , t o p ai n , D h at upath a 3 3 , 5 1 .
 45 3 . V E RB A L A D JEC I I V ES
'‘
. 21 1

44 7 . C a u sat i ve b as e s wi t h s h o rt p e nu l t i m at e vo we l , ke e p th e caus at i ve s ufii x

fl ay

b e f o r e 11 /a
; ( Pan . V I .
4, ( fir
”

m s a izy a mdy a ti , m m s ari g amdyya , h avi ng cau se d to

as s e m bl e . Ot h er wi s e th e c au s at i ve s u ffi xi s , as u s u a l , dr o t : M p FRtdr dya ti , W pr d
a t r ya ,

h avi ng ca u s e d to a d van ce . 1“t p dp dya ti f o r m s

r WW p rfl
'
py a an d 1 mm p rd d
p yya,

h avi ng ca u s e d to r e ach ( Pan V I . .

4,

448 Th e . ver b s call e d

3 g h u 39 2 RTmd, t o m ea s ur e , m s t bd , to s ta nd , m yd to ,

s i ng o r to g o , W p d,
t o dr i nk or to p r o t e ct , {T M , t o l eave , i i to , t o fi ni s h , t ak e m d no t ,

i t
‘

( Pan . V I. 4, f l do , to cu t , W a va d dy a ; G!"s t bd,

”

“W m as t h dya . B ut “ pd ,

m
'

t o d r i nk , m ay f o r m p r ap dya or w i np ra
p i y a ( s at ) .

4 49 . V b er s e n di n
g i n
R m, wh i ch d o no t ad m i t o f i nt er m e d i at e 3 i , m ay or may no t

dr o p th e ir 3
1 m . Ex .

“ 12a m, t o b o w, W m a p dmy a or W p r aa dty a ; "fl y am , to g o ,

m dg dmya or m dg dty a . O th er ver b s e n d i ng in nas al s , n o t a d m i t t i ng o f i nt er m ed iate

i
{, or b el o n i
g gn t o t h e Tan cl a s s , al wa
y d s
ro p th e ir fi nal n as al . Ex .
( Kh a n, W pr a hatya ;
’

W Wj W W Ichdya m j dnya
’
fo r m
’
Ti t an, p r a t aty a H i kh an a nd an Ichany a or ,

or m j dy a .

4 50 i V e r b s e nd i n g I n
a ri c h an g e it t o i t if a nd , aft er b
l a i al s, i nt o fl ir Ex fmfii
S1 ,
a . .

vi t ir g/ a ,
ha vi ng cr o s s e d , R1 1 s ampu r y a , h avi n g fil l e d .

45 1 . C er t ai n ver b s ar e i r r eg ul ar I n no t t ak i ng S a m pr as ar ana . Th u s awe t o we ave , ,

mm: p m 6 warmp r a vydya

’

dya ; W Tj yd
'

fo r m s r av ,
t o f ail , 3 1 1 u d
p j y g/ ;
a a e
y e, to co ver , ,

bu t af t er fi f t p ar i o p ti o n al l y W p ar i vy dya or 1 f r at? “ p ar i v
l
t y a ( Pan . V I . I , 41

45 2 . S o me ver b s ch a ng e final { i an d
i i i nt o
“
5511 4 . Th u s ifi m
, m '
mi nati , h e

m mi no t i , h e t h r o ws , f o r m far m: m
'

d estr o ys , an d ffl mi , n i mdy a ; fl di , t o d es t r o y,
’

dya pt i Prasmvi l dya farm i

'

ad a t It , t o m el t , o nal l y vi l ya ( Pan
”

u
p o a or vr . I , 50

C HA PTE R XV II .

V E RB A L A D JE C I I V E S
'‘
.

V er ba l A dj ect i ves i n aw: t avyah ( or t avyah ) W , : an iyah , a nd it: yah

( or a
y h a nd
y )
ah

45 3 . Th es e ver b a l ad e j c t iv (c al l es ed K rit
) c o ryrae s p o n d i n m ean in
g t o t h e

L at i n p ar t i ci pl e s in nd us , co nveying t h e i d ea t h at t h e a ct io n e xpr e s se d b y th e
ve r b s ou
g h t t o b e d o ne or will b e d o ne . aim : kar t a vya h, m : ka r a piya h,
Hi l fi: kdr y a h i ,
faci e n du s . Ex . vi m “

65 53 1: d h ar mas wag/ d kar tavy a h, r i gh t

i s t o b e d o n e b y t h ee .

V b w zfaq errn W W m
’

1 m e mo r i al i s f th es e ( l 77
3
‘

er s u s o ver s :

W W “3 WW
I A no th er s u ffi x f o r f o r m i ng ver b al a d ect i ve s
j is e l i ma h wh i ch i s h o wever
, , , of

r ar e o c cu r r e n ce ; fi p ac h, t o co o k , W W mm .
p a c he l i md mds hdh, b e ans fit to co o k ;

f fi ffi fl ‘
bhi d el i mah , b r i ckl e , f r ag i l e .
( Pa n . III. I va r t .
)
E 6 2
 21 2 V E RB A L A DJ E C TI VES .
i 454

45 4 . In or d er t o fo r m t h e ad e j ct iv e in m : t a vy a h, t ak e t h e p er i ph r as ti c
fu t u r e , and i n s t e ad o f mid p ut HER t a vy a h

Th u s {I dd, t o g i ve W T dd td m W 112 d dni

j h
’
2 d d tavy ah / a

fi g ai , to s i ng mmg di d mm : g d tavy a h

fa j i '

, to q
c o n u er s l fi Tj et d
' '

W j et av a
y h
i bhu , t o b e t avi t d “ m 2bh a vi t avyah t ava ni y ah

“
6
5 kr i , t o d o min kar t a W 2 ka r t avy a h m h ar ani y ah

i jfl , t o gr o w o l d W j a i td r
‘

W 2j ar it avyah W 112 ar a ai ah
j
y

m asf mm fi es t a:
ks hvedi td ks hvedi t avy ah ks hved ani y ah

31 5m , t o k no w zfifim bo dh i td W ho dh i t avy ah W bo d h ani yah

Tfl kr ish , t o dr aw 35 § To r m 1
m 2o r m 2
fi mwkar s haniy ah
‘
‘

gia k “
uch , t o s u ee z e
q W ku chi td W ku ch i t avy ah W 2kuc h ani yah

fii gmi h'

, to s pi
r nkl e N ET medhci

311
1 g am, to go "HTg anté
w ‘
dri s, t o s ee
m d r as hgd

éETd td
'

a nzs h
'

C au s .
M bh dvay, t o u m
c au s e t o be bh dvayi t avy ah bh dvani y ah

D ea
m bubhds h, t o
mm 3 1 m
wi sh t o b e bu bhi i s h i t avya h
’
bubhii s haqziy ah
'
bu bhds hyah

I nt . w
hat !bo bhzi y sha m: -
a s h aw l :
bo bhi i yi t avy ah bo bhzi yani yah bo bhi i yy ah
I nt .
w bo bhd f
a fi r m : W e:
bo bh avi td bo bh avi t a vy ah bo bh avani y ah bo bh a vy ah

. fifin rbebhidy
'

s tar —
fin “
.

bebh i di t d be bhi di t a vy ah bebh i d ani yah bebhi dy ah

In o r der to fo r m t h e j ct iv i n W : ni y
ad e e a a h, i t i s
s u ffi ci e nt t o t ak e t h e roo t as it a pp b f H l : t vy h
e ar s e ore a a a ,
o m itt i ng , h o weve r ,
i n t er m e di at e
Q i ,
a n d p u tt i n
g m a niy a h i n s t e ad . G u n a vo wel s be fo r e
-

m d a i y a h h ave
,
o f c o u r s e, t h e s e m i vo wel fo r t h e ir fin al el e m e n t , an d

t h er e c an be no o ccas i o n f o r t h e i n t e r m e di at e Q i . Th e a l l ay o f t h e
“

c au s at i ve an d th e 1
1 y af t er c o n s o n ant s of i nt e n s i ve s an d o t h er d e r i va ti ve

Ve r b s ar e , as u s u al , r e e j c te d .
fi bu d h ,
‘

fivufa bo d h aya ti ,
a M badh a ni

y a k ; firebh i d , saws bebh i dya t e a , m bebh i d a ni y a h .

45 6 . In or d er t o f o r m t h e ad e j ct ive in t r.
y a h (m ay at , & c .
) it is

1 kar s h i d kr as h yd 2 kar s h tavy ah kr as h tavyah 3

or . or .
456 . 3
4 N e ve r t ak e s G u na 3 45 , no t e ) , e x pt b
ce e fo r e t er mi nat i o n s wh i ch h ave g ii
( or
Q it .

T h i s t er m inat i o n i s
W a
/ at
g .
21 4 V ERB A L A DJ E C TI V ES .
4 552

4 5 7 Th e f o l l o wi ng
. ar e a f ew d er i vat i ves i n 1 12 y ah, f o r m e d ag ai n s t t h e g ener al r u l es :

heng o hy ah ( Pan
w
“fl
'

t o h i d e , m ay fo r m Kas i ka)
{K g u h
{
1 3 12g uhya h or I II I 10
9 ash ,
f
. .
, , ,

to ch er i s h ,
v 2j us hyah; Hi g r a k, t o t ak e,
W 2g ri hyah, aft er Wffl p r a ti an d “
H f“
ap i ; E
R: va d , to s p e ak , W 2 u dyah, i n co m po s it i o n ( n
Pa . III . I , I 06 ; I I 4 . a vi an

a m br a hmo dyd ka t h d, a st o r
y t o l d by a B rah m an ); to b e, { 11 bhdya, i n

co m p o si t i o n ( Pan I I I . . I , 10 7 W E
E
. ! Tfil 2br ah ma bhd a m a t a
y g h
‘

, ar r i ve d at B r ah m ah o o d)

S ITE s ds
’

, to r u l e, “ ’

2s i s hyalz, p p il u .

W e find K t i n s er t e d b ef o r e 1 12 ya h , in anal o g y t o t h e g er un d s i n 1 ! y a , i n th e f o l l o wi ng

V er b s :

5 i , t o go ,
{ W2i tyah; q s t u, to p r ais e , 1
3 m: s t ut ya h;
fi vri , t o ch o o s e, 5 7112 v t ah
1 fly
W bhgi, t o b 1 112 bh i ty ah; kri , t o d o
w
”

dr i , t o d, 2 dri t yah; q 0 7 q
g e ar
'

r e g ar , r ,

kr i t yah . B ut m any o f t h es e f o r m s ar e o nl
y u sed in cer t a i n s e nses , an d must no t be
c o n s i d er e d as su ppl a n ti n
g th e re
g u l ar b l dj t i v
ve r a a ec es . Th us {
13 12 g u hy ah an d

m : g o hy ah b o th o ccur ;
$6 2 du hy ah a nd $3 12 d bg h & o a , c .

45 8 . V b er s e n d i ng in
“

i ch o r
i j ch ang e t h ei r fi nal co ns o na nt i nto 3
5 k or y if th e
f o ll o wi n g 1 1 y a ( ny a t ) r e q u ir e s t h e l e ngt h eni ng o f th e vo wel . “fl p a ch W , p dkya m ; fl
bhaj , t o en o j y ,
firm bh o g yam , bu t m bh oj y am, wh at i s t o b e e at e n ( an
P . V II .
3 ,

Th er e ar e , h o wever , s ever al e x pt i
ce o ns . V er b b s eg i nn i n g wit h a g u tt u r al do n o t a d m it

th e su b st i t u t i o n o f gu tt ur al s . Li k e wi se t h e f o ll o wi ng ver b s :
W y aj , Wi g/ de li , “ r uc k,

m p r ava c h, 3 1
.
K r i ch ,
W t y aj ,
fi p j,
d
fi j
a ,
a vr a j, 3
3
va fic h (to g o
) Th . us

W p jy
d a m ( Pr ak r i ya-Kau m u d i
, p .
55 b) .

I nfini t i ve i n fi tu m .

§ 45 9 Th e i nfi
.n i t i ve i s f o r med b
y a d d i n
g j tu m ,
w hi c h h as n o a cc e n t .

The bas e h a s t h e s a m e f o r m as e fo r e t h e 711 i d o f t h e p e r i p h r a s t i c f u t u r e , o r b

b e fo r e t h e am: t dvya h o f th e ve r b al ad e j c ti ve .
“

ar i bu dh , fi fug bo d h i tum
’

( S ee Ex . 3 m
p 35g a s rfir kri s h na m d r a s h tum vr aj a t i , h e g o e s t o
‘ ‘ '

s ee

Kri s h na ; i t? ma
E
“
. bh o ktum kdl a h, i t i s ti m e t o e at .

V er ba l A d ver b .

4 6 0 . B y m e an s o f the un a cc ent u at e d su ffix zi a m wh ic h as a g ener al ‘

s
, ,

r u l e, is a dd e d to t h at fo r m wh i ch t h e ve r b a s su m e s b efo r e t h e p a s si ve g i

(3 rd p er s
'

. s in
g . ao r . p as s (5 .
, a ver b al ad ve r b is fo r m ed . Fr o m 5
3 bh uj,
fifi bh qj a m ; fr o m m p d mp dy a m } &fivi emf II
’ ’

dr i nk , Ex
-
to e at , i
,
to tr . . an

ag r e bh oj a m j
vr a a ti , h avi n g fir s t e at e n , h e go e s . Th i s ver b al a dver b i s m o st
fr e qu e nt l u s ed t wi c e o ver Ex h s i t-fifl w bh di a m bh oj a m h aving
'

i
j
vr a a t i ,
'

y . . z!

e at e n an d e at en , h e g o e s
( n
Pa . III .
4, I t i s l ike wi s e u s e d at th e en d o f
co mp o u nds ; m dva i dh a nzkdr a m, h avin g di vi d e d ; fi mt
‘

u ch c ha i hkdr am,
l o u dl y .
 6
4 2 . C A US A I I V E '‘
vs ns s . 21 5

C H A PTE R XV I II .

C A US A I I V E vs s s s '‘
.

4 6 1 . S i m pl e roo ts ar e ch a nge d i nt o c au s al b as es by G u na o r V ri d dh i
o f t h e ir r a di c al vo we l , and by t h e a dd it i o n o f a fi nal g i Th e r o o t i s t h e n
.

t r e at e d as fo ll o wi n g t h e B h fi cl as s ,
so t h at { i a
ppe ar s in th e s p e ci al t e n se s as

13 1 1 ay a . Th u s &‘Lbh zi b ec o mes mfa oh ei m

’

an d W fir bh d vdy a ti h e , ca u s e s to

be ;
H bu dh bec o m es f tflt bo dhi and M bo d /zci ya ti , h e c aus e s t o k no w .

Th e a ccent is on t h e cf o f dya .

46 2 . Th e r ul es acco r d i ng t o wh i ch t h e vo wel t ak e s e it h er G u na or V ri d d hi ar e as

f o ll o ws :

I . Fi nal {i an d
i f, i
“

n an d 3 12, Q pi and
fl f i t ak e V riddh i .

Th u s fin s mi t o l au gh M m dyay a t i h e m a ke s l a ug h
, , , .

=fi m t o l ea d awnfir nd yaya ti h e cau s es t o l e ad

’

, ,
'

, .

g p l u, t o s wi m , M p l ava y
‘

a ti ,
h e m ak es s wi m .

i bhzz, t o b e , m afia bhczvaya ti ’’

,
he cau s e s t o be .

j Igr i , t o m ak e , W kdr aya ti , h e c au s es t o m ak e .

T M , to s cat t er , 3 m c r a ya t i, h e ca us e s to s catt e r .

2. Me di al Q i ,
3 a, i n, E l i ,
f o ll o we d by a s i ng l e co n so n ant , t ak e G una ;
fl fl b eco me s

Th u s fi gmi d ,
t o k no w, M e ed aya t i , h e m ak e s k no w .

32 6m mt o, kn o w, a m fia bo d kayati , h e m ak es k n o w
’
.

fl ififl fil kar t aya ti , h e

“ '
to cu t , to cu t
i v cau s es .

m kfip , t o b e a bl m e, ka lp a ya t i , h e r e n d er s fit .

3 M e
. d i al $1 a f o ll o we d by a s i n gl e co ns o n an t i s l engt h e n e d , bu t t h er e ar e m a ny e x p ti
ce o ns .

RE
; s ad, to s it , W s cfd a y a t i , he s et s .

“ a
p ,t t o f al l , W fil p dt aya ti
‘

, h e f ell s .

E x pt i
ce o ns

I . Mo st ver b s e n di ng i n Efl 2a‘
i am do no t l e ngt h en t h e i r vo wel

m W f fl g amayat i h e m ak e s g o
‘ ‘

i
’
1l l ‘ a to go ,
g , ,
.

M kr am, t o str i d e , m kr a maya t i , h e cau s e s to s t r i de .

V er b s in
m am wh i ch d o l e ngt h e n t h e vo wel ar e ,

fl kam, t o d e si r e , W 5 kdmayat e , h e d e s i r es ; C au s . m lcdmaya ti , h e m ak e s

d es ir e .

“ a m, t o m o ve , W a ma t i , h e m o ve s ; C au s . W d maya t i , h e m ak es m o ve
'
.

v
i “ c has mt o
( eat , W fil chama ti , h e eat s
‘
C au s . wmufa c hdmaya ti , h e m ak es ea t .

m m fa s dmay ati
’
M FR s cimya ti ; C he sho ws ;
’ '
‘
s a m, i f i t m ean s t o s ee , ,
he s ees au s . ,

bu t W fil ‘
s amaya t i , h e qu i et s .

Wi g/ am , u nl es s i t m e an s t o e at , W y a c h c h h at i ; C au s . W y dmay a t i , h e e xt e nd s ;

bu t mmfir yamaya ti , h e fee d s .

21 6 C A US A TI V E V E RBS . 6
4 2

3 1 1 mm, t o b en d , o pt i o nall
y l engt h e ns i t s vo we l if i t i s u sed wi t h o u t ap p re o sit i o n ;

m m? ’
n amay a t i o r ma fia na mag/ a tz he b en d s If p r ece d e d by p p it i th e
’

7 . a re os o n,
,

vo wel al ways o u g h t to r e m ai n s h o r t (D h . P . 1 9,

“ c a m, t o vo m i t , o pt i o nal l y l e ng t h e n s i t s vo wel i f i t i s u se d wi t h o ut a p p re o s i ti o n ;

fii aunts p p p
'

EIT vci ma y a t i o r va may a t i , h e m ak e s If r ece d e d o s it i o n ,

' ‘

Fl l l by
'
f
vo m it . a re

t h e vo wel a l wa s o ug h t r em a i n s h o r t (D h
y to . P . 1
9 7)
6 ,

i
II . A cl as s o f ver b s co ll e c t e d by nat i ve g r am m ar i an s , a n d b e g i nn i n g w th i f? g h a ;( D h P .

1
9 , do no t l en g t h e n t h ei r vo wel . Th e s a m e ve r b s m ay o t i o n al l y p r e t ai n t h e ir sh o r t

vo wel i n th e 3 r d p er s . s i ng . a o r i s t o f th e c au s at i ve p a s s i ve Th e f o l l o wi ng li s t
c o nt ai n s th e m o r e i m p o r t an t am o n g t h e s e ver b s

CA U A S TIVE .

Ro o t .
3t a Pe r s S i ng Pr es Par
. . . .
3r d Pe r s S i ng A o r Pas s i ve
. . . .

I .
11
? h
g t, t o
a s t r i ve m g h a ga a t i
y

m mufir vy a t bay a ti W i
c y a t h, t o f e ar a s nafu o r c t hi
‘

2 . a vy

3 .

Wp r a t h, t o b e fam o u s m fl? p r a t h ay a t i waf er o r W a
p ii t ki
r

4 H Q mr a d , t o
. r ub m ffl mr a d aya ti m or W a mr gdi
5 .
M kr ap , t o p ity m kr ap ay a t i “ fix o r W a kr cp i i
‘

6 H .

Q t va r , t o h ur r y m fir tv ar a
y ati W or W a tv r i d
7 .

fl j var ,
to b ur n wi t h f e ver W fi? j var ay a t i “
Ra ft or m a j i vc r i

8 . a
? n ut , t o d an ce W n a gay a t i m or w fz a n
‘
i
c gi

9 .

W
’
s r a t h, t o k ill ‘
sr at ha y a t i m or m ‘
as r gt hi
10 .
“ c a n, to act l
' ‘

um firp r ava nay a t i m orW pr dvdni

’

fi j va l , t o s h i n e
'

l
'

m tl fil p r aj va l ay a ti m W or p dj v
rgl i

F !s mri , to r e g r et 8 1a s mar ay a ti W m M as m r i d
1
3 . dr i , t o r es p e ct , n o t( t o t e ar ) W E d ar ay a ti waft or m a dc r ii
1 4. an 5r d, t o b o il m ufir ‘
sr a
. a
p y a t i s naf u o r W e ‘
asr gp i
15 .
mj fia t '

,
o s l ay, to pl eas e , to M j p y
fi a a a ti m or “ If“aj ficip i
’

s h ar p en to p e r ce i ve

16 . “B
; ch a l, t o t r em l e b W m chal a
y a t i m or m fg a c kc l i
i
‘

1
7 . fi ma d
g , to j
r e o i ce , &c . “Ti ff? ! ma d ay a t i m or M fr} a mad i i
I 8 .
d vanfi o s o u n d , to r in g W m d h va naya ti W or W IPE a dh vgni
19 .
m da l , t o o ut w d a l ay a t i ( o pt i o n al ) W or m ad gl i
20 .

W e al , to c o ve r W va l ay a t i ( o pt i o nal ) W h or m av gl i

M s kh a l , t o dr o p m a nta s kh a l aya ti ( o pt i o nal ) W m

C1
'
as kha l i

“ t r ap , t o b e as h am e d a unt s t r ap ay a ti W Or m a tr api

23 .
a ks h ai , t o wane W fil ks h ap ay a t i w t! o r m a ks h ap i

D h at upath a a s: g as a s: as ? ma m ( s) (w g
fir a 353 1 111 9 6
3 1
-
3

W mp W W W) .

sh o r t - vo wel e d
It s e em s i n d e e d t h at t h e
wh i l e wi t h p p
ver b s wit h o u t
t h ey
p p re o s it i o n s

an d
o nl
y, ar e o t i o nal l y mi t (i . e .
) ,
re o s it i o ns ar e mi t ,
n o t h in g el s e . S ee, h o wever , Clb o e roo k e , S an s k r i t G r amm ar , p3 . 1 7 ,
no te .

1 \V i t h o u t
“
a p p re o s i t i o n , an d o pt i o n al l y wit h a p p re o sit io n. S ee no te
21 82 C A US A TI VE V ERB S . 6
4 3

6 . chi , to c o ll ec t fwfilfil ch i a o ti ; C au s mm
,
‘
. ch dp a ya ti , o r r eg ul ar l
y
W ch dy a ya t i h e c au s e s t o c o ll e c t
, ( P an . . V I. 1 ,

7 a .
”
: ch h o , to cu t , m fir ch h y a ti ; C au s m . ir th chh dy aya ti , h e c au s es t o cut .

8 . 5m! g g
j a i t o b e a w a k
’
e , j gd a r t i ; C au s W d
j g a,
r a y a t i h e r o u s e s .
, .

fa ji t o c o n qu er i nf aj ay a t i C au s c
, ,
ip aya ti h e c au s e s t o c o n qu er .
, .

aft d a r i dr d t o b e p o o r ,
d ar i d r dti ; C au s
’

a {f t q fi i d , m
ar i d r a ya t i .
-
,

h e m ak e s p o o r .

o s h i n e d fi fi d i d h i t e ; C au s ei w ffi d i d h a ya t i h e c a u s e s t o s h i n e
‘
gh fi
‘
d i d h i t ,
.
, .

a dm it t o s in ,
da s hy a ti C au s
, W K d ds h aya t i h e c au s e s t o s i n ; .
,

al s o
fi fl ufi r d o s h ay a ti , h e d e m o r al i z e s .
( n
Pa . V I .
4,
I
3 .
I

t
A zZ , to s h ak e , t
‘

f fifir d h zi no ti ; C au s
W d h dnaya t i h e c au s es t o s h ak e .
,
.

14 . t o d r i nk , fimfir p i ba ti ; C au s m fa p dyaya ti h e c au s es t o dr ink ; .

,

al s o fip ai ,
fh d
t nt r
p y a
‘
t i ,
t o b e d r
y .

1 5 .
In d
p , t o p r o te c t , mf a p d ti ; C au s m . fii pal aya ti , h e p r o t e c t s .

I 6 I fl pr i , t o l o ve ,
.
M mn
i at i Cau s . I fim fi p r i na ya ti , h e d el igh t s .

I
7 fi . bh r aj y, t o
’

r o as t ,
q a
‘

fir bh riji a t i C au s .
m bh r aj j aya ti , h e m ak es
r o as t , o r é
tr ufit bh a rj j a y a ti , fr o m
R bh r ij .

1 8 . & fi bh i ,
t o f e ar , fifiI fiT bi bh eti ; C au s . ur mfi bh dp a yate or x fimfi bl i is h aya te,
h e fi i gh t e n s ; al s o
'
re
gu l ar l
y m ufi! bhd yaya ti .
( Panw l . 1 ,

fit mi , t o t h r o w, fir m mi no ti , an d fi t mi , t o d e s t r o y, fiamfir mi nati , fo r m '

t h e ir C au s . l ik e In md .

20 . fi r i , t o fl o w, or to go , fifi r ig/ a te ; Cs u s m . r ep ay a ti , h e m ak es fl o w .

r ah , to w, fi gfit r ah a t i ; C au s fi g qfir r o h ay a t i , Emqfir a t i,

y
“
21 Si
‘ “ '
.
g ro . r op a

he c au s e s t o gr o w .
( Pan . V 11 .
3,
22 . to a dh er e , fafl l ffl l i nati'
' ’
an d w th l iy
i al e; C au s a h mfir l i na ya t i , m
‘
fil
l dp a y a ti , an d m l dya ya ti ; an d , i f th e roo t t ak e s t h e f o r m 8 1 Id , al s o

M i dl a y a t i w an w u . Th e m e ani n g var i e s ; s e e Pan . v1 .

5 1 .

23 . an a d
,
to bl o w , fi
En i vci t i ; C au s 3 1 m vdj aya ti if i t m ean s h e s h ak e s
.
,
.

fi vi , t o bt in C au s énqufi-r vdp ay a ti o r m q f a s ayag a l i i f it

‘ “
r o a ,
.
,

m e an s t o m ak e c o n c ei ve ( Pan . . V I. 1 , 5
25 . E: ac, t o we ave, E mfir va y a ti ; C au s W . vdy a y a t i , he c au s e s t o we a ve .

26 .
313 ? vevi , to c o n c e ve i , ves i t e ; C au s aw fit . vevay a ti .

27 . Q c o ver a mfir vya ya ti ; C au s v

vy e, t o , dy a y a ti h e c au s e s t o c o ve r .
, .

28 .
3 ? vl i t o ch o o s e f fi lfi vl i nd t i ; C au s
’

, g gm vl e a
p y,
a t i h e c au s e s t o ch o o s e
‘
.
,
.

mg mh fir s i ya te ; C au s sm fit sat aya ti h e fel l s ;

’

s d f l l
’

29 . a t o a , , .
,

i t m e an s t o m o ve .
( a
Pfi I .
3,
sh so , t o p en snffi éya ti ; C au s muqffi édyaya ti h e c au s es t o
'

s h ar
3 0
'

.
, .
,

F8 1 1s i d h t o s u cc e e d f e wfa s i d hya ti C au s 1 11 w s ad h a ya ti h e p
‘
'

3 1 .
, , .
,

b u t atmfit s ed h a ya ti h e p er fo r m s s ac r e d a c t s , .

au s m
3 2 .

}
a s o t o d e s t r o y Fi fi s y a t i
, C
fi f s ci yay a ti h e c au s e s t o
, .
,
 4 6 6 . C A US A TI V E V EB B S . 21 9

33 . E
gg sp h ur ,
to s p ar kl e ,
w wh u r a t i ; C au s . m sp h ci r a y a t i a nd

E fimfir sp h o r a ya t i , h e m ak e s p ar kl e s .

34 .

m sp hd y , t o g r o w, m i sp h ci y a te ; C au s
‘

. m sp hci vay a t i , he c aus e s

t o gr o w .

35 f a
.ns mi , t o s m il e , m ? s mag a t e ; C au s . m s mdp a y a t e , he as t o ni s h e s ;
al s o m fit s mdyaya ti , h e c au s e s a s m il e by so m e t h i ng .
( Panw l . I ,

3 6 g?
. kr i ,
t o b e a sh a m e d , fwfifil j ih r e t i C au s .
m h r ep a ya t i , h e m ak e s
a sh a med .
( Pan . V 1 1.
3,
37 .
i
‘
h ve, t o c al l , m h va y a t i ; C au s .
m h vdyaya ti , h e c au s e s to c al l .

3 8 a.h a n, t o k ill , i f? ! h a nt i ; C au s m fir g h dtaya t i

.
,
he c au s e s t o kill .

6
4 4 cau s at ive ver b s ar e c o nj u g at e d e x ac tl y li ke ver b s o f th e C h ur
. As
cl as s t h er e i s n o n e c e s si ty fo r g i vin g h er e a c o m p l e t e p ar a digm L ike C h ur
, .

ve r b s t h ey r e t ai n
m a y t h r o u h o u t e xc e p t i n t h e r e d u p li c at e d ao r i s t an d
g ,

th e b e ne di c t ive Par as m ai pad a ; an d t h ey f o r m t h e p e r f e c t p e r i p h r as t i c al l y .

Th e o nl y d i ffi c ul t y i n c au s at i ve ve r b s i s t h e fo r ma t i o n o f t h eir b as e s an d t h e ,

fo r m at i o n o f t h e ao r i s t T h u s q kri as c au s at i ve fo r m s Pr e s Par an d fi t m
.
, , . . .

m a ka r ag a ti te ; I m p f m
,
(
; a a h dr a ya t ,t a ; O pt
-
m 71 .
,
°
, ,
-
.
,
°
,

h ar a yet ta ; I m p 3 1mg ai ka r a ya tu t dm Re d Pe r f m °
fi O
'
- -
. .
, .
, , , , ,

h dr a ydfi ch a kdr a , -
ch a lcr e Aor .
m
“

a ,
0
a, a ch i ka r a t, - ta ; F u t .

m ,
°
fi, kdr a yi s h ya ti ,
-
te ; C o nd .

m ,
0
71, a lcar a i s h a t ,
y
'

y
- ta ;

Per F u t. . m W h ar ayi td ; B
'

W en . h am/ i
c t e kd r a yi s h s h a i t .

6
4 5 . I f a c au s at ive ver b h as t o be u s e d i n t h e p as s ive ,
w ay i s dr o p t
b ut th e r o o t r e m ai n s th e s am e a s i t wo u l d h ave b een wi t h w ay . H ence Pr e s .

mfi hdr ya te, h e i s m ad e t o d o ; fi ufi M pg
/ a t e,
fr o m (
g r a h, h e i s m ad e t o

g ro w . Th e i m p er f e ct , Op t at i ve , an d i m p er at i ve ar e fo r m e d re
g u l ar l
y . Th e
p er fe ct is p er i ph r as t i c wi th t h e au xili ar y ver b s i n th e A t m an e pad a .

§ 6
4 6I n t h e g en er al t en s e s , h o we ver , wh er e t h e
. It
y a o f th e p as s ive
di s app e ar s t h e c au s at ive en a y m ay o r m ay t pp ear and we
r
1
no r ea ,

th u s g e t t wo fo r m s t h r o u gh o u t ( s ee C o l eb r o o ke p , . 1 8
9 , no t e )
mafi a hhavayi s h ye “Tfaa bh dvi s hy e
'

Fut . or .

C o nd . m a bh ava
'

y i s h ye or W a bh dvi s h ye .

Pe r F u t . . m m '
bh ava yi tci h e or mfawfg bh dvi tdh e .

B en . W W bh d vayi s h i y a or w i th bh dvi s h iya .

Fi r s t A o r I . . 1 . p m. a bh dva
yi s h i or W fi f q a bh dvi s h i .

2 . p m. : a bh dvayi s h yh d h o r s ha m : a bh dvi s h fli d h .

3 . p m . fa a bh oi vi .
22 0 D ES I DERA TI VE vas e s . 6
4 7

C HA PTE R X IX .

D ES I D E RA TI V E V E RBS .

§ 6
4 7 . D e s i d er at ive b as es ar e f o r m e d by r e du pli c ati o n ,
th e p e c u l i ar i ti e s
o f wh i ch wi l l h ave t o be t r e at e d se p ar at el y , an d by a d di n
g t( .. s to th e roo t .

Th u s fr o m i bh d , to be , w bdbh ds h , t o wi s h t o b e . Th e a cc e nt is on t he

r e du pl i c at i ve s yll abl e .

§4 6 8 T h e s e n e w.b as e s ar e c o nj u g at ed li k e Tu d ro o ts .
"

g m ba bhd
s h dmi,
31W 3 bu bh ds h as i ,
g
‘
i-
p i f fl bu bh ds h a ti ,
3 1 m 1 : bu bh ds h dva h, & c .

46 9 . Th e ro o ts whi c h t ak e t h e i nt e r m e d i at e i
f
i h ave b e en
g i ven b e fo r e

we ll c
t h o se wh i h t a ke i n t e r m e di at e i i Th u s fr o m fif vi d ,
33 1, as as .
g
t o kn o w, W e vi vi di s h, t o wis h t o kno w ; fr o m
q i r i, t o cr o s s fmrft fl ,
i i t ar i s h

or fimfi t rti t ar i s h , t o wi s h t o cr o s s .

4 70 . As a g e n er al r ul e, th o u g h l i b la e to e x pt i
ce o ns , i t m ay b e s t at e d t h a t b as e s e n di n g

in o ne c o n s o n ant m ay b e s t r e ngt h e n e d by G un a , i f t h ey t ak e t h e i nt er m e di at e
i i . Th u s

fi bu d h f o r m s
W ba bo d hi s h a ti ; fgfl
' ’
di v, m d i d evi s h a ti : al s o
“

T hr i , w
c hi kar i s h a t i ; E dr i , w d i dar i s h a ti . B ut fur;bhi d ,
D es . fi rflm fi bi bh i ts a ti ( Pan . 1 .

2,
{
It g u h,
W j u
g h u ks h a t i ( Pan V I I . . 2, I n f a ct , no G u na wi t h o ut i nt er
medi at e i .

4 71 . B ut t h er e ar e im p o r t ant e x p ti
ce o ns . I n m any cas e s th e b as e o f t h e d es i d er at i ve
is n e i th er s t r en gt h e n e d no r we ak ene d , 6
? r a d, W r ur u d i s h a t i . O th b er as e s may
be s tr e ng th e n e d o pt i o n al l
y; a dya t, W W d i dya t i s ha t e or W “ d i dyo t i s h a t e .

C er t ai n b as es wh i ch d o no t tak e i nt er m e diate 3 z ar e act u al l

y we ak e n e d ; “ swap ,
W
s us hup s a t i .

1 . V er b s wh i ch d o no t t ak e G u na, t h o u gh t h ey h ave i nt er m e di at e 3 i .

F EIfiI r u r u di s h a t i ; fi i d t o k n o w, fi fflfifi f fl vi vidis h a t i ; § fl \mus h

r a d, F g
“

E E
‘

g to cr y, v , ,

to s t e al ,
W mumus hi s h a t i .

2 . V b er s wh i ch m ay or m ay no t t ak e G u na, t h o u gh t h ey h ave i nt e r m e di at e
i i .

V er b b s eg i nn i ng wi th co ns o n a nt s , an d e n d i n g in an
y s i ng l e c o ns o nant , e x pt fl y
ce or
“

i v,

vo we l ( Pan 1 2
{ f o r t h ei r
“

an d h avi n g -
i or 3 u . . .
,

“ d c/ a t , fay «WEdi dyut is ha t e

-
o r fqa tfim
’
i d i dy o ti sh at e .

Ii i di v, fia f fl fi fil d i d
'

ev i s ha t i o r wi t h o ut i
Q gf a f ?! d udyds h a t i ( Pa n V I I 2, 49 )

w
. .
, ,
Q

a vr i t, f EFéIfiIfl TI vi va r ti s h at e o r
'
vi vr i ts at i .

3 . V b er s e n d i ng I n
3 i
°

or 3 a, n o t t ak i ng i nt er m e d i at e 3
°

2, l e ngt h en t h ei r vo wel ; final fl ri

an d
£ 74 b e co me W , a n d, aft er b
l a i al s , W ar .
( Pan V I . .
4, 1 6 .

fl y ,
to co n q u er , ffl Tfifl fif j ig i s h a ti ; 3 y a, t o mix ,
W y y
u us h a t i .

7 hr i , t o d o , fiTEIil fl F
H c hi ki r s h a ti ;
’ '

H tr i , t o W fifil ti ti
cr o s s , r s hati .

!
3 mr i , t o d i e,
W fi mumu r s h a ti ; 1
1 pm t fill H
o
gfi fil p,p h u ur s ati.

I f, h o wever , t h ey t ak e i nt er m e d i at e 3
°

i, th e y l ik wi tek G u n se a e a .

f en s mi , t o s m il e , m si s mayi s h a t e ;
gp d , t o p u r i fy , W i
pp avi s h a te ; 7
1 9 14, t o
s wal l o w, W j g
i a r i s h a t i ;
g dr i , t o r es p e ct , W di d ar i s ha t e .
2 22 DES I DERA TI V E V ERBS .
4 73

m1badh w bi bh a tsa t e, h e l o at h e s W d dn, W d i ddfii s at e, h e str ai gh t e ns

m
, . .

m ai n, s i sd
‘
ms a t e ,
h e sh ar p en s .

