Professional Documents
Culture Documents
137.2829 486.18
205.4735
460.8447
139.8165
153.5147
236.7347
235.9188
186.4506
125.2594
548.4018
Maximum Fuel Cell Cost by State
by Max Fuel Cell Cost
$440 to $549 (3)
$330 to $440 (2)
$220 to $330 (4)
$110 to $220 (7)
$0 to $110 (35)
Option Value of DG Sources
Small scale and modularity provide an option value from:
•Increased planning flexibility
•Shorter lead-time, and
•Decreased risk of overbuilding
•Optionality: low cost to start, stop, defer
16000
14000 West13
12000
MDCC (PP/kW)
West34
10000 Cent13
8000 Cent34
6000 East
4000 69kV
2000
0
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
year
Deferral Value - based on area MDCCs
• The deferral value depends on the marginal distribution
capacity cost, which varies by location and time.
• The MDCC value can range from zero to over $1000/kW,
with most areas at $100-$400/kW.
• By selecting high cost areas, a utility can offset their
revenue loss in cost savings through deferral of capacity
increases in high-cost areas. Amount of Load at Different Levels of MDCC
100%
Percent of Utility Load Greater 90%
80%
70%
than MDCC
PG&E
60%
PSI
50%
KCP&L
40%
CP&L
30%
20%
10%
0%
$0
$140
$280
$420
$560
$700
$840
$980
$1,120
$1,260
$1,400
$1,540
$1,680
Marginal Distribution Capacity Cost
Engineering Cost Savings and Ancillary
Service Value
In a common “problem area,” DG operation can:
• Eliminate the need to re-conductor feeders
• Improve voltage levels at the feeder ends
• Eliminate the need for capacitor banks
• Provide reactive power (VAR) compensation
• Eliminate the need for voltage regulators
• Reducing feeder loading and delay replacement
• Reduce line losses and transmission system load
Power supply reliability/resilience
EPRI-website synthetic
satellite image, 10 August
1996…utilities routinely
keeping the lights on. But
~98–99% of U.S. outages
are caused by the grid.
For example...