14.

0 EXPERIMENT ON DETERMINATION OF TOTAL SOLIDS IN

WATER

Sl. No. Contents

Preamble

14.1 Aim

14.2 Introduction

14.2.1 Environmental Significance

14.3 Principle

14.4 Materials Required

14.4.1 Apparatus Required

14.5 Sample Handling and Preservation

14.5.1 Precautions

14.6 Procedure

14.7 Calculation

14.7.1 Table

14.7.2 Data Sheet

14.8 Interpretation of Results

14.9 Inference

14.10 Evaluation
 14.0 EXPERIMENT ON DETERMINATION OF TOTAL SOLIDS IN
WATER

PREAMBLE:
“How to determine total solids in Water and Wastewater”.
Test procedure is in accordance to IS: 3025 (Part 15) - Reaffirmed 2003.
In addition to our Indian Standard, we also discuss in brief regarding the procedure
stated in
(1) APHA Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater - 20th Edition.
Method 2540 B.

(2) Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, EPA-600/4-79-020, USEPA,
Method 160.3.

14.1 AIM
To determine the total solids in the given water sample. Test procedure is in
accordance to IS: 3025 (Part 15) - Reaffirmed 2003.

14.2 INTRODUCTION
The term “solids” is generally used when referring to any material suspended or
dissolved in water or wastewater that can be physically isolated either through
filtration or through evaporation.
Solids can be classified as either filterable or non filterable. Filterable solids may
either be settleable or non settleable. Solids can also be classified as organic or
inorganic.
Total Solids is the term applied to the material residue left in the vessel after
evaporation of a sample and its subsequent drying in an oven at a defined
temperature.
Measurement of Solids can be made in different water samples (industrial, domestic
and drinking water) and it is defined as residue upon evaporation of free water.
Thus, Total solids are nothing but summation of total dissolved solids and
total suspended solids.
14.2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE

Total solids measurements can be useful as an indicator of the effects of runoff from
construction, agricultural practices, logging activities, sewage treatment plant
discharges, and other sources.
Total solids also affect water clarity. Higher solids decrease the passage of light
through water, thereby slowing more rapidly and hold more heat; this, in turn, might
adversely photosynthesis by aquatic plants. Water will heat up affect aquatic life that
has adapted to a lower temperature regime.
As with turbidity, concentrations often increase sharply during rainfall, especially in
developed watersheds. They can also rise sharply during dry weather if earth-
disturbing activities are occurring in or near the stream without erosion control
practices in place.
Regular monitoring of total solids can help detect trends that might indicate
increasing erosion in developing watersheds.
Total solids are related closely to stream flow and velocity and should be correlated
with these factors. Any change in total solids over time should be measured at the
same site at the same flow.
In the case of water:
Water with total solids generally is of inferior palatability and may induce an
unfavorable physiological reaction. It may be esthetically unsatisfactory for purposes
such as bathing.
Total solids will be higher in highly mineralized waters, which result in unsuitability
for many industrial applications.
It indicates effectiveness of sedimentation process and it affects effectiveness of
disinfection process in killing microorganisms.
It is used to assess the suitability of potential supply of water for various uses. In the
case of water softening, amount of total solids determine the type of softening
procedure.
Corrosion control is frequently accomplished by the production of stabilized waters
through pH adjustment. The pH stabilization depends to some extent upon the total
solids present as well as alkalinity and temperature.
In the case of waste water:
Solids analyses are important in the control of biological and physical wastewater
treatment processes and for assessing compliance with regulatory agency
wastewater effluent limitations
Although the waste water or sewage normally contains 99.9 percent of water and
only 0.1 percent of solids, but it is the solids that have the nuisance value.
The amount of solids in wastewater is frequently used to describe the strength of the
water. The more solids present in a particular wastewater, the stronger that
wastewater will be. The environmental impacts of solids in all forms have detrimental
effects on quality since they cause putrefaction problems.
If the solids in wastewater are mostly organic, the impact on a treatment plant is
greater than if the solids are mostly inorganic.