R ed up l i ca ti o n i n D es i d er a ti ves .

§ 4 73 . B e s i d es t h e g en e r al r ul e s o f r e du pl ic at i o n gi ven i n 3 0 2—
9 , 3 I
*

t h e fo ll o wi ng s p e ci al r ul es wi t h re
g ar d to the vo wel o f t h e r e d u p li c at i ve

s
yl l a leb ar e t o be o bse r ve d I n
°

f o r m i n g t h e d e s i d er at i ve b as e
Radi c al wa a nd an d ar e r e p r e s e nt e d by 3 i i n t h e r e du pl i c ati ve s
yll a le b
( Pan . V II .
4,

“ p a ck, mafia p ip a lcs h a t i ; a n s th d , fflvmfil t i s h zh ds a ti '

.

§ 4 74 .

fl e w an d
m dv, s t an d i n g as G n u a or V r iddh i o f r a d i cal 3 a or 3 5 1i , ar e

p
r e r e s e nt e d
3 by i i n th e r e du pli cat i ve s yl l a bl p e, r o vi d e d t h ey b e p r ece d e d by l p, Q p h,

i h,
{ bh, Km { 31
g 3 1,
i i f ( Pa
”

r , , , v, n V I I . .
4,

1 W9
1 ,
11 p ip dvay i s h a t i , ( Re d A o r .

W . api
p ava t .
) S ee 3 75 .

fi bhd W , bi bhdvay i s h a ti , ( Re d . A
W or . a bi bh ava t .
)
3 y ,
a an d C au s D esi d W i
yy dvay i s h a t i

m
. . .

s j u famafi s fii j ii dvayi s h a t i ( Re d A ssil e s )

; , , . or . i .

a M nundva yi sh a ti ( Re d
W S ee
"

B ut nu , , . A or . andna va t .
) 3 75

4 75 . Ro o t s E sr a, t o fl o w,
new , t o h ear , i d r u , t o
°

é
‘
r un ,
”

gp m , t o a pp r o a ch ,
g p i n,
t o

swi m , 3
3 c hyu , t o f al l , m ay u n d er s i mi l ar cir cu m st an ces O p ti o nall
y t ak e
3 i or 3 14 in t h e
r edu pl i cat ive s yll a bl e .

g s r u, M si s r dvayi s h a ti or
ga wf q fl f a s us r dvayi s h a t i ; b u t t h e s im pl e d e si d er a
t i ve
W s us r i i s h a ti o nl y

m
.

W w dp ay, th e C au s . o f H ‘ Uvap , f o r m s s us hvdp ayi s h a ti .

§ 47 6 R o o t.s b e
g i n ni n g w i t h a vo we l h ave a p e c u l i ar k i n d o f i n t e r n al
r e d u p li c ati o n t o wh i c h al l u s i o n wa s m ad e i n
, 37 8 T h u s
( P a n V I 1 2 ) . . .
,

s
q uch chh fo r m s
m 3
‘

f flEt u ch i ch ch h i s h a ti .

4 77 If t h e r o o t en d s I n a d o u l e
.
'

b co ns o n ant , t h e fir s t l ett er o f wh i ch 18 F
l u,
3 d, or
3 13

t h en t h e s eco n d l ett er i s r ed u li cat e d p .

i fi f w fir ar chi ch a fqfqaf a undi d -i s hati

’ ’ ‘

v i s ha ti a nd ,
a r c h, s a
s
-
. .

marubj ,
s f s rf auf a a bj ij -
i s h a ti .

fi tr s hy t h e l ast co ns o n ant is r e du pl i cat e d .

fi f r s hy , w i r s hyi y -i s h a ti or
w i r s hyi s h -i s ha ti .
( Pan vI . . I ,

I n th e ver b b
s e g i n ni ng wi th
W kanddya t i 498) t h e final Ry i s r ed u pl i cate d .

Wi g kandfly
'

,
w kandzi yi y -i s ha ti .

E x pt i
ce o n al r edu pl i cat i o n o ccu r s fw mfir chi ki s h a ti b es i de s
in
’
, w c h i chi s ha t i ,

f r o m fa chi ( Pas . vu .
3 , i n f afi ufirfig haha ti f r o m fg hi ( Pas vn . .
3 ,
&c .
 4 8 1 . I N TE N S I VE vas es . 223

C HA PTE R XX .

I N TE N S IV E vas es .

§ 47 8 I nt e ns i ve ,
. or, as c al l e d fr e qu e nta t ive b as es
t h ey ar e so m et i m e s ,

ar e m e ant t o c o nvey an i nt e ns ene s s o r fr e qu e nt r ep e t it i o n o f t h e ac t io n

e xp r e s s e d b y t h e s i m p l e ver b S im p l e v er b s e xp r es s ive o f m o t io n s o m e
.
, ,

t i m e s r e c e i ve t h e i dea o f t o r t u o u s m o t i o n, if u s ed as i nt e n s i ve s . S o me
i nt e n s i ve b as e s co nvey th e i dea o f p r o ach o r dis gr ac e & c
re ,
.

§ 4 79 . O nl y b as e s b eg i nn ing wi t h a c o n s o nant an d c o ns i s ti ng o f o ne ,

s l l ab l e ar e li abl e t o b e t u r n e d i nt o i nt e n s i ve b as e s Ve r b s o f t h e Ch ur
y ,
.

cl as s c anno t b e ch ang e d i nt o i nt e n s ive ver b Th e e ar e s . r ,

h o wever , so me
e xc e p t i o n s Th u s t h o u g h b e g inni ng wi th we l , fo r m s
W at t o go
.
, ,
a vo

? a l d i ya t e h e wan d er s ab o u t ; $73 a s t o e at W a édéy a t e

W !
1 , , ,
s
q ,
r i
t o g o , a n d? d att fii ar ar ti ( S id d h
'

ar d r y a te an .
-
Kau m . vo l . I I . p . an
? flmu ,
to co ver whiff , ? d r no ndya te ( Pan . III . I ,

4 80 . Th e r e ar e t wo way s o f fo r m i ng i nte n s ive ver b s

I . By a p e c uli ar r ed u pli c ati o n an d ad di n

g I:
y d at th e e nd . Th i s yd h as
th e a cc e nt .

2 . B y t h e s am e p e c ul i ar r e du pl ic ati o n wi th o u t y m o di fic at i o n i n t h e fin al
an

p o r t i o n o f t h e b ase . Th e l at t e r fo r m o ccu r s l e s s fr e u e nt l y I t h as q .

th e a cc ent o n th e r edu p li c at ive s

yll a le b .

Ba s es f o r m e d i n t h e f o r m e r way ad m i t o f fi t m an epad a o nl y .

Ex .
i bh d , f l i t ?“
bo bh i i dt e
y .

B as e s fo r m e d i n t h e l at ter way ad m i t o f Par as m ai pad a o nl y , t h o u gh , a cc o r di ng

t o s o m e g r am m ar i an s , t h e A t m an epad a al s o m ay b e fo r m e d .

M M
"
i ? bo bh a vi ti
’

Ex bo bh o t i
’

. or .

Th e A t m an epad a wo ul d b e $5 3 bo bh ii te .

Ro o t s e n di n
g i n vo wel s r e t ai n t h e q
‘

y a o f t h e i nt e n s i ve b as e i n t h e g ener al
t en se s ; ro o ts en ding in c o n s o na nt s dr o p i t . H en c e Tfit
gf q m bo bh zl i td ,
y
but tfi
qf m s o s zi ch i td
( Pa
’
'

fl . n . V I .
4,

4 8 1 . W h en It
y a is ad d e d , th e effe ct on th e b as e i s g e ner all y t h e s am e
as in th e p as s ive an d b en e di ct ive Par . T h u s fi nal vo wel s ar e
l e ngt h e n e d : fa ch i , to g at h e r , w ch ech i y a te ;
a (rm , t o h e ar , shag }
éo ér zi ya te d is ch ang e d i i p l ac e 3M d ed h iy a te a r t
V I d h ci , t o
’

. an to ,
.

b e c o m es b 7 i i t o c r o s s hi m t e t i r y a t e ;
k 9 in or ,
aft er l a ial s , $ 27 2
1
i
,
3 1914 , ,

t o fil l Ififi fi p op zi r ya t e F in al i h w w h f ll wi ng a s im pl e
“
v n o
, 5 . 5
x o e e r e o

w
, ,

c o n s o n an t i s ch ang e d t o ( l r i n o t t
,
"

,
o fi r i :
i i kri , t o d o , ch e kr i y a te .

W h en f l l o wi ng a d o u bl e c o n s o n ant
o it i s ch ang e d to we a r : 8
3 s mr i , to
224 I N TEN S IV E VERBS .
4 82

r em e m b er mmfifi s d m , s a r ya t e. Th e s e i nt en s i ve b as es ar e c o nj u g ate d l ik e
b as e s o f th e D iv cl a s s in the A t m a n e pa d a . It sh o u l d be o b s er ve d , h o wever ,
t h at i n t h e g e n er al t e n s es roo ts e n d in
g i n vo wel s r e t ai n
"

3 y b e fo r e th e

i n t e r m e d ia t e 3 i , wh i l e r o o t s e ndin
g i n c o n s o n an t s t h r o w o ff t h e 1 : ya o f

t h e s p e c i al t e n s e s al t o e th e r
g . T h u s fr o m $531 bo bh dy a , a ngf qm bo bh ii -y i t d ;
’ -

fr o m saw bebhi dya £1121q bebh i d zt d

'

.
,

4 82 W h e n 1:
.
y a i s no t a dd e d, t h e i nt en s i ve b as e s ar e t r eat e d li k e ba ses

o f th e H u c l as s . Th e r ul e s o f p li c at i o n a r e t h e s am e O b s er ve h o we ver
r e du .
, ,

t h at ver b s wi t h fin al or p e nu l t im at e anr i h ave p e c ul iar fo r m s o f t h e ir o wn

4 89, an d ver b s in s t ar t fr o m a b as e in “

a
n
ar ,
an d t h e r e fo r e h ave

an d i n t h e r e du p l i c at ive s yll abl e . a t ar ,

“

n m fii t d t as mi ; 3 r d
'
p er s p l ur. .

al fal fa t dt i r a t i .

8
4 3 A cc o r d
. i n g t o t h e r ul e s o f th e H u cl as s , t h e we ak t e r m i n at io n s re q u ir e

G u na H e n c e fr o m
m bo bu d h , W bo bo d h mi bu t s hgw bo
bud h ma h . Fr o m $11 bo bh d, M FR bo bh o m i , M F
R bo bh a vdni ; bu t $1 5 3 :
bo bh i i ma h
’'

. Re m ar k , h o wever , t h a t i n I . 2 .
3 . p . s i ng . Pr e s .
, 2 .
3 . p . s i ng .

I mpf .
, 3 . p . sin
g I m p . .
i i m ay b e p t i o n all yo i n se r t e d

W bo bo dh mi or bo bu d h i m i ; M bo bh o m i o r w bo bh a vi mi .

A nd r e m ar k fu r t h er , t h at b e fo r e t h i s i nt e r m e di at e 3 i, a nd l i ke wi se b e fo r e

we ak t er m i n at i o n s b e
g i n n i n
g wi t h a vo wel , i n t e ns i ve b as e s e n di n g in co n

s o na nt s do no t t ak e G u n a ( Pan . V II .
3, H e nc e w bo bu d h i mi ,
Tv figmfi bo bu d h dni , a bo bu d h a m . F r o m fa g vi d,

P R ESE N T. I M RF C PE E T. I M RAPE T IVE .

5 W? ! o r W
3
mafi a
veved mi o r vevi d i mi a vevi d a m vevi d dni

fififiq affl iflffi W M

'
o r or :
°

veve ts i o r vevi d i s h i a vevi d i h vevi d a h i

’
a vevet o r

fi fa
z
- are na 331 m 333 m
'
‘ “
or 43 or or

veve t t i o r vevi d i t i a veve t o r a vevi d i t vevet t u o r vevi d i tu

vevi dva h, &c . a fi fag ‘

a vevi d va af erm vevi d dva

Ru l es f
o R edup l i ca ti o n f or I nt ens i ves .

8
4 4 . Th e s im pl e s t way t o fo r m t h e p e cu l i ar r edu p l i c at i o n o f i nt e n s i ve s , i s
t o t ak e t h e b as e u s ed i n t h e g e n er al t e n s e s , t o c h an g e i t i nt o a p as s i ve as e b
by ad di n
g 11 a
y , th en t o r e d u pl i c at e , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e g e n e r al r u l e s o f r ed u pli

c at i o n , an d l as tl y, t o r ai s e , wh e r e p o s s i bl e ,
t h e vo wel o f th e r edu p l i c ati ve
s
yl l abl e by G u n a ( Pan . V II. 4, an d wa t o an d ( n
Pa . V II .
4,
f a ch i , t o g at h er , i fin ch iy a, Q fi fil fi ch ech i ya te ; fi fir ch ech eti
‘ ‘

gl
al
a lo ws t o ab u s e , m: hr usy at, a
, c h o /cr u sy a t e ;
“

g c h o kr o s h ti
“

w m .

fi tr a it /c, t o pp r o ach ai m tr au kya , t o tr au ky a t e ; fil fi ffi t o tr aukti

'

a .
,
 226 I N TE N S I VE VERBS .

4 90 . Th e s am e a ppl i es to roo ts en d i n g in w gi , if u sed i n t h e Par as m ai pada .

( an
P .

kyi ; a fifi fwc h a kar zt i

‘
fi ffi c h ar kar ti
g r . .

"

a fa fi fir c h a r i Icar i ti . a tt est? c h ar i kar ti .

m fi fi cha r i kar i t i . m c h a r i ka r ti .

49 1 . A f e w fr e q u e nt at i ve b a s e s ar e p e cu l i ar i n t h e f o r m at i o n o f t h e ir b as e

“ s wap , t o s l ee p W W?! s o s hupy a t e ; b ut m fi: i

s c sva
p t i .
( Pan VI . . I

m
, ,

{an sya m, t o s o u nd, s es i mya t e ; bu t W P?! s ams yanti .

e y e, to c o ver , Ela m vee i ya t e ; bu t a m vdvy dti ; o r 4 83 ) mafil ‘

vé vyet i .

W vas ,
’
t o d e s ir e , W ? mats vévas h t i ( Pan V I
e avas ya t e ;
’
. . . I ,

3 311? c keki y a t e ; fi f fl c h eketi

“ o kay , to re
g ar d, 3 ( Pan V I . . . 1, 2I .

WW p yay , t o g r o w, w p p i yea te ; m d
p p yat i
‘

( an
P V I I 29

m
. . .
, .

P W W W sesvi ya t e
’ ’
‘
93 s vi
, t o s wel l , 31 s o su y a t e o r s es vet i . Pa
( n . V I . I ,

a b an , t o k i l l , W j eg hni ya t e ; W j a fig h a nt i .
( Pan V I I . .
4 , 3 0 , var t .
)
WTg h r d ll W ; W r dt i ( Pan
’
h j g
d h
‘

, to sm e , j e
g r t y a te . . V II .
4,

n d hma t o bl éufi ui r d d hmi y t m d dd hmd ti ( Pan vu

'
a o w, a e
,
e . . .
4,
7?
gr i, t o s wall o w, Wrm aj g i ly t ; mfi j dg t i ( Pan V I I I 2
e a e ar . . .
,

$
Q

m u m ds‘ fififi (
’ ’
1 s i, t o l i e d o wn , i i P
’

yy t ; s t s n V I I 4 2
a 2 a e se e . a . .
, .

(l 4 9 2 . F r o m d er i vat ive ve r b s ne w d e r i vat ive s m ay b e fo r m e d , m o s t

wh i ch , h o we ve r , ar e r at h e r t he cr e at i o n o f gr am m ar i an s , t h an t h e p r o p er ty
o f th e s p o k en l an g u ag e . Th u s fr o m manta bh ci va y a ti
‘

, th e c au s al
f L1 bh d, o

he c au s e s t o be, a n ew d e s i d e r at i ve i s d e r i ve d , W W bi bh dva yi s ka ti , h e
wi s h e s t o c au s e e xi s t e n c e . So fr o m i nt e n s i ve H DE ?! bo bh zl yat e, h e
th e I ’

e xi s t s r e al l
y ,
i s fo r m ed fi
fi f q flfi t
’ ‘
bo bh fiy i s h a ti , h e wi s h e s t o e xi s t r e al l y ;
th e n n e w c au s at i ve m a b MM c au s e s
’’

a e fo r m e d , bo bh ti yi s h ay a ti , h e
y a

wi s h t o xi s t r eal l an d a ai n d e s id er at i ve , fii f q fl fimfil bo bbdyi s /za

’
new
‘
e é
y; g a

y i s l za ti , h e wi s h e s t o e xc i te t h e de sir e o f r e al e x i s t e nc e .

T h e f o r m at i o n an d c o n u
j g at i o n o f t h e I nt e ns i ve i n t h e Par as m ai pa d a , or th e so -
cal l e d

C h ar k ar i t a, h ave g i ve n r i s e t o a g r eat d e al o f d i s cu s s i o n am o n n at i ve r a m m ar i an s
g g .

A c co r d i ng t o t h e i r t h e o r y y mz, t h e S i gn o f t h e I nt e n s ive At m ane pa d a , h as t o b e s u p

W
’

pr es se d b
"

pp
y Q ? u k B y t h i s s u r e s s i o n t h e c h a ng es r o d u c e d i n t h e ver al as e by K y m}
l . p b b
wo u l d ce as e ( Pan I .

g . x p
e ce t ce r t ain ch an e s wh i ch ar e c o n s id er e d as A nan ak a
g r a
y ,
ch an g e s n o t af e ct i ng
f th e b as e , s u ch a s r e d u pli cat i o n . Ch an g es o f th e roo t t h at ar e t o t ak e
pl ace n o t o nl
y In t h e I nt e n s A t m . .
, bu t al s o I n t h e I nt en s Par . .
, ar e d i s t i n ct l y m ent i o ne d by
Pani ni , V II .
4 , 82
—
9 2. A b o ut o t h er ch an
g e s, no t d i r e ct l y e xt en de d t o t h e I nt e n s . Par .

g r a mm ar i ans d ifi er
’
. T h u s t h e Pr ak r i ya - Kau m u d i f o r m s m s o s h op t i , b ec au s e Pan . V I .

I , I 9, p r e s cr i b es fi g“? s o s ku
py ate ; o t h er au t h o r i t i es f o rm o nl
yM s as va
p t i or W IFE
s as va
p zt i . Clb o e ro o ke al l o ws W o ke/ecu ( p . b e c au s e Pan . V I . I , 21 , p r e s cr ib es a afifi
' '

c h eki y a t e , an d the co mm e nt ar y ar
g u es i n f avo u r o f fi ffl c h eket i . B ut Clb o e r o o ke ( p .
321)
d e cl i n e s t o f o r m s tai r s es i nt e, b e cau s e it i s in t h e A tm o nly t h at Pan v 1 I I al l o ws
9
m
. . .
, ,

s es i m
y a t e . W h e t h er t h e Per fe ct s h o ul d b e pe r rph r as t i c o r r ed u pli cate d I s l i k ewi s e
a mo o t p o i nt am o n
g g r a m m ar i a n s ; so m e f o r m i ng W i t bo bkavdn ch a kdr a , o t h er s

582 M
"

1? b bb t h er s bo bh ci va
'
o a va , o .
 496 . D EN OM I N A TI VE V E RBS . 227

C H A P T E R XXI .

D E N OM I N A TI V E V E RBS .

4 93 Th e r e . ar e m an y ve r b s i n S a n s kr i t wh i c h ar e cl e ar ly d e r i ve d fr o m
n o m i n al b as e s
*
,
an d whi c h g e ner al ly h ave t h e m e a ni ng o f b eh avi n
g l i k e, o r

tr e at in g so me o ne like, o r wi s h i ng fo r o r d o i ng wh at e ve r i s e x pr e s s ed b t h e
y
no un . Th u s fr o m w
fi y a
s en , h awk, we h ave m sye ndya t e, h e
’

b eh ave s

lik e a h awk ; fr o m 33 pu t r a , s o n,
W fil p u tr i yci t i h e ,
t r e at s so me o ne l i ke
a s o n, o r h e wi s h e s f o r a s o n S o m e d e no mi n at ive s fo r m e d wit h o u t an
. ar e y
d e r i vat i ve y l l a le
s T h b
u s fro m a m
r ! .k r i s h nci ,
g u l f? k za t i , h e
r i s hz
’

be h a ve s like
Kri s h n a ; fr o m fil qp i tri fat h e r , flnl t fap i t dr a ti , h e
'

,
e h ave s li ke
'
b a f at h er .

Th e s e d e no m i n at i ve ve r b s, h o wever , c anno t b e fo r m e d at pl e as ur e ; and m any

eve n o f t h o s e wh i c h wo u l d b e s an c t io ne d by th e r ul e s o f n at i ve g r a mm ar i ans ,

ar e o f r ar e o c c ur r e n c e in t h e n at i o n al li t er a t u r e o f I n di a . Th e s e ve r b s s h o ul d
t h er e fo r e be l o o ke d fo r i n t h e di t i o nar y c r at h e r t h an i n a g r a mm ar . A fe w
.

r u l es, h o wever , on t h e ir fo r m at i o n an d
g e n er al m e an i ng , m ay h e r e be g ive n .

D eno mi na ti ves i n
"
q y a,
P a r as m a i a d a
p .

4 94 . By a d di n
g 11
y d t o t h e b as e o f a no un, d e n o m in at i ve s ar e fo r m e d

g a wi s h . Fr o m 7 h go, co w, Ha l f? a
g yv a ti , h e wi s h es f o r c o ws .

e c all e d no m i n al d e s i d er at i ve s , an d t h ey n eve r g o ve r n a

am e u ya , d e n o m i n at i ve s ar e f o r m e d e xp r e s s i ng o ne 8
’

l o o ki ng u po n or t r e at i n g so m e thi n g l ik e t h e su bj c t xp
e e r es sed by t h e no u n .

Th u s fr o m ga p u tr a , s o n , 361? a fsl fl i p ut r i ya ti s i s hya m, h e t r e at s t h e

’
p u p il l ike
a so n B y a s i m il ar p r o c e s s
.
W p d srd d i y a t i , fr o m
m p r d s d d a p al a c e , ,

m ean s t o b eh ave a s if o ne we r e i n a p al ac e mm W fir e; p r ds dd i ya ti ‘

kutydm bki lcsh u b, t h e b egg ar l i ve s i n h i s h u t as if i t we r e a p al ac e .

496 . B ef o r e t h i s Tl y a ,

I . Fi nal ‘R a an d 35 1 d ar e ch ang e d to i
‘

i;
’

gm sa t d , d au gh t er , gm su ttya t i , h e wi s h es
fo r a d au gh t er
2.
{i an d
‘

3
‘

u ar e l en gt h ene d ; 1Tl fl p a t i , m as t er ,
l
' ‘

m p a t i y a ti , h e t r eat s l ik e a m as t er ;

kavi , p o et , m kavi y ati , h e wi sh e s t o b e a p o et .

Th ey ar e call e d i n S ansk r i t fiT g l i d hu , fr o m fé fl l mg a , i t i s s ai d , a cr u d e s o u n d , a n d

3 d i m, f o r W d hdtu , roo t .
( C ar ey , G r am m ar , p .

1 Mi nu t e d i st i nct i o n s
'
ar e m a de b et we e n
"
8 51W ?
’

as a ni y a t i , h e wi sh e s t o e at at the p p ro er

m
t i me , an d ‘a fi b W fi ud a kt y a ti h e wi s h e s
‘

h w
'

d i h i l t
'

l as a n y a t e s r a ve n o u s
y u n r
g y; e e,
e n ,

f o r wat er and m fil u dany at i h e s t ar ves an d cr aves f o r wat er ; b et ween W W fiTd ha mi y a t i h e

,
‘

,
,

i s gr eedy f o r weal th an d , m
d h ani y a ti h e a sk s f o r s o m e m o n ey ( Pan V I I 4 ,
. . .
,

s
g z
228 ,
D E N OM I N A TI V E V E RBS .

b f l rt $1} b w a? b m es W
i de ; fil gp i tr i f at h er ,
“ ’

m es m es
3 H gi eco 0 eco
fl a ), an e co
‘
,
.
,

f m fl fil p i tr i y ati
'

, h e t r e at s l ik e a f at h e r ; H m m, } sh i p , e m f?! ndvy a t i ,
h e wi sh e s

fo r a sh i p .

4 . Fi n al i n i s dr o t , p an d o t h er fi nal c o n s o n a nt s r e m ai n u n ch ang e d ;
W r dj a n, k i ng ,

( fi fiflffl
'

r dj i y a ti , h e t r e at s a m an l i k e a k i ng ;
M p a y as , m il k , W F
‘

fl
'

p a ya s y a t i ,

he W i sh e s f o r m i l k ; i ns
t vd c h , s p ee ch , W fil vdchy a ti ( Pan . I .
4, 1 5) m n a ma s ,

wo r sh i p , W fil n amas y a t i , h e wo r s h i p s ( Pan . I II . I ,

D eno mi na t i ves i n II y a,
‘

f i tmanep a d a .

4 97§ . f d
A c
e n o m i n at i ve s , f o r m e d b
s e o nd y cl as s
a d di n g I t y d , h a s o

t h e m e ani ng o f b e h av mg l i k e , o r e c o m i n g l i ke , o r a c t u all y d o i n g wh at i s b .

e xp r e s s e d b t h e no u n T h e
y d i ff e r f r o m t h e p r e c e di n
g c l as s b
y g e n er all y
y .

fo ll o wi ng t h e A t m an epad a , an d by a di ffe r en c e i n t h e m o difi c at i o n o f t h e

*

final l e t te r s o f th e no mi n al b as e . Th u s
I . F in al s: a i s l en gt h en e d ; sawsyena , h awk , 5 31 m? Sy endya te, h e b eh ave s

l ike a h awk ; m éa bd a , s o u nd , W sa bd dya t e , h e m ak e s a s o u n d,

he s o u n ds ; i st bh r i éa , m u
l ch m , i bhri édya t e ,
he b c e o m e s m u ch ;
El m Ica s kta , m i s ch i e f, m kas h tdy a t e , he pl o t s ; fi fm r ama nt h a ,

r u m i n at i ng , m r o m a nt h dy a t e , he r u m i nat e s . Th e fin al i t o f
f em i ni ne b
i s g e n er al l y d r o p t ,
as e s an d th e m as c uli n e b as e t ak en

i n s t ead ; g l ut ? ku mdr i , gi r l , g u
" ’

m kum dr dya t e, h e b eh ave s li ke a

g i rl .
( n
Pa . V I .
3 3
,
6

2 an d 3 . F in al g i an d
“

a n, ai m} sh 0
“
a
,
d
an au ar e t r e at e d as in 6
49 ; s ? f
sus hi , p ur e ,
W i t éu ch i ya te ,
he b c e o m es p ur e .

4 F i
. n al
i n i s dr o p t , an d th e p r e c e di ng vo wel i s l e n g th e n e d ; m r aj a n,

k ing, r dj dy a t e, h e b eh ave s l i ke a k in g ; W us h man, h ea t ,

m
‘

u s h m dy a t e, it s en d s o u t h eat .

S o me no mi n al b as e s i n i ( s an d
V m ay , o t h er s m u s t ( Pan . III . I ,
I I
) he
t r e at e d li k e n o m i n al b as e s i n w a . H e n c e f r o m f ag q vi d vas , wi s e, firg l gfi ' '

vi dva s ya te o r fi fifl l fir vi d vdy a t e , h e b eh ave s lik e a wi s e m an fr o m m

'

p y ,
a a s

mil k, 1 mm} p a
y y
as a t e or m d
p y ya t e,
ai t b co m e es m i lk ; fr o m
m
ap s ar a s , m ap s a r dya t e, sh e b eh ave s l ike an A p s ar as ; fi o m
“
a
!“ br i h a t ,

g r e at ,
S
i g n ?! br i h dya t e, h e b c e o m e s gr e at .
( n
P a . III . I ,
I 2 .
)
4 98 . S o me ver b s ar e cl as s e d t o g et h er by n at i ve g r am m ar i an s as Kan dvadi ’
s, i . e .

b eg i nni ng wit h Kandu . Th ey t ak e Tl a

y , b o t h i n Par as m ai pa d a an d At m an epad a , a nd k ee p
i t t h r o u gh t h e g ener al t e n s es u nder th e r e s t r i ct i o n s a ppl yi ng to o t h er d e no m i n at ive s i n fl y a

N o u ns e n d i ng in i ? a dr o p it b ef o r e H
”
a
g/ . Th u s fr o m 35111
6 ag a d a, fr e e fr o m .

Th o s e t h at m ay t ak e b o th Par a s m ai pa d a an d At m an epa d a ar e s ai d t o b e f o r m e d by
in
? ky as h, t h e r e st by m kyaiz . Th u s f r o m B BQ ? l o h i t a, r e d, M or fi l o hi t dya ti
or -t e
, he b e co m es r ed .
( Pan . III . I ,
23 0 PREP S I TI O O NS AND PA RTI CL ES .
5 3, 0

S o me o f t h ese ver b s ar e al ways At m anepa d a . Th u s f r o m s p

a uc h chh a , t ail ,
W ?!
ut
p u c h c kh ay a t e, h e l i ft s up t h e t ail ( Pan . I II. I ,

If W ag
/a is to b e ad d e d to no un s f o r m e d by t h e s ec o n d ar
y affi x “m t “
es a va t,
M mi n,

m
,

m vi a , t h es e affi x es m u st b e dr o t p . Fr o m 8 sr ag vi n, h avi n g g ar l an ds ,

H m j
s r a ay a t z.
’

If W ay a is a d de d t o f e m i ni ne b as e s , t h ey ar e
g e n e r al l
y re pl ace d by t h e co r r e s p o n d i ng

m as cu li n e b as e . Fr o m fi rs t s yem ‘ '
wh i t e, m éy et ay a ti , h e m ak es h er
wh i t e ( Pan . V I .
3,
C er t ai n j
a d e ct i ve s wh i ch ch ang e t h e ir b as e b ef o r e
{8 i s h gh a o f th e su p er l at i ve, do th e
b mgzdu, e
'

s am e a n ay a ft, a d ay a t i , he ft ens dflr a, f ar ,

ef o r e i
f; so
gt
'

. so ;

m ffi d avay a ti , h e r em o ves .

S o me n o m i nal b as e s t ak e W ap aya . Th us fr o m W s at
y a, t r u e, m s a tyd
p ay a ti ,

he s p e ak s t r u l y ; fr o m ar tha, s en s e , wfim fir ar t h ap aya ti '

,
he e xpl ai n s .

D en o mi n a t i ves wi t h o u t an
y fiw
A .

503 . A c co r d ing to so me au t h o r i t i e s e ver

y n o m i n al b as e m ay b e t ur ne d i nt o a

d en o m i nat i ve ver b by a d d i ng th e o r d i n ar
y ver b al te r m i n at i o n s o f t h e Fi r s t D i vi s i o n, an d

t r eat i ng t h e b a se l ik e a ver bl ba as e o f t h e B hfi c l as s . W a is add e d t o th e b as e, e x pt

ce

wh er e i t e xi s t s al r ea d
y as t h e fi nal o f th e no m i n al b as e ; o th e r fin al an d m e di al vo wel s t ak e
‘

G una, wh er e p o ssi bl e, a s i n t h e B h fi cl as s .

Th u s fr o m
“

q i u Icyi s hqza,
m kr i s kzza t i , h e b eh aves l i k e Kr i sh n a ; f r o m “TEST maze

mf
,

g ar l a n d , W IFE mal at i , i t i s l i k e a g ar l an d , Im f p W . a md ld t, Aor .

'

a mal s i t ; d fr o m i f? kavi , p o et , 35 m kavaya t i , h e b eh ave s li ke a p o et ; fr o m i t vi ,

bi r d, fl fil vay a t i , he fli li k e bi d ; fr o m fin!pi tgi f ath er , fimt fir p i t ar ati h e is

‘ ‘ ‘
c es a r
‘

, ,

l ik e a f ath er ; fr o m W r dj an, k i ng , t mmf a r aj dnat i , h e i s l ike a ki ng ( Pan v1 . .

4,

H A P T E R XX I I C .

PRE PO S I TI O N S A N D PA RTI C LE S .

5 0 4. Th e fo ll o wi n g p r ep o s i ti o n s m ay b e j o in e d wit h ve r bs ,
an d ar e t h en
c all ed Up as ar ga i n S an skr i t ( Pan . I .
4 5
,
8—
6 1 ;

wf a ‘

a ti , b e
y o nd . a ft !
”
a d h z,
'

o ve r
( so m e t i me s fit er
a a nu, aft e r .

a t ! ap a , o ff . wfi: ap i , u p o n (s o m e t i m e s fir p i ) . $ 5 ! a bh i , t o war d s .

m a va , d o wn ( so m et i m e s E va ) . m a, near to . 3 7 a d, up
; . an up a ,

ne xt b el o w
,
.
g : d u b, il l . f a m , i n t o , d o wnwar d s
’ ’

. f
‘

r
T: m lz, wi th o u t
’

an p ar a, b ck a ,
awa
y . tr fi p a r i , ar o u n d . u p r a, b ef o re . nfir p r a t i ,
b cka . f
‘

c
r vi , a p ar t . ti s a m, t o g e t h er .
g s u, we l l . Th ey all h ave t h e
u d dt t a o n t h e fir s t s
yll a l e b e xc ep t 3 5: a bh z
’

5) 5 05 . C er t ai n adver b s c all e d , Ga ti i n S an s kr i t , a t er m ppl i c ab l e al s o a to

Up as ar y as ( Pan . I. 4 ,
m ay b e p r e fixe d ,
li k e p r ep o s it io n s t o c er t ai n ,

p ar ti c u l ar l y t o 1 6 11 11, t o b e ,
m as , t o be, k
T ,
r i t o d o , an d mi y a m ,
to go .
 5 70 . Ps s r o s m o s s A N D n a r ro w s . 23 1

W a ch ekh a ; e .
g . m a ch ch h ag a ty a , h avi n g pp r o ac h e da m
a ch ch h o dy a , h avi ng ad dr e s s e d . “a: a d a lz ; e
g w zqm a da zkr i t l
‘

. .
ya ,
h avi ng d o ne it th u s .

W a nt a r ; e. g . m a nl a fr i ty a , ha vi ng p as s e d
b e t we e n . $ 3? a l am ; e .
g .
M dcr i tya ,
a la v
’
h avin g o r nam e nt e d .

W a s ta m ; m ai ns! a s ta rzg a ty a , h avi ng h a vi ng

’

e .
g .
g o ne to r e st ,

s et . m : dvi b; e .
g . W i g: dvi r bh flya h avi ng app e ar e d ,
. Fart : ti r a b
e .
g firfl g}.! t i r o bh d a
y , h avi ng di s app e ar e d g p
t : u m a; . e .
g .
W
p ur a s k i t
r y ,a p l ac e d b e fo r e 89
h avi ng ,
II . mg: pr d d u lz; e .
g . In
ga
}:

p r d d u r bkz i y a h av i n
g b e c o m e m ,
an i fe s t .

“ sat a nd
N as al , wh e n
e x p r es s i n
g r e g ar d o r c o nt e m p t ; e g . .
m as a t kr i tya , h avi ng di s
re
g ar ded . mm s ci / wh at ; e .
g .
M s dlcs h d tlcr i tya , h avi n g m ad e
W o r d s l i ke
W éu/cl z, i n
W
‘
k no wn . éu kl i kri ty a, h avi ng m a d e wh i t e .

( H er e t h e fin al 33! a o f
W éu/cl a i s ch ang e d t o i i
'
. S o m et i m e s bu t ,
r ar e l
y,
fin al 38 a or w ar i s ch an g ed
, to ma . Fi n al { i and 3 a ar e l e ngt h e ne d ;
i i c h an g e d fi r? fi n al m a n an d
“ ch ange d i f
"

a r s to a s ar e to

e .
g .
( 13 3353 1 r dj i lcri tya, h avi ng m ad e ki ng ) . W o r d s l ik e af t ti r
"
i, in
afi qm fir i kr i t a
y h av i n
g as s e nt e d W o r d s l ike
,
m a s t i m i t a t i ve o f .
,

s o u nd ; e
g m am kk a t k i
r y
. t a .h a vi ng m a d e Ich i
c t t h e s o u n d p r o d u c e d , ,

in cl e ar i ng o ne s
’
t h r o at .

5 06 . S ever al o f th e p r e p o s i t i o n s m e nt i o n e d in 5 3 0 ar e al s o u se d wi t h
no u n s , a nd ar e t h en s aid t o
g o ve r n c e r t ai n c as e s . Th ey ar e then c all e d Ka r ;
map r a va cka ni y a , an d t h ey fr e q u e nt l y fo ll o w t h e n o u n wh ic h i s g o ve r n e d b y

th e m (Pan . 1. 4,
i s g o ver n e d b y atfa a tz,
’

b ey o nd ; a f t! a bh i , t o wa r d s ;
"
vft
'

p r a t i ,
a
g ai n s t ; 3 7
3 a nu ,
aft er ; 3 1 ! up a, u p o n E x Tfifé . .

m a ti neévar a z, l
’
I s var a i s no t b e
y o nd G o vi nd a ; g r 1151
ve n o m was fo r H ar a ; w m
vi s h z

ed aft er Vi sh nu ; W 3 gfi : a nu h a r i m s w ab,
p gt t

by ufa p r a ti , uft p ar i , m ap a , an d “
. Ex .

a mr i t am, i m m o r t al i t
y i n r e t u r n f o r f ai t h ; an
w : d
W f a f fi fi i f ? i s : ap a t r i ga r t e bh yo vzzs h to d eva b, i t
'
’
33 fl ‘

In Tr i a r t a, o r l i f t fa nE d
-
g n z p a r i t r i g ar t e bh y a b,
r o u n

ch n i g Tr i g ar t a .

an d av fir a d h i . E x 3 1 1 ffl fi . m p ' ‘

u a

a K fir s h apana i s m o r e t h an a Ni s h k a ; W fit W m :

h m a d a t ta lz, B r ah m a d a t t a
g o ver n s o ver t h e Pa nch al a s .

m any o t h er a d ve r b s i n S an s kr i t , so me o f wh i ch m ay

e u sed as an ad ver b .
23 2 PRE P S I TI O ONS AND PA RTI C L ES .
5 7
0

T h u s fr o m fig: manda la, Slo w, d ef as m a nd a m ma nd a m, sl o wl y, sl o wl y ;

'

q i ck l y ; g d h r u va m, t r ul y
‘

i /t r a m,
'

fi s p
‘

u
s
'
a q .

2 .
C er t ai n co m po u nds , ccu s at ive s o f ne u t er s ar e u s e d
e n d ing l i ke a ,
ad ver

m cc
"

b i all y , su ch as i ? y a t h aé a kt i a o r d i n
g t o o n e s p o wer ,
’
. Fo r
t h ese s ee the r u l e s o n c o mp o s i t i o n .

3 A d
. ve i b s o f p l ac e :
m t a nt a r , wi t h in wi t h 10 0 ,
. an d
g e n .
; b t ween
e ,
wi t h ac e . is m a nt ar a,
b e t we e n , wi t h ac c . m a nt a r e aa ,
’
b et w n ee ,
wi t h a cc .
; W i th o u t, wit h
ar at , f ar ff , wi t h ab l afg : va h zb, o u t si de, wi t h abl m
’

M
‘

a ce . o . .

s a ma ya, n e ar , wi t h ac e . Pra wn ni lcas h a, n e ar , wi t h acc . a wft up a r i ,

a b o ve , o ve r , wi th ac e . an d g e n . fi t u ch ch a i lz, h i gh , or l o ud . 3 13 :
n i ch a i lz, lo w . W a d h a z, l b el o w, wi th g e n . a n d abl . W EI:
“
a va b ,
b el o w ,

wi t h g e n . fat : l i r a b ,
c
a r o s s, wi t h ace . or lo c .
{g i h a , h e r e .
n
a p ar a,

b e fo r e .
W s a ma ks h a m,
m s d ks kd t, in th e p r e s ence W . e a kd éd t ,

fr o m .
g p
t : a r a b ,
b e fo r e , wi t h g e n . su m am d, tfi n s a ch d, mi l? s ci /ca m ,

um s a md , mi? s ar a ka m, t o g e t h er ’
,
wi t h i ns tr . affir m a bh i t a h , o n all s i de s ,

wi th ac c . 3 mm ubh aya t a b o n ,
b o th si d e s , wi t h acc .

M s a ma nt dt ,

fr o m al l s i d e s .
at d ur a m, far , wi t h acc .
,
a bl .
,
an d
g e n. i f} ? a nti ka m,

n ear , W i t h ac c .
, a bl .
, an d
g e n .

W r i d h a lc, 1
1W p i t kark,
a p ar t .

4 A d
. ve r b s o f ti me

m e ar l {mi s ag fai n d i va b y d ay
'

pr at a r , y .
/ a m ,
at e ve . ,
.
W al mdy a ,
b y d ay .
f
E fi n d o s /2a, by ni gh t . ai l; na kt a m, by n i gh t . W us h d , e ar l y .

m
a ;y r
‘

s u
g p
a a d ,
a t th e s am e t im e a m ad a
y , t o d ay —
. a : l ag
/ a lt
, y
e s t e r da
y .

m
.

ut uf q p a r e dy a vz,
’
ur ved u h, est er da sva b, t o m o r r o w
'

: va: ‘

y
—
p y y . .

to mo rro w
-
.

mj y ,
o k l o ng . fa t chi r a m, f a r mch i r ezza , Fa r m ch i r aya ,
fa r m ch i r al , fa t e-
I s him
-
s ya , l o ng . a m s a nd ,
m ea nd t,
m e a na t ,

p er p et u al l y a t a r a m qu i ckl y fi t éa na i h.
, .
,
Slo wl y .
an :
“
s a d y a h , at

o nce finfir s ampr a t i n o w

.
3 7“
p u na r 1
33 : , .
,
mu h u lz, i n: bh zZ y a h , m
var a m a ai n c m s?
i p fl
'

g 11
71 s,
a krzt o n e
g p a r a .
, .
,
f o r m er l y r v a m , .

b e fo r e zi r a l zva m , af t er unfa wp a d i , i m m e di at el y
m é d
'
. . .
p a ch t ,

af t e r ,
wi t h ab l . su
gj a t u, o n ce u p o n a t i m e, e ve r .
1
si
‘

gm a dlnma ,
no w .

W t adni m,
’
no w . 8 31 s a d d,
“

m s a nt a t a m, ai m a m éa m,
’

al wa
y s.

”
43 55 a l a m , e n o u gh , wi t h d at . or i n s tr .

5 A d
. ve r b s o f c ir cu m s t an c e
m m h a , fawn m i th ya , fal s el
m Wa
’

1
8 r zs ma na k, s h ed li tt l e d u ff
“

y .
,
a .

t us h m m , qu i
y etl .

3m gm m vgi t h a ,
u d /t a i n vai n , .
“

af fix s a mi , h al f .

u n e x p e c t e dl
—
s si g n r a ka s md t m d é i wh i s p er fim:
“ ’

t y s; v n
a
, u p z u a .
, .

m i th a lz, t o ge t h er . mu: p r dy a lz f r e qu entl y al m o s t W , , .

'
a t i va , e xc e e d
i ngl y am} kama m, fifi j o s h a m gl adl y m a va éy a m, c er t ai nl y
‘
. i . .
,
23 4 COM POUN D W O RD S .
5 1 1

5 I I . S o m et i m es t h e s i g n O f t h e f e m i ni n e g e n d er i n t h e r i o r el em e nt s o f a c o m o u n d p p
m ay b e r e t a i ne d T h i s i s ch i e fl y t h e ca s e wh en t h e f e m i ni n e i s t r eat e d as an a ell at i ve , pp
x m
. .

an d wo u l d l o s e i t s di s t i n ct i ve m e an i n g b y l o s i ng t h e f em i ni ne s u ffi :

ka l yani mat a, t h e m o t h e r o f a b e a u t i f ul d au g h t er ( Pan . V I .

3, m r a: ka ghi blzdr y a le,

h avi ng a Kath i f o r o ne s
’
wi f e ( Pan . V I .
3 ,
I f t h e f e m i ni ne f o r m s a m er e p r e d i cat e ,

i t g e n er al l y l o s e s i t s f em i n i ne s u ffi x ; sfinamfi: so
’

bh ana bh ar yab, h avi ng a b eau t i f ul wif e

( Pa
"
n V I 3. 34 ;
Th e ph o n et i c r u l e s t o be o b s er ve d ar e th o s e o f e xt er nal S an dh i wi t h cer t ai n m o d ificat i o n s ,

e xpl ai n e d in 2 4 s eq .
*

(55 1 2 .
C o m p o u nd wo r d s m igh t h ave be en d ivi d e d i n to su b s t a n t i val ,

j
a d e c ti val , a nd ad ve r bi a l . Th u s wo r d s l i k e m 3: t a tp nr us h a lz, h i s m an ,

vfisfi mfi ni l o tp a l a m, bl ue l o t u s , fang: dvig a va m, t wo o x en ,

W a
g ni
dh zi ma u , fir e an d sm ocl a s e d a s s u bs tant i val ;
k e , m i gh t h ave b een s

bah uvr i h i l p o s s e s s i ng m u c h r ic e as a n a dj e c t i val ; an d W

z, y a t h dsa kti , ,

a cc o d i n g t o o n e s s t r e ng t h a s an a d ve r b i al c o mp o u n d
’
r ,
.

N at i ve g r am m a i an s h o weve r h ave a d p t e d a di ffer e n t pr in cip l e O f di vi

r , ,
o

s i o n cl a s s i ng all c o m p o u n d s u n d e r s i x diff er e n t h ead s

,
u nd e r t h e nam es o f ,

Ta tp ur us h a , Kar ma d h ar a ya , D vi g u, D va nd va , B mvr i h i , an d
’ ‘
al A vy ay zbbava .

Ta tp ur us h a i s a co m po u nd i n wh i c h t h e l a s t wo r d i s d e t er m i n e d by t h e
pr ec e di ng wo r d s , fo r i n s t an c e , W 3 t a t p ur us h a fz, h i s m an , o r ( r agg a: -

k i ng m an
’
r dj a-
p u r u s h a z, l s .

As a
g e n er al t er m t h e Ta tp ur us h a c o m po u nd c o m p r e h e nd s t h e t wo

su b d ivi s i o ns o f Ka r m a d h ar ay a ( )
I b an d D vig u ( I c
) . Th e Kar m adh a
ra
y a i s i n f ac t c o m p o u nda i T at p u r u s h a
n wh i c h t h e l as t ,

d et er m i ne d by a p r e c e d in g a dj e c t i ve e g W ni l o tp a l a m b l u e 10 ,
. .
,

Th e c o m p o n e n t wo r d s i f d i s s o l ve d wo u l d s t an d i n t h e s a me 0 , ,

wh e r e as i n o t h er Tat p u r u s h as t h e p r e c e d i n g wo r d i s go ver n e d b y
l as t , t h e m an o f t h e k i ng , o r fir e - wo o d , i . e . wo o d f o r fi r e .

T h e D vig u a
g ai n m ay b e c all e d a su b di vi sio n o f the
b e in
g a c o m p o u n d i n wh i ch t h e fir s t wo r d i s n o t an a d e j
bu t al way s a n u m e r al fans} d vig a vam t wo , o x en ,
or F3 13
f o r t wo o xe n .

O cc a s i o n al l
y b as e s en d i n
g in a l o ng vo wel s h o r t en it , an d b
vo wel l engt h en i t i n t h e m i d d l e o f a co m p o u nd ; m u d aka, wat e
br i d aya , h ear t , f r e q u e nt l
y su b s t it u t e th e b as e s
m u d an (i e 3 T: uda

w
. .

ri t h r i d r o g alz, h e ar t - d i s e as e , or
W OW br i d ay ar o g afi .
( Pan . V I .
3 5
,
1

Th e p ar t i cl e
Q kn, wh i ch i s i nt e n d e d t o e xp r es s c o nt e m pt ,
as

a b ad B ra h m an, su b st it u t e s 3 5
g lea d i n a d et er m i n at i ve co m p o und

wi t h : ka dus h yr alz, b ad c am el
co ns o n ant s : sa
ga a . Th e s am e t ak e
5 6 va d a , and 7
1mtr i na : 3 13 W: ka d r a t h alz, a b ad c ar r i a e
g ;
“

G l l ic
a
Th e s am e p ar t i cl e is ch a ng e d b W
’

g r as s . t o EFTka efo r e Q p a thi n

ka
p a th afi, an d O pti o n al l
y b ef o r e
W p ur us ka .
( Pan . V I .
3, 101
 5 3 1 , COM PO UN D W R S O D .
23 5

Th e s e t h r e e cl a s s es o f c o m p o u nd s m ay b e co m p r e h e nd e d u nd e r th e
l m f D e t er mi na t i ve C o mp o und s , wh i l e t h e Kar m a dh ar aya I b)
g e n e r a n a e o
(
m ay b e d is t i ng u i s h e d as o pp o s i t i o na l d e t e r m i na ti ve s , t h e Dvig u (I c) as
nu mer a l d et e r m i nat i ve s .

I I Th e
. x t c l as s c al l e d D vandva c o ns i s t s o f c m p o u nd s i n wh ic h t wo wo r d s
ne , ,
o

ar e s i m p l
y j o i ned t o
g e t h e r t h e c o m p o u nd t k i n
g e i t h e r t h e t e r
, m i n a t i o n s a

o f t h e d u al o r p l u r al a cc o r d i n t o t h e n u m b e r o f c o m p o u n d e d n o u ns
g , ,

o r t h e t e r m i n at i o ns o f t h e s i ng u l ar b e i ng t r eat e d a s a c o ll e c t i ve t e r m ,

at a? ag ni d lul mau fir e an d s mo ke ; m m
-
, sa éa ku éa p a l déd l - - z,

n o m p l u r m as c t h r e e k i n d s o f p l ant s o r
. . .
W é aéa ku éa p a l déam ,
- -
,

n o m s i ng n e u t
. T h ey wi l l b e c al l e d Co l l e ct i ve C o mp o und s
. . .

I II . Th e n e x t c l a s s c al l e d B a h uvr i hi by n a t i ve gr am m a i an s c o m p r i s e s c o m
,
r ,

p o u nd s wh i ch ar e u s e d as adj e c t i ve s Th e no t i o n e x p r e s s e d by t h e l as t .

wo r d an d whi c h m ay b e var i o u s l y d e t er m i ne d fo r m s t h e p r e di c at e o f s o m e
, ,

o t h er s u bj e c t Th ey m ay b e c all e d P o s s es s i ve Co mp o unds Th u s fl fif g '

g
'

. . a

ba h u vr i l zi l p o s s e s se d o f m u ch r i c e s c il ? gn d esa l c o u nt r y ; m i: '
- z, c
,
.
,

r dp a va d bh dr y a l —
p o s s es s i ng a h an d s o m e wife s c il t r? "r dj d ki ng
z
, , .
, .

D e ter mi nat i ve c o m p o u n d s m ay b e t ur ne d i nt o p o s s e s s ive c o m p o u nd s ,

s o m e t i m e s wi t h o u t an
y c h an e
g e xc e p t th at o f a cc e nt s o m e t im e s
,
b y ,

s l i h t c h an es i n t h e l as t wo r d
g g .

T h e g e n d e r o f p o s s e s s ive c o mp o u n d s l i k e t h at o f a dj e c t i ves c o n fo r m s , ,

t o t h e g e n d er o f t h e s u b s t an t i ve s t o whi c h t h ey b el o ng .

Th e l a s t cl as s c all e d A vy ay i bh dva i s f o r m e d b y j o ini ng an i n d e cl i n ab l e

’

, ,

p ar ti cl e wi th ano t h er wo r d Th e r e s ul t i n g c o m p o u nd i n wh i ch t h e .
,

i n d e cl in abl e p ar ti cl e al ways fo r m s t h e fir s t el e m e nt i s ag ai n i n d e cl in abl e , ,

a nd
g e n e r all
y e nd s ,
li ke a d ve r b s, i n th e or di n ar y t er m i n a ti o n s of the

no m . or acc . n e ut : . wffl fia a d h i - s tr i , fo r wo m an , as i n Wfitfla

a dhi s tr i gr i h a kdr ydni , h o u s eh o l d d u ti e s ar e fo r wo m e n . Th ey m ay
be c al l e d A d ver bi a l C o mp o unds .

I . D e t er mi na ti ve Co mp o unds .

s c l as s Ta t p u r u sh a)c o m p r eh e n d s c o m p o u n d s i n wh i ch g e n e r all y
5 3 1T h i
.
(
as t wo r d
g o ver n s t h e p r e c e di ng o n e Th e l as t wo r d m a
y b e a s u s t an t ive . b
or a p ar t i ci pl e o r a n a dj e c tive i f c ap abl e o f g o ver n in g a no u n ,
.

1 . C o mp o u n d s i n wh i c h t h e fir s t n o u n wo ul d b e in t h e A ccu s ati ve
q uantu m k r i s h na sr i t a lz m f n g o n e t o K r
-
i s h n a d e p e n,
d e n t o n K . . .
,
i h na,
r s

i n s t ead f g mi fa i r: kr i s h na m ér i ta b tm tfi fl z d l kh a t i t a lz, m f n
‘ ‘

g u z a -
o . . . .

h avi ng o ver c o m e p ai n , i n s t e ad o f tm fi fl : d u bkh a m

g
a t i ta z
‘

l .
“
G
r a m
va r s h a bh o gy a li , m f n t o b e e n o y e d a y e ar l o ng
-
. . . j .
a m m: rgt-
r d m a

pr dp ta li , m f . . 11 . h avi ng r ea ch e d t h e vil l ag e , i n s t e ad o f uni um: gr dma m

H h 2
23 6 COM PO UN D WO R D S .
j 5 3 1 4

dp t a lz it i s m o r e u s u al , h o we ve r , t o m a m: p r dp tag r dma lz
’

sa
p r y
S i m i l ar l y fo r m e d d e t er m i n at i ves b y m eans f
( Pan . n 2, ar e o

a dve r b s or p r ep o s i t i o n s ,
su ch as mfirfi rft '
a ti
g zr
'

i, p as t t h e h i ll , u sed as

b ad e j ctiv WW : a t ig i r zh , u l t r a m o nt an e ;
W
’

a n a dve r , or as an e,

a bh i mu kh a m , fac i n g , & c .

2 . C o mp o u nd s i n wh i ch t h e fir s t n o un wo u l d b e i n t h e I nst r u m en tal

W 5: d h dnya -
ar th a lz, m weal th .
( ar t /ca b )( c q u ir e d
a
) y
b g i
ra n
( d h d ny ena
) .

Sil m : s p i e c e
( kh a nda l ( ) y
z) c u t
anku l d - kh a n a z, b ni pp e
( d l m
r s sa nku . a

ldbh i lz) W W : d
.
d t r a ch ch h i nna lz m f n c u t
( ) y
ch h i nna lz b a k n i fe -
,
. . .

( d d tr ena
) g fi a m : h ar i t r.d t a lz m f 11 p r o t e c t e d tr d t a b b
( ) y H ar i 3m -
: , . . . .

d eva d a l t a lz g i ve n (d a t t a l ) by t h e g o d s ( d eva i lz) o r a s a p r o p er n am e wit h

-
,
z ,

t h e s u pp o s e d au s p i ci o u s s e n s e m ay t h e g o d s gi ve h i m (D i eu ,

W ITH: p i tr i s a ma lz, m -
. f . n . l ik e t h e fat h e r , i . e .
p i t r ci
‘

s a ma z l . a m :

h
n k a ni r
a -
bh i nna lz, m f . . n . c u t as u nd e r
( ni r bh i nna lz)b y t h e n ail s

far m : vi év a- up d s y u
lz ,
m f . . nb e wo r s h i pp e d b y
. to all . R UTH
”

s va y am- Ic mt l a z, m f n do ne . . b y o n e s el f .

3 . C o mp o unds i n wh i c h t h e fir s t no u n wo u l d b e i n t h e D at ive
W d
y p a d dr u ,
-
n . wo o d (d dr u ) fo r a sa rifi c ci a l s tak e hfig a: g o
( p )
y d ci y a . T
' ‘

hi t a fi, m f n g o o d (hi t a lz)fo r
. . . c o ws (g o bh ya lz) . ( Em i t d vii a é ar th a b m f n
”
, . . .

o bj ct (
e ar t h a ), i . e . i nt e nd e d fo r B r ah m an s D e t e r m i n at i ve c o m p o u nd s
.
,

wh e n tr e at e d as p o s s e s s ive ,
t ak e t h e t e r m i n at i o n s o f t h e m a s c fe m an d .
, .
,

n eu t . e .
g f g afi.n Ti
m dmj dr t kd y a vdg d b, fe m g r u el f o r . B r ah m an s .

4 . C o mp o u nd s i n wh i ch t h e fir s t no u n wo u l d b e i n t h e A bl at i ve

fit fl fi ch o r a bh ag a m fe ar ( bh ag a m
) ar i s i n f r o m t h i e ve s
( h r e bh y a lz
)
‘
i n c
g o
- . .
,

H fiQ F s va r g a -p a t i t a b, m f fall e n f r o m h e ave n 3 1W : ap a g r dma b,

' ‘

RH: . . n . .
-

m f . . n .
g o ne fi o m t he
'
vi ll ag

5 . C o mp o und s i n w h i c h t h e fir s t no un wo ul d b e i n th e G e ni t ive
WW : Ia t p ur us h a lz,
—
m h i s m an , i n s t e a
. d o f t asy a , o f h i m , p ur u s h a n
,
t h e m an *
.

( 13 36 5 1: r dj a p u r us h a lt , m t h e ki ng
- .
’
s m a n, i ns t e a d o f r dj fi a b, o f t h e ki ng ,
t h e k in g I n th es e
’
p ur u s h a b ,
t h e m an . W E: r dj a - s u lch a bm , . s fr i e n d .

co m p o u nd s s a kizi , fr i e n d , i s ch a n g e d t o s a kh a z l .

3 m : ku mbh a kdr a lz, a

m ak er (kdm h ) o f p o t s (kumbkdndm) W .
g o -
éa t a m, a h u nd r e d o f co ws
6 . C o m po u nd s In wh i ch t h e fir s t n o u n wo u l d be In th e L o c at i ve
”
Em l
i i a a k s h a sa u nda lz m f
-
, . . n . d evo t e d t o d ic e . ur o - a z,j l m f . .

p r o d u c e d o n t h e br eas t .

p j u aka z, l wo r sh i pp er of th e g o ds, & c .

23 8 COM PO UN D W O RD S .
5 8 1

ai m; o f .
m : u tl a mdka k, th e l as t d ay . S o m e t i me s m3 a h na is
b m m
Q

su st it ut e d fo r a h an ; p dr vd h na lz t h e f o re ,
-
no o n .
33 5 7
s :

ku pur us h a ll , m a s c u
- a b ad W EE “: lcdp ur us h a lz
m an , m fi : pr a or .

d ch d r y a lz, m as c . a h er e di t ar y t e a c h e r , i e o n e wh o h a s een a t e ach er . . b

( d ch dr y )
a b e fo r e o r fo r m e r l y ( p m ) m m : a br d h m a na b, m as c a n o n .
-
.

B r ah m an , i . e . no t a B rah m an .
m : a n- u sua li , m a s c . a no n -
h o r se, i . e . no t

a h o r se .
”
En13 - 1
ml : g h ana -
syd ma b, m f . . n . cl o u d b l a c k —
,
f r o m g h a na , cl o u d ,

a nd d m bl ck W { h t i n l l m f l i t tl e b wn ,
’

y o, s a . 2 s a -
p g a a z, . . n . a ro

fr o m fs h a t , a l it tl e , an d p i ng a l a , b ro wn . mfirqm: s d mi - k mt a b
’

,
m f . . n .

h al f, an d Icmt a , d o n e
’

h al f -d o ne , fr o m s d mi , .

51 8 . In so me a pp o s i t i o n al co m p o u nd s , th e q u alifyi ng wo r d Is pl a ce d l as t . famfit :
vip r ag au r ulz, a wh i t e B r ah m an ; ( WN W
"
r dj d d h a malz, t h e l o wes t k in g ; m ss : i bh ar a ta
b Bh
°
‘
s r es h t h ab, th e es t ar at a ; KEN T? p ur us h a v
y dg h r a lz, a t i g er -l i k e m an , a g r e at m an ;

W 2g o vmndar akah , p im w
’

a r e co .

I c . N u mer a l D eter mi na ti ve Co mp o unds .

5 9 1 . D eter m i n ati ve c o mp o u nd s
p o r t i o n o f wh i ch i s a n u m e r al ,
t h e fir s t ,

ar e c al l e d D vig u Th e n u m e r al i s al ways t h e p r e d ic at e o f t h e n o u n wh i ch
.

fo ll o ws Th ey ar e g e n er all y n e u t e r s o r fe m in i ne s an d ar e m e an t t o e xp r e s s
.
, ,

ag r e ga t e s ,b u t t h e m al s o f o r m a dj e c t i ve s t h u s b e co m i n p o s s e s s ive
g y a
y g ,

c o mp o u n d s wi th o r wi th o u t s e c o n d ar y s u ffi x e s
,
.

I f an ag gr e g at e c o m p o u nd i s fo r m e d fi nal s: a i s c h an g e d t o i f fe m o r i n ,
a
,
.
,

s o m e c as e s t o = F i nal W a n an d amat a r e c h an g e d t o i t o r 3 a m
.

si a m n e u t , . .

fia né p a fich a g a vam ne u t an aggr e gat e o f five c o ws f r o m p a nch a n five

-
, .
, , ,

an d g o co w fi g o (i n a n ag gr e g at e c o m p o u nd )i s ch an g e d t o 1 m g ava
,
.

( Pan . II . 1 ,
a nd I f} na u to an ndua . d a g: p o nch o g u ll , -
as an

j
a d e ct ive , wo r t h five c o ws ( Pan . v .
4 , f g fil : d o i na u lz, b ou
g h t f or
"

t wo shi ps . 3 13m dvy -

ung u l a m, n eu t . wh at h as t h e m e as u r e o f t wo
fi ng e r s , fr o m d vi , t wo , a nd a ng uli z, l fing e r ; fi n al i ch ang e d t o b ein g 2 .

m 2 d vy
—
a h a b,
m a s c . a s p ac e o f t wo d ay s a h a n c h a n e d t o ah a b P i n
g ( a . 11.

im fi h k d l l m f ffer i n g ( d ds l)
‘

1 ,
l z p a c a -
ap a z, . . 11 . an o p ur o a z

m ad e i n a d i sh wi t h five c o m p ar t m e nt s ,
fr o m p a nch a n, five , a nd

kap ci l a m,
'

n eu t .
( n
Pa . 11 . I , 5 1, 52 ; IV . I , m tr i - l o kf, fe m .

t h e t h r ee wo r l d s h er e t h e D vig u c o m p o u n d t ak e s t h e fe m t e r m i nat i o n .

to e xp r e s s an ag
g r e g at e
( Pan I V . . I , fing ? er t r i bh uva na m, n eu t t h e
-
.

t h r e e wo r l d s : h er e t h e D vi gu c o m p o u n d t ak e s t h e n eu t e r t e r m i n at i o n .

W d a sf ku mci m fe m bl g§ fi
'
a -
, . an as s e m a
g e o f t e n yo u t h s . fi ch utu r

u
y g a m, n e u t . t h e fo u r a
g es .

5 20 . Th e f o ll o wi ng r u l es a ppl y t o th e ch ang e s o f t h e fi nal s

yl l a l es b
co m p o u nd s . V er y f e w o f t h em ar e g e n e r al as r e q u ir in
g a ch ang e wi t h o ut
 5 2 0 . COM PO UN D WO RD S . 23 9

p r e ce d ing wo r d s i n t h e co m p o un d . Th e g e ner al r ul e s ar e g i ve n fir s t , a fte r war d s t h e mo r e

sp e ci al , wh i l e r ul e s f o r t h e f o r m at i o n o f o ne s i ng l e c o m p o u nd ar e l eft o u t , s u ch co m p o u nd s

b e i ng wit h i n t h e s ph er e o f a d i ct i o n ar y r at h e r t h an o f a g r am m ar .

r f o il ur , t o wn, “ w
H T d lzu r , ch ar “Wi pe r/t i n p
“

I .
ai ,
ve r s e ,
g p
t u
p a t e,r , g e, ,
at h , ad d

fi na l W a ( Pan v 4, . . $ 2 ar dhar ch afi , a h al f -ver s e . Th i s i s O pt i o nal wi t h

tl f i
'l
'

p a t lzi n a ft e r th e n e g at i ve ‘H a ; s u m ap at/ mm o r w hen: a

p a nt h db .

- ra on
y k i ng , W d ay, F fifl b
'

uh a n, s a kl u, fr i en d , me ( T3
'

( dj a , ”at
”

2. , ec o r aha , F8
s a kh a ; m 2 ma hdr dj alr .
( Pan . V 4, .

3 .
m w as , if i t m ean s ch i ef, b e co me s m u r as a m ’
a s c o r a s a m, an e x ce ll e nt

h o r se ( Pan V 4, . . Li k e wi s e a f t e r “fit p r a t i if , t h e l o cat i ve i s e xp r e s sed ; m

p r a t yur a s a m, on th e ch e s t ( Pan . V 4, .

m b
'

a ks hi , m es WEI a ks h a , if it t o m ean W
’

4 e
y e, ec o ce as e s e
y e 2 g ava ks h ab, a

m
. .

wi n d o w ; bu t br dh ma naks hi , t h e
’

e
ye o f a B ah m r an . ( Pan . v 4,.

W m as man , s t o ne ,
m “ s um s ,
’

ir o l ak e , t ak e fin al a
“
a nd s, c ar t , 33 n
5 . a y as , , a

if t h e co m p o u nd e xp r es s e s a k i nd or fo r ms a na m e . w as Ical dy a s a m,
'
bl ac k - i r o n

bu t m 2 s a d ay alz, a pi e ce o f g o o d ir o n .
( Pan . V 4, .

6 .
m br a hman b eco m e s a s: br a h ma , i f p
d e d by t h e n am e
r e ce o f a c o u nt r
y ; 3 1 1 m
s ur ds k r a br a kma z,
g l a B ra h man o f S ur as h tr a ( Pan V 4 , . . A ft e r ha a nd m
ma kd t h at su b s t it u t i o n is o pt i o n al ( Pan . V 4,
.

7 .
m k
ta s h a n t ak e s fin al 33 a af t er am g r dma an d fix kauza m 2g r dma t aks hala,

vi l l ag e car p e nt er .
( Pan . v 4, .

8 .
W .
‘
svan, d o g , t ak e s fi nal W a aft er ‘H fil ‘

a l l , a n d a ft er c er t a i n wo r d s , no t the na m es o f
a ni m al s , wit h wh i ch i t i s co m p ar e d ; m fi vs : dkar s h as va lc, ‘
a do g o f a die , a b ad
thr o w ( Pan . V 4,.

9 . 3 188
3 a d hva n b eco m e s 38 86 a dl wa af t er p p re o s it i o ns ma : p r ad kvalz .
( Pan . V 4, .

Io .
M s d man , h ym n, an d
W l o man, h ai r , b ec om e 11TH S ant a a nd 8 h ! l o ma aft e r ufir

pr a t i ,
3 1
3 a nu, an d SW ac a ;
“
31 3 3 8 11 2 a nu l o ma b, r e
gu l ar ;
“
R
afi a nul o mam, a d v.

wi t h t h e h ai r or g r a n, i i . e . r e g u l ar l
y .
( Pan . V 4, .

m b m m ft er fi rst s am, an d “ a nd ba ; W a nd h a
“ “

t a mas
t eco es a mas a a a na , G SN

t m m bli n d d k
a as a , ar ne s s .
( Pan . V 4, .

I KE h b m m r a as eco es r a h as a af t er "
H
a a nu , W m m, an d 7m l apt a ; E m
a nur a kas a z, s o li t ar l y .
( Pan . V 4, .

fi va r c ka s b eco m e s 358 var c h as a af t er a s: br a h ma an d {F

6 h as ti ; m br a lzma

va r ch as am, t h e p o wer o f a B ra h m an .
( Pan . V 4, .

s. 1 4. T h go b eco m es W g a va, e x pt ce at th e en d o f an a d ect i val j D vi g u .

t “WEIp a ii c h ag a va m,

five co ws b ut “ 11 2p an c h ag ulz, b o u gh t f o r fi ve co ws .
( Pan . V .
4, 92 .

15 . fi nau , sh i pb , e co m es W na va , i f it f o r m s a nu m er i cal aggr e g at e W p a n c h an dvam,

fi ve s h ip s . no t wh en i t f o r m s a n u m er i cal a d e ct i ve
j ; W 2p a nc h a na ulz, wo r t h fi ve

sh i p s .
( Pan . V 4,.

1 6.
“
F R na u, s h ip ,
af ter i f ?! ar d h a , b e co m e s WT? u dva “
3 m ar dka ndvam, h alf a sh i p .

( Pan . V 4, .

1
7 fi l fi khdr i ,
.
“
a m eas ur e o f g r a i n, b eco m es W klzar a a s an agg r eg at e ; f g fi Tt ‘
d vi kkdr a m

al s o aft er Er aa r d lza ; m 1 ar d h a kh a r am .
( Pan V 4, . . 10 1 .

i
1 8. m j
an ali , a h an d ful , aft er fa dm
'

or fa tr i, m ay, a s a n ag gr e g at e , t ak e final Q a

W dvya nj a l a m or m dvyanj a l i , t wo h an df u l s .
( Pan V 4 , . . 102 .
 24 0 COM PO UN D WO RD S .

19 . WI FE
“ a ng ul z, fin g er ,
'

af ter n u m er al s a n d i n d e cl i n a l e s , b b e co mes
W a ny
dvyang u l am, a l e ngt h o f t w o fi n g er s .
( Pan . V 4,.

b m es 8 3 W mg g?
“
s a kt h a aft er r i a, a nd fl
s a kt hi , th igh , e co fi t u t t a r a , 3 11
1 g p r va ;

fi fl fl p ar va s a lct h am
’
.
( Pan . V 4,
.

U fa r
'
at r z,
'

n i gh t , af t er
‘

fi s ar va , af ter p ar t i t i ve wo r d s , a ft er m sa nkhy dt a gm!

m
,

p unya , l ik ewi s e af t er n u m er al s an d i n d e cl i na l e s , b ‘

b e co m es UH r
'
at r a s ar c a

r atr alz, t h e wh o l e ni g h t ;
1 5 1 13 2p flr var dtr alz, t h e f o r e -n i gh t ; fav e? dvi r dtr am, two

nigh t s ( Pan V 4 ,
m
. . .

W uh a n , d ay, u nd er th e s am e c i r cu m s t a nces , b ec o m es 151} al ma ; 2 s ar vdknalz,

t h e wh o l e d ay : bu t n o t af t er a nu m er al wh e n i t e xp r e s s es an a gr e g at e
g ; m 2d vy aha fi ,

t wo d ays . E x pt ce al s o
W p u nyd h a m, a
go o d d ay, an d ( 3 713
'
ekah a m, n . an d m .

a s i ng l e d ay .
( Pan .
y 4 , 88 .

II . C o l l ect i ve Co mp o unds .

5 2 1 C o ll e c ti ve c o m p o u n d s ( Dvan dva) ar e d ivi d e d i n t o two cl as s es

. . Th e
fir s t ( f
c l a s s c all e d a a r i t a r e t a r a
) c o m pr i s es c o m p o u nd s i n wh i c h t wo o r mo r e
W o r d s , t h at wo u l d n at u r al l y be c o nne ct e d by a nd , ar e u ni t e d , t h e l a s t t ak in g

t h e t er m i n at i o n s e i t h er o f t h e d u al or th e pl u r al cc o r di ng t o
,
a th e nu m b er
co m p o u nd T h e se c o n d c al l e d m
o f wo r d s fo r m i ng t h e e a md hd r a
) . c l as s
(
c o m p r i s e s t h e s a m e ki nd o f c o m p o u n d s bu t fo r m e d i nt o n eu t er no u n s i n t h e
s i n u l ar
g { Em a} h as ty
. a éva a a n e l e p h a n t a n d a h o r s e i s a n i n s t a n c-
e o f t h e , ,

fo r m e r m h a s tya éva m t h e el e p h an t s an d h o r s e s (i n an ar m y) an i n s t an c e
, , ,

éu kl a kri s h na n wh i t e an d b l ac k m
o f t h e l at t er cl a s s
’’
Like wi s e
m m ? .
-
,

g a vas va m ,
a c o w an d a h o r se .

I f i ns t e ad o f a h o r se an d an el e p h ant {El na h a s tya éva u th e i n te nt i o n

, ,

i s to
.
x p r e s s h o r s e s a nd el ep h an t s
e ,
t h e c o m p o u nd t ak e s t h e t e r m i n at i o n s o f

the pl u r al m : h a s tya évdl ,

z.

5 2 2 S ome r u l es ar e i v n t o wh i ch wo r d s sh o u l d s t an d fir s t i n D van d va co m

w
.
g e as a

p o u nd W o r d s wit h f ewer l l a l es b s h o u l d s t an d fir st ‘
i va - kes avaa , S
’
and

m
s i va
.
y s

ai W o r d s b e g inni ng wi th
' "
Kes ava
’ ’
no t kes avas i vaa a vo wel an d e n d i ng i n as a s h o ul d

m
.

s t an d fir s t : mfi ’
i s a -krzs kn au ,
'

l sia an d Kr i s h n a . W o r ds en di ng in Q i ( g en . 2 2 elz) an d
3 ( fi 20 k) sh o u l d s t an d fir s t g fi gfi h ar i - kar au , H ar i and H ar a
‘
‘S
a g en . al s o

bh o ktri - bko g yau, t h e en o j y e r an d th e en o

j ye d L as t l
y w o r ds o f gr eat e r i m p o r t a nce s h o ul d

m
.
,

h ave p r ec e d e nc e
33 3 } 3 1 d eva - d a i tyau, t h e g o d an d t h e dem o n ab i kmana
re

ks h a tr zy an,
'

a B r ah m an an d a Ks h at r iya m } mat ap i t a -
r a n, m o t h er an d f at h e
in e ar li er S an s k r i t W RI Tp i t a r d f at h er a nd m o t h er .
( Pan . V I .
3,
5 2 3 W o r d s e n d i ng i n $1 r i ,
.
,
e xp r e s s i ve o f r el at i o n sh i p , or s acr e d t i t l e s , f o r m i ng th e

b
fir s t m em er o f a c o m o u n d , an d p b ei n
g fo ll o we d by an o t h er wo r d en di n g in by
or

3 p
3 u tr a , s o n, ch an g e t h ei r E5 ri i nt o 35 "( 3 ( Pan V I .
3, RTEmdt fl -t- f fi
’

p i ty
-
i f o rm

W
.
.

3113 1 1817 6 matdp i t '

a r an, f at h er an d m o t h er ;
q p i t fi + g p
a utr a f o r m i
p pt d u t r au ;

f o tr i + ¢ fl fl awsml pi
-
i ”! h
1 p oni f orm ko t dp o t dr aa , t h e H o t r i an d Po t r i r es t s .