14.3 PRINCIPLE
The sample is evaporated in a weighed dish on a steam bath and is dried to a
constant mass in an oven either at 103-105°C or 179-181°C.
Total solids/residue is calculated from increase in mass.

14.4 MATERIALS REQUIRED

14.4.1 APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. Crucible
2. Oven
3. Desiccators
4. Analytical Balance
5. Dish Tongs
6. Magnetic Stirrer
7. Wash Bottle
14.5 SAMPLE HANDLING AND PRESERVATION
Preservation of sample is not practical. Because biological activity will continue after
a sample has been taken, changes may occur during handling and storage.

Both the characteristics and the amount of solids may change.

To reduce this change in samples taken for solids determinations, keep all samples
at 40 C.
Do not allow samples to freeze.

Analysis should begin as soon as possible.

14.5.1 PRECAUTIONS
The following precautions should be observed while performing the experiment:
• Water or Wastewater samples which contain high concentrations of calcium,
chloride, magnesium or sulphate can rapidly absorb moisture from the air.
Such samples may need to be dried for a longer period of time, cooled under
proper desiccation and weighed rapidly in order to achieve a reasonable
constant weight.
We should be aware prolonged drying may result in loss of constituents,
particularly nitrates and chlorides.
• Non-representative particulates such as leaves, sticks, fish and lumps of fecal
matter should be excluded from the sample if it is determined that their
inclusion is not desired in the final result.
• Floating oil and grease, if present, should be included in the sample and
dispersed by a blender device before sub-sampling.
• Volume of sample should be adjusted to have residue left after drying as 100
to 200mg. It is mainly to prevent large amount of residue in entrapping water
during evaporation.
• Highly mineralized water containing significant concentration of calcium,
magnesium, chloride, and/or sulphate may be hygroscopic. Hence prolonged
drying, desiccation and rapid weighing.
• We should be aware prolonged drying may result in loss of constituents,
particularly nitrates and chlorides.
 • Volume of sample should be adjusted to have residue left after drying as 100
to 200mg. It is mainly to prevent large amount of residue in entrapping water
during evaporation.

14.6 PROCEDURE
• To measure total solids, take a clean porcelain dish which has been washed
and dried in a hot air oven at 105°C for one hour.
Now weigh the empty evaporating dish in analytical balance. Let’s denote the
weight measured as (W1).
• Now we should have to decide what should be the volume of sample to be
taken for analysis.
• Volume may be estimated either from values of specific conductance or
general thumb rule.
• In general, select a sample volume that will yield residue between 2.5 and
200 mg after drying.
• Using pipette transfer 75mL of unfiltered sample in the porcelain dish.
• Switch on the oven and allowed to reach 105°C. Check and regulate oven
and furnace temperatures frequently to maintain the desired temperature
range.
• Place it in the hot air oven and care should be taken to prevent splattering of
sample during evaporation or boiling.
• Dry the sample to get constant mass. Drying for long duration usually 1 to 2
hours is done to eliminate necessity of checking for constant mass.
• Cool the container in a desiccator. Desiccators are designed to provide an
environment of standard dryness. This is maintained by the desiccant found
inside. Don't leave the lid off for prolonged periods or the desiccant will soon
be exhausted.
• Keep desiccator cover greased with the appropriate type of lubricant in order
to seal the desiccator and prevent moisture from entering the desiccator as
the test glassware cools.
• We should weigh the dish as soon as it has cooled to avoid absorption of
moisture due to its hygroscopic nature.
 • Samples need to be measured accurately, weighed carefully, and dried and
cooled completely.
• Note the weight with residue as (W2).

14.7 CALCULATION

Initial weight of the Crucible (W1) = ……….. g

Final weight of the Crucible + sample (W2) = ……….. g
Weight of residue (W) = W2 - W1 g
1000 * 1000 w
Amount of total solids present in the sample =
v

W = weight of total residue in (mg). (Therefore multiply W with 1000)

V = Volume of the sample (mL)(To convert mL to L)
=…………..mg/L
The readings are required to be tabulated.
14.7.1 TABLE

Description Weight (g)

14.7.2 DATA SHEET
DETERMINATION OF TOTAL SOLIDS
DATA SHEET

Date Tested : August 30, 2010

Tested By : CEM Class, Group A
Project Name : CEM, NITTTR Lab
Sample Number : BH1
Sample Location : Perungudi (Lat 12’ 57’’ 31.74 & Long 80’ 14’’ 8.82)
Sample Description : Surface water

Weight
Description
(g)
Initial Weight of the Crucible (g) W1 35. 4323
Final Weight of the Crucible + sample (g) W2 35. 4739
Weight of residue(g) W 0. 0416
Volume of the Sample (mL) V 75. 0
Total Solids (mg/L) TS 555.0

Specimen Calculation:
W1 = 35. 4323 g
W2 = 35. 4739 g
V = 75. 0 mL
Weight of residue (g) W = W2 - W1
= 35. 4739 - 35. 4323
= 0. 0416 g

Weight of residue in mg (To convert W (g) to W (mg), multiply W (g) with 1000)
W (mg) = 0.0416 x 1000
= 41.6mg
Multiply the weight of the dry solids (in mg) by 1,000 mL/L to convert the sample size from mL to L.

Total Solids (mg/L)

V = Volume of the sample (mL) (To convert mL to L, multiply by 1000)
=41.6 mg/75 mL = 0.555 mg/mL
= 0.555 mg/mL x 1,000 mL/L
= 555 mg/L
14.8 Interpretation of Results
In the given sample, a total solid is equivalent to 555.0 mg/L.
14.9 Inference
Total solids are nothing but summation of Total Dissolved Solids and Total
Suspended Solids. Regular monitoring of total solids can help detect trends that
might indicate increasing erosion in developing watersheds. Total solids also affect
water clarity. Total Solids may indicate the presence of agricultural activities,
dredging, or mining upstream from your sample site.

14.10 Evaluation
1. After Evaporation, the evaporating dishes needs to be
.

a) weighed immediately
b) kept in air for cooling to room temperature
c) cooled to room temperature in a dessicator
d) cooled to a temperature less that 25ºC

2. Total Solids are referred to materials left after evaporation.

a) True
b) False

3. A sample was stored @ 4 ºC for 4 days. During the analysis, the temperature of
the sample should be
a) maintained at 4 ºC
b) brought to room temperature
c) below room temperature
d) brought above room temperature by adding boiled distilled water

4. The determination of total solids in wastewater gives an idea about

a) the foulness of the sewage

b) pH of the sewage
c) temperature of the sewage
d) colour of the sewage
5. The evaporating dishes needs to be cleaned and dried at _______ to remove the
existing organic content.
a) 100° C
b) 250° C
c) 450° C
d) 550° C

6. Sewage contains about 99% of _____.

a) water
b) solids
c) clay
d) microbes

7. Interference in the determination of total solids is due to ______.

a) Oil and Greese

b) Large water sample
c) Dissolved salts
d) Suspended salts

8. For analysis of total solids the sample used should be

a) homogenous sample
b) supernatant of the sample
c) settled sample
d) clear sample

9. The sewage contain

a) suspended and dissolved solids.
b) no solids
c) only dissolved solids
d) only suspended solids

10. The major dissolved substances in natural water are comprised of

a) iron, manganese, silica and nitrate
b) calcium, magnesium, sodium, bicarbonate, sulfate and chloride
c) all anions
d) all cations
KEY TO ITEMS:
1) c
2) True
3) b
4) a
5) d
6) a
7) a
8) a
9) a
10) b