5 4
2 . W h en th e n am e s o f c er t ai n d ei t i es ar e c o m p o u n d e d, t h e fir s t so m eti m e s l en gt h ens
it s fi n al vo wel ( Pan . V I .
3, Th u s ffl a fi s qfi ‘ ‘

mi tr dvar unau , M it r a an d V ar u na ;
W i lda } ag ni s h o mau
,
A g ni an d S o ma . S i m il ar i r r e g u l ar it i es a pp e ar i n wo r d s l ik e
 24 2 C O MPO UN D W O RD S .
5 29

fli b Pg dm a nd fa tr i ;
W 2 dvi mzi r d hafi,
'

mdr dh an, h ead, su s t it u t e s fi nal 35! a aft e r

3 .

h avi ng t wo h e ad s ( Pan v 4, 1 1 5

m
. . . .

. l o ma n, h a ir , su b s t i t u t es fi n al 3 ! a af t er W a nt a r an d fif e . vah i z; l W 2ant ar

l o maZz, h avi ng t h e h air y p ar t i nsi de ( Pan v 4, I I

1

m
. . . °

5 . W nds ikd, n o s e, b ec o m es “ n as a , i f i t s t an d s at t h e en d o f a n am e ; 2g o nas afi,

co w-n o s e d , i . e. a s n ak e ; but n o t aft er s thd l a

W s t hfll a - nds i ka z, l
l ar g e n o s e d ,
-
i . e . a hog . Th e s am e ch an e
g t ak es p l ace aft er
-
p p re i
o s i t o ns ; m
u nnas a fi, wi th a p ro m i n ent no se .
( Pan . v 4 , 1 1 8,
.

6 A ft er ‘3 a
g : dull , or
g sa , h a l i , f ur r o w, an d M s akt hi , t h i gh , m ay su b s t it ute

m
.
,

fi nal ‘3 a; m : a ha l a t o r l Pa
( n 4,
V : aha l i fi . . .

7 A f ter t h e
. s am e p ar t i cl es , W p r a d,
j r o e n , an d
g y m e d kdp,
m i n d , “ ar e tr e at e d lik e
n o u ns e n d i ng i n
w as ;
gfikfl : dur med lzdb ( Pan v 4 , 1 2 2
’
. . . .

8 “fid h ar ma , l aw,
. p r ece d e d by o n e wo r d, i s t r e at e d l i k e a n o u n e nd i n g 1 n W an ; W T
ka lydna d h ar md .
( Pan . V 4,.

9 . W j ambhd j aw , ,
aft e r c e r t ai n wo r d s , b ec o me s W
i j a mbh an; j W s u a mbkd .

10 . 3 T3 j dnu k ne e , , a f te r 13 p m an d H
‘

s a m, b eco m es § j nu ; '

I
Q p r aj fiulz ( Pan
. . v 4, .

Th i s 18 o p ti o n al af t er fi fl r d h va ( Pan . v 4, .

W u dh a s , u d d er , b ec o
W
mes u d h an ;
W kundo d h ni .
( Pa n v 4, . .

m d h anus, b O W , b e co m e s
W d h ano an ,
W p us hp a d h anvd, h avi ng a bo w of

fl o wer s ( Pan . v 4, . In na m es th is i s O pt i o n al .

I 3 . W j dyd , wi f e, b eco W h j dni ;

m es
W subh aj dni lc .
( Pan . v .
4,
1 4 . W g a nd h a, s m el l , s ub s t i t u te s Tl fll g and hi aft e r ce r t ai n wo r d s g fifir: g a nd h i z. l ( Pa n .

V 4, 1 3 5- 1
3 70
“TEp dd a b WE m ( Pa
“
15 fo o t , mes id aft er c e r t ai n wo r d s ; vy dg h r ap dd v 4,
, e co
: p a . n . .

1 38

1 6 .
EN d a n t a, t o o t h , b e co mes
fi d at aft er m an y wo r d s ; Fg fi d vi da n, h avi ng t wo t ee th ,

( si
g n o f a cer t ai n ag e ) ; f e rn . fE ET-fi dvi da ti
'

.
( Pan . v 4 , 1 4 1 — 1 45
. .

1
7 . ka kuda, h um p b , e co me s W kakud a ft er c er t ai n wo r d s a nd in c er t ai n s ens e s ;

“
El
m aj dt akakud, a
y o un
g b ul l b e fo r e h i s h um p s h ave g r o wn .
( Pa n . v .
4,
1 4 6 -
1 48 .

1 8 .

W w as a nd o t h er wo r d s b el o n i n
g g t o t h e s am e cl as s add final 3 ka
“

W
vyd dh o r as kafi, b r o a d - ch e s t e d .
( Pan v 4, . .

19 . W o r d s in fi in ad d fi nal a ka 1n t h e f e m i ni ne ;
W ba hus vdmi kd, h avi ng m any
m as t er s , fr o m s dmi n, m as t er .
( Pan . v 4,.

Fe mi n i ne wo r d s i n i f, l i k e W W pi , a dd fi nal ai Ica
W
‘

20. na di , an d wo r d s i n
ba hu kumdr zkafi,
hus b an d s
‘

( Pan
h avi ng m an y m ai d e n s
w ba hu bh ar t fl ka k,
'

h avi ng m an y
. . v 4, I .
53 )
Mo st
21 . o t h er wo r d s m ay or m ay n o t a dd fin al fi l m;
W : ba hu md l a kalz o r
ba h umdl dkalz o r
“
er
-

g m : e bakumdl ah .
( Pa n v 4 , . . I 54 )

IV . A d ver bi a l Co mp o u nds .

5 9
2 . A d ver b i al or i n d e c l i n ab l e c o m p o u nd s (A vyayi bh ava) ar e fo r m e d
j o i ni n g an i n d e cl i n a l e b p ar t i cl e wi t h a no t h e r wo r d . Th e r e s ul t i n g co

p o u nd s ,
i n wh i ch t h e i n d e cli n a l e b p ar t icl e fo r m s al wa
y s t h e fir s t
ar e a
g ai n i n d e cl i na l e , b an d
g e n e r all
y e nd , l i ke ad ve r bs ,
in t h e
t er m i na ti o ns of th e 11 0 m . or a c c . n eu t .
 53 1, COM PO UN D wo s . 2 43

E x am p l e s wfirgfl d / i - h ar i, po n H ar i , i n s t e ad f ft: ( 3 a d hz
'

: z a z u o a h a r a u,
lo c . s i ng . m m a nu - i h
v s nu , af t e r V i s h nu ,
i ns te ad o
3 ffan
g 31
a nu

vi a/ m i u m,
g 3 11
W p s - fl
I
ac c .
a c s h n a m
s n
,
ne ar t o . Kr i s h n a fafif m .

ni r - ma ks hi ka m, f r e e fro m fl i e s , fl yl e s s l y wfirfig n a t i -h i ma m , . p as t the

wi n te r , a ft e r t h e wi n t e r , i ns t e ad o f wfit fi n a ti h i ma m, ac c . s in
g .

ugfiqni p r a d a ks h i na m, t o th e r igh t .
W a nu-r dp a m , a ft e r t he fo r m ,
i . cc o r d ingl y i n s t ead o f 3 13 E l i a nu r dp am acc s i ng W
e . a , , . .
y a
t t /1d
éa kt i acc o r di ng t o o ne s ab il i ty i n s t e ad o f W W sa kti r y a t h d W
’
, , .

e u- tr i num wi th t h e g r as s ; m afia s a tr i na m a tt i , he eat s

( e ve r
yt h i n
g )
e ve n th e g r as s , i n s t e ad o f
W 11 3 tr i nena s a ka , wi t h t h e g r as s .
W
y d va c h - chh l o ka m
,
at e ve r
y ver s e .
m fg a mu kt i , u n t il fi nal d el iver y .

a nu-g a ftg a m , n e ar th e G ang a . 3 11

m u
p a - éa r a d a m, ne ar th e

au t u m n ; fr o m
W sar a d , au t u m n
( Pan . v .
4, W up a j
-
a r as a m,
at the a pp r o ach o f o l d ag e ; fr o m 3 l 1 ja m s ,
g l d ag e
o
M al ad

s a mi t o r 3 1 mm up a - s a mi d h a m
,
n e ar th e fir e - wo o d fr o m
M sa mi d k,
fir e - wo o d .
W u
p r
a -
dj a m, n e ar t h e ki ng ; fr o m m r dj an, ki ng .

5 30 . Th er e m e A vyayi b h avas t h e fir st e l em e nt o f wh i ch i s n o t a n i n d e cl i na l e
ar e s o b
fir s g ti s ktha d -g u , at t h e t i m e wh en t h e c o ws st an d t o b e m il ke d ; W fi’ i
-
cl e . Ex .

a fig a m, at th e pl a ce wh er e t h e five G ng as m e et ,
a ( ne ar th e M adh av r ao -
g h at at

W IT!“p r a t yag g
-
r dmam, we st o f th e vi ll ag e .

Th e f o ll o wi n g r ul e s a ppl y to th e ch ang e s o f t h e fin al s yll a bl es in a d ve r bi al

W o r ds e n d in g in mu t e s ( k , kh , g , g h , c k, o kh , j , j
h , 1, 171 , d
, d ,
h t , t h , d ,
d h , p , p k,
b,
6 1)
1

m ay or m ay no t t ak e fi nal 3 ? a; m fw u
p as ami d kam o r m fi q up a s ami t , n e ar

th e fi r e -wo o d .
( Pan . v 4, .

W o r ds en d i ng i n “S E an s u ; b st it u t e final H ‘
a 5911 113 5 a d hydtmam , wi th r e gar d to o ne

s el f .
( Pan . v 4,.

B u t n eu t er s in M an m ay or m ay no t ; a s ? u
p a c h a r mam or W u
p a c h a r ma , n e ar

th e ski n .
( Pan . v 4,
.

Hfi
'
c na d i , 1 861111111 p a ur na mds
i
, W dg r a h dyani , a nd fiTfi g i r i m ay or m ay no t

t ak e fi nal 35 a
W f a upanadi
‘
’
or m u
p a na d am, ne ar th e r i ve r .
( Pan v 4, . . 1 10 ,

an d

W o r ds b b ma; t ak e final 31 1 W
’
‘3
el o n i n t o t h e cl as s e g i nn i ng wi t h s ar ad a
g g
upas ar ad a m, a o u t au t um n
’
b .
( Pan v . .
4,
 A P P E N D I X I .

D H ATUPATH A O R LI ST O F VE RB S .

E x p l ana ti o n f
o s o me o f t h e V er ba l A nnband b a s or I nd i ca to r y L etter s .

1
11 a i s pu t at t h e e n d o f ro o ts e n di n
g i n a c o n s o n a nt in o r de r to . facili tat e
t h e ir p r o n u n ci ati o n .

A cc en t . Th e l as t l e tt e r
—
o f a ro o t is a cc e nted wi t h t h e c
a ute, t h e gr ave , o r

cir cu m fle x accent in o r d er t o s h o w t h at ,
t h e ver b fo l l o ws t h e Par as m ai
p ad a t h e A t m an e pad a o r b o t h fo r ms
, , .

Th e roo t s t h e m s el ve s ar e di vi d e d i nt o u d d t t a , a u t el c y c e nted an d anud dt t a

ac , ,

g r avel
y ac c ent e d , t h e f o r m er a dm i t t i n
g, th e l a tt er r ej e c t i ng t h e i nt e r
m e d i at e Q i .

m d p r o h i it s th e b f t h e i n t er m e di at e g z i n t h e fo r m at i o n
u se o
’

o f th e N i sh th as ,

33 3 , D . Pan V 1 1 2 , 1 6
g . Ex ar p h u l l a lz fr o m W
. . . . T fi ip kal d .

t r e qu i r e s t h e i n s e r t i o n o f a n a s al a fl e r t h e l as t di c al wel , wh i ch nas al
i ra vo

i s n o t t o b e o m i t t e d wh er e a n a sal t h a t i s ac t u al l
y wr i tt e n wo uld b e

m i tt e d Pan fr o m a t?
°

8 Ex 3 q na nd a tz
’

o . v1 1 . I , 5 ; v1 .
4, 24 . .

Pa s s fiu fi na ndya te ; bu t
na d i , . fr o m fu
r o r mar ma nth , Pr e s . t t i lfir
ma nth a t i P as s Hm} ma th ya t e
, . .

{( i r sh o ws t h at a ver b m ay t ak e t h e fi r s t or se co nd ao r i s t i n t h e Par as m ai
p ada Pan . 111. I , 57 . Ex .

m a ch yu t a t or
M ac h y o t i t

fr o m
W ch yu ti r .

i t p r o hi bit s t h e use o f t h e i nt e r m e di at e Q 7: i n t h e fo r m at io n o f th e N is

3 33 D ,
. Pan . V II . 2, 1 4 . Ex . 3 a: nnna lz fr o m a nd f .

r
3 u r e n d e s t h e a d m i s s io n o f t h e i n t e r m e di at e V p t i o n al e fo r e t h e O b
.

FIT te d 33 7 II , . Pan V I I 2 , 5 6 ; an d t h er e fo r e i n a d m i s
. .

p as t p ar t i c ip l e ( Pan . V II . 2, I Ex .
W sa mi tvd or mm
313 éa mu ; b u t sti nt éd n t a b .

3 5 12 r e n d e r s t h e a d m i s s i o n o f t h e i n t e r m e di a t e
{ i Op ti o n al i n th e ge n e r al
t e ns e s b
e f o r e al l c o n s o n an t s b u t
y 33 7 ,
I . P an . V II . an d

t h e r e fo r e i n a d m i s s i l e i n t h e b p a s t p ar t i ci pl e ( Pan V 1 1 2 I . .
,
EX . 33 1
s ed d h d o r saxms ed fa g s i dm
-
i td fr o m z; b u t Fag ; s i dd h a lz .

m p r e ve nt s th e b s t it u t i o n o
'

Q f th e sh o r t f o r t h e l o ng we l i n t h e
‘
E su vo
,

c at e d ao r i s t o f c au s al s Pan . v1 1 .
4, 2 . Ex .

W
fr o m a} o km
'

? l .
24 6 1311 11 CLA S S , PA RA S MA IPA D A V ERBS .

P m famfm bh amtafimz, ufan fa bh a vi t d i , 3 s wfim bh avi td wfenna : ’

‘ ’

F
'

. . 2. .
, 4 .

m : bh a vi t ds th a b, 6 mm :
’

bh avi t d s va z, l 5 .
. Mi ami} bh a vi t d r a u, 7 .
11 bh a vi

t dsma b, 8 ufamm bh a vi t dsth a , 9 a ffirm : bh a vi t dr a lz, B 53

1 111 } bh d dga m
f

.
. . 1 .
y
2 ,
1
1 111 : N ady ab, 3 E
/
.

m m bl e / di , 4 .
{ bh d
11TH
y dsva , 5 B
{ RE E N a i f/ 49161 772, 6 1
13mm . .

bh dy dst dm, 7 133 118 1 bh dy dsma , 8 bi m bh dy dst a , 9 13311 1 : bh zi y ds nb II P ar t

. . .

3 .

Pr e s tr am: bh dvan, Per f a

.
ba bh dvd .
m n Fu t W, . dh a vi s h ydn ,
G er .
{a t
bh ava niya lt ,
/
bh tvd J i my a , A dj firm : bb a vi tdvy a b, wai n: m:
d
0 af t 31
or 1 11
1 .

bh civya lz
‘

i“
A t m an epa da : P . 1 . fi bh dve ,
bh dvas e, 3 Wcfif bh dva t e, .

bh dvdva h e, bh dve th e, 6 112fi bh dve t e, 7 A fi fl § bh dvdm a h e, blad

'

va d l we, 9 . mfi bh dva nt e , I 1 W 3 d bka ve , 2 W . . . i n: d bh a va th dlz, 3 . w as

d bh a va ta , 4 .
W dbh avdva h i , 5 .
1 511-
1 1 5 1? d bh a vet h dm, 6 . 3 1313171? d bh a vetdm,

7 . m fg d bh avdma h i , 8 . W d bka va d h va m, 9 .
8501 5171 d bka va nt a , O . 1 . fi n
bh dveya , 2 . m : bh dve t h dlz, 3 W3 31 b
.h d v et a , 4 . fl at? bh dveva h i , 5 & 1! w
bh dveydth dm, 6 fi i mri bh dveydtdm wa t? 8 W386? bh dve d h va m,
’

.
, 7 n b
.ka vem a h i , .

9 . Wa - bh dver a n
t 1: I 1 If ? bh dva i ,
. .
,
bh dvas va , 3 mm? bh dva t d m, .

bh dvdva h a i , 5 311? . w bh dv th dm e ,
bh dvet dm, 13 1 11? bh dvdm a h a i , 8 mm?
-

m ni a ba bh dvé (s e e p ag e
i

bh dva d l wa m, 9 . bh dvant dm ll Pf . L ai no t e

m
,

fifi ba bh dvi s h é
33 ba bbd vé, fi i fi ba bh i i vi vdh e 5 ba bh d
’
“
2 . ax l , 3 .
511
4 fli.
, .
El

d
v t h e, 6 .
-
GIT?! ba bh dv t e,
7 d . wi f fi en ba bh dvi mdh e, 8 Raf 1 831 o r
-
.
“
0
? ba bkdvi dh ve
’

or -
dhve
’

( s ee
9 .
fl f at ba bh dvi r e I A
’ '

, . 1 . W dbh a vi shi , 2 . m :

d bh a vi s h th db, 3 W dbh a vi s h ta , 4 m . .
m dbh a vi s kva h i , 5 W . dbh a
vi s h d th dm, e m f1 11171? dbh a vi s h d t dm, 7 W 1? dbh a vi s h m a h i , 8 W
“
?
- 0
. . or

d bh a vi dl wa m 9 W W db ka vi s h a t a
or F w f q fi b h-
a vdl wa m
i s h y é & c , .
,
’
.
‘
'
.
,

C w h i t} dbh a vis hye & c P F 1 nam e bh a vi t dh e

. wfi mfi bh a vi tdse .
, . . .
, 2 .
f
,

w f a vi t d 4 m a vi t ds 2 2 ds w f a
‘

n bh b h v h 11 1 b h i t dt h 6
‘ '

3 . ar a e 5 1 1 1 11,
a v . e fl fl , , .

bh a vi tdi a u 7 m bh a vi t ds ma h e 8 3 96171153 bh a vi t dd/ we 9 31 947111 : bh a vi

’

, .
, .
, .

t dr a b B Wfi flh bh a vi s h iy d 2 wf anfim: bh avi s h i s h th dlz 3 m bh avi

‘ ‘
, . 1 .
, .
, .

s h i s h td 4 11 2
1 1111 11
2 bh a v
,
i s h i vd h i 5 w fa sfiw m i b h a vis h i y dst hdm 6 m m , .
, .

/
bh avi s h i y as t dm, 7 Wfi fl tfl
. f g bh a vi s h i md h i, 8
’
. m or
0
? bh avi s h i d hvdm or

-
dl wdm, 9 .
t a vi s h i r dn ll Par t Pr e s m m: . . bh dva mdna lz, Pe r f . H m
ba bh dvdnd b, F u t . W : bh a vi s h ydmdna lz .

P a s s i ve : P . 1 .
1
53 1 671 129 6 1, 2 .
{di lati ng/ de g 3 .
t tydt e,
’

z 4 {s w
.ig bl at

y dva h e , 5 .
3
fi abh zi eth e
y
'
’ ’

, 6 .
1 fifi bh dy e te ,
’

7 33 1131
.
3
? i
bh dyc ma ke , 83 33153 6h dyddl we,

{fi bh ztydnt e, I abb aye & c 53m 5

'
I blzdy a z & c n
’
0 d
’

9 .
l .
.
, .
1 bh y y
e a &c .
, .
3
1 .

5 4
67112m ay b e u s ed i n th e At m an epa da a ft er cer t ai n p p re o s i t i o ns . E ve n by i t s el f i t i s
u se d in th e s en s e o f o bt ai ni n
g : F fimi Fi fi sa s r
’
i y am bh ava t e, h e o bt ai n s ha pp i nes s .
( S ti r .

p .
4, 1 .

1 1 6 1112 wi th
3 18
3 a nu m eans t o p er cei ve, and m ay yi el d a p as s i ve .
 1311 0 CLA S S , PA RA S MA I PA D A vas es .
24 7

Pf mg? ba bh dve l i ke A t m a ne pad a, I A 1 W fi f’fl o r

" ’

W d bh a vis lzi . .

,
m am : o r w arm: ci t /1 511 13 1 111411 3 W fir 46mm d bh a vi s h va h i , .
,
’

& c l i ke A t m anepad a F Wfii fi o r mfifi : bh ci vi s h e

C W
‘ ’

y &c o r m nfafi
.
, , .
.
, .

dbh dvi s h ye & c P F Hi am? o r “115 3 1 bkdvi t dfze &

? m o r mf q wf u
r
c B.
, .
‘ .
3
.
, .
‘

bh dvi s h iy d 81 0 l l Pa r t Pr e s 1 3mm: bh d d mdna z F u

5 y l t w fawq m : bh civi g h y a
. ‘ ’
. .
, . .

mdna lz, P a s t 5 3 : bh dt d n .

C a u s at i ve Pa r as m ai pa d a : P W armth b/zd va dmi I

W
’

y ,
, d bhd va y a m, .
.

O marTm bh dvdyey a m I
.
-
bh d vdyd ni II Pf WW W ’
bh dva y d ficl ca kd r a , .
.

,
1 1 A w i ne;d bi bh a va m F wrafin nfiwbh dva i s h dmi
.

y y 0 1 1m m , .

, .

sh
y a m , P . F WW W . bh dva yi t ds mi , B m . bit d vy dsa m .

C a u sa t i ve , A t m an epad a P . “W E
Tbh dvdy e, I . 2 mm} d bh dvay e, 0 m i n;
m
.

bh ci vdy ey a , I men
? bh dvdy a i
‘

. Pf W . bkdva ydfich a kr e, I I A . t r ai n?
tibi a/l a ve
,
F . mafi a bh dva y i s l zyé C W , . d bh dvayi s hy e, P F H wfinrfi
bh dvay i t dfie, B mam bh dvayi s h iyd
. .

.
.

C au sat i ve , Pa s si ve P ma bh dvye
’

I “
SD- a dblzdvy e 0 mi
11 n: bh d vyéy a ,
.
, .

ma bh dvy a i Pf max i a ss 2 1121 m bkd vay dfich a kr e ba bh zi ve ds e

, .

1 .
.
- 0 c
-
, , , -
, , ,
I A W d bh dva y i s hi o r W
.
EI d bh dvi s hi F m finfi bh d va i s b e o r ’

y y , .

mfq i bh dvi s h ye C wwfi firfi d blzdvayi s hy e o r W

‘ ’

d blzdvi s h ye P F
’

, .

.
, .

m ama bh dvayi t d lze o r mfawrz bh dvi t dke B m ama bh dva i s h i d o r

'
»
v ’

y y , .

Hrfafih : bh dvi s h iy d .

D es i d er a t i ve , Par a s m ai a d a P 3 155 1181

p : . t ab/1 49114711 1, 1 .
m 2 d bubl nt
0 3 33113 bdbh ds key a m, I m
m
s h a m,
3: 1 b d bh d h d i P f flf u b/1 21 11 43
3
n b
"
s II
g i 1
. .
.

ch a kdr a , [ A w b fi
fi db bh d h i s h a m, F w w
g g f b s h i s /zy d mi C s t fl vi
f
l u s b h d
g g r u
f g f
'

g
.
.
,

d bubh ds hi s h y a m, P F f fm b b/ d s h i t d s mi B 1 “
g i r
‘

fl fl u i b b h d / ds a m
1 u
3
.
z
.

, 2 s .
y .

D e s i d e r a t i ve , A t m an e pad a P 3 173;bd bh i i s h e I 3 1 1531 d bubh fis h e ‘

m
3
.
, . 0
3 53
m
, .

bdbh fis h eya , I 3 bzi bh i cs h a i l l Pf s b dii cl za kr e I A

‘

3 1 b bh fi W
“

ai u
W
.
1
.
.
, .

d bubh fis h i s h i , 2 .

3n 151 d buhh iis h i s h th dll , d bubl ni sl zis lzta ,

3 1m
bubh as hi s h y e, 0 11 11 11 111 d bubh fis hi s h ye , P
'

3 .
. F . 1 bublut s lt
f l fifl bnbh i t s h i s l ai d
’ ‘

gi fl y .

D e s i der a t i ve , Pa ss i ve P 31 5: bubki i s hye '

I 2 1 11131 d bubkas h ye, 0 3

“
: 1
3 3 13 1 17
. .
, .

bubh i cs h yey a ,
m
‘ ’ '
bubh i as hya z u Pf fi
‘

fl
’

g g bu bkfis h d fi cl za kr e, I A 55
. 1 .
3
d bubh i t s h i s ki , wgg fs m: d bu bh zcs h i s h th d lz, 3 $12 1q d bubh i cs h i s ee
‘
’ ‘

(
‘
2 .
.

F fi fi b u bh i cs h i s h e C w
fi “
‘

cs ki s h e P F
’

gi fi d b b
‘

y , gg u h i
y , 1 b bh fis h i t dft e
3
.

u .
. .
,
B gfifq fih bubinis ki s h iy d
.
’

I nt e n s i ve , A t m a ne a d a : P 1 bo bh a e , 2 3 13 131 bo bh fi ds e
’

3 31 17 p ’
. .
y .
53 y , 3 .
13 }
bo bb i n
/ ci t e , 4 .
“

a ng i na?
bo bh i cy d va h e, 5 £ 15313: bo bl zzi eth e, 6 $11 3} bo bh fi é t e
y 1 y ,
‘

.
‘ ’

7 33 n bo bh i cy dma /i e, 8
‘

bo bh i ty d d / we, 9 3 Tbi zfi bo bkdy d nt e, I

‘ ‘
.
.
. .

d bo bh ziye, fi
d bo bh dy a t lzdlz, 3 $1? ) n l m
’

2 . : . d bo bh zi y a t a , 4 .

bh zi ydva h i , 5 mafi - st ? d bo bh d e t h d m 6
afi y ,
.
. d bo bh dy et d m, 7 . w m fg
d bo bh dyd ma ki , 8 331381 1215 d bo bl ni a d lzva m
53 y ,
.
9 . w i n s a bo bh zi a nt a , 0
y
’

M 1 .
1
24 8 1311 6 PA RA S MA I PA D A VER S B
‘

O LA ss, .

ft fl bo bh dy a z,
'

33 3318 W W I bo bh iiydt dm,

'

bo bh dyeya & c I
’
. . 1 fi h- 2: 1 3 .

, .

bo b/1 44 411 11 1 11 1, bo bndy e th dm, bo bh dyétd m,

’

?
41 4 m
'

6
4 5 .
.

m
,

d m m 8 b b fl i d m l
’

? 3 5 b b hi i d d l w h
’

b 4
’
’ “
3
b h n m h o y a n l “

7
1
3 11
53 111 1 o y a 8 5 1
1 1 19 o y a
9 , . , .

m
,

Pf “ W asbo bh y d d in c h a k r e I A fi l fi i d b o b h d y i S /zi W W : d b o b h d 1 ,
2 .

w
. .
,

m
.

y i s fi t k d n g w m 4 1 0 5 7
,
1 4 7 1 3 1 4 4 4 s p a d b o sh a g i s hm m N e ,
.
,

d bo b h d y i s h d t h d m 6 5 5 13 8 1
3f q 8 1 7 l f d b o bh d y i s h d t d m , 7 W M d bo bk d y i s h m a h i , .
,

8 m i i fq i
. a a 6 r
? d bo b k
’
zi y i d h v a m o r d /i v a m 0
9 W i
g fi mfl d bo b h d y i s h a t a
’
-
, . ,

F fi i ffi l C W i ifi fi d b bh i i i P F I M ’
b b h d i td h
' ’

b b b i h s H
’

T b z s e o z
y ty e o y e
. o
r
y y ,
.
,
. . ,

B 331 W bo bh i iyi s /t iyd

.
'

m i d P M W t
’

I e s e i P b b m i b db h m
’

n t v a h o r a v z ;
n a r as
p a a : 1 ,
o o . .

2 fi bfifil bo bh o s hi o r W bo bh a vi s /zi 3 fi w fifii bdbh o ti o r fl ti fifi f fl bdbh a vi ti

’ ’ ’ ‘

. , . ,

do bh dvdlz , 5 . f as t : bo bhdth d lz , 6 . bo bh d td b, 7 . $15 8 : 4

bo bh d mdlz,

8
‘
é fitgfir bo bh d fizd , 9 M bdbh uva t i , I . 1 W d bo bh a va m, m m : db bh fi o o

m
. . .

W : d bo bh a vi lz, 3 m d bo bh o t o r W ei
-
1160 67 2 22 4 W 6 60
or .

1 1 , .

bh i i va , d bo bh dt a m, 6 M RI d bo bh d td m, 7 fl
’

. . 8 .
i
fil
: dbo bh a vu b, 0 611111 1? bo bh dy dm , I 1 amarfi r 5 55 720 51 4725,
M
‘
7
d bo bh i i t a , 9 W
’
“
. . . .

bo bh dh z, 3 Eh - fig bo bh o tu Dr bo bh a vi tn , 4 Efifl afi bo bh a vd va , W
’ ’ ’ ’
“ ‘

. .

d W i d
’

b b d d m 31 ? d m b bh d m b bh a
’

5 h t 6 2 b bh t v 8 i ?! t
‘

. o , 1 71 o , 7
o a a , i o , . . .

9 .
E ng q -
bo bh uva t u n Pf
’ '

. 1 5 11 1 1 5112 3 11 bo bh a v fizch a kd r a , 4 d .
m '
bo t/ Iza
dmc/za lcr i va 7 $12 1 1q
'

bo bh a vd mch a kmma al s o W bo bbava i nf :

’

v , . 1 . or

bo bh dpa 31 4 1111 1 bat m

—
an/ m 3 1 mm bo bh dva o r
, 2 .
, . s m a bo bb ziva , 4 . 1 11114
11 1

bo bh dvi vd $ d x
bbbh d va t u le, 7 WW bo bh dvi md,
' ’

b bh a th nlz 6
' '

1
‘

5 1 3
3 : o v , .
, . .

8 $1535! bo blni vd 9 $
. 11 3 : bo bh dvd lz, I I A , . . 1 . W 1 35! d bo bh dva m, 2 m. d bo bh dn
311311: dbo bh dvi lz 3 s wi g d bo bh d t
p r 3516 1
, . or
“
1513 3153 871 d bo bh d v it m
, 4 .
ar d bo
bh dva , 5 ,
db. o bh dN adi a d bo b
t d m, 7
5? d bo bh d ma, B f wi fit
n fid t a m 6 . .
W ‘

d bo bfidt a , 9 W 31 3: d bo bh dvnb (n o t W 1 3 1 d bo bh dva n), I A

. W .

dbo bh dvi s h a m, 4 W W dbo bndvi s h va , 7 W W dbo bh a vi s kma , F . . .

W 5 ! bo bh a vi s h ycimi , ‘
C “W . d bo bh avi s hya m, P
‘

. FM . 606112
vi t d smi B 111 1111111 bo bh dy dsa m
, . .

N t G m m i n wh ll w t h i nt
o e —
ra ar a s o a o e e n s i ve wi t h o ut U g/ a t o f o r m
“
an A t m an epad a , g i ve

th e f l l wi n g f m
o Po $1336 b bhd t or s : r es . o a i l ? a bo bhd ta
’
e, Im f fl p .
" ’

,
O pt .
M K bdbkuvi t a,
’

I mp . 6 0 5 11 11111311, Per . Pe r f . s um s bo bkavdmch a kr e A o r

’

, . m ay a bo bh avi s kta
’

F ut 32 . W bo bh avi s hy a t e,
’
C o nd .
“
H m a bo
'
bkavi s hy a t a, Per . Fut ai s fam bo bka
.
‘

n M p
'

vi t d, B e . E bo bkavi s h i s h td
’
.
( S ee Clb o e ro o k e, .

Th e f o r m fi ‘j fi fl bo bh uvi va i s
' ‘

n o t s an ct i o n e d by an
y rule o f Pani ni .

p
I

T Th e fir s t a o r i st i s th e u s u al f o r m f o r i nt e n s i ves , b u t i n i bhd i t i s su er s e d e d by t h e
s e c o n d ao r i s t , th is b ei n
g en o i ne d j f o r th e s i m l e p ver b . S o m e g r amm ar i an s , h o wever , ad m i t

t h e first ao r i st O pti o nal l f

y or 1 6
5 7112 ( C o l ebr . p . Th e fli t i g pi i n
co n c n O n o s o f n at i ve

g r am m ar i an s on th e j
co n u g at i o n o f i nt en s i ve s ar e f ull y s t at e d by C l b k p o e roo e, . 1 9 1 s eq .
 25 0 1311 0 CLA S S , PA RA S MA I PA D A V EB B S .

e
s s; F i m s P F s a m m B 1 m ( t
‘

9 9 no
9 u r a .
, .
5 , , ,

m m
O

wi t h li ng u al m as C ar e y g i ve s it
) 11 Pt g fi W G g
z
W g
''
vé l er .
O

m “
,
.
,

A dj g . m : II Pa s s g u m, . C au s .
m ,
D fimfi
es . a
g I F r, nt .
, a .

7 . fmr s i dh , to go ( r),
f a an d
M s i dh , to c o m m an d (fag ) .

P M . I .

W "Pf . 1 . fai rs , 2 . W , 9 . q fi
g :, I A .

W ,

F . M , P . F . irfirar , B . fir m .

I n th e s ens e o f co m m an di ng o r o r d ai ni n g , th i s ro o t i s m ar ke d by t e c h ni cal
an d h e n c e t h e i n t er m e di at e 3 m ay b e o mi t t e d . T h u s Pf . 2 . fawfim
or fin e , 4 . f«fisrfir er o r fa ffi w & c , F «firt rfir . . or «mitt P , . F «M . a il e r ,

I A . W 1 ( as b efo r e ) ,
or 1 . m , 2 2 1111111
1
, 3 W .

W , 4 . W A

7 .
ex am , 8 .
“

51113
2
, 9 fl . a : ll
g Pt F8 3 3 G er . . M or ffl gw
, fm °
,
A dj .

«firm : or m : ll Pa s s . firmrr, C au s «unfit .

,
D es . firafimffl or faf fl fl ffl
'

Q
I nt . M , a fa
8 . we Ich a d ,
t o be s te ad
y, t o kil l , t o e a t.

P «arts n m m w arm
‘

. 2 . a l ar , 3 ,

7 w re
. e , 8 .
W , 9.«E
gg I A . m m or
W 6) , ( D
Pfi . V II . 2, 7;
F M .
,
P F «fem, . . B .

m u Pt .
W t, W E ,
G er .
m ,
°
«zr, A dj .

K
i m : Il Pas s . R afi, C au s ma fia .
,
D es . fi r m ,
In t . W , m .

9 . « g a d, t o
g s p e ak .

P . «qfir (nfimrefw), I .

W (mm) 31 ,
0 . 11 ,
I . f rag 11 Pf .

W , 9
3 111
; A
I .

3 .

W or
W 6) ( P5 13 V I I 2 7 ; ,
. .
, M F .
,

I nt W
W P m "C a us m fw D e s f a nfafl fi
-
C « 11 F «fizz r, H
“

. . .
, .
,
i
. .
, ,

10 . ( Q r ad, t o tr a ce ,
to s c r at c h .

P .
( i f? ll Pf . 1 . t n? I A .

W m
W 6) ,

P .
Rafi! (m fir, M fi) Pf . 1 .
W i
( ) L , 2.
w , 9 . figt ,
IA W .

W 0

1 2 . is
? ar d, to go , t o as k, to p ai n .

wi th I «ri m « mfiw, 9 m i W fé wfir

"
P .
, . P1 . 1 . 2 11 3 3 , 2 . .
x, I A .
,
F . a

Pt f éfl z n o t wri t, s ee al s o p C au s fi nfir , W fi q fa
‘

66 D
‘

fl
1
’
.
, . 1 ll .
,
es . fl .

1 3 .
g? i nd , t o g o ver n ,
P ig fir.
,
I .

m ,
0 .
$1 ,
I .

m u

Th e ch an g e o f fl i nt o
fl f o r i dd e n b
is
y P b
a ni ni V I I I 3 , 1 1 3 , w .

It i s a d m itt e d by t h e S ar . Th e A n ub an dh a 3 i s s o m et i m e s a dd e
‘

expl i d t a ne o b e f o r t h e s ak e o f p r o nu n ci at i o n o nl
y .
Clb o e ro o ke
It p p sm ro er e a ni n g wo u l d b e t h at i nt er m e d i at e is opt i o nal i n th e
i th p t p
n e as ar t i ci pl e 337 I I , . Th e f o r m s wi t h o u t i nt e r m e d i at e
 1111 0 CLA S S ,
PA RA S MA I PA D A va s es . 25 1

IA . f ear ,
F .
M , o bese
“ P ,
. F . 5
11 ,
1 1 11 B .

m 11 Pt .
m , Per f .

fia rm
twa
-
or
mm or
m ,
Pe r f . Pa s s .
m o r
W o r m .

fi g m nd bl (m )
’

14 .
,
to am e , .

P ( ifi
F ufi rizfi, ) Pf fi f az, I A
W fi q fa
’

. « or
98,
8, 2 ll . .
,
F .
,

1 5 . t o ki s s , (m .
)
P .
(M f fl mfir
-
’
PH, no t 11 m , 9 8, 8, 2 ) Il Pf . fi fi m, I A . «fi r
m ,

fa rarwfw P F H m m
‘
’
F .
, . . a , R

1 6 .

m u lch , to go .

Rm m m
i

( ay I wl l s -
n Pf 3 ai
, .

( . 2 . .
,

I A M , E s fif
’
m rfir , P . E s fif m r, R
m 11

Pas s S W IG C au s M «i f a f mrfir
‘
D
“

. .
, es . .

1 7 fl . 0 1710 1 , 1 to go ,
t o wo r s h i p ( 3
,
431 an d efit
r
.
)
Th e A nub an d h a 3
“
u o f “5 3 a fi c hu al l o ws th e o pt i o n o f i nt er m e d iat e {i i n t h e g er u n d , m
a fic ki t v d or W Ta kt vd,
’
an d it s n a s al r em ai ns , e x pt b ce ef o r e we ak en i ng f o r m s ( s ee mo nt h ,

N o . b ut t h e A nub an dh a i i o f gETf fi a c hi r e
qu ir e s t h e nas al t h r o u gh o ut ( D h fitu pfith a 7 .

P fi fifl f fl Pf W (b ut N o 5, no t e ) I A WM
ll .
9 . : s ee .
, .

R ,

W C i l m a,
-
P if m B m o r sh ip ,
) w
’
F 911, sa s F gL i l ( y
m h w
'

. . . .
, . a e

( y
m a h e

Pa s s . W ? an d mi , C au s W fir .
, D es . M .

D i s t i ng u i sh b et we en ‘H ffl ? ’
wo r sh i pp e d, Ger . m h avi ng wo r s h i pe d , p a nd W
m o ve d ( Pa n . v1 1 . 2, 53 ; v1 .
4, W ne ver s ee m s t o l o se it s n as al wh en i t m ea ns t o

h o no u r . Pass . m h e i s h o no u r e d , W h e i s m o ve d . Th e two r o o t s, h o we ver , ar e

no t al ways p
k e t d i s t i nct .

1 8 m dnchh , t o s tr e t ch (m )
m
.
, .

P . Pfi or fi a I A .
13 13 11 , E N IFKWfi u C au s .

W m , D es . mm .

mr uch , t o g o ,
1 9 .

g?
m ll Th i s an d o t h er ve r b en u m s er ate d 6
3 7 t ak e o p t io n al ly t h e fir s t

c o nd ao r i s t
W m
W ll Pt 1 33 m, Pe r f W Ge r H ffl a r,
'
or se ; . .
9 .

fi ffl m ( Pan . 1 . 2, or
ga r .

20 .
5? ka r o kh , t o b e cr o o ke d (gi n) ,

P {é f a 43) é I A
W f fi t
-
n Pf I « Pt :
. 1 .

ii ,
. u .

g a or
g i : 43 1 ,

fi j 21 . va , t o go .

P .
W FH u Pf .
( )
a 2 aa f aw , . I A M or
W ,

22
fi vr a j , to go .

P . afl fir n Pf . « af fi x, w in I A . 11 Pt a f ar :
. u

es ters f as fir, I nt . m a m ma fia , .

K k 2
25 2 1311 0 C LA S S , PA RA S MA IPA D A VE RBS .

]; t t t h w
23 . El
i a o g ,
o o r o .

P .
‘
Hfi f fl ,
‘
I . 3 113
1 "Efi m u s t b e su b s t i tu t e d i n t h e g e n er al t en s es b e fo r e

t e r m i n at i o ns b e
g i n ni n g wi t h vo we l s . B e f o r e al l c o n s o nant s e xc ep t ( ( Pan .

11 .
4 5
, 6 , vart
) . th i s su b s ti t u t i o n is o p t i o n al , i . e . b o th fl a nd E fi m ay b e u s ed II

- 1 . W m) , 2 fe ss m o r far 3 35 . [ m]
m a . 3 . fi1m , 4 . a rm

[E I F
W H] , 5 ° fm fl ‘ 6 W » 3, 7 ° W [ m]
m , 8 m , 9 .

w :, I A

ss afl i it
'
‘

F 3w .
'

33 ,
2 C .

W , P . F Eri n,. B m .

[F . wfi m fir ,
C .

m ,
P . F .
‘S fifi
'

fl 11 Pt ai a : .
’
[wh i m] ,
Per f .
m
[m am q], G er
— . a fim [warm ], °
a1v, A dj .
[ 5mm: s fim z ] , s wi m 5m: , u

Pas s Ffi f fl C au s Emmfir
.
‘ ‘

, .
,
D es. fafi fl fir [E ffl ffl fl f fi] , I nt . W (afifit is no t

s an ct i o n e d by P an i ni
) .

C o l e b r o o ke )
f a ks / n, t o wan e , t r ans t o di m i n is h , (
'

24 . .

P M 11 Pf . 1 . Fa wn 2 . f a fim o r fa mfim, 9 . fa t I A .

W ,

F .
fiwfir, B .
mm 39 0
) ll Pt Fara: . o r fil m: II Pas s W .
, C au s m fl fi r,

D es . fi l m ,
I n t 51 .
”
m , fififa . Th e C au s .
m b el o n gs to Q 6
4 2,
)
it
II . 23
5
25
"
It a l , t o r a in , to m p as s , ( )
. Gi
g e nc o 35 8

T h e A n ub a n d h a E e p r e ve nt s t h e l e ngt h e ni ng o f th e vo wel in th e ao r i st .

P . 3 11 s n Pf . W , I A .

1 0 V
2 13 29 r i dd h i 10 ,

p o t e ct
26 .

“g p
a t o r , ,

Th e ver b mgs up , t o g u ar d ,
fi d hflp , t o war m , vi c kh , to g o , “p an, t o t r affic , W p an,
to p r ai s e , t ak e ”
a l l ! dy a i n t h e s p e ci al t e ns es , and t ak e i t o pt i o nal l y i n th e r est .

( Pan . 111 . 1 , 28 ;

P . r fimufir, I W ham
‘

.
m r
,
I n fit mxg n Pfi r hq wiw 3 25 , 3 )
3 1
mm . m m m , ,
-
af an ‘ 4
,

fifq wfir fi wfil , P F fiq 1fimr fim, B W m

‘

r
,
o r f t . . 1
,
T fififin, or t . or "
Pt . r fit nfcrfr: ’
or mrz, G e r r fimfiza r, '
r fifirm , or r mr
, A dj W t, W t

;
. .

or firm “
II C au s . T fit mfir or r hmmxfir, D es .

W , 3M , W , O

W T,
E I nt fi . fl ‘l fi , m .

27 d kfip , t o war m
.
fi .

P {math . ll Pf m
3 m. 1 o r
g m: ( no G u na b e c au s e , t h e vo we l i s l o ng ),

I A . 21
331 1113
1 or
W .

28 .
” t ap , t o b u r n,
)
(3 33 2 ,

P l7a
. ll Pf mm (Ci ) 2 1mm
. 1 . 1 , . or PM 33 5 , 3 am .
, I A . L W ,

a m t, 3 3 11111 111
1 6 Emmi , .
“

F . ma fia, P . F 11111 ,
. B .
m u Pt 1m , .

Th e c a u s at i ve c ann o t h ave sh o r t a, an d th o u
gh b o th W e s t er g aar d and B o eh t l i ng k

Ro t h g i ve t h e s h o r t a , t h ey r o d u ce n o au th o r i t f o r i t
y p . Th e p ar t i ci pl W e is e q u all
y
p b
i m o s s i l e , a nd s h o ul d al wa s be ch an e d i nt o
y g 3 W .
 25 4 1311 6 C LA S S , PA RA S MA I PA D A V ERBS .

N o te — 111
i m ay b e u sed in th e At m . wi t h t h e p p re .
“
SIT, if i t is e it h er i nt r a ns it i ve,

W TIE . t h e t r ee s p r e ad s , or g o ver ns as it s o bj ect a m em b er o f th e ag e nt s

’
b o dy ;

W Wlfill h e p ut s f o r t h h i s h an d . Li k ewi s e wit h t h e p p re .

eJ ‘
ET
T, 8
“

,
if it i s u s ed

L
r e fl e ct i ve y ;
l m m ? a l l
i [ T- h e h e ap s t o
g e t h er h i s o wn
‘

r i c e
‘

L i
'
k e w i s e af t e r 3 1 1 w h e n i t .
,

p
.

m e an s t o e s o u s e ; ( F l t 1 5 1115 211 1151 R fi m a m a r r i e d s

“
a g : h e r e t h e A o r m a
y a l s o b e 3 1111 111 ; .

l ik e S EW “b e divul g e d
’
an o t h er s f au l t s .

3 2 . 3 1 9za m, t o b o w, (m) .

P . m 11 Pf . 2. 7 17 ? i ! or am ,
I A .
1
117 11 11
1 F

W ffi , P . F fiat ,
. B .
3 11 11
1 81 0 , l i k e 111
1 . 0 n th e C au s at i ve , see 4 6 1 .

N o t e — H‘ m ay b e
T co n u g at e d j in th e At m anepad a ( Pan . . 111 . 1 ,

Th e A nu b an dh a 3 g i ve n t o i t by m e g r amm ar i an s i s d e cl ar e d wr o ng by o t h er s .
‘

so

33 .

“ y a m , t o go , ( Hg )
P 7 13 . 1s
’
ll Pf . 1 . W 6) , 2 . s mfim or W , 3 . W , 4 .
3 ,
2 8

m 3: a{ Q F nfwwf fi (j) 33 , B m
-
P i 1n,
'

5 ,
&c .
, II A . aq u . 8 . F . 1 . u

Pt m, Per f wffl r nq o r W ET- 1 Ger m °

m11 Wm , A dj h a n,
'

. 11 .
e
, . 11 , or . T 7 17 11: 11

Pas s ”R IF C au s “Raf i , A o r W
.
, . .

m , D es . W E, I nt . m m? or fir ifir .

N o te — W i th p p re . If i t f o l l o ws t h e
”

At m .
, if i nt r an s i ti ve . Th e C au s . t o o , wit h t h e p p re .

WT m ay f o l l o w t h e A t m
,
. i f i t m e ans t o h ave p at i en ce m W W ai t a li tt l e . In

. th e At m . t h e fi nal , m ay b e dr o t
{ p 1n th e A or . an d B en . m or W I T
H ,
W or m .

( S ee 3 55 .

Pas s m .
, C au s . m , A or .
11
snfiu ma, D es . fq a wa,
'

f I nt a .

w , vgfa t .

( Pan v n . .
4 87 ,

ffl i sh pit
'

35 fl nv, to
'

. s ,

P W . 3 11 Pf f fi a . or fzfia, I A .

W , F . sfawffi 11 Pt . 11 Pas s .

M C au s . ? amffl , D es . f Hfi fi RfH or
W it ( Pan . vu . 2, I nt .

W . N o I nt e n s ive Par as m ai pad a .

V o wel l engt h en e d i n s p e c i al t en s e s ( see No . I ni t i al s ib il ant u n ch ang eabl e

'

3 6 . f a ji , t o e xc el .

P fi l fl fiT 11 Pf '
.
2 . Fsr?m or fa nf w , g i a nt s , a m , 5
6 fwvga 7 f vrfi uw, 8 fan f a r gz, I A M G F 9111 1131 , P F
‘
'
. . .
, 9 . . . . .

B . “ 11 ll Pt . m3 P , er f .

m , G er . m ,
A dj W 2, m , i n“,
3 11 11: 6
45 , fa n : o nl
y wi th zfa : ( Pfin . 111 . 1 , 1 1 7) 11 Pas s .

W , C au s W
f o ll o ws t h e A t m anepad a w th t h e
. r,
a Aor
i
.

m ,

pr ep o s i t i o n s
D es . ffl l fi fl f fl , I nt
’
m , €1$
rfin

an an d far .

_
Th e ch ang e o f
{ i nt o ’Ti n t h e r e d u
\
pl i cat e d p er f e ct 1 s an o m al o u s
 11111} C A SS , L PA RA S MA I PA D A vas es . 25 5

tak e pl ace in W Tt o wi t h er (W ) al t h o ug h
, th e r ul e o f Pani ni m ig h t see m to co m pr eh e nd

t h at ro o t aft e r i t h as t ak e n S a mpr a s fir ana .

W Tfo r m s it s r e du p li ca t e d p er fe ct W .

37 .
W a lcs k, to o bt ai n ,
(W )
N a kek f o ll o ws al s o th e S n cl as s , m a ks hno ti &c .

P .
w f n 11 Pf . 1. m m :

C au s .
m , Aor . m m , D es . m fs rfismf fi 47 )
6

m , t o h e w, fo ll o ws
W th r o u
g h o ut , al s o m th e o p ti o nal fo r ms o f t he
Sn cl as s .

8 kri s h , t o d r ag alo n t o f ur r o w
3 .

fl g , .

P fi . fil ll Pf . 1 m , 2 W , 3 . m , 4 .
W m 33 5 , I A . 1 “ a ,

m
. . .

2 . m m , 3 . m mfi( , 4
1 113 1115 , 5 .
11 mi 6 . m , 8 . m , 9 ;
or a m &c .
, or I A . &c . If u s ed in t h e A t m ane pad a, t h e two
fo r m s wo u l d b e ,

I A . 2 . m m , aw ,

I A .
4 . 1 . id .
3m m ,

I A . 2 .
4 . m m , s wi m ,

IA 4 4 . . .
qm
a1 , 6 . id .

IA 2 7 Wm 3
7 mi
“

. . .
, 9 .
,

IA 4 7 .. .
w m fa 9 “ W
F .
W or m P F fi vT o r éfifir
, . .
‘

u Pt .
r
fi s t, G er gi g ! "P as s
. .
W , C au s .

m ,
Aor m
. or
W “ ,
D es .
W K, I n t H 1 3W .
, W m

Th e p ecul i ar G u na an d V ri ddh i o f 56 ,
“

vi z . ( an d ( T, i nst e ad o f fi
g an d
W ,
t ak e pl ace

n ec e s s ar il
y i n
ER , to e m it , an d
w ,
to s ee ( Pan . v1 . I , B ET, W ,
W , an d

W K p ti : o o n al l y in ve r b s wit h p e n u l t i m at e a whi ch j
r e e ct i nt er m e d i at e Q ( Pfin v1 1

m
,

m
. .
,

a to r e o i ce ,
j a m o r “fir, A o r . m , m or
W
39 5 12 13 11 , t o k ill
.

1 .

R i mfa 11 Pf s am I A fi srfl w E fl f awfw flm

‘

. L uis, 2. , fi , ,
‘
P . E

f i lfi m ’
337 I I , .

4 0 .

fl us h , to bu r n.

P . fi s tar, L ads 11
“
- -
11 Pf . 1 . vh f m
-
( 1 or “ Ra fi 2 . 3 111 1111 1, 3 . ai m,
I A
M F fifi wfir, P B ntam, R m Pt s fifi r:
"

&c .
, . . a . a 11 . o r

4 5
2 ) 11 D es . i 'fiffl ffl fl fir .

fwg mi h , pr i n kl e
‘

4 L to s .

Pf . L fifi g , ‘

2 . mm , I A .

W F . waft , P . F W 1 . 11
25 6 1311 6 C LA S S ,
PA RA S MA I PA D A V ERBS .

Pt . t fia z, Pe r f . H
m ( fa r m ) , G er . l fi g t ll C au s fi zq fit ,
'

M m , D es .
m ,

I nt . fifnsfir, Ri fe , (i fafa, W e s t er g ) .

42 .
{g d a b, t o b urn.

P .
as fa n 2 .
&gv
f or a m, E m s; P . F .
m , B

2 1
3 7 , I A . L W , a m t, 3 .
4 . W E , 6 .
m , 7
. 3 mm ,
8 .
W u,
9 W .
g
a : ( s ee p . 1 85 ) ll Pt gm: . C au s m q fa .
, Aor .
W , D es .

w il l , I nt .
éfifm
3 dr o o p al s o i m l a z, t o f ad e
'

43 g l d
a .t o 7
,
.

P va r af a
-
0 1mm? Pf 1 W él W m gm d
. r , .

“ . . 2 . or ,

4 wa s , 6 3 78
5 . 7 wa s , 8 W , 9 W IA 1 W 8 “
1 13 7
3 11 132, 3 . m a rs h , 4 .
5 . W W , 6 . m rfim , 7 W . M ,

8 . m m , 9 . w m fa gz, F
‘

.
78 18 1 fif ,
'

P . F .
7 mm, B .
ru
m or f i rm( -
Q 11

Pt .
7E W , Ge r . 73 15 11 ,
0
73 11 1, A dj m m . z, 7 3 m ; 31 1:
i n 7 N P as s (i m p er s ). .

7 8 1t h C au s . 73 11 111 51 or m afi a ( D h P . . 1 9, D es . fir m , I nt .
“
ST!

3 g m, s i ng al s o i r ai , b ar k a? kai cr o ak
’

44 . to ; to , , to .

P mufir. n Pf a n), . IA m . in, F . m P F m , . .

, B .

m
M ar k t h e di tTe r e n c e b et w e en a an d T% in th e B e ne d . ll Pt . T fifi t, G e r .
r fi ar ,
'

°
mt r , A dj .m am, mal t s , fin: II Pa s s r fifi .
, A or . w nfi r, C au s . nm f a, A o r .

3 , I n t af fi‘ fi 3 1 m
W m , D es W . .
‘

, .

45 fi s kt a
y ,
. i to s o und, t o g at h er ; al s o s ty a i , th e s am e .

P mi s fit
. 1 . 3 m m” Pf wail , I A . . «m
m , F .
m , P . F . m m,
B .

W 0 ? fir
m 11 Pt . mum, W m W , W
N o te — W i th re
g ar d t o t h e i ni ti al l i ngu al si b il ant , t h e Pr a s a d a q u o t es t h e V ar tt ik a t o

Pan . v1 . I ,
64 , as m
g gwnau sf am Ga f f-
[W t I A m ar g i n al no te says ,
W
m ? 1 W W W 37 5} am a W fiam afia fi q fi m m u

4 6 .
27
2d a i , to cl ean s e (am) ,

Th i s ver bi
d i s t i ng u i sh e d b y a m u t e R p f r o
s m th v b l ik
o er er s, e 31 def &c . I t i s t h er ef o r e
p
n o t c o m r i s e d u n d er t h e
g g h u ver s b i t t ak e s t h e fir s t ao r i st ( 3r d f o r m ),
a nd d o es no t s u b s t i t ut e
i
“

f or E e f o r !"(i
“
r
.

P .
( N F?! 11 Pf a .
fi I A W as , . 1 .
, &c .
, F .
m afi a, P . F arm, . B .

M II Pt 3171: . Il Pa s s m fi C au s m .
, . fir, D es .
W , I nt .
W , amfir .

47 . Q dhe , t o d r i nk , (a? )
Th i s ver bi s o ne o f th e s i x so -
c al l e d
”

g g h u roo ts r o o ts wh i ch i n t h e g en er al t en s es
h ave f o r t h e i r b as e QTd d or m d bd .

P . W n Pf . L afi t , a sh or
eum, 3
-
.
4 .
a m,
fi 5 . 6 .
w a 7 a m,
s fi .

9 .
33 3. It adm i t s IA .
3 . II A . an d Re d I I A . .
25 8 am) CLA S S , PA RA S MA I PA D A VE RBS .

9.
fi gz I I A m , .
, F .
m fir, P . F .
m B ar , .

m n C au s mm (mam? . he
dr ives ) D e s W , .
,
I nt .
W , m .

5 2 . a
? s ad, to p er i sh (Hg ) ,

P . 111 t (W ) n Pf . 1 . 1m m( ) a , a i r fare or m 9 fi g: , I I
, A
m .

(W ) , F . m fir , P F na r,
. . B 1mm11 . Pt . 11a : 11 P as s a n} , A o r m rrfq, . .
’

C au s M . FR, A o r “ F i
fi .
, D es . m ,
I nt . man} , m .

53 . tn
p d , t o dr i n k .

P . ft fi fif ll Pf . I .
IN }, 2 . W or “ N , 9 . war, II A .

W , F .
m ,
P . F .

mar , 3 1 6 3 9 2B) P. t fifi z G 211

e r a m . t , . r ,
°
qrt r, A dj . mm , mm , i n: u

Pas s fl ai r, A o r fl mfir C au s t rrmrf fr (o r er

.

D e s firt rmfir, I n t W
’
.
‘

, .
o
to s wal l o w), A o r .

m ( n
P fi .

W I 4, . W TF H . .
, .

54 . m gh r d , t o s m ell , to p er c ei ve o do ur .

L wfi rar
b O . f ai n, n Pf . 2 . 3 m m m ,

II A .
m , or I A
W Q 6
3 ,8 F . m fir P , . F . m , R
m or

i nni t Pt . m : or m t, G er . ma r 11 P as s . m , A o r W fir, . C aus .

m nfir, wfm or m a m a . vn .
4 , D es . m , I nt . W , r mrrfir .

55 . r m ( 17 1 77261, to bl o w .

P as ta 1: Pf a n), I A
.
N , F J mt af a, B . u mm( or
M u Pa m : 11

Pa s s . m arl , A o r W .
, C au s . u rrt rrr r , fi Aor .
“
N
W , D es .
M fi , I nt .

5 6 .
a n s t h d, t o s t an d , m
( ) .

P F.rsrf a .
’
u Pf .
m ) (M ) , II a m g F e ne rfir, . B .

fi nnu§ 3 92 ) 11 Pt .fa rm, figur " mm e

,
0
, A dj .
m m W , : , can: 11 Pas s W .
,

A or . W ri t, C au s . El m , Aor .

W ’ D es . firsrr rfrr, I n t
‘

. w , m fir .

N o t e — A ft er an d far , F ITi s used i n th e At m .

; al s o a f t er E T, i f it m ean s t o affir m
wit h 3 5 , if i t m e ans t o s t r i ve, n o t to r is e or wit h W ,
if i t m eans t o wo r sh i p ,
&c . Pr e s .

fim r Re d Per f afi A o r af fa i r, 9 s t a rs fr, Fut

-
m i mafia
"

, . .
, . . . B en. .

57 . e r mud, t o s tu d
y .

P H7-rfir . ll Pf . }
L ira , z flf fi fl o r HEW 9 1rgz I A
W B W
’
or " , .
‘

, , .

m
a rt fi C au s 3 1m A o r fi srfimm D e s fw mfir, I n t mamF
-
Pt W Pas s ‘ '

t
. : ll .
,
r .
, , . .
,

5 8 .
gr d d , t o
g i ve,
(m ) .

P .
i ra frr i 'e
(M ) 33 W e B M
u Pf G3 9 2 ) 11 P .t ga r G , II A . . .
, er .

ga r ( s ee N o 20 0 , Pan V 4 m A
. dj m r
II t W m E m l l P s
M 0
,
a
, , a s ,

fq ir I n t w
. . . .
,

C au s . r trt lf a, D
ag
‘ '
es.
m fir , .
, .

59 h v i t b n d . r ,
o e .

P .
a
r
mr n Pf -
. I .
3 Har t
.
, 4 .
m 33 0,

A ft er th e p p
re o s it i o n I! i t m ay b e u s ed in th e At m anepad a .
 1311 6 CLA SS , PA RA S MA I PA D A vnas s . 25 9

9 m : I A war m 9 w i r t, F afa r -
M P . F 1 i r,. B .
fi wr
II Pt
$ 7 9
G er
W 9
O

F m , A dj i, M m fi , t It Pa8 8 fi
m m
.
,

C au s M . a, D es .

w fia, I n t .
, .

60 . a g s ka nd , t o app r o ac h , ( y) m
P ( fit a afia wft fi aii afia, Pem V 1 1 1 3 , 73 , 7 4) ll Pf
‘
. a f
ga tr o r . . . L i ra a,
'

or wa n, 9
r
. wa g ( . i a, N o 5)or
, I A wa s : "
s ee . .

m , 6 m ,

m
.

9 ;or I I A wa a, F a m fir, P.F a a r , B . . . .

(6 43 ) P as s fi C au s
'

Ge r a ar 8 ll a a fir, A
M
'

3
10 , . .
, . a q o r.

Q D es fwa
‘

ra f a, I nt W . m ? 4 5 ),
8 w=
fla fa
61 .

a tr i , t o
'
cr o s s .

P . HTfiT l l Pf . 1 . am 2 . fif t fl , 3 . m , 4 . FEET, I A .

m , F 1c . wFa
or at twfrr
’
P . F afit m
. o r afi ar, B . fi fira I n th e A t m anepada
we g e ne r al l y fin d t h e ver b u s ed as Tu d fid i , P . fan} , Pf P
r} , A o r . . we
o r waf t ? o r mafi a , F afi t flfi . B .
afi t fia or m ll Pt . a hfig
‘
Ger fi . fir ,
afifir , C au s HTUTfiT, Faaft afa fiarrfiw
’
O
rfifr 11 P as s . . D es . or fa o r

fifi fi fifa, I nt firfifi araffi

‘

.
, .

62 . “I r a nj, t o ti ng e .

Th i s ve r b an d 3 5 1 d a ms , t o
’

b it fi e, s afi j , to s t i ck , a nd Hi s van j , to e mbr ace ( Pa n . v1 .

4, 5 , dr o p th p e e n u l t i m at e n as al 1 n th e s p e ci al t e ns e s 34 5 ,
10 and
) m t h e weake ni ng
f o r ms 3 4 4 . 3 95 ,
n o t e )
I W FH,
D
.

m
.

-
rrt r , F . i a rfia, P .
“

(ma A l so u sed

th e A t m an epad a : P . }, Pf
a re . 1 . ( t a, 2 . t t fia fi I A .
3 m .
, 9 .
W ll

f air (P99 § 43 )
8 P a a fir ( n
P a
“
( at o r . v1 .
4 , 3 1 , l l a s s . 111 .

or tfl wfir to h u nt 6
4 2, A or .

m or
m , D es .

I nt ( R a fi , t ri fai
. .

63 .

W ki t , t o c u r e (fan )
,

an d s o me o t h er ver b s wh i ch ar e r ef er r e d t o t h e B h u cl as s al wa s
y t ak e t h e d es i de r a ti ve

t er m i nat i o ns , i f u s ed in c er t ai n s e ns e s . f (
—
an ki t , if i t m e ans t o d wel l , b el o n
g s to t h e

Ch u r cl a s s , o r , ac co r d i ng to V o pa d e va , i t m ay b e r e g ul ar l
y j
co n u g at e d as a B hfi ver b;
fwfam fir c hi ki ts a ti
‘

b u t i f i t m e an s t o cu r e , it i s .

P f fi fii fl tfia, 1
.
'
. a r m &c . n Pf . ra m -
ar m , I A .
m , F fa
.

P F fwfa fiaar
. . .

I n th e s am e way c o nj u gat ed 4 72 )
ar e

1 .
“(t o co n c e al )
W h e d e s pi s e s , .

2 .
W( t o s h ar p e n
) f afaa fi h e e n d ur e s , .

3 .
m (t o r ever e , l ) fifl i l fir h e i nve s t i g at
‘
e s .

4 .
W(
“
to bin d) , fil m
h e l o a th e s .

i m fi
'

( r ai h t e n s
5 W t cu t ) aa h t
'

a
‘
. o ,e s g .

6 .
m ( to s h ar p en), afisfit rfia h e s h ar p e n s .

L I 2
 26 0 CLA S S ,
ATMA N EPA D A V ERBS .

(wg)
-
64 tr t t o f al l ,
.

a p ,
a ..
n

P (.
m raf
t raa) n fa t rf
‘
Pf . L W H, 11 A . W F a . m 11

Pt . wfim: ll Pa s s m a .
,
A or . a t rr fa, C au s mania .
, D es . fitmf awfir or frmrfk
3 3 79 I I ’

65 . wa va s , t o d wel l .

P aafa . n Pf . 1 . m ( ) a , 2. a fa r or m , 3 . m , 4 . ti re ,
sa 5 .

w ,

7 af fair
.
, 9 a
g,
z . I A . L a mar 2 . a wmfiz, 3 .

6 5 1172113 ? F aa rf a, . P . F .
Eran
, B . au r
a 11 Pt .
"
af firm, G e r
0
m u P as s . 3 a, C au s m . a fia, A 0 13 m m , D es .

66 . aava d , t o s p e ak .

P .
W II Pf . 2 . 33 m , 9 . I A .

W , F .

m a 11 Pt wfaarr Pas s a a arfa, C au s wrawfir

‘

. afi
aa a
'
G er . 11 .
“ , A or . .
'

a wtw
’
aa D , es . I nt . W ,
“
e
rra ta .

67 f a ém , s we l l ,
(m )
'

. to .

P a t rfia . ll Pf . 1 .
31 m m
) or ffira m (ii ), a
w l ! or fisra fitrw, 3 .

MW 4 wrj v
j faa or fafi afaa 5 .

m z or f f a m rgt , 9 m ? “

I A a a lfi II A or a fi fi d
m F M P F
‘

aa
'
.

a , aa
a fir a q
a a n , .
, .

B mur Pt P a s s s ma C au s m afia, Aor af r fim D

‘

l! fi ra: II
.

a . .
, . .
,
es .

I nt .
W or fifisgr a .

II . A t m anepada V . e r bs .

68 . ai r e d i t , t o g r o w .

P mar ,. ara L e a at u Pf m, a F1 P.fiw fir, Qani firwa, o -

,
-
. .

EfiJfl T I A 1 W ET 2 313 39 1 2 3 PM 4 El m , 5 W
‘ e
, . .
, .
, .
, . .
,

7 M w fi zf ua " P a s s
’
B a rn
‘
ta u Pt r .

C au s Pr es m fir H P er f W F ( M
.
, 3 C o nd .
,
°
, , .
0
, .

°
fr. P F Hui rm , H A
—
.
m m D e s t aern
.
"
.
, .
v
.

69 .

W fles h , t o s ee .

P am} .
, I . 3m , 0 .
afi a, I fia ai n Pf
. .
am , I A . 93 m ,
F .

(l i faa a P , . F .
i fa ar , B {fafi v. ll Pt .
affirm ll C au s i a t rf a .
, Aor .

D es .
fifwfia fi .

7 d a d , t o g i ve
0 .
aa .

P gi ft .
,
I . a gar, i I aa a i0 n P f 3 aa
a. ra n,
3 2 8, 6 aaafi , . . . .

( n
P i
a . V I .
4, I A a afaa, F afavfi , P F afaar,
. f
aa t fie l l Pt . . .
'

B .
'
.

P as s W IT .
, Aor . a arfa, C au s
aa
r q fa , A or a
’
r
a aaa,
D e s fi fi fi , I nt
aa a .
'
'

. .

th e p as s i ve t h at 33 111 an d 3 53 ! t ak e At m ane pa d a t er m i n at i o n s
3
'

s
.
 B IN ?! C LA S S , ATMA N EPA D A V ERBS .

7 8 . a
m a y, t o go .

P . am}, I W . ll Pf mia fii (Pan I I I I ,

. a I A nm , 2 W . . . .
,

3 . m , 4 .
M , 5 . W , 6 m fu n i , 7 m fi wf g , a w fimi o r . .

9 . W , F . wf uwii , B . W W II C au s a nq qf w, D es W W ‘ '

. .

W i th no it f o r ms m i ni : he fl ee s ( Pea vm . 2, Gen m ; wit h n, w it ; and

wi th Wfi , aw ai t .

79 .
fig fit , t o ai m .

33
P $ .
9 I . Q3 ? II Pf .
W , IA . F .
W , B . ll C au s .
W ,

A or . 3 331 , D es .
W .

80 .

m ms , to sh in e , (m ) .

R ama?! n Pf w fi or m fifi I A . m artin , E m u C au s .

m
.

mm , A or .

W , D es .
W ,
I nt .
,

81 .

m feds , t o c o u gh (amp ) ,

P . aim} n Pf . w a
s 3 2 6 ) n C au s m fa, A o r .

m 6
82 . f a? s i v, to s er ve , 5
( 3)
Pi ta ? N Pf f fi fi , I A
.
’
. sl i m , F . M It C au s 5 m .
, Aor .

fl fafifi , D es . fa fih fi , I nt . M .

83 . in d
y , t o o
g , (m ) .

3 P
, fi ,
.
9.fl fi mi
, I s t p er s s i ng63 , I mi
. l , I11
s t p e r s s i n
g B , O fi T
r ,
. . . . . . .
'

I ai m n Pf 3 F R, 6 aw nFr, 9 “fi t , I A m amf a , 2 W TTF JR, 3 m

’
. . . &c , .
-
. . .
‘ ‘

. .

F TITB fi , B m
. ll P as s wfi q fi, A o r m , C au s m uffl , A o r
.
, D es .
'

. . .

m .

m , I nt . W .

84 5 m , t o go , t o k i ll () i to p e ak (8 35)
“
.
, S ,

P .
( a? n Pf 3 6 6 . .
”
3, 6 E .
m i r, 9 .
g cfi ft , IA t as u C au s . t mfi ,
A or .

M G4 74 an d

85 i f
d e, t o p r o t e ct ,

P §fi . Il . 1 .
fi afin . V II .
4 , 3
$ , I A . I .
m , 2 .
m

N o te —
It I s o ne o f th e
g
”
ver b ;3 s ,
to p r o t e ct , fo r m s M In th e p r e s ent , bu t f o ll o ws a
i n t h e g en er al t en s es .

86 .
gr i d yu t , t o s h in e , m
(g )
P i . n ? II Pf fag ? .
( P an . V II .
4 , IA .
33 3 ?! w o r al
g ( a
-
G
)3 7
6 : Pan . I .

3 9 , 1 ; UI 1 9 E m , B . zfififi fiv l l C au s M .
, A or .

W , D es .

fagf afi fezfifil fi I nt Egfifl Es fifa

’
'
o r
'

, .
, .

N o t e — Th e ver b b s e g i nni ng wi t h
fi o pt i o n all y a d mi t t h e I I A o r Par as m aipada .

87 vr i t , t o be ,
.

fi
P Hfii. ll Pf . IA . or .

W ’ F affiufi . or afi fir, B . m ll C au s .
 B Hfi
’
CLA S S , ATMA N E PA D A vas es . 26 3

‘
él fiQ fiT, A c n
'

mfl or
m w an w u 4 , . D es . ffl flf fifi
’ ' '
or
m , I nt .

N o t e — Th e ver b b s e g i nn in g wit h
31 , i . s .
31 ,
w ,
13 g
F i
9 9
“ , ar e o pt i o nall
y P ar as mai

p ada i n th e ao r i s t , f ut ure , c o nd iti o nal , d es id e r at i ve ( Pan 1 3 , 9 1 . . Th e s a m e ve r s d o b

no t t ak e 3: i n t h e i r Par as ma i pa d a t e ns e s ( Pan Fi g 60 ,
. V II . 2, as to
31 , s ee . vu . 2,

an d I .
3 , 93 .

88 . B i g sya nd, to s p r i nkl e or dr o p , (t ug )

r am s ,

“ F IF -
a mifizwmi ;s m m “W .
) , or II A . a me m a ul Efl
o r t zi afir o r W ( Pan V II N B mfz fi? W e t i n Pt
'

. . s ee o . . or .

amt , G er 1 : 1q .
“
or W ( Pan . V I . ll C au s .
W D e m , s . or

M or fa fi mfi .

89 5 1 1 mp , t o be
.
’

a bl e,

P m a ll. wa ga
’ '
IA 3 W or .
. .
m , 6 21 m .
” . m m , o r II A or .

9 0 .

“ vya t h , t o f e ar , t o s u ffe r p ai n .

P W . ll Pf . m a (Pam v u .
4 , IA . W ,
F W . ll Pas s . W 3 ,

A o r waxfiq . C au s m . f a, D ‘
es . firmf wfi , I nt W .
, wa f er .

9 1 . (
1 r a m, to s p o r t (m) , .

P tfi .
; w i th fq ,
‘ '
an, l i f t , a n, o p t i o nall y Par a s m aipad a ; f at nf a ( Pan 1 ‘
. .

3 , 83 ) Pf i }s
, I A
. . W , aft er p r ep o s i t i o ns W F t ar} Pt r m G e r , . .
, .

m, C au s ( unfit, Aor fl u fi b D es fi t sir, I nt t t t zfi , i t sfifir

0 -
( 0 11 or ll . . ? . . .

9 2 . H
Q tva r , t o h u r r y , (m .
)
Th e ver b s a ? j var , H Q
te a r , fa i s r i v,
fl a t) , fl i mav, su b s t i tu t e
i vm g t r ,
7 ti r ,
Q M ,

3 5 a, { mu ( Pa n . V I .
4, 20 ) b ef o r e weak en i ng t er m i nat i o n s b e
g i n ni n g wi t h co n s o na nt s ,

e x ptce s e m i vo wel s , an d if u s e d as m o n o syl l a i c b no m in al b as e s . H en c e 3

533 m
2j ur z lz ,

m : t ur nah,
Q R. s r u t a z, l
“

ai m u t a h 11a: ,
mutab .

RW n Pfi wa n l A g n m ft a s w or m fi q, F fi mfit g fi
’

) tt a: u C au s m qfii 6 I I Aor m 3 75 ) D
m
’
43 2 or E .
4 2 , .
r , e s
. .

93 . H
g s ah , to b e ar ,

P . a s? u Pf .
E
I , I A m tge , F ufzwir,
. . P F afa . .
“
r or t hat 3 3 7, I I . 2 ) 11

Pt t ha t , A dj Ga : 45 , 6 )
6 Pas s ( refit C au s m fir A o r W C au s
”
. . .
, .
, .
, .

D es .
m m , D es . fa fl fgfl fi, I n t ’
. m , m .

i t? i nt o iifi wh e n as
"
an d ch an wo ul d b e f o ll o wed by th e r es ul t o f the
'

i
‘
No t e — fl i
i g e
Q ,

am al
g am at i o n of
i wi t h a f o l l o wi n g d ent al Pan V I 3 1 1 2 . .
, .

II I . Par a s m ai pad a an d A t m an e pad a V er bs .

9 " I r dj , t o s h i n e ,
i
P t mfir .
,
°
\

i l ll Pf ( U fl , ( I l a o r fi ( Pan V I
-
.
”
. .
4, IA .

W ’ m ,
26 4 1311 6 C LA S S ,
PA RA S M A I PA D A
‘

AND A TMA N EPA D A V E RBS .

95 . Fri kh a n, t o di g .

m fa k
u Pf 3 a m 8 IA W 6)
’
P . . .
, 6 a g gz,
.
3 ,
2 .
,

bu t A t m . m o nl
y, F afi . wfir, B .

m or
W 39 1
) u Pt . m 2, G er .

{arm o r a h a r, A dj 1311 : .
45 6 ,
6 ) II Pas s . l aw? o r a n? C au s .

m ,
D es. w , Ir,
°
I n t fi l i a l?
. or wfl l i
‘ ‘

mfi

6 h r i , t o t ak e ,
9 .
g

97 .

K
{ g u h , t o h i de , ( gg )
i

{K g u h t ak es 3 5 22 b ef o r e t er m i nat i o n s b eg i n ni ng wi t h vo wel s t h at wo u l d or d i nar il y

re q u ir e G un a.

PJ g fif u , 3 g rr
g, 4 W €3 3 5 3W 3 81 0 ¢

Atm . L
gfi ,
or H fl f gfi & c I A or . s ee
§ 3 6 2 , F .
W m M ,

P . F .
m
a in o r ha r, B
T en . A t m {fai l s . or
W ? 3 45 ) II Pt g . t, A dj . or

9 8 . fist sr i , t o go , to s er ve ,
( m) .

R M 11 Pf . 2 . f ar m , 3 . f arm s , '

4 .
WW , 5 .
WW ,

II A .
m F . M F
R , B . Si
m ll Pas s . uh }, A or .
m ,
C au s .

m ums A e r - a ’
,
“

m mo D es f s wfw fa or w s fir 47 1 , 3;§ 337 1 1 ,

I nt .
W .

99 .

fl a
y , j t o wo r s h i p .

P ‘N fi' "Pf ”
W or
m w sa sx fi ffi s is "
?
d i fl s w i f S
M I A m
''

s fl a . . r

mm ,

. x

0
3 33 : ll Pas s .
ga fi , C a u s ma qfir .
‘

, A or . W fl ’ D es . finrmfir, I n t

1 00 .
fl vap , t o so w, t o we ave , (g en
t)
Pm aq fir n Pf x 3 3 m m) ,
A tm

1 “ , m

t h ei r o wn , o r ar e o th er wi s e d i fficul t .
26 6 TUD C LA S S , PA B A S MA I PA D A V ERB S .

10 7 fi . mu ch , t o l o o s e n , (fig )
C er ai n ver
t b b
s eg i nn i ng wi th gfl much t ak e a nas al i n th e s p e ci al t e nses . Th ey ar e ,

a ? much , “ l ap , t o cu t , fag vi al , t o fi n d, fa l l ip , t o p ai nt , fil fl ‘

s i c k, to s pi r nk l e ,

fi kr i t, t o cu t , f a g ki nd , to p ai n, fil m p isfl t o fo r m .
( Pa n v 1 1 . .

P W fi A tm W M ?!
'

n Pf a, I A W D
g W an s
g or
‘
f
. . t . . es .
,

vi d , t o find ,
P FaefwII PIN E ra -
II A
m A tm fest, F
’ ’

. e
,
.
, .
sa . u

Pt firs . t .

10
9 f a
.
m fp,
h to p ai nt .

P rai nfa l l Pf ffi fim, A W Q A t m 1 1 A fi st fwm o r I A afa n

‘

. . 11 . .
s

(15 3 6 7)
II . Pa r as m ai pa da V e r bs .

(a )
'

i nt
'

kri t ,t o cu t,
1 10 .

fl
P q afit (s e e N o
.
’

. I A .

W ,
F . M or wfi w33 7 ,

P F afi m B . .
, .

m u Pt .
5 ? II Pas s .
3mm,
C au s . m , A or W . fil
or
W W D es . f i l élifi fl f fl
‘

or Pa m 3 37 , I nt .
m
1 1 1 .
gg i ku t, t o be c r o o ke d , to b en d .

C er t ai n ver b b s e g i nn i n
g wi th $2 ku t ( D h at u at h a
p 2 8, 73
—
1 08 ) do n o t ad m it o f G un a or

V r i ddh i , e x ptce 11) th e re p

d u l i cat e d p er f e ct , th e c a u s at i ve , a n d t h e i n t e n s i ve Par as mai
p ada . ( Pan . 1 . 2, 1 ;
3 45 , n o te .
)
P .
m n Pf a i v
e
.
, a n
w ,
IA .

W , F .
W ,
P . F af fir m i nC au s
. .

m y l nt i figizafi, Efiafif g ‘
.

e a sch, t o c u t ,
(W )
“

g
1 1 2
r . er

l 3
.

aw ( s ee N o . 105
) u Pf 1 m , 2 H a m . . . o r eras
,
I A .

W
m m1 ! 3 3 7 , I . F . M o r m ,
B .

m u Pu r im
1 13 .
“

T kr i
,
to s c at t er .

P ffi t fir . u P£ 3 W .
, 6 v an gs 9
.
-
.
m : F .

m or m ll Pt .
“
al fif l :
'
ll Pas s . C au s m ,

D es . W .

N o te —
A f t er S q
"
an d RE
”

IT,
3 7 t ak es an i nit i al E i f i t m ea ns t o c ut o r to s tr i k e : 3 m
«vi a ir ?
—
“

he cu t s , W ; HFHF
ER F
H h e cut s or he s t r i k es ( Pan V I . 141 ) Al so

h e dr o s ( Pan p . v1 . 1,

sp r i s ,
’
to to u h c .

P
W n PIi m fi IA , . W
W Or
W or
w , E mssxfa o r mfi f a ,

B .

W ll Pt . m t "B e a m s ,
h a
m m , .

1 1
5 .

W p r a ckk, to as k

P 33 1 131 .
( see N o . 10 5) n 2. 1 mm o r m , 32
D
 D IV C LA S S ,
PA RA S MA I PA D A vnaas
‘

. 26 7

1 1
w y
6 m. t o l e t o ff , .

E W 11 Pf . L i mi t , m u ffin o r m ( s ee N o 4 8) .
, IA
e , Ra m 11

Pt .
g m .

7 may to s i nk ,
(Ri f t )
1 1 . fli
t ,

fi majj an d
“ m s ( D i v) i ns er t a nasal b e fo r e s t r e ng t h e ni n
g t er m i nat io ns b e gin ni ng wi t h
co ns o na nt s , e x pt ce n as al s a nd s e m i vo wel s .
( n
Pa . V 11. 1 ,

P m u Pf . L i ma , 2 .
1 mm o r W , I A . 6 . wris t ,

9 s . wi g ; F . m , P . E th r 11
e Pt ma t, G er $5 1 o r m
. .
43 )
8 u C au s .

m afia, A or.
W , D es .
m , I nt W } , “F i fi
. .

1 1 8 .

“ i s h , t o wi s h ,
P { fi ( N ) L BW "Pf fi ,
f v $ 11 1, £3 3 2,
'

.
a l s ee o .
3 1 , 2 fl 3 5

mP
. . . .

6 .
W ‘» wi th , 8 .
i s, 9 .
ig z, IA .
,
F ( . M , P . R m or t fim 3 3 7,
II . I
) ll Pt gs : . G er {gr . or v
z firm II ass . w}
{ , Aor .
i f s, C au s m fit , . A or .

III . A t m an e pad a V e r bs .

m i t o di e ,
1 1
9 q r ,
.

m
q zi , t o d i'
e ,
t h o u g h an At m anepada verb ,
t ak es At m anepad a fo r m s o nl y in t h e S p e ci al

t en se s, t h e ao r i s t , a nd b en e di ct i ve .
( P5 11 . 1 .
3 6 1
, .

P fenfifii I wwfa na w ei rr Lfifi u Pfi a m fl mi g m fl m ,

I A . L W TF
Q, 2 .
M t, F Hfi fl ffl ,
. P . F . m , B J
Ffi?
'
II Pt .

l
i n: II Pa s s fmfi C au s mm
.
’
, .
, D es .

gqfi ,
fir I n t . W .

1 20 .
‘

g dri , t o o b s er ve ,
(K )
P . fgjzfir n Pfi qi , I A .

W , F sti nt} ,
. P F ai r. .
, 11 Pa s s Fgfi .
,

C au s .
m ,
D e s feafi fi . t
() 3 3 2 ,
It i s ch i e fly u s e d wi t h t h e p r ep o s i ti o n
33 1 t o r eg ar d , t o c o n s i de r .

D i v C l a ss ( D i vd d i ,
I V C la ss ) .

I . Par a sm ai pa da V e r bs .

1 21 . fei d i v,
'

pl ay (fag) to ,

«23 1 F i firwf a P F wi f am B ai m ( n
-
P .

1 , .
, . .

Pt W 53 G er 3 11 6 4 3 1 1 ) o r af arm u C au s gm D es
or °
44 2 , 15 , .
, .

fl fl fi I n t 311m
r
g .

II . 2 ) ll Pt . I
F “ ll C au s W .
, A or .
m or m m , D es . f=
l tf fifl f fl
T- '
Or

Fi nal
‘
5
3 i s ch an g e d to ft 1 10 ) i n th e s p e ci al t en s e s o f Tu d b
ver s, li k ewi se b e fo r e the

‘l o f t h e p as s i ve an d b e ne d i cti ve ( Pan . v1 1 4, . A ft er war d s ft ag a in b ec o mes fi l

l . acc o r d i n g

t o Pan v 1 4 , 77 . . .

M 111 2
 '

26 8 D IV C LA S S , PA RA S MA I PA D A VERBS .

W or II A .
m F a ffi xfit
. or 31 6 w B . i fir
n m 11 Pt .

fi t It C au s m i rth . 6
4 2, D es . fa fl ft fiffi or f fi vfiflf fl
’
33 7 I I , .

1 24. sh so , t o s h ar p en .

p
‘

V er b s e n d ng i
i n ‘ Efi 0 d r o i ‘h o b e fo r e t h e 1!
ya o f t h e D i v cl as s ( P511 v.u .
3 , e .
g .

f f c hho , t o f l f
“
cu t , so, t o fi ni sh , l do , t o cu t .

R u tfr, I
m Pa m n ) I A W II A
-
.
, u zg ,
o r

P as s W .
, C au s .
m , D es .
w ,
I nt .
m .

1 2
5 . If? s o , to fini s h .

w fir q mfi I A ‘

N , H A
W ,
-
a

39 2 ) 11 Pt th at, Ger
. .
°
mq '

11 Pa s s . th e C au s m . itt , D es .

m ,
I nt . W .

1 26 . am vya dh t o , s t r i ke .

P M .
( s ee N o . 1 05
) ll Pf 3 Fa rm . .
9 .
m , I A . n m ,

1 2 7. tr ip , t o d el ig h t
qq .

A n ti t r o r “ ti er HE W , 4 -HF ‘ F
J W 01
”

W ,

I
M G33 7 3 )
, I . or
m ( s ee No .
3 )
8 or II A .
W ’

F affiwf a méi ffl mfi , P F affim, wfir a m, E m

‘

Pa il s :
‘

. or or a t . . or u 11

Pa s s 71am C au s
.
, .
m , Aor W .

m or m m , D es . faqwfit or W ,

I nt . mm .

1 28
gg muh , t o be fo o li s h
‘

. .

P ga fii
. u Pf . 1 .
W , 2 .
wh
i t or
gai n or
g fts ,
iI I A . su
m 6
3 7, M M ,

F m or nrfg wfir,
’
P . F firm . or i ts ! “
1 2
9 ) or l fifzm n Pt .
g u t: o r
( a: II

Pas s {a} C au s M
.
, .
, D es .
W , W or
W , Int . 1I
W
W , fi f th
or m .

Fin al
“

fl , ch ang e d to
R ,
a nd l e ngt h en e d b ef o r e
1
T Th e S ar as vat i g i ve s b es i d es th e s eco n d ao r i s t th e o pt i o n al fo r ms of t h e fir s t ao r i s t

M m 1 1 3 21111 3 33 7 , W TfQ) or “T
m 3 60 ) A cco r d i ng t o Pan . 111 .
55
1 ,

th e fo r ms o f t h e fir s t ao r i s t ar e all o we d in t h e At m anepa da o nl y ; b u t l at er g r am

m ar i ans f r e q u en tl
y a d m it fo r ms as o pt i o nal wh i ch ar e o pp o sed t o t h e gr a mmat i cal s
y st e m

o f Pan i ni . S o m et i m e s t h e e vas i o n o f th e s t r i c t r u l es f Pani ni m ay b e e l ai n e

o d by t h e xp
a d mi s si o n o wh er e t h e fir st ao r i s t Par as m ai pa da
'

f d i ffer ent r o o t s , as , f o r i n st an c e , i n N o . 1 30 ,

i f
“ , g i ve n i n t h e S ar a s vat i ,
wh i ch i s wr o ng i n t h e D i v cl as s , m ig h t b e r ef er r e d t o th e
Kr i cl as s .
 C H UR C LA s s , PA RA S MA I PA D A V ERBS O NLY .

C h a r C l a ss X C l a ss ) .

Par a s m ai pa da V e r bs o nl
y .

1 36 c h ur to s t e al .
fig ,

N o I n t en s i ve
1
37 . fa ch i , t o g ath er ,

Th e ch an ge s wh i ch roo ts u n d er
g o as c au s at ive s ta ke l i kewi s e p l ac e , if t h e
sa me ro o ts ar e t r eat e d as Ch ur ve r b s H en c e acc o r di ng t o 4 6 3
.
, II 6,
.

fa , as a Ch u r ver b , m ay fo r m P . s w fe or a m , t h e vo wel , h o we ve r ,

b c b MQ
"

r e m ai n i n g s h o r t e au s e , a s a Ch u r ver , f? i s s ai d t o be 6
4 2, no t e)

IA W Or
m , B . W l?
( or w e .

N o t e — S ever al Ch u r ver b s a e
r m ar k e d as
M , i . e . as no t l engt h eni ng t h eir vo wel , so me

o f wh i ch wer e m e nt i o ne d i n 4 6 2 , am o ng t h e cau s at i ve s . S u ch ar e
“ t o k n o w, t o m ak e

k no wn “ to p o u nd “I
; p to o u nd ; 1 13
1 , i f i t m ean s t o f e e d
W t o l i ve .

1 3 8 .

fl kr i t, t o p r ai s e .

R afi fwf e
-
4 6 2, 2 ) Il I A fi sfi q e o r
e M Q 3 77)
S u C l a ss (S e d d i V Cla s s ) ,
.

I . Par asm ai pa d a and A t m anepad a V er bs .

1
39 .
g m , t o di s t il ,

P fi . f e, I . 2 .
fig n Pri m A t m g gar I A , .
i
-
, .

M G
t h e S ar a s vat i al l o ws al s o
(b u t a g ai ns t Pa n V I I . . 2, A tm . m ;
t h e S ti r . all o ws al s o “ Fa? (b ut s ee Pa n . V II . 2, F l fifl r fe,
. P . F firm, .

B m P a s s Rafi W C au s mufir, m
f
A OL
. u .
, , . s A or . 11
1 , D es .

W i e, I nt .

N ot e —
Th e3
'
o f 5 p
m ay b e d r o t bef o r e t er m i nat i o n s b eg i nni n g wi t h
"

a or i
t , an d no t
c
qui ing G n ; b
re r u a ut t h i s i s no t t h e cas e if fl is p r e ce d e d by a c o n s o nant . Th i s e xpl ai n s th e

d bl f m W
ou e or s . a nd
g a s,
w : and
W 2, a nd
W , W an d
m ; an d
At m gas g M W , 5 3 1? 2 W W m m: w
”
-
.
1 or 13731 5 or , cr e . Th e
s am e r u l e a ppl i es t o t h e Tan ver b s .

1 40 . fa ch i , to c o ll e ct (M ) ,

Pfi . fe l l P f .
3 . fa é mo r W , 2. fa fiwo r f ai n t o r , acc o r di n g t o B h ar advfij a
3 35 , fa s rfw or fa a fuw, 9 . fa g : or fa g s A t m Fi fi o r f ai . r ( P finw n .

I A fi nt , A t m 3 131 3 , F M P i nn, B a?
“
i
F ll
e
1
3 , . . .
, . . .

,
C au s . 11 1 f
‘5 1 1 or 6
4 3 , I I 6 , an d N . o . D es . w
( Pan . v1 1 .
3 ,
I nt . W .

1 41 . (a
; sl r i , to c o ver ,

P fi . fe n Pf . m , A tm . ?fi ft , I A .
sa
m , A t m wa ftr (no t .
-
 s u cu ss , PA B A S MA I PA D A vnns s . 27 1

if m i? ) 0 ” “ I“ 33 .
2 5 . a r ul e wh ic h a pp l i e s to th e A t mane pada o nl
y ).
F . m 33 ,
2 P . F t ai l ,
. B wi r e
.
, A tm .

W o r m (6 33 ,
2 5 ) 11
Pas s . E l l i , C au s . m ,
D es . f ea fi fif , I nt .
“

E
r ma .

1 42 .
5
! vr z,
’

to ch o o s e ,

P .
M II Pf . 1 . M E
O ), 2 . “ fa l l“
, 3 . W , 4 W , 5 W , 6 m
m
. . .
,

7 g ,
a
, e 8 1r a
, . I A .
“

a 33 ,
2 Atm . m o r F er d ? 34 0 ) o r

w e 3 3 7, I I . F aft . wfe or afi wf e P . . F f aft m ’

o r af ter, B . fa r
m , A tm .

a fcfifie ( f arafi, A o r waf t , C au s

’
t fi flv, Pan 3 9) Pa s s mf e
‘
no v1 1
‘
er t . . 2, II . . . !n

D es . w , M or
gaff e, I nt . w .

II . Par asm ai pad a V e r bs .

14 f
3 g h.i , t o
g o ,
t o g r o w .

P nfife II Pf farm: (Pan V I I 3

.
-
I A
B gi nre n C au s g m A o r W m ( r ea m
. . .
, .

w , F .
m , P . F .
Q1" ,

.
-
.
, . .
3 , D es .
W af er, I nt .

44 m
1 b l
.
(mg ) éa k, t o b e a e,

IA
m F m fe .
, .
, P F qrs e n Pe
. .
w u
Pas s sfi fi m
( i W e i t an b d n ) C a m fl ffl
c e o e ,
us , A or .

W ’ D es

m
.

m ,
I nt . .

14 5 . ér u, t o h e ar .

Thi s ver b i s by n at i ve g r am m ar i an s c l a s s e d wit h t h e B h fi ver b s, th o u gh as ir r eg ul ar . It

su b sti
‘
t ut e s ST ar i fo r W sr u
’

in th e S p ec i al t en s e s .

m , Aor .

W or
M ( D es .
W ( P an . 1 . I nt ffiq pfi .

1 4 6 .
m y
a ), to o bt ai n, m
( g)

w m ,
Aor
m nmfir P m u Pt sn w 11 Pas s W ,
C au s a m fir,
.

III . A t m an e pad a V e r bs .
27 2 TA N C LA S S ,
PA RA S MA I PA D A AND A TMA N E PA D A V ERBS .

. m mvi 6 , m , 7 . m mfe
‘

, 8 . mew 9 mmr ; o r 1 m Fsrf q , , . .

-

73
m P F w r or
,
. . msm ‘

,
F W . or m51m B W o r m “
- “

, .

Pt . we . ll Pas s .
751
5 1177, D e s WN W .
,

I nt .
W
Ta n C l a ss ( Ta nvd d i ,
V I I I C l a ss ) .

A ll ver bs be l o n gin g t o t h i s c as s l ar e Pa r as m ai pad a and

A tm an e pad a V e r bs .

8 t a n, t o s tr et ch ,
“
1 4 . i re
-
e,

I . ll were 9
Pf 3 . .
, .
e e at, IA . m et or 3 13 1 31 6 A tm .
3 . W or

m z w e f e ar o r m : m F e fe wfe P F e fe er , .
,
. .
, B . e
m At m : fi
, .

ee z G er e m o r ef-Tm II Pa s s e nfi o r ewe C au s em fe,

f
il? Pt
‘ '
t 1! .
, . .

Aor . W e ,
D es . firefe vfe o r fe ei e I nt fifl wfi , . .

N o t e — V er b s o f t h e Tan cl a s s m ay r ai s e t h ei r p e nu l t i m at e s h o r t vo wel by G u na ; w
W W m
“
t o go , m iffe o r .
33 !
“
511 fil fiT, s ee . 11 . 1 1, 3 .

fig ks h zn, t o kill
’

1
5 0 . .

E ff enfif e or m ll I A .

W ’ At m .
W m W .

1 5 1 . we;s aw ,
to o b tai n (W ) , ’

P fi . fe ll Pf a me . . A t m i n} , I A . .

m i
( ),CA t m . W or m ( P5 11 .

11 .
4 79 ; v.
1 4.
4 2 .
)
1 5 2 .
q kr i , t o d o , (m ) .

i i kf z
’

b f w k t mi
e ore ea er n at i o n s b e co m es 3
K Ica r , b ut b ef o r e s t r o ng t er m i n at i o n s kur .

B f i v nd Em
e o re a , an d th e
Rg o f th e O pt at i ve , t h e V ik ar a n a i .
"
n is j
r e e ct e d , b ut t h e
r a d i cal is t l e ng t h e n e d
“
3 u no .

P ai fl fe . wfif e wfife gm 6 ui z,
“
ree t, 7 Q
. L 2. , 3 .
, 5 .
, .
g .

9 .
fi f e, L L W I EI, m m , 3 .

m , 4 .
5 .
W ,
6 .
W , 7
.
W ,

8 .
w , 9 .
W ,
0 . L
fi , 9 .
fi t, I . L a w ful , 2.
“ a 4 . m .

m w
-
6 8 IA
.
, 7 ,
er
a s, .

4 m , 5 . m ,

fawm m, w
'

1 .
, a ffi r 1
7 . 8 .

9 M V
'

A t m an e pad a : 6 3 3 318,
-

8 W a g u
fi fl I fl e w w . e es
“

s ee
W ’ s wfi w 6

8 W , gi a fi fi,
‘

2. 3 m , 4

m m
.

5 .
, 6 .
, 7 3 11 3 111 3 , 8 .
55 557, e
fi i f II Pf . 2 .
“
GT E
 m i CL A S S . PA RA S MA I PA D A A N D ATMA N EPA D A VE RB S .

1 57 .

“ g r aft ,
t o t ak e .

Thi s ro o t t ak es S m
a pr as fir ana i n th e s p i lt
ec a e nses an d b ef o r e o t h er we ak eni ng t er mi nati o ns .

( Pan . v1 . 1 ,

I H
M Q W ) , 11
&
t N Pf } m fih z W
5 W 6 3
1 3 3 39 7 8 8

II . Par as m ai pad a V e r bs .

1 5 8 .
m f g/ d ,
t o gr o w weak .

Th i s ro ot t ak es S am pr as ar ana i n t h e s p e ci al t e n s es an d b ef o r e o t h er weak eni n g t er m i nat i o ns .

( S ee N o .

P . fi rmfif , L wfir -
mr, 0 m , LN 11 Pf m f i fi i fi, .
’
a f afi i m o r m
3 M , A ffir m ,
I ii -
m a P M ,
R m " Pt . sfi w: (amt : as

par ti ci p l e wo u l d b e wr o n g , s ee Pan V I I I . . 2, 44 ; b u t i t o ccur s in th e s en s e

o f o l d (A m Ko s h a, . ed . L o i s el . p . an d i n th e Ve d i c S an skr it ; s ee Ku h n,
B ei t r ag e , vo l . v1 . p . G er . m ,
0
m II C au s .
m ,
D es . m ,

I nt . W .

1 59 .
mj fid
“

, t o kn o w .

Thi s ver b b su s ti t u t e s mj i i n t h c e s
p e ci al t en s e s .
( fin V I I 3,
P . .

P W .
,
La
w , 0 . W m , L ana (g -
n Pf .
wad , IA
N , E m ,

P F 3m, E
. .

m or 2ml
11 11 Pt . m : u Pass g m} -
, ma m Gau s m ffl fi ) ,

m m
,

( see .
4 6 2, I I . A or .
, D es .
, I nt . m i .

1 60 .

fl bandh , t o bi nd .

R m , O.M 111
1 , LN ll Pf . L W , m fi fifl l or or

W ,
IA . 1 . fl fl lfl i ,
'
2. W 3, 3 .

m , 4 . m , 5 . m , 6 . W EI, 7 . m ,

8 W .
3
’
, 9 . M 75 3, F fimfil , P F
. . .
W ,
B .

m ll Pt $3 7, Ge r
. .

W H Pas s .
Q u a, A or .
m ,
D es . fwfiwfir, I n t . W , W .

I I I A t mane pad a V e r bs
. .

cm , to ch e r i s h ,
.

3
P w m fi l o w l
m wf fi m m or m or
w ,

F wfl f t fi ‘
or afl fi

Pas s . fa fi , C au s m fir . D es . fi afi fi l or farml fi ,
I nt . W , fi ffi & c .

C o ntr acted fo rm s , o f th e D 88 . and I nt .

, an d f g} la .
 AD C LA S S , PA RA S MA I PA D A vnass . 27 5

A d C l as s (A d d d i I I C l as s ) , .

I Pa r as m ai pad a V
. e r bs .

62 d, t o e at
1 . l i
q a .

P . L “ , m a fia , 4 m , 5m m , 6 .
1 mm , 7 . 1s mz , a m , g a f er,
f
I . n al ( n
Pa . vn .
3, 3 .

m , 4 . m , 5 . W , 6 “ I. f,
8 .
m m , (1
m ,

7 .
W , 8 W .
, 9 . ll Pf . 1 . wn , : s u bs ti tu ti ng ml] m
or , 1.
( ) a ,

4 m , 6 3 mm mm
. s ww m ,
g u
a II A .

1 . W , 2. m m, 3 '

W ’ F . u n fit , P F m R m n Pt “ 1
. .
,
.
, Ger .

W , W ( P5 13 . 11 .
4, 3 ) l
6 l Pass wfi .
,
C an a vmg rf fl,
’
D es .

1 63 . “1 193 4 ,
t o eat .

64 m md to m e as ur e
“

1 .
, .

P wrfir
.
, I 3 .
m , 9 . m m or my
6 .

, O
m , 1 . 1
e n Pf . ma, I A .
W ,

F mmfi l , P F mm, B
M Pt farm, G er fil m , WIN Pass fifi Aor
'
. . . . II . . ll .
l ,
.

m , C au s . m afia, A or .

m , D es . m , I nt . m , m fil or Hfi ffl
‘

1 65 . In d
y , t o go .

PJ ITfil , 1 3 , 9 m .

m or $ 3 2, ( 1 111 11 71 , I .
111
3 Il Pfi mfi, I A
N ,

F m .
, P F mm, B M . . . ii Pt . 11111: II Pass . 111 3 , C au s . 1 11 m , Aor .

m , D 88 . M y I nt . m
1 66 . a n khyd, to pro cl ai m .

P . a rrffi, I m .
, 0
m .
,
I 3 11 3 u Pf
. . Hu i ,
II A .

m ,
F .
W ,

P F m . .
, R
m or M u Pt m . : u Pass .
u ni ,
A en m fi ,
C au s .

m , Aor .
m ,
D es. fil W m , I nt . .

1 67
m v é t o d e si r
. a ,
e.

T hi s i oot
'
takes S a mpr as fir ana b efore t h e s tro ng te mination s of t h r e sp c e ial tens e s , an d in the
weak e nin g form s g eneral l y .

g .
W fil , 61 3m , ” s im
w s ui t ,

9 am 0
m
WE ins ert s fl b efore term ination s on s istin g of one on s onant c c .

1
'

W hen ft a dded M ediatel y to the fi al on s onant of a root it is ha g ed to fii

is n c , c n

( Pan . v1 4 , .
3 2 1, note I .

II I n the ten e where W ss defi ient “ i s s e d i nstead

18 c ,
u .

1TThi 18 f orm ed fro m s “ to eat a r ed pli ated for m of W ,

u c ( p
Pa . II 4, 36

N D 2
,
2 7 6 AD C L A S S , PA RA S MA I PA D A VERB S .

8 . w, a s t; u
s Pf 3 . . 3 mm , F a .
m , P a .
m ,

B .
m m "Pas s . ar mFT, C an a
-
m ufa, D
‘

es .
‘

fawfsmfir, I nt . m ar i n
g }, m .

68 b a n, t o k ill
1 .
a .

Th i s ver b dr o p s i t s fi nal i n b ef o re t h e s t r o ng t e r m i nat i o n s of th e s p e ci al t en s e s , an d in th e

weak eni ng f o r ms g e ner all y, if t h e t er m i nat i o n s b egi n wit h any c o n s o n ant s e ce t nas al s x p
o r s emi vo wel s ( Pan V I 4 , B ef o r e s t r o ng t er mi nat i o n s b e gi n ni ng wi t h vo wel s ,
. .

fi h an b e co m es m ( P In th e a o r i s t an d b e n e d i ct i ve E” va d /z i s s u b
Rg l an . V II .
3 ,
(
s t i t ut ed . Th e d e s i d er at i ve, i nt en si ve, an d th e ao r i s t p as s i ve ar e d er i ve d fr o m 1 ri g h an,
th e cau sat i ve fr o m g h at
fi .

= I
P . L g fw, 2 .
i ts , 4 m , 61 m, g .
i fa, . x .

m w m
,

, 2 a 3m a 4 m a a , T m , Q M “

m m m
o

0 I '
, . L y 2 i f? ( Pam V I 4, 3 4 W 59 { n} 6 °

7 fi l m, 8 3 3 n Pf a ma ( a
p a w 1 1 1 o r wi n,
surf -
“

. .
, . L .
3 , 2 .

3 . 5 mm , 4 a f.
t er, 5 m a 6 .
m :, 7 3 . mm 9 .

w , I A .

W ,
“

F .

m , P .
F . B .
m ll Pt g m, G e r g m,
. .
°
q 44 9) II Pas s ( . fl ,

A or . wwfa or waft : C au s .
m , A OL
W ,
D es . W a fer, I nt .

fir m? or W ( Pan . V II .
4, 3 0 , vart .
, h e ki ll s ), fi fir .

69 t o m ix
1 .
gy u, .

V er b s o f th i s cl as s e n d i ng in 3
‘

u t ak e, i n t h e s p e ci al t e ns e s , Vri d d h i i n st ea d o f Gu na be f o r e
weak t e r m i nat i o ns b e g i nni ng wi t h co ns o na nt s .
( Pan . V II . 8
3 9 , .

P u x r fifq fl
’ ’

- ‘5 m
3 3 7 o
W a 8- m a w O ’

m
I r w fa m gfz , fi a w m m am w m m m w am g m n w s

W I A
W F 11Fémfii P F af firm B
m u Pt gm 11 Pas s
'

, 9 . .
, .
,
. .
,
. . .

E fi n
lA o r W 5
1 5 , C au s . . t 1m D es W o r f m fi qf a I nt th i
, g h m .
,
.
"

6 m , to sh o u t
“
1 70 . .

m { p te
a

Th e ver b s 3 E ,
m , E];s tu m ay t ak e 5 b e fo r e a l l t e r m i n at i o ns o f th e s e ci al ns e s

b eg i nni ng wit h co n s o n a nt s ( Pan V I I 3 . . .

,

P xw fifn o r tfi fwfl fif q or t a rf a
‘

5 .
m o r al e
-
m ,

E m ,
R
W II Pt m z n Pas s g fi , C au s W
tT fiT D es .

e xt
No t e
e nd s
—

th e
T h e S ar a svati g i ves
u se o f
i to a t o p
m r ai s e .
, fi wfa, an d i f“ ; b ut s ee 33 2, 4 . I t li k

I 7 I .
3 i , to go
,
.

ufn, 31 h ,
‘

P . L 2 . f
a er,
t t .
4 fi r ,
s t I .
27 8 AD C LA S S , PA RA S MA I PA D A V ERB s .

3 18W , 1
-
1 ;q : o r W a (Pan I I I
t . . I , I I 3) n Pas s .
W ,
C au s . afi afi ,

1 75 aa vd ch , t o e ak
. s
p .

2 a m , 5 am .
, or

fi
t
a
, I . L W , 2 .
m , 3 .

m , 4 . mam, 5 m , 6 . W , 7 . m ,

9 .
m *
, 0 m
.
, I . I .
4 . W , 5 T5.
, 6 33 . 5, 7-m
s .
v
ar as ? “ n Pa s w a .
g as.z,
g II A . F .
m , P E m .
,

B m Pt s at : Pa s s fi A o r mafia , C au s araafir, A o r mafia

“
“
ll
'

. ll . . aa ,
.
,
. .

f aamfi I nt W
’
es w .

1 7 6 .
m ud w ar me st )
Th e ver b s S a f a ri , “ sw ap ,
as ,
W a n, j aks h t ak e
3 i b ef o
v
r e t h e t er mi nat i o ns
W
p
o f t h e S e ci al t ens e s b eg i nn i n g wi t h co ns o nant s , e ce t
R y ( Pa n V I I 2, B ef o r e x p . .

weak t er mi nati o ns co ns i st i ng o f O ne co nso nant ,

i t i s i n ser t ed 3, or,

“
acco r d i ng to o t h er s ,
8 a ( Para . V II .
3,

P 1 fl fzffl , 2 .
w 9 F i fi ,
1 as . 4 m , I -W fié '

, a m or “flat,

g mfi i
aa or
‘
w , 4 . mafia, 9 met -
t , O ( a t,
I I .
“

. . . fls -
I, Gfizfig , 3
‘
2.
‘
5623
"
,

m
.

t “ : T ad m 6 m »
-
, S- W ’ 2 5 7 33 ll Pf Fag, I A ‘ ° 01
'

W ,
F fi fizwfin P F fl f am, B
.
,
. . .
m 11 Pt . u Pas s Kai , A o r . . mi tflz ,

C au s .
m ar, A o r .
W , or ge m ,
I nt 8 5 88 . .

1 77 .
“ j et /t ab , to eat , t o l au gh

W 3 111 j dg r i t o wak e,
W p W hakds to s h i ne,
'

j a ks h, d ar id r d, to b e
S even ver b s , 1 o o r, e ,

“ 643 , t o r ul e, m di d h i , t o s h i ne,
’

aa t vevi , t o o bt ai n , ar e cal l e d W a bhyas ta

( r e du pl i c t a ed ) . Th ey t ak e Wfi“ati and mg a tu in t h e 3 r d p er s . pl ur . p r es e nt an d

im p er at i ve, and
“
3 2ulz i nstead o f M an in th e 3r d p er s . pl ur . im p er f ect

P 3 a fiaf a, 9 a
. .
m , La m w ar , 0 a m , I 33 a .
m or
m ,

s wa g : 3 2 1 1) u Pf a m , . I a n
“ , F a fawfir
. .

1 7 8 a1 1 d
1j g
.
r i , t o wak e .
( n
Pa . V I. I , 1
9 2 , accent )
.

g . mfi ,

I . I . m , 2. m ag . mam ” .

a
m , a m ; 0 ar .
m , I . L ar mt rfiu, ga nj a, 4 mm ,

a
m i d, 7 W .
, 8 .

W , 9 31 .
m i!

III. I , 9 m 2, IA
m ( s ee
p r e face ,
p i x
) , F m ft wfir , P F

m
. . . . . .

a wri t m, a
’
n Pt . mutt er: u Pa s s a mfi .
, A c n a awr ft , C au s a tm fi ,
D es . m . N o I nt e ns ive .

Th e 3 r d p er s . pl ur .
p r es en t o f Ef
fl d o es no t o ccur ( S i d dh .
- Kau m . vo l . II. p . 1 20 ) ac co r d

i ng t o o t h er s t h e wh o l e pl ur al i s want i ng ; acco r d i n
g to s o m e no 3r d p er s . pl ur . i s f o r med
fr o m W .

II W to eat , fr o m W W ; t o l au g h , f r o m
a .
 AD GLA S S , A m m r w x vanes . 279

1 F
79 ( y
r d a r.i dr d , t o be po o r Pa
( n . V I . 1 , 1 2 , acce nt
9 .
)
In W dar i dr d th e final W d i s re pl aced by { I In th e s p ec ial t e nses be fo r e st r o ng t er mi
nat i o n s b eg inni ng wi t h a c o ns o na nt ( Pan . v1 .
4, B e fo r e st r o ng te r mi nati o ns
b egi nni ng wit h vo wel s t h e W d i s l o st ( Pan . VI .
4, I

M W 3 afi aTfi 4- W , 9 § m m l s m
m
o

6 .
m , 9 .
wo ww l wx m fm “ m e s m m 4 w
s W M W M fim
-
W 9 M Pfi a fi wr |~
fi m
( S i d dh -Kau m
. . Vol . II.
p . IA . waf t r mzfi p fi afi i d dh - Kaum . vo l . II .

F .
W ? ( P513
V . v1 .
4 . 1 1 4, P F W ( no t W )
1 80 .
“ Me , to co m m and , (m ) .
( Pan . V I. 1 ,

m m i s ch an g e d to “ ( i s b efo r e weakeni ng t er mi natio ns beg i nni ng wi th co ns o nant s ,

a nd in t h e s e co n d ao r i s t ( Pan V I 4 . . . ,

P . n snfia , 2 .
3mm a m “h a s a m , , ,
I . L a ma , a m or
m ,

3m .
4 .
W , 6 .
W , 7 .
m , 8 .
m , 9 “ W.
, 0 .

W W 4 H
W , 5 $173 6 f i rt h mm .

I I A wmfsm F
a .
M ,
B .

m ll Pt .
&m u

Pas s fawn, C au s
. .
m ,
D es .
W , I nt .
first “ .

II . At m an e pada Ve r b s .

1 81 . as
t ch aks h , to s
p eak ,
(m ) .

P . L a fi , 2 . a m , g.a b, a w , 5 a .
w , sa w} 7 Hu i , .
, 8 a .

fi , 9 1 a},
O wa aiw l a s i q ‘
aas }
Th e o t h e r fo r m s ar e su ppli ed fr o m N T or a m ,
th e Red Pe r f . . o
pti o nal l y ,

1 82 . to r ul e .

ro o t i s
m t ak es { 6 b ef o re t h e zud p er s . si ng . pe r s e nt and i m per at i ve ( Pan . V I I . z,

k i d an d “ j am do th e s am e, an d li k ewi s e i ns er t i i bef o r e th e an d p ar s .
pl ur .

p r e s ent , [i m p er f e ct ,
] and p
i m er at i ve ( Pan w n . 2, Th e co mm ent at o r s , h o wever ,
ext en d
ga
t h e l att er r ul e to te
”
. S ee n o t es t o Pan . V II . 2, 78 .

P . h fi 2
W i
, 3 } 8 £13 1 83 I 3 Q 9 , , , 8 m or (l il flfl I . L ifi ,

m
.
. . . .
, ,

m m ,3 i fi 8. f
§5 ni i o r
{p si
, II Fi l .
, I A . afi w .

1 83 .
m (is , to sit .
 A TMA N EPA D A
"
2 80 AD C LA S S , PA RA S MA IPA D A A ND VE RB S .

(553 3 7. 1 . E m ma or M , R af me
-
or m 11 Pt a e
g . Pa
( n . V 111 . 2,

4 5) ll Pa s s 11 18, A o r ma fia, . . A or . may“, D a gi ai -

( n
Pa .

VI I I .
3 ,
I n t $153 3 . .

1 85 .
sfi é i
’

,
to l ie d o wn , t o sl e e
p , ( m) .

Th e ver b S fis i
‘
t ak e s Gu na i n t h e s p e ci al t en ses a
( n
P . V 11 .
4, an d i n s er t s i n th e 3 r d
p er s . pl ur . p r e s ent , im p er f e ct , an d im p er at i ve .

V II- I .
6) 1 1 W .
2 m a s m , 4 fl m 5 .
m wmi .
6 wa

7 a i rfl f3 8 w wm a 0 m l x fi n fia s fim m é w s m wfi
6 .
5 mm ,
M .
-
a m ,
F gram} , B
. .
m u

Pt .
mfim: ll Pa s s .
m ( n
m? Pa . V 11 .
4, A or . mafia C au s , .
m , D e s.

1 86 .
g i, to g o , Pa
( n . V I . 1 , IS6, accent .
)
Th i s ver b i s al ways u s e d wi t h fl fil ’
a d hi , i n th e s e ns e o f r e a d i ng .
( S i dd h .
- K au m vo l 1 1 .
. . p . I

P . m ,
I . 6 m m ( S ar . 11 .
5 , 9 .
“
51 3W ,
0 . W W ,
I . I .

M , 2 .
4 .
W , g m , 6 . W W , 7 W .
, 8 . W ,

9 . muh ai l l Pf mfa afi .
( Pan . 11 .
4, I A .
3 . 3 11 39 , 6 . mam ; 9 .
13 5515111, or

3 . W e ( S i ddh K au m .
- . vo l . 11 . 6 . W W , 9 . W ,
F . mfii ufi '

or mwr fima, P F mi n" B manti s ‘

. .
,
. ll Pt m . m: H Pas s mt fifi .
,

A or . mwmfii or mwfia, C au s mumza fit A o r .

, .

m or
m ,
D es .

w arm or m .

III . P ar asm ai pa da an d A t m an epad a V er bs .

‘
1 87 . 1g a d vi s h , t o h at e .

P a l o g f ws
'

2- éfq 3 3 3 f
c g g 4 o n o
9 i9 n f fl, Im m fl wfl i qA
'

W m m

5 . f3 é, '

2m mfgfg aa D q g alfiv W 2
3 9
1
‘

, A or .
,
es .
,
I nt
'
.
, 1 .

88 d u h , t o m i lk
gi
'

1 . .

P . L I F
E R, 33 2 .
m , 4 . 2
, 5 .

gm , 6 .
5
73 2, 7 . 8 .

gm , 9 .

I . 1 . mari , 2
’
, 3 W ’ 4 m g , O .
m . . .

m ,
I . 1 .
m , 2.
gfi a , 3 .

5 31mi , a
gm i 3 31-
g m .a
ga r , , , n Pfi fiz, I A
g W M .

F .
m .

1 89 .
q s tu , t o pr ai s e , (g i a .

P fi fn o r wai fa (s ee fi ffl rf a, 3 fifi taafi a
'

. 1 . N o . 2 . or fia
’
chr
'

4 .

W W I a a ai z, 3 m m
’
3 9 , . or .

m a g m a O W W
 E U C LA S S , ATMA N E PA D A VE RB S .

1 94 .
i t h r f, t o be as h am e d .
( n
Pa . V I. 1 ,
1 9 2 , acce nt .
)
f i rfi m
’
I wwfa
fi L f fl gg l l
’
O
m m , I A W M F M W P F i m,
-

B .
m 11 Pt .
m : or 3 171 .
(P an . y III . 2, 5 )
6 l l P as s .
( h m,
C au s .
M ,

A or .
W , D es .
W ,
I nt .
W .

1
95 . t o fill , t o gu ar d .

Thi s V er b , an d o th er s i n wh i ch fi nal $
1 74 is p r e ce d e d by a l abi al , ch ang e s t h e vo wel i nto

R wy e x pt wh
ce er e t h e vo wel re q u ir e s Gu na or V i ddh i r .
( Pan . V 11 . 1 ,

P . I . w , 2. fiN f é, 3 . w , 43 $
81 3 3 , 5 0
W , 6 W 3. 7 W , 8 W °
,

fi w fiwi , m m ( W S AL ) W ( M ), W
‘

f I 2,
"
or
'

9 r. t
g , . r . fl or , 3 .
4 .
,

W E mm W W
I

2. fil fi , 3 .
, , 5 .
, 8 .
, 9 i t
.l II Pf . 1 .

m 6) m m , 3 t ri m
2 4
. W1
, .
”

, .
, 5 . m g: or “ 3 2, 6 .
m : or m 2, 7 . m ,

9 was : o r fi.
g (
: P fin V 1 1 . .
4 , 1 1 ,
IA .

W ,
F . M I
() P F ,
. .

tl f fi rr o r
’
m ,
B . 5
1 1
1 "Pt .
( 1
P 5 1 . VI I I . 2, wi n an d , W : a r e r e fe r r e d

to {g 44 ,
2 G er .
fi r,
°
I fi ll Pa s s .
fi r} , C au s urcqfir, A o r . .

m ,
D es .

W or f awfcwffi '

I nt .
W , Wfi .

S ever al o pt i o n al fo r m s ar e d er i ve d fr o m an o t h er ro o t 3 ,
wi t h sh o r t
“

a .

Th u s , P 3 . . W , 6 .
m m , 9 . f w fit, I .
g i afimz, 6 .
w , 9 3 a m ,
0 fil
.
m It

I A W .
m ,
B .
M il Pas s fmfi .
(i I nt . w
1
96 .
{I h d , t o l e a ve , C a
m) .

Re du pl i cat e d ver b s e n di ng in 5 1 4 ”
1
( e x pt th
ce e
3 9 7 mver b s , s ee 39 2 s u b s t i t ut e
i f fo r “
S T6

b ef o r e s t r o ng t er mi nat i o n s b eg i nn i ng wit h co n s o n an t s
( Pan . V I .
4, I I Th e ver b EI h d ,

h o wever , m ay al s o s u b st i t u t e
Ki ( Pai n . V I .
4,

P .
w e
,
2. wa s , 3 a .
m , 4 .
m aze) . 5 a .
m : 6 .
7 .
« i n:
f
() , 8 () i , 9 m ,
I . 1 0
W , 2 .
W , 3 m m , 4 ~
W 9 °
W 3,

O m Pa
( r) . V I .
4, I . L R TF
H, 2. “ If? f
() or m fg ( Pan . v1 .
4,
4 .
W , si fifi
'

mafi a i d) -
, 7 .
m ,
n Pf . 1 .
R I ,

a
z. a t 1 o r 31 3 m 3 “I 4 3 fga, 6 w t, 7 W 8 mg I A .

m
, .
, . . .
, .
,

W ,
F .
W ,
P F {wn, B
. . . n Pt g t m, G e r .
i -
. n (P an
far- . V II . 4,
°
m ll Pas s {h .
i C au s .
m fw,
A or. W m ,
D es . m ,
I nt .
W .

1
97 .
w r i w to
g o

P '
s vrffi. 6 m t ( M
N ) 6 . 31mi O
W ,

IA W
W 9 W § 3 4)
6 F M P F a fiT B
m
II . A t m anepad a Ver b s .

1 9 8 . HT md , t o m e as u r e , (m ) .

P . 1. fifi , 2 . fme a, 3 . m , 4 .
W , 5 firma, .
-
6 . fm fi 7 sm
‘

, .
—
ag, s
“
.
 H U C L A S S , PA RA S MA I PA D A AND ATMA N EPA D A vanes . 2 83

9 . fi 'fi , I ‘
. 1 . vfi fi , 2 . M , 3 . W e, 4 .
m , 5 . m ,
6 1 . m ,

mw e , 8 Wfi .
¢ fité , 9 m ,
0 fmflw,
I. . 2. m m ,

5 fil. m , 6 . i , 7 6mm ?
fim w . 8 . finfi zé , 9 m ll Pf . 1 . «i , 2. M ,

5 s mi
.
, 6 s mi .
, 7 M , 8 “f e ta, 9 nfifi ,
. . I A . 1 . WW , 2 . m , 3 . m ,

4 .
m , 5 . mm , 6 . m , 7 . a m , 8 . m ust, 9 . mm ,
F . ma xi ,

P F mm, B
. . . Ra fi! n Pt . fim , G e r fil m , . m (no t Rh °
, Pan . vx .
4, 9)
6 u

Pas s tfi t fit, A o r W fi , C au s
.
'
. . el m ,
D es . fi m i I nt W , . .

I II . Par as m a i pa da and A t m anepad a V er bs .

9 . fi e fiT, A t m . 1 . fi e, 6 3 !fi .
w g m , ; A t m .

3 W fi
. i
j fl , 6
‘
. W W , 9 . wh e n, 0 fig
“ .
,
A t m ? l nafiw,
I . 1 . firwnfin, 2. fi '
fit ,

3 . fi e?
“

ll Pf . 1 .
1 mm ( a ) , 3 , 4 fi g? ,334 ; P a
arn v n 2w 1 3) or . mm
“
. .
,

m W A t m w fi , F wfcuzfa P F mn B fe 11m m m
‘

, 1A .
,
n .
, . .
, . ,

Pt ea : l l Pa s s
. . fin } , C au s m fir, D e s 3 1 5 13 , o r fi afmfi , if i t fo ll o ws t h e
7 ’
. .

B h fi cl a s s (Pan . vr r . 2, I nt . w , m .

200 .
at d d , t o gi ve , (m ) .

Th e 3 g h u ver b s 39 2 dr o p WT d b efo r e s tr o ng t er mi nat i o n s , wh e n o t h er r edu pl i ca t e d

ver b s ( s ee N o . 1
9 )
6 ch an e “
g 31 6 to i t .
( Pan . v1 .
4, 1 1 2,

P . 1 .
W , 2. fi
W ,
‘ 3 .
3 m , 4 £ 3 2, 5
. .
m , 6 .
( i t, 7 .
m , 8 .
m , 9 .
W ,
A tm .

x i i }, 3 .
ea “

, 4 .
afi , 51 3 113
, 6 .
« Ti , 7 .
“Q , 9 .
afi ,
1 . L W ,

23 1331 2, 4 .
m , 5 . 55 mi , 6 11 .
m , 7 m , m 9 23 8
i 8 W A t m . .
, .

2 W , 3 m 4 a m e m f 6 m m? w e r e smaé 9
-
m
A tm .
W ,

8 m 9 m ,
A tm r a? a va s wm w si s m a m
n Pf . I .
§a, 2 f
zz w o r
m , 5 1 23 5

7 .
W , 9 .
ag z, A tm . L EE
"
, 2 .
( i fi,
F 4 .
3 zfi
fi ,

7 3fzfli
.
‘
, 8 .
3 1 3,
5 3
9 °
€€
f Q I I A . r .
W ,
A t m wfizfi (s e e p . . F .
M FR,
°
fi, P F . .
m ,
B .
E r
m i A t m {r i fl e, . 11 Pt 33 . : G er aw , § w .
°
u Pas s .

Qh fi‘
l,
A or
W
.
,
C au s Wm A o r .
, .

W ,
D m
es . ,
In t .
W : W fih

20 1 . m dh d ,
t o pl ace , (m ) .

Thi s ver b is co n u j g at e li ke at
d I t s h o ul d b e r em em b er e d, h o wever , t h at
.

th e i r at i o n o f t h e fin al if l m b h w f w d o n t h e i ni ti al
q
"
p as t t t n r ;
4 , o s ,
u s e r o o r a

h e n c e 2md per s du al Pr es W 2 & c . . . 1 1 8, no t e ) . Th e Pt i s fa n, Ger . .

WW .

0 o 2
 RUD H C L A S S , PA R A S M A I PA D A AND ATMA N EPA D A vane s .

20 2 . fi g my ,
to cl e an s e , ( m .
)
Th e ver bs fai nt] , hi m] , t o se p ar at e , an d fil i m s h, t o
’

em b r ac e , t ak e Gu na i n t h ei r

r edu pl i c at i ve s yl l ab l e .
( P an v 1 1 4, . .

Redu pl i c at e d ver b s ( a bhy a s t a , h avi ng a sh o r t m e d i al vo wel d o no t t ak e G una b ef o r e

we ak t er mi n at i o n s b eg i nni ng wit h vo wel s i n t h e S p eci al t en s e s .

( Pan . V I] .
3,

ma fi fiw s fi fi
’

L l a .

fifamf afl a fafivw afis " m afi a I u l ,

I A W
W II A h a g R am P F m
"
M s , . .
,

C au s g .
m fir, A or . W ag D e s fi rfi wfi I n t g
, fi a fi afififi .
,
.
, .

Ru dh C l a ss ( R u d h ci d i ,
V I I C l a ss) .

I . P ar a sm a i pa d a and A t m anepad a Ve r b s .

203 .
gg r ud h , to s h u t o ut ,
(m .
)
P s urfs I n " P f s fivm s fl fw i nt. s t
'
H a g r

7 s s f w, 9 . ar
m or nA .

m , A tm . am , P F 9 3 1 , . .

B .
s n
u
g , A tm .
W e ll Pt ( at, G er . .

W ’
°
gw n Pas s .
Ra fi , A o r wfi fil , .

C au s fivq fi , D . es .
Em fi, I nt . fi s wfi, fl fi fi .

II . Par as m ai pa d a V er bs .

éi s h , t o d i s t i ng u i s h , ( m) .

P I W a z fil m 3 m
9 F ga 4 fW 9 5 m 6 m f
7 W a a 9 8 m 9

9 fi l éfif a I 1 . F W 9 2 W WW 3
W 9 9 4 m 5 Wm 6 m 9 a 9 7
-
q mw
O . trim , 2 . fi t} ( or W ) , 3 i
f
. r-1 g u Pf .

fitti n g I I A ms g, F fi arfir, P F fi rm, 3 fi 11 Pas s f sl vfi ,

°
151 Pt
. . . .
n N . rs t .

C au s .
m , D es . W rath , I nt 53 .
W , fi fe .

20 5 .
fig M7523 ,
to s t r i ke ,
( fi f th )
P .
fi afa
’
, I . I .
m , L E W !o r
m , 5 .
m ,

W wfg m, m m m fim m
’

fi ffi fi
'

6 9 , 7 . a f a a l 3 8 , .
, (l , I . 1 .
, , ll

Pf f a fi a , I A s te F fi fsmfir, P F Fg fm , B fi l m 11 Pt fi f tm:
m
’ ’ ‘
-
u
. .

g , . . . . .

Pas s fi w} , C au s fi mxfir A o r e fi fi e D e s fi fé fi q fi I nt fifi mfi fifi fi l
’ ' '
‘ ‘
.

g .
, .
, .
, .
, .

20 6 . fi
g bka fij , t o br eak (HE R) ,

H am m
m r fi m
P E m B wa n( n Pt mg : n -
Pas s m s fifa o e a
‘

.
, . . .
o rfi

C au s .
m fi D e s fi e q fir I nt W, .
‘
, .
, “ fit

an o i nt ,
20 7 . fi
g an j , to

P l
an ts
’
, L an
g , 0 5m .

m , L ang u _Pf . W ,
I A
ma , F .

or s h af t B .
W W II Pt .
m , Ger fif e ? " o r
. ai m or W ( P n . v
0
2 51
1 ; II Pas s
 A P P E N D I X II .

O n th e A ccent i n S a ns kr i t .

I . A l th o u g h i n S anskr i t t h e acce nt i s m ar k e d i n wo r k s b el o ng i ng t o t h e V e di c p er i o d
o nl y,y et it s im p o r t an ce as g i vi ng a cl u e t o m any d ifficul t p o i nt s o f gr a mm ar i s no w s o

g ener all y ack n o wl e d g e d t h at e ven an el e m en t ar y g r am m ar wo ul d s eem im p er f e ct wi t h o u t at

l east t h e g ener al o ut li ne s o f th e s ys t em o f S an s k r i t accentu at i o n . I d et er m i ne d th er ef o r e

in t h i s f my g r amm ar t o m ar k t h e a ccent i n all cas e s wh er e i t s eem e d t o b e
n ew e di t i o n o

p r act i call
y u s e f ul , b u t i n o r d er n o t t o er l e t h p p x
e b eg i nn er wi t h t h e m ar k s o f ac ce nt , I h ave

a d d e d t h em i n t h e t r an sli t e r at e d wo r d s o nl , s o t h at a s t u d e nt m ay s t ill l e ar n h i s m m
y gr a ar

a nd h is p ar a d i g m s in D evan ag ar i , u nco n cer n e d ab o u t th e a cce nt s , u nt il th e ac c e nt s t h e m;

s el ve s att r act h is n o t i c e, an d e n ab l e him at a g l an ce t o s ee cau s e an d eff e ct i n g r am m at i cal
o p er at i o n s wh i ch o t h er wi s e wo ul d r e m ai n u ni nt el li gi bl e . Th u s if we l o o k at t r dy alt , t r e e,
'

b u t t r i blnit , t r ibu s, an d
’
tr i t i y a , t e r t i u s ; at émi , I g o , bu t i mdfi, we g o ; at bdd hdmi , I k no w,
bu t t a drfmi , I s t r i k e ; at vdktum, t o s p e ak , but u kt d z, s
l p o k en, we s ee at o n ce h o w th e p o s i ti o n

o f th e accent , e i t h er o n th e r a d i c al s ll abl e o r o n t h e t er m i nati o n, i nflu e nce s t h e str e ngt h eni ng

y
or weak eni ng o f t h e b as e, an d h o w th i s s t r en gt h e ni ng a nd weakening r e s te d o r i i nall
g y on a

r at i o nal an d i nt ell i gi bl e p i n ipl

r c e .

2 . Th e a cc en t is c all e d i n S an skr i t S c am , i . e . t o ne, an d ac co r d i n g t o t h e d es cr i t i o n p

o f n at i ve g r amm ar i an s t h er e can be no d o u bt t h at i t was r e all y m us i cal . I t m e ant t h e
a ct u al r i s i ng an d f al li n g o f th e vo i ce, p ro du ce d b y t h e t e n s i o n, t h e r el a at i o n, an d t h e wid e x
o p en i n g o f th e vo cal ch o r d s ; i t wa s a p
m u s i cal m o d ul at i o n e culi ar t o each wo r d , an d i t
c o r r es p o nd ed t o wh at we call th e s i ng i ng o r th e cant i l ena o f th e s p e ak er , whi ch , t h o u g h i n
m o d er n l ang u ag es m o st p er ce pt ibl e i n wh o l e s e nt en ces , m ay al s o be cl e ar l
y p er ceive d in
th e u tt er an c e o f s i ngl e wo r d s .

b ut M dr g/

W h at ever th e accent b ecam e i n l at er t i m es , i t s

f p r o s o di c , accentus , i e by ver y nam e o . .

s o ng , sh o ws t h at i n Gr eek a nd L at i n, t o o , i t was o r i g i nall y mu s i cal , t h at t o no s m eant i tc h , p

i t ch , bar ys, l o w it ch , an d th at p er i sgo o meno s, dr awn r o u nd, d i d no t r ef er o r i g i n
p p ‘
o x ys , h i g h

al l y t o t h e si gn o f t h e cir cu m fl e x ,
bu t t o t h e vo i ce b ei ng dr awn u p an d d o wn i n p r o n o u nci n g

a C i r cu m fl ex e d syl l abl e .

3 . Fo r gr amm at i cal p p ur o s es we h ave t o d i st i ngu i sh i n S anskr it t wo ac cen t s o nl y, th e

'
ad at t a an d th e s va r i t a . Th e uddtt a is p r o n o u n ce d by r ai si ng t h e vo i ce, t h e s va r i t a by a

c o m b i n e d r ai s i ng an d f al li ng o f th e vo i ce . A ll vo wel s wh i ch h ave n ei t h er o f t h es e accent s

ar e call e d a nudd t t a , i . e. with o u t

‘
a dat t a , t h o u gh t h ey m i g h t wi t h e q u al j u st i ce be c all e d

a svar i t a , wit h o u t t h e s var i t a . Th e a nudd t t a , i mm e di at el y p r ec e d i n

g an ud dt t a or sc ur i t a

vo wel , is so m et i m es call e d a nu d dtt a t a r a o r s anna t a r a

*
.
( an
P . I . 2, 29

B o pp , f o l l o wi ng Pr o f e s s o r Ro t h ( N ir . p LV. III ), call s th i s ac cent s anna t a t ar a , as if fr o m

s a una t a , de p r es s e d ; i t i s , h o we ver , d er i ve d fr o m s anna, th e p ar t i ci pl e o f s a d, to s i nk .
 ON TH E A CCE N T m S A N S KB I I '‘
. 28 7

I n tr ansl i te r ate d wo r ds I mar k t h e ud dt t a by t h e acu t e , th e o r i gi nal w a r i t a by t h e

c ir cu m fl e x .

E ver y
y ll ab l e wi t h o u t e it h e r t h e m ar k o f
s u dd t t a o r sc ur i t a has t o be co ns i d er e d as

u nac c e nt e d ; an d an u nac c e nte d

’

g r amm at i cal l ll abl e be fo re an uddt t a o r o r ig i nal sva n ta,

y s
y
as ph o ne ti c all y a nuddt t a t a r a . If the a nudd t t a m u s t b e ma r ke d i n t r a ns li t e r at e d wo r d s , it
b e m ar k e d by t h e g r avzs Th us i n t e &va r d ka nt a , t h ey gr e w, t e h as t he u ddt t a , a t h e
'
’ ’

can .

I f t h e t wo wo r d s c o al e s ce i nt o te va r dh ant a , t h e n e t a ke s t h e s var i t a , t ! var dha nl a

’
a nu d dt t a
’
. .

S i m il ar l y, s m c hf + i va b ec o me sr u c h va z t r i + d mba ka m b e c o m e t r y dmba ka m .

4 . I n S ans k r it t h e accent s ar e i nd i cat e d in t h e f o l l o wi ng way

Th e ud dtt a i s n e ve r i nd ic at e d at all , b ut o nl y th e so ar i t a , ( wh e t h er o r i gi nal o r de p e n d e nt ,

a nd th e a nud dt t a t a r a ( s anna t ar a ),
1. e. th e a nud dt t a i m m e diate l y p r e ce d i n g a n uddt t a

o r sc ur i ta s l l abl e . f th e L f th e a nudd t t a t a r a is
y Th e s i gn o s var i t a is ,
t h at o

W h ene ver we fin d a s yll abl e m ar k e d by th e s i gn o f th e a nud d t t a t ar a , we k no w t h at

th e ne xt s
yll abl e, i f l eft wi t h o u t an
y m ar k , i s ud dt t a ; if m ar ke d by it is so ar i t a .

H en ce w : is a
g t z,
n
’

l
“

i
t -
W I is
“
kany d
'

A m o n o s yll ab i c wo r d, i f
’

uddt t a , h as no m ar k at al l . Ex .
1 11
ydlz, 3 nu .

A m o no s yll ab i c wo r d , i f
“
anu dd t t a , i s m ar ke d by Ex . q: su b a: , nu l l .

A mo no s yll ab i c wo r d , i f s va r i t a , i s m ar ke d by Ex . é : s mi /1 ,
.

5 . As a g e n e r al r ul e e ver y wo r d h as but o ne s yll abl e e it h er u ddtt a o r se c r i ta , t h e

B ut i f a n uddt a
r est o f th e s
yll abl es b e i n
g a nuddtt a .A ny s yll abl e m ay h ave t h e acce nt
r .

s yl l abl e i s f o ll o we d by an a nu dd tt a s ll abl e, i t s anud dt t a i s ch ang e d i nt o wh at i s call e d t h e

y
de p e n d e nt s var i t a . Ex .
‘R fifl fii
'

ag m nd
’
. H er e
M ag , o r i g i nal l y a nud dt t a , is p r o no u nce d

an d m ar ke d as a nu dci t t a t ar a ; m is u d dt t a , a n d i s t h er ef o r e wi t h o u t m ar k ; 3 1 mi ,
’

a ny

o r i g i n all y a nu dd t t a, b e co m e s s va r i t a, an d i s m ar k e d a cc o r d i ngl y. I n t r an sl it er at i o n t hi s
de p e n d en t se c r i t a n ee d no t b e m ar k e d , no r th e a nu d dt t a t a r a B o t h m ay b e t r ea t e d as
.

a nudci tt a , wi t h o u t gr a mm at i cal acce nt , wh i l e t h e ir e act

i . e. x p r o nu nc i at i o n i n S an s k r i t , t o b e

d es cr ib e d h er eaft er , i s o f i m o r t anc e t o e d i c s ch o l ar s o nl
y p V .

6 . If awo r d s t an d i ng by i t s el f o r at t h e h ea d o f a s e nt en ce b e g i ns wi t h se ver al anu d dt t a

.

syll abl e s , t h ey h ave all t o b e m ar k e d by t h e s i gn o f an udat t a t ar a Ex

W 6pnuvdnalz
‘

m
. .

bri d ayyii yd .

7 B y o b.s e r vi ng t h es e s i m l e r u l es ,
n o d o u bt ca n r e m ai n as t o t h p
e gr amm at i cal acce nt

o f any wo r d i n S an s k r i t Th e f o l l o wi ng i s a l i s t o f t h e r i nci al cl as s e s o f acce nt e d wo r d s

. p p
i n S an skr it :
b
’

I A wo r d co ns i st i ng o f o ne s l l abl e wh i ch h a s t h e ud dtt a, is c all e d ud dt t a Ex 1 12 ya

y ,
. .
.

’
55 h i m
a nu, .

a rfi a: li
' '

A wo r d wh i ch h as t h e da t t a c al l e d ant o dd tt a Ex
‘
2 . a o n t h e l as t s yll ab l e , is . . agn t ,

a f am j ani t tf .

3 . A wo r d wh i ch h as t h e a da t t a o n t h e fir st s
yl l a bl e , i s c al l e d dd yuddt t a . Ex .
if ( nd r alz,

i nd h dt d .

Ex
‘

4 . A wo r d wh i ch h as t h e uddt t a o n t h e m i d dl e s
yll abl e , i s c all e d mad hyo ddtt a . .

ag nznti ,
’
s
ifi nfit: ag nzbhi
’

fi .

A wo r d co ns i s t i ng f l l abl e wh i ch h as t h e o r i g i nal s var i t a, is cal l e d s va r i ta

5 o ne
.
o s
.
y
'
“
E x 3 a s, a . : w as .

6 A wo r d whi ch h as t h e t h e l as t s yll abl e, is call e d a nt as va r i t a .

o ri i n al sva r i ta on
.
g
Ex . W WI ka nya .
 288 . ON TH E A CCE N T IN S A NS KRI T .

A wo r d wh i ch h as t h e o r i g i n al se c r i t a o n t h e m i d dl e ll abl e, i s cal l e d ma d kyasvar i t a

7 . s
y .

E x aga in! 119 1919 99 479 4 . .

8 A wo r d wh i ch h as t h e o ri g i n al t h e fir st ll abl e, i s call e d
’

. s c ur i ta on s
y dd i s var i t a
'
.

Ex . d i ll} s va r nar e .

9 . A wo r d wi t h o u t u d dtt a o r s va r i t a, is c al l e d s a r vdnudatt a
‘
. Ex . 3: ca l, l w nah .

A wo r d wi th two a da t t a s ab l e s ,
W br zh asp dti lz H er e t h e
’
1 0.
y l l 1 s call e d dvi r ud dt t a . .

‘
fir s t s
yll abl e i s a dat t a, an d 1 8 t h er e f o r e no t m ar k e d at all . Th e s e c o n d s ylla bl e 1s

a nu d dt t a, an d ac c o r d i ng t o r ul e wo u l d b ec o m e sc ur i t a . B u t as
y th e
ll ab l e 1 s ne xt s

ud dt t a ag ai n, th e a nudd tt a b eco m es anu d ci t t a t ar a, an d is m ar k e d acco r di ngl y Th e .

t h ir d a nu d dtt a , b eco m e s
'

s l l abl e i s ndd tt a , an d t h e l a st , o r i g i nall sc ur i ta

y y .

W ?
'

n mi t r dvdr u nan, t h e fir s t s l l ab l e i s a nu d dt t a , b ut b e co m es anu ddtt at a r a be cau s e

y ,

an d h encen eit h er
'

an u d dt t a f o l l o ws . Th e s e c o n d s yl l abl e is a d att a , s o i s th e t h ir d ,
o f t h em h as m ar k
an T h e f o u r t h s yll ab l e , b e i ng a nu ddt t a, b e co m e s se c r i t a,
y .

b e cau s e i t f o ll o ws an uddt t a Th e l as t s yll abl e i s anuddt ta an d, as no t hi ng f o l l o ws ,

.

i s l e ft wi t h o ut a m ar k

w
.

A wo r d wi t h t h r e e abl e s , i s c al l e d tr i r u dd tt a d byzh asp cfti

’
u dd t t a s ll zndr
’
1 1 .
y { .

§ 8 . I f wo r d s co m e t o g et h er i n a s e nt en c e , th e s am e r ul es a ppl y t o
,
t h em as to s i ng l e

wo r d s . Th u s i f a wo r d e n d i ng in u d dt t a i s f o l l o we d by a wo r d b eg in ni ng wi th an anndd t t a

p
‘

syll abl e , th e a nud dt t a s

yll ab l e i s r o no u n c e d as s va r i t a . Th u s 1 1: +3 , i . e .
9 411 + c hh,

ms
'

b e co m e y a s c
’ ’
h ii ,
wh er e t h e m ar k o f th e d e p e nd e nt s var i t a o n
”
d c h a sh o ws t h at 1 ! ya

h as t h e u dd t t a .

If i s f o l l o we d by wo r d b e g i nni ng wi t h
‘
a wo r d e nd i ng in an a nud att a a a n nddt t a or

svamt a ,

m
'

th e a nuddt t a b ec o m es a nu d dt t a t a r a . . Ex . W m ii
c a nay a t + fi ’
t a m b eco m e

fi
a a na
y a t h im .

If a wo r d e n di n
g i n a sc ur i
'

t a , wh i ch re pl ac e s an o r i g i nal a nudd t t a, i s f o ll o we d by a no t h er
wo r d h avi ng t h e u d dt t a o n t h e fir s t s
yll ab l e , t h e g en er al r ul e r e q u ir e s t h e s var i t a, b e i n
g
o r i g i nal l
y an a nudci t t a , t o b eco m e a nu dd t t a t a m , so t h at we h ave t o wr ite W H
T
U / def c h a t ci t .

H er e we s ee t h at ydli h as t h e nddt t a, b e cau s e o t h er wi s e , at t h e b eg inn i ng o f a s e nt e n ce ,

i t wo ul d h ave t o b e m ar k e d wi t h we
“
a nu ddtt a t a r a . A s a c ha h as t h e a nudd t t a t ar a, s ee t h at
i t was o r i g i n all
y a nu dd t t a, a n d b e ca m e a nud dt ta t ar a , b ec au s e t h e ne xt s
yll ab l e W t a t h as t h e
i
’

nddt t a, wh i ch n ee d no t b e m ar k e d .

M wh i ch h as t h e u dd t t a , we pu t fi t fi g/ £171 , wh i ch h as t h e
I f i n s t ead o f
“ t , sc ur i t a , we s h o ul d

EI! y as i
‘

h ave t o wr i t e W wi ng fir s t , t h at
’ ‘
c ka hydlz, t h e s i gn o f th e sva r i t a o n t sh o

fi t Il yala cann o t be u dd t t a, f o r i n t h at cas e i t wo ul d h ave no m ar k , an d wo ul d q

r e u i r e sc a r i t a

on th e ne t x f o ll o wi n g s
yll ab l e ; an d s eco n dl y, t h at i t c ann o t be anndat t a,
‘
f o r i n t h at c as e it
co u l d no t be p r ece d e d by an a nu ddt t a t a r a .

If an o r i g in al sc ur i t a f o l l o ws af t er a final u ddtt a, it r e t ai n s th e s ign o f th e se c r i t a, bu t i t

i s t h en i m p o s s i bl e to s ay wh et h er t h at s ig n m ar k s t h e o r i g i nal or th e de p e n d en t sc ur i t a .
’
WE f o l l o we d af t er a kva i t s
“

Ex N T 5 d t md + kva ( B 64 , O if an u ddt t a s var i t a

“
. v 1 . . 1 nl y, ,

wo ul d r e m ai n ( s ee wh i l e t h e d e p en d e nt svar i t a wo u l d b ec o m e a nuddt t a t ar a .

If a wo r d s u ch as
fi g ” . ar unayug bhi h h avi ng th e u ddt t a
,
on
yzig , st an d s by i t s elf , i t
mu s t h ave t h e a nudd t t a t ar a s i gn, n o t o nl y u n d er
1
11 na , wh i ch i mm e di at el y p r e ce d es th e

u ddt t a s
yl l ab l e , b ut l i k ewi se u n d er 55
1 a an d m . B ut if p r ece d e d by w : ag m
’

n wh i ch
,

h as u dd tt a o n t h e l as t , t h e fir s t s
yl l abl e t ak e s t h e svar i t a, t h e s eco n d r e qu ir es n o m ar k at al l ,
and t h e t h i r d k ee p s it s anu ddt t a t ar a m ar k ; W : ag mr
’
am nayzig bh i z l .
29 0 o n TH E A CCE N T IN S A NS KRIT; 1 1

nvi ndr a
’ ’

. W i fg I
-— -‘ -
m : m d B -T evd + hi + asya = ev4
“
ky us ya ( RV . I . 8, 8)

pl W
'
A l so , “i t na di , ur . na dya k, but g en . s ing . W . na dy d e, l b ecau se 1n t h e f o r m er

t h e t er m i nat i o n i s o r i g i nal l y a nu dci tt a, 111 t h e l att er ud dt t a .

If an u d dt t a e o r 0 c o al e s ce s wit h an ( el i d e d ) anuddt t a i t t ak e s s var i t a ( Pr at

‘

c. a, .

Ex . R “
33 7 53? t é + a var dh a nt a = t é var d lzant a
" ’
.

Mandfik eya u dd t t a vo wel s co al e s ci ng wi t h a nu dd t t a vo

’
A cco r di ng t o al l an o t h er wel ,
b e co m e s var i t a . Thi s i s al s o th e cas e in c er t ai n B r ah m an as ; s ee Ki el h o r n, B h as h i k a
s utr a, I 5 . .

Th e acce nt s pd u ce d by t h e Co al e s cence o f vo wel s h ave t h e f o l l o wi ng t e ch ni cal

ro nam e s ,

t ak en fr o m t h e n am e o f t h e S an d hi t h at g ave r i s e t o t h em

P r aé l i s h ya , t h e f t wo wel s u ni t e d i nt o ( s amdvem eki bhdva )

'

1 . ac ce nt o vo o ne , .

A bhzni hi t a , t h e f t wo wel s f wh i ch t h e s ec o n d i s t h e el i d e d
’

2 . ac c e nt o vo o a .

Ks h azp r a , t h e f t wo vo wel s o f wh i ch t h e fi r s t h as b e e n ch an g e d i nt o a s em i vo wel

’

3 . accent o .

4 Tai r o vyafij ana , t h e so a r i t a, re pl aci n g an a nu dd tt a , if se p ar at e d by c o ns o nant s fr o m t h e

m
.

p r e c e d i ng u dd tt a
'
. Ex . ag nfm i le .

5 . V a i vgztt a ‘
'

( or p ad a vr i t t a ), t h e
‘
sva r i t a, re pl aci n
g a n anu ddt t a , if se p ar at e d by an h i at u s
fr o m t h e p r e ce d i ng a d at t a
( Pra Ex £3 yd i ndm
‘

t . .
1!

6 . Jci tya, t h e sc ur i t a i n t h e b o dy o f a wo r d , al s o call e d ni t ya , i nh er e nt . It i s al ways

p d e d by e i t h er 31 o r
r e ce an d p o i nt s to a p er i o d i n t h e h i st o r y o f S anskr it i n wh i ch
t h ese s e m ivo wel s r e t ai n e d so met h in g o f t h e ir vo wel nat ur e . I t m ay, i n f act , b e t r e ate d
as m e di al ks /zaip r a
and it is i m p o r t ant t h at wh er e t h e p ecul i ar p
r o nu n ci at i o n o f t h e

d iff er ent s var i t a s i s d e s cr i b e d, t h at o f t h e j dtya and t h e ks ha ip r a i s s ai d t o b e i d ent i cal

v
( j
e Pr at . . 1 .

pp
B y a l yin g t h es e r ul e s we can wi th er f e ct c er t ai nty d i s co ver whi ch s yll abl e i n
1 1 . p
e ach wo r d h as t h e r a m m at i cal acce nt , wh et h er u d cft t a o r so a r i t a U n f o r tu n at el y m any
g .

wo r d s l o se t h e i r a c cent in a s ent e nc e , p ar t i cu l ar l y t h e ve r b wh i ch , i n a d i r e ct s e nt e nce , is

co ns i d er e d as a m er e e n cli t i c o f th e no u n t o wh i c h i t b el o n g s . O nl y in r el at i ve an d

c o n d it i o nal s e nt e n ce s , o r wh en a ver b b eg i n s a s e nt en ce , an d u n d er s o me o t h er r e s t r i ct i o ns

wh i ch f ull y d es cr ib e d by nat i ve g r am mar i ans , d o e s t h e ver b r et ai n it s i n d e e n d e nt ac cent

ar e p .

V o cat i ve s al s o l o s e t h eir acc e nt , e x ce t at t h e b e i nni n

g g o f a s e nt e n ce , w h e n t h e
y h ave t h e p
a ccent o n t h e fir s t s
yll ab l e W ith t h e s e e x pt i
ce o ns , h o we ver , e ver y s t u d e nt , by f o l l o wi ng
th e r ul e s h er e g i ve n, will be abl e t o d et er m i ne wh at i s t h e r e al gr am m at i cal acce nt o f any

B e si d es t h e t ai r o vy afij ana an d t h e vai vr i t t a, wh i ch we sh o u l d c al l th e de p en d e nt

s var i t a , o t h er s ub di vi si o ns ar e m e nt i o ne d by s o m e au th o r i t i es T h u s if c o m o u n d wo r d s . p
ar e divid ed (i n th e Pa d apa th a) by t h e avag r a h a , t h e t a i r o vyanj a na i s c al l e d t ai r o o i r d ma .

Ex .
T fi s fi ’
9 6 p a t au . If a wo r d 1s d i vi d e d 111 t h e Pa d apé th a, t h e fir s t h al f e n d i ng 1 11 a

sc ur i t a p r e ce d e d by an u dd tt a , an d th e s eco n d h alf b e g i nn i ng wi t h an u dd t t a , the svar i t a is

c al l e d t dt kdbh dvy a
é fl fl fib
‘ '
Ex H er e t a i s mi i s s c ur i t a , t h en f o l l o ws t h e
fi s udd t t a ,
'

. .

avag r a ka o r p au s e o f d i vi s i o n , a nd af ter t h at na, wh i ch i s a

g a i n u dd t t a . H er e a ki nd of

kamp a t ak es pl a ce , an d th e s var i t a i s m ar k e d a cc o r d i ng l y .
,
Th o u gh t h e n am e t d t h dbh dvy a

is no t m ent i o ne d i n t h e fir s t Pr at i sak h ya , t h e p ecu l i ar ac c ent wh i ch i t i s m e ant f o r i s full y

d escr ib e d i n S ut r a 21 2. In th e co m m ent ar y o n t h e V aj . Pr at .
( 1 20 ) i t wo u l d p er h a p s be
b ett er t o wr i t e as a mhi t dvat i ns t ead o f s va s ai h hi tdva t ; W eb er I n d S t u d , . . vo l . W . p . 13 7 .

I S B h a hi k -s u ed. Ki el h o r n , I I W h itn ey i n B ig e z ur ver g l ei ch e nd en

e it r a
'

t r a,
‘ '

s 1-
e e a .
3 ;
1 ,

S p r ach f o r s ch u n
g , vo l . 1 . p . 18 7 .
 ON THE AC E C NT 1N S A N S KmT . 291

wo r d o ccu r r i ng i n t h e h ym ns o f t h e Ri g - ve d a Th e sys te m o f m ar ki ng t h e uddt ta and .

'
s var i t a in th e S ata pat h a -B r fih m ana i s s li gh t l y d iff er e nt , as m ay be see n fr o m Pr o f es so r
W eb e r ’
s i nt r o d u cto r y r e m ar k s , a n d p ar t i c ul ar l
y fr o m D r . Ki el h o r n
’
s l ear ne d no t e s on th e
B h fis h i k a-s utr as .

12 . Q ui t e d iff er e nt fr o m t h e d et er m i nat i o n o f t h e gr am mat ical ac ce nt is t h e q u es t i o n

h o w th e ac ce nt s sh o ul d be p r o no u nce d or i nt o ne d i n a s e nt e nce , and p ar t i cu lar l y in t h e

h ym ns an d B r fih m anas o f th e p i ip l V
r nc a e d as . Th i s q u e s t i o n co nce r ns th e st u d ent o f t he
V e d a o nl , an d
y d iffer ent au t h o r i t i e s diff er on th is p o i nt . Th e f o ll o wi ng s h o r t r e m ar k s m ust
'

be s u ffi ci e nt . A c co r d ing t o t h e Ri g -ve d a-Pr fit is fikh ya ( 1 87 t h e ud dt t a i s hi g h , t h e

a nuddt t a lo w; o f t h e sva r i t a o n e p
o r ti o n i s h i gh e r t h an u dd tt a , t h e r e st l i k e ud dt t a , e ce pt x
if an u dd tt a o r s var i t a f o l l o ws , i n wh i ch cas e t h e vo i c e s i nk s d o wn to t h e a nuddt t a p it ch .

Th i s s i nk i n g d o wn i s c all e d kamp a , sh ak i ng . A ll a nuddt t a s

yl l ab l es , f o ll o wi n
g af te r sc ur i ta

( wh eth e r o r i g i nal o r de p en d e nt ) ar e p r o no u nce d wi t h u dd t t a p it ch e x pt t h

ce e las t , whi ch
i s f o ll o we d a
g ai n by e i t h er ud dt t a o r sc ur i t a , an d t ak es t h e l o w p it ch o f a nu dd tt a Th is
p r o nu n ci at i o n o f a nu d dt t a s yll ab l e s wi t h uddt t a p it ch is call e d t h e P r ac h a ya ac ce nt

W e h ave t h er e f o r e o nl y t h r ee k i n d s o f pit ch , ( no s pe ci al a nuddt t a t ar a p it ch b ei ng r eco g ni ze d

'
i n t h e Pr fit i s fikh ya, ) wh i ch i n t h eir r e l at i ve p o s iti o n m ay b e re p r e s e nte d by

Th u s i n m d l fi} mdddyasva svci r zza r e HI 7nd i s anudat ta ada i s u ddt ta 15ya is s va r i ta

’ ''

,
'

, , ,

anudd t t a é svii r i s s var i t a uh pa r e b o t h a nu ddt t a bu t p r o no u nce d lik e uddt t a

'

fi
'

a s va 1 s , , , , .

In W : dd a bd h ap r ama t i r vds i s h gh alz, i t a is

'
a d at t a , da b i s s va r i t a,

W d h ap r ama ar e a nu dat t a,
‘
bu t p r o no u n ce d li ke ud dt t a, fi! t i is a nu d dtt a, a va is udd t t a,

M ns k i s
i sc ur i t a, 8 : {hair i s a nudd t t a , b ut p r o n o u n ce d as u d dt t a .

O th er S akh as
'
var y i n t h e p r o nu n ci at i o n o f th e acce nt s , as m ay be s ee n f r o m t h ei r res p e ct i ve
'
Pr at i s Akh yas . Mu ch co nf usi o n h as b een cau s e d x
b y m i i ng u p t h e se diff er e nt s yst em s , an d ,
in p ar t i cul ar , by tr yin g t o r eco n cil e t h e r ul e s o f t h e Rig -ve d a -Pr fiti s fikh ya wit h t h e r ul es
'

o f Pani n i . A cco r di ng t o Panini ( 1 2 , 2 9 s eq ) th e . . udd t t a i s h i gh , t h e a nuddtt a l o w, b u t t h e

so a r i t a i s h alf h i gh an d h alf l o w, an d th e a nu dd t t as f o ll o wi ng aft er sc ur i t a ( o r i g i nal or

de p en d e nt ) ar e p r o n o u n ce d m o n o t o n o u sl y wh il e t h e l as t o f t h em , i mme di at el y

L o ng after th i s was wr i tt en I saw D r. H au g

’
s p
d e s cr i ti o n
.
o f th e acce nt s in the

Z e i t schr i f t d er D . M G . . vo l . x vn 799
. p H e g i ve s t h e i nt er val s m u ch
. . s mall er , so t h a t if

th e a nud dt t a i s c, th e u dd t t a wo ul d b e d, an d t h e so ar i t a wo ul d r i s e t o e . Th is i s no d o ub t

r i gh t , an d i t will b e eas y t o t r an s cr ib e m y o wn n o t at i o n acco r d i ngl y . I o nl y r et ai n i t b e ca u s e

it i s cl e ar er t o th e e
ye . W h at is ver y im p o r t ant , as co nfir m i ng my vi ew, is D r . H aug
’
s

r e m ar k t h at i n li s t eni ng t o t h e r e c it at i o n o f t h e Pa n d it s h e co ul d no t p e r ce i ve any differ e nce

b et ween t h e
‘
a datt a and th e a nudcit t a s if p r o n o u n ce d wi t h p r ac haya s va r a .

s
29 2 ON TH E A C C EN T IN S A N S KRIT .

p r e ced i ng a n ew a dat t a o r sc ur
'
i t a, i s l o wer t h an a nudd t t a , an d h en ce cal l e d s annat ar a o r , by
th e co mm ent at o r s , anu ddtt a t ar a . Th i s s ys t e m, t o o , t h o u gh diff er ent f r o m th e f o r mer , g i ves
u s o nl y t h r ee ki n d s o f m u s i cal p pp x
it ch , wh i ch m ay b e a r o i m at el y r e r e s ent e d by p

c mud dtta m ,
‘
d d tt a, eka sr ut i .
'

ud cztta,
‘
a/nu saun ta ,

E kaf r u ti i s d es cr i b ed as wi th o ut an
y d efini t e p it ch ( t r a i svar d
y p avdd a ),
ar d i migh t t h er ef o r e
h e i nt en d e d f o r m er e m o no t o no u s r eci t a ti ve
*
.

It i s co mmo nl y u s ed as syn o nymo u s wit h p r acki t a e. g . u ddtt amayam p r a chi t am

V aj Pr at
'
eka§ r uti ti ar d a i l IV 1 3 8.
p y y , . . .
29 4 IND E X O F NO UNS .

fi g kr o shgu jack al , , 2 36 .
m 2 da ih ’
rc , wif e, 1 49 .

fl i t kh afij , l am e, . 1 63 .

M d i d h aks h, d es ir o u s o f bur ni ng , 1 74 .

m g ar i yas , h e avi er , 20 6 . fai di v an d

g dya , sk
y , 2 13.

fur g i r , vo i ce , 1 6 4 . Fa ras , sh o win g , 1 74 .

31
3
9 1117, g u ar d i an , 1 5 7. “ di s , ‘
co u nt r y, 1 74 .

h r i ng , 1 du h, m il ki ng ,
Qg gi
” '

g u ,
co ve 74 . 1 74 .

7h o
g ,
ox , 2 1 8.
m duhztgi , d augh t er ,
'
‘
235 .

M k h wh d
Tfl d fl nbhd , t h u nd er b o l t ,
‘

g o r a s ,
co er ,
1 74 . v 221 .

m g r amazzt ,
‘ ’
l ead er o f a vill ag e , 2 2 1 .
w dfis ,
’

s e e i ng , 1 74 .

m pl e n d i d, 1 Eh d evej , wo r sh i pp 62
'
c h a kas , S 72 . er , 1 .

W c h akds a t , sh i ni n g , 1 84 .
’

M d o s h an, ar m , 2 1 4 .

m o hiki r s , d e s ir o u s o f act i ng , 1 7 2.
“ d o s, ar m , 1 72 , 214 .

m cki t r a l i kk, p ai nter , 1 5 6 .

g dyu an d
“ di v, sk y, 21 3 .

{ff d yo ,
sk y, 2 1 9 .

d r u h, h at i ng ,
g 1 74 .

m j ag anvas , h avi ng g o ne , 205 .

m dvdr , d o o r , 1 64 .

m j ag mi va s , h avi ng g o n e, 20 5 . m d vi ddmni , h avi ng two r o pes , 1 94 .

m j ag ha nvas , h avi ng ki ll e d , 2 05 .
m ar s h , h at i ng , 1
74 .

W j ag hni vas, h avi ng k ill e d, 205 .

W d h ani n, r i ch , 2 0 3 .

a n j ar d, o l d ag e, 1 66 .
W d hatri ,
‘
n . p r o vi d e nce , 2 3 5 .

W j a l akr l ,
’
m f . . a b uyer of wat er , 221 .
‘ fi d hi ,
m f th inkin g ,
. . 2 20 .

W j a l a mu c h , cl o u d , 1 58 i ii d hi , f i ntell e ct ,
‘

. . 2 24 .

W j g
d r
’
a t , waki ng, 1 84 . W d hi vafl
’

,
wif e o f a fis h er m an, 1 93 .

m t a ks h , p ar i ng , 1 74 .

W d hvas , f alli ng , 1 73 .

m t a ks han, car p ent er , 1 9 1 .

Fifi! t a ti , so m any, 23 1 .
W nap tr i , g r an d s o n , 2 3 5 .

fifil t ant r i , f l u t e, . 22
5 .

W h arf, d est r o ying , 1 74 .

“f l t ar i , f b o at , 2 2 5
. .
“ new, n o se , 2 1 4 .

fil fifl ti r yach 1 81 n a h, b i ndi ng ,
’

t o r t uo u s , Hi
'

, . 1 74 .

m t ur ds dk, I ndr a, 1 75 .
m mi man, n am e , 1 9 1 .

fi
fl tva ch, s k i n, 1 5 8. m ’
nas i kd, n o s e, 2 1 4 .

m t vi s h, s pl e nd o ur , 1 74 .
m ni a i s a s , h avi ng l e d , 205.

“ de w
, t o o th , 2 1 4. fi t ni r ar a , ag el es s , 1
j 67 .

W d aJa t , gi vi ng , 1 84 .

Efil d adh i , cur d s, 2 3 4 .

m d adhgi s h, h o l d,
‘
1 74 .

d ant a, t o o th , W / a ah , l o w, 81
214 .

i ng 1 .

W d a r id r a t , p o or, 1 84 .
“P 0 739 “, m .
,
t ’I Lp aizgii , f em l ame, .

VF
Wp a ti , l o r d, 233 .

d man, ro p e, f em .
, 1 79, 1 93 . m . p at h ,
 IN D EX o r NO UN S . 2 95

fi g p ad, f o o t , 214 .
m br a hman, cr eato r , 1 92 .

W p pia, m f . . p r o te ct o r , 2 2 2 .
t ava t , Yo ur H o n o ur , 1 88 .

“UF O p a r a ma ni , m f b est l e a d er ,
. . 22 1 .

M bhi s h aj , ph y i s cian, 1 6 1 .

W p a r i vr dj , m e nd i cant , 1 62 . i ii bht, f f ear , . 2 24.

M p a m a d hvas , l eaf -sh ed d i ng , 1

73 .
i bba, be ing , 22 1 .

1l fifl p ar van jo i nt
' ‘

, ,
191 . i bba, f . ear t h , 2 2 4 .

W p dndu, m f . . n . p al e , 2 3 0 .
{Q bh ar , at mo s ph er e , 1 4 9 .

W § -p ad f o o t , W bhr w,
°
, 20 7 . r o as t in g , 1 6 2 .

“13 p ad a , fo o t , 2 1 4.
“ bhr aj , sh i ni ng , 1 62 .

M p adag r as , l um
i p -
e at er , 1 7 0.
m bhr dt r i , b r o t h er , 23 5 .

fil qp i tr i
'

, f at h er , 23 5 .
i bhr fl, f br o w, . 2 24.

M fip a ks h , d és ir o us o f m at ur ing , 1 74 .
W mag h ava n, In dr a, 2 00 .

m i
pp a gh i s , wi sh i n
g to r ead , 1 7 1 .

fi ni al ), di vi ng , 161 .

“713 195111 m , . n . a t r ee an d i t s fr u i t , 2 30 .
(
WK-ma t , 1 87 .

1 fi fl vt p i van
' '

,
f at , f e m .
fil m pi var i , 1
94 . fl fil mati , t h o u g h t , 2 30 .

s i p
n unar bhii , t e-b o r n, 2 2 1 .
W m thi n, ch ur n in g - s t i ck , 1 95 .

“ Pm", ma n, (p a al s ), 21 2. “
W mad hu li h, b e e, 1 74 .

t o wn, 1 64 ”F ma n,
fi t
ur - 1 91
p ,
. .

M p um dawas, I n dr a, 1 68 .

W ma hat, gr e at , 1 86 .

M ddé , ff er i ng , 6 tT lfl mti fizs m e at ,

'

p ur o an o 1 7 .
,
214 .

E M S /t an, nam e o f a d eity, 20 1 .

F IG marks a , m eat , 2 1 4.

pr i t , ar my, 2 1 4 . HT? md tfi , m o t h er ,
fl ! 2 35 .

ar m
y , 2 1 4.
“ mas , m o nt h , 2 14 .

d e er , 1 85 .

K muh , co n f o u n d i n g , 1 74 .

h p ec hi vas , h avi ng co o k e d , 2 0 5 .
fifl mflr d h a n, h e ad , 1
9 1 .

W e pr aj ap a t i , l o r d
'
o f cr e at ur es , 2 3 3 .

fi mrii , cl eani ng , 1 62 .

m p r a t i di van, s p o r t in g , 1 9 2 .
fig myi d u m , . f . n . so ft , 2 3 0 .

“ p r at
y a c h ,
we st er n, 1 81 .
W y a ka n ,
l i ver , 21 4 .

IN ? p r ud ki , m f t h ink i n g
. . e m i nent l
y , 22 1 .
m a k
y ri t , l i ver , 2 1 4.

mp r a d hi , f em .
, 2 23 .
fi yj a , s acr ificin g , 1 62 .

W p r a s dm,
'

q u i et i n g , 1 7 8 .
W y a
j va n, s acr ificer , 1 9 2 .

“ i c k, 80 Hf?! y a ti , m any,
“

pr east er n , 1 . as 23 1 .

m pr dc hh, as k i n g , 1 6 0 , 1 74 . w y yi a , f . r o ad, 2 2 2 .

Hl
‘ ’

fl p r dfich, wo r s h i ppi n
g , 1 59 .
W yuva n, yo u ng , 1
99 .

-s o u p
a fa ba di , d ar k f o r t ni g h t , 1 49 .
{Wyfis h m pe a ,
214 .

W
‘
ba h ur aj an, h avi ng m any k in g s , 1
94 N yzi s ha n, pe a -
s ou p , 214 .

m
.

g bah us r ey asi , ‘
au s pi ci o u s , 2 2
7 . ( Ta r iff, s hi ni ng , 1 62 .

fi ba hi i rj , ver y s t r o ng , 161 W fj ki
'

fl . r a a n, ng, 1
9 1 .

“ ba tik, k no wi ng, 1 57 . ( Fi fi r fij fit,

“ ’
q u e e n , 1 93 .

W hyMa t, gr eat , 1 85 .
“ r uc k, li g h t , 1 58
-
.
2 96 IN D EX O F N OUN S .

“ ra j di seas e
, , 161 .

w ‘
s u dd /zad ki , a p ur e t h i nk er , 22 1 .

W r u r udvas , cr
yi ng , 204 .

m aus r uvas , h avi ng h ear d,

‘
2 05 .

“ r us h, an g er , 1 74 .

w gus hkz, 222 .

m i , weal th , 21 7 . W?
e
f ha. ppi n es s, 2 2 4

Ra fi l a ks hmi , f g o d d ess . o f p p ro s er i ty, 22 5,

”

T-
Q ( sc an, d o g, 1
99 .

Fi g l ag hu , m f . . n . l i gh t , 230 . fi r st ;§ vet avdh an d W e

‘
svet avas , 2 0 9 .

M s afi wa t , year , 1 49 .

M m f cut t i ng , 2 2 0 . nfim
'

s a kt h z, t h i gh ,
Q , . . 2 3 4.

W i m p y , m er ch ant , 1 61 . EF
F s a khi , f r i en d , 232 .

W
°
va t , 1 87 j f r i en d ,
'
EIF
L s a us , 1 7
- 2.
.

H‘ Lvadhzi ,
f W if e ,
. 2 25 .

M s a d hr
y ac h, acco m p an i n
y g, 1 81 .

W s a my ac k, r i g h t , 1
°
t 81
''
El c -va n 1 1
, 9 . .

Hil l : var s hd z, r ai ny s eas o n, 1 49

l .

W s amr dj , s o ver e i g n , 1 6 2 .

aF an;vczr s lnibini f
, fr o g , 22 1 .

W ‘
s ar c as ak, o m ni p o t e nt , 1 5 5 .

°‘
El
'

q w as , p ar t . p er f e ct , 2 0 4 . “Tas dnu , r i dg e , 2 1 4 .

“ mi c k, s p e ech , 1 58 . mfiws dmi h al f , , 1 49 .

W W vd tapr ami , ant el o p e, 2 2 2 . fa w n: si ka t dlz , s an d , 1 49 .

m wat er , W wi shi ng f o r pl
'
vd r ,
1 64 . sukhi , eas ur e , 2 2 2 .

al fil o dr i , wat er , 230 .

W z, r ead
s ug a z
y r e ck o n er , I
54 .

°
EIT
§ mai ls, car r yi ng , 2 0 8
g m s uc h aks hus , h aving g o o d e
y e s, 1 6 5 .

m
.

f m vi d vas, k no wi ng , 20 5 .
y o t i s , well -li gh te d , 1 65 .

i dé
p , a r i ver , 1
74 .
W s ut i , wi sh i ng f o r a s o n, 2 2 2 .

i p r u sh, dr o p fwt o a er , 1 74 .
M am as ,
well - s o un d in g , 1
70 .

fauna vi bhr dj pl d t W m f h avi ng

’

, r es en en ,
1 62 . s ud h i , . . a g o o d mi nd , 2 26.

i va ks k, d es i r o u s o f sa i n
y g, 1
74 .
“

g m sa pi s , wel l -wal ki ng , 1
70 .

W e i vi ks h , wi sh i ng t o e nt er , 1 74 .
“ su bkr fl, m f h avi ng g o o d br o ws ,
. . 2 26.

M e w e nt er i ng
, ,
1
74 .
M ini mum s , well - mi n d e d , 1 65 .

f emur msvap d , al l - p r e s er vi ng , 2 3 9 .
W ‘
s us r i , well -far i ng , 22 1 .

W o zw ar qj
’

,
u ni ver s al m o n ar ch , 1 62 .
W s us a khi , a
g o o d fr i en d, 23 2 .

fa
m vié va sg
’

fi , cr eat o r , 1 62 .
W m hi fizs , wel l -s tr i ki n g , 1 72 .

fi w s uh md, fr i en dl y,
'

ni s h , o r d u r e , 1 74 . I 57 .

W e i s h va c h, all - p er va d i ng , 1 81 .
fi s rz
j , cr eat i ng , 1 62 .

W e ri ks h a l fl, t r ee -h e wer , 222. {fir m s o map a,

’
S o m a dr i nk er , 239 .

w ‘
vfl s ch , cu t t in g , 1 5 9 .
W s tr i , wo m an, 2 2 8.

W ‘
s a kan, o r d u r e, 21 4 . FE E s ni h ,
l o vi ng , 1 74 .

m é akr i t , or dur e, 21 4 . I
f,
s nu, r i d g e , 2 1 4 .

W s aizkh a d kmd , sh el l -bl o wer , 2 39

’ ’
. i
ii s nu b, s p u ein
g ,
1
74 .

W s ds a t, c o mm an d i ng , 1
‘
84 .
“ 819 1 55, t o u ch i ng , 1
74 .

w ’
s u c l n,
'

m f . . 11 . b r i gh t , 2 30 . Hi sr a j , a g ar l an d, 161 .

w ’
s ud d ka d hi , t h in k i ng p ur e t h i ng s, 22 1 . B E s r as , f all i ng , 1 73 .
 29 8 IN D EX O F V E RB S .

Icfl , t o a nj ya, t o gr o w we ak ,
'

fi s catt er , 1 1 3 . 1 5 8,
3 6, 105 .

m
k t, t o p
‘

fi r ai s e, 1
3 8 .
fl j va r , to s uff er ,
9 2 .

351 kr am, t o
1 s tr i de , 30 , 29 . m \
t a ks h, t o h e w, 3 7 .

ii
"
kr i , t o b u y, 1 53 . HQ t an, t o s t r et ch , 1 48 .

kl am, t o t i r e,
fl 2
9 , 3 0 , 1 30 .
fl t ap , t o bu r n, 2 8 .

H t a m, t o l an g u i sh , 1 0
t o ki l l , 1 49 .
Q 3

w
.

m ks h a m, t o b ear , 1 30 . fai n] , t o f o r bear , ( t zti ks h a t e), 6

75 3
, .

fa ks hz, t o wan e , t o d i m i ni sh , a
’

24 . t u, t o
g r o w, 1
7 0 .

M ks hi p , t o k i l l , 1 5 0 .
R t a d, t o s t r i k e , 1 0 4 .

K Iekud, t o 8 fl tfip , t o d eli g h t ,

g e at , . 12
7, 3 8 .

K tri h , t o k ill , 2 0 8
- kh an, t o d i g , 95
13 7
( . .

fl ag ki nd , t o vex ,
107 .
7 tri , t o cr o s s , 61 .

W Tkkyé , t o pr o cl ai m , 1 66 .
“ t r ap , t o b e as h am e d ,
74 .

”
Q g a d , to S p eak , 9 . HQ h as , t o tr e m bl e , 3 0 .

“ y am, t o g o , 3 3 , 3 1 .
a? t r a y, t o cu t , 30 .

9 6, t o g o , 83 H Q tvar t o h ur r y 9 2
TIT .
, , .

al gup , t o p ro t ect , 26, 63 .

i n me t o b it e 6 2
d a , , , 73 .

{
lg a
g ,la t o h i d e, 9 7 , 2
9 .
HQ d a d, t o g i ve, 70 .

fl g ai , to s i ng , 44 .
m da m, t o t ame , 1 30 .

Hi g r a b, t o t ak e , 1 5 7, 1 0 5 . f
at? d a r id r d, t o b e p o o r, 1 79 , 1 77 .

7 55 g l a i , to dr o o p , 43 .
(z d a b, t o b u r n , 4 2 .

g g hu - cl as
s, 46 , 47 ,
2 00 .
31 dd , t o i
g ve , 5 8 .

mgh r
‘
a, t o s m el l , 54 . Td
Q d, t o g i ve , 2 00 .

m c ka /cas ,
’

to s h i ne , 1 77 .
m ai n, w a s di ddnzs a ti , t o
’

s t r ai g h t e n, 63 .

to s p e ak , 1 81 .
fifl ’
d i v, t o pl a
y, 121 .

“ c h ap , to p o u nd , 1 37 . if ? d i t o d , e ca
y , 1 54 .

5 1
1 c h am, to e at , 2 9 .
K M d i d ki
'

, to s h i ne , 1
77 .

fl c ka h , to p o und , 1 3 7 .

g d uh , to mi l k, 1 88 .

fa ch i , to co l l ect , 1 3 7, 1 40 .
g dr i , t o o b s er ve, 1 20 .

fa nc hi t t o t h i nk , 2
W df ifif, t o s ee, 4 8, 3 8
‘
. .
,

c ha r s t eal , 1 3 6 dfl , t o t ear , 56
a , to . 1 .

m o hya t , to s pi r nk l e , 3 . d e, t o p r o t e ct , 85 .

c hho , to cu t , 1 2 4 .
3 d ai , t o cl e a n s e , 46:

W j a ks h ,
to e at , 1
77 ,
1 76 .
2d ai , to p r o t e ct , 85 .

a fl j an, t o s p i ng
r u p, 1 2
3 .
ad o, to cu t , 1 2 4 .

W d
j g r i , t o wak e , 1 78, 1 77 .
m dy ut , t o s h in e , 86 .

fa j i x f ag dvzs h
'

, to e cel , 36 .
, t o h at e , 1 87 .

i j , t o gr o w o l d ,
fi 1 23, 1 56 .
“
HTd ka, t o
‘
pl ace , 2 0 1 .

3 1 j fiap , t o k no w, t o m ak e k no wn , { d ata t o s h ak e, 1 6
‘

5 .

mj fi i c, t o k n o w, 1
59 .
l

‘d
tT htip , t o war m , 27 .
 IND EX O F V E RB S . 29 9

Q d h e, t o d r i nk , 4 7 . 311 md, to m eas ur e , 1 98 .

a n d hmd, t o bl o w, 5 5 .
m m , mi n?! mtmd fi u al e, to sear c h . 63.

W na d , t o h u m, ffl mi , t o t hr o w,
‘

1 1 . 1 54 .

“ mm t b a , o o w, 3 2 . fifl, ’
mid , t o b e wet , 131 .

“ t p fa p i nkl
”
e r is h , 1 2 9, 1 1 mi h, t o
n ae, o 7 .
g s r e, 41 .

t o b in d , fi t mi
”

fi
g na h, 1 35 .
, t o k il l , 1 54 .

M ni ks k, t o k is s, 15 .
3? mu ch , t o l o o s en, 107 .

“ my, t o cl e a ns e , 2 0 2 .
K mu h , t o b e f o o li s h , 1 28 .

fig ni nd, t o bl am e, 14 .
5
1 mr i , to die ,
g 1 1
9 .

mpij , t o
a ur i t , t o d an ce , 1 22 .
fi cl e an , 1 74 .

t o t r affic , 26 . HTmnd, to s tu d
y 57, .

“ p an, t o p r ai se ,
76 .
gi mr uc h , t o g o ,
19 .

Wt p a t , t o f al l , 6 4 .

W yaj , t o s acr i fice ,

99 .

“ p ad, t o g o , 1 33 .

H ymn, t o st o p , 1
3 , 58 .

i n: p a n , to p r ai s e , 2 6 ,
76 . Wi g/ am , t o f e ed , 1 37 .

W a ‘ a
p sy , to s ee , 48 .
1 “y d ,
t o go , 1 65 .

WTp d , t o d r i nk , 5 3 .
3 y a , t o m ix , 1 69 .

“ p hi , t o f o r m , 107 . ti r afi j , t o t in g e, 6 2 .

apzi , t o p ur if
y , 1 56 . ( i: r ad, t o t r ace, 10 .

E p r i , t o fil l , 1 95 , 1 56 . ( 13 r a m, to s p o rt , 91 .

W p r a c kh , to as k , 1 1
5 , 1 05 . t ri m};t o sh i ne , 94 .

1i l Tp s ci , t o e at , 1 63 .
E r u, t o g o , t o kill , 84 .

E17 2pha l , t o b ur s t , 3 4 s h o ut, 1

”

6
‘

. r a, to 70 .

w M i
,

ba d h, Kg r a d 6
’
bi bh a ts at e, t o l o at h e , 6 3
’
.
,
to cr y, 1 7 .

fl band h , t o b i n d , 1 60 .
F Rr ud h , to s h ut o u t , 2 0 3 .

a ba d h , t o p er cei ve , 1 34 .
“ r us h , t o kil l , 3 9 .

1 6 11 2, t o s p e ak , 1
90 . a
nl h t d i as , o es r e , 30 .

h bh afij , t o b r eak , 20 6 .
M ap t p i t , o a n ,
1 0 9, 1 0 7 .

1 fi '
bhi , t o f ear , 1 93 .
m l zq) , t o b r eak , 1 0 7.

5
1 6 1122, t o b e, 1 .
Q hi , t o cu t , 1 5 6 .

q bhri , t o c ar r
y , 1
99 .

a va c h , t o s e ak , 1 75 p .

fi bh r aj j , t o fr y, 10 5 .

“ va j , to g o , 21 .

a bh r am
fl , to r o am , 3 0 ,
1 30 .
“

fi
g vad , to S p eak , 66 .

m ‘
bkr ds , to s h i ne , 30 .
“ pm , to so w, t o weave, 1 00 .

” buds, t o sh i ne , 30 . “ m y, t o g o , 1 05 .

31
3 m y} t o s i nka , , 1 1 7 .
W va l , t o l i ve , 1 37 .

“ 6 7,
“
fi ma d t o r ej o i ce vas, t o d e s ir e ,
g , ,
1 30 . 1 1 05 .

W mant h , t o s h ak e, to ch u r n, 5 .
“ vas, t o d well , 6 5 .

fl
i mav, t o b i nd , 9 2 va h,
“
to
.
El
i car r y, 1 0 1 , 93 .

W 7nd, t o m e as u r e, 1 64 . fiTQ vi ch h, t o g o , 26 .

Q q z
3 00 IND EX O F V E RB s

“ my, t o se p ar at e, 2 0 2 .
“ s un , to o b t ai n , 1 5 1 .

fag vi d ,
t o fin d , 1 0 8, 1 0
7 . H
i s ah , t o b ear , 93 .

fi g vi d , t o k n o w, 1
7 2 .

“ s i c k, to s p r i nk l e , 1 0 7 .

m
‘

fi fl vi s h , to e m b r ace , 2 0 2 . fiN \ s i d h, to go , an d s i dh , to

at vi , s e e my . m a nd , 7 .

a vr i , t o ch o o s e , 1 4 2 ; Par as m ai pad a . fil i s i v, to s er ve , 82 .

3 v i r , to ch er i sh , 1 61 ; At m ane pa d a .
g s u, t o di s t il , 13
9 .

3 a, t o b ear , t o b r i ng f o r t h , 84
fl vgi t , t o b e , 87 1 1
’
.
.
b

“
sri
vmd h t o g r o w 8 7
q t o go
’

fi , , . , , 50 .

i vfi t o ch o o s e 1 5 6
, , .

“ ; t o l et
any o ff , 1 1 6 , 3 8, 4 8 .

3 ve t o weave 1 0 2
, ,
. I fi s o , t o fi ni sh , 1 25, 1 24 .

first pp
vevi , t o o b t ai n, 1
? s ka nd , r o ach , 60
‘

77 . a to a .

W i
‘ vyac h , to su r r o u nd , 1 0 5 .

“ s h a mbh , to su pp o rt , 1 55 .

“I
? vy a t h , t o f ear , t o s u ff er p ai n,
90 .

q s ka , 1 5 5 .

to pi er ce , 1 26, 1 0
5 .

$51 s ha mbh
“

, to h o l d, 1 55 .

fl vr aj ,
t o go , 22 .

“ s t ambh , to su pp o rt , 1 5 5 .

e as c h ,
’

to cu t , 1 1 2 , 1 0 5 . 11 s t u, to p r ai s e , 1 89 .

W .
’
sa k, t o be abl e , 1 44 .

q s tu , to p r ai s e , 1 70 .

mg s d a , t o wi t h er , 5 1 .

“ s t umbh , to s t 0 p, 1 55 .

w 5am, t o c e as e, 1 3 0 . s tr i , to c o ver , 1 41 .

m ai n, sfisris f aess dms a ti , t o p 63

'

s h ar s t ri , to 56
en , E
L c o ver , 1
. .

“ sets , t o co mm and , 1 80 , 1 77 .
a s ty a i , to so un d, 45 .

“ fi s h, t o d i s ti ngu i sh , 204 .
W T“hat, t o s t an d , 56 .

Efi si “
‘
.
, t o l i e d o wn , 1 85 . sp r is, t o t o u ch , 1 14 .

wi sr i d h , t o h u r t , 87 .
E l? s y a nd , to s p r i nkl e, t o dr o p ,
88, 8 7 .

Eh so , to s h ar p en , 1 2 4 .
m er i t} , to go ,
t o d r y, 9 2 .

swa t, t o fl o w, 4
“ 3
j emb r a ce , 73 6
’
.
5 3 s va h , to 2 , .

m achya t, t o fl o w, 4 .
“ s vap , to sl e e p , 1 76 .

t o t i r e, h an, t o k ill , 68
1 30 .
fi 1 .

$
3! s r i
’

, t o go ,
to s er ve ,
9 8 .
{Th d t o l eave , , 1 96 .

a
‘m '

, t o h e ar , 1 45 . fi ’
hi , t o g o , t o g r o w, 1 43 .

w
,

Wq avas hi ms , t o k ill ,
'

t o b r eat h e , 1
76
, . 20
5 .

fig 5
3 0i , to s wel l , 67
"
ha , t o s acr i fi c e, 1 9 2
.

5 .

a? sh tya i t o , s o un d, 45 .

fi hur c hh, t o b e cr o o k e d , 2 0 .

M sh thi v, t o pi t h rz, t o t ak e , 9 6
’

S , 3 5, 29 .

g .

W s hvas hk, t o g o , 71 .
E? h r i t o b e , a sh am e d , 1
94 .

fifl s ah j
’
to s t i ck , 6 2 , 73 h am, t o b e n d , 5 9
5
‘

, . .

H
Q s a d, to p er i sh , 5 2 . h ve, t o call , 1 0 3 .