1. Define Kendal’s notation for representing queuing models.

A queuing model is specified and represented symbolically in the form

(a/b/c) : (d/e)

Where a- inter arrival time

b-service mechanism

c-number of service

d-the capacity of the system

e-the queue discipline

2. In a super market, the average arrival rate of customer is 5 in every 30 minutes

following Poisson process. The average time is taken by the cashier to list and
calculate the customer’s purchase is 4.5 minutes; following exponential
distribution. What is the probability that the queue length exceeds 5?

Arrival rate= 5/30 min

Service rate=2/9min

Probability that the queue length exceeds 5 = (ρ) n+2

= (.75) 7=0.133

3. Explain Queue discipline and its various forms.

(i) FIFO or FCFS - First In First Out or First Come First Served.

(ii) LIFO or LCFS - Last In First Out or Last Come First Served.

(iii) SIRO - Selection for service in random order.

(iv) PIR - Priority in selection

4. Distinguish between transient and steady state queuing system.

A system is said to be in transient state when its operating characteristics are

dependent on time. A steady state system is one in which the behavior of the system is
independent of time.

5. Define steady state?

A system is said to be in steady state when the behavior of the system

independent of time. Let pn(t) denote the prob that there are ‘n’ units in the system
at time t. then in steady state=> lim pn'( t )=0

t→∞

6. Write down the little formula?

Ls=Lq+λ/µ

Where Ls= the average no. of customers in the system

Lq= the average no. of customers in the queue

7. If traffic intensity of M/M/I system is given to be 0.76, what percent of time the
system would be idle?

Traffic intensity = 0.76 (busy time)

System to be idle = 1-0.76 =0.24

8. What are the basic elements of queuing system?

System consists of the arrival of customers, waiting in queue, pick up for

service according to certain discipline, actual service and departure of customer.

9. What is meant by queue discipline?

 The manner in which service is provided or a customer is selected for service
is defined as the queue discipline.

10. What are the classifications of queuing models?

m | m | I |∞ m | m | I |n m | m | c|∞ m | m | c |n

11. What are the characteristic of queuing process?

Arrival pattern of customers, service pattern of servers, queue discipline,

system capacity, no. of service channels, no. of service stage.

12. Define Poisson process?

The Poisson process is a continuous parameter discrete state process (ie) a

good model for many practical situations. if X(t)represents the no. of Occurrences of
a certain in (0, t) then the discrete random process {X (t)} is called the Poisson
process. if it satisfies the following postulates

I. P[1 occurrence in (t,t+Δt)] =λΔt + O(Δt)

II. P[0 occurrence in (t,t+Δt)] =1-λΔt + O(Δt)

III. P[2 or more occurrence in (t,t+Δt)] =O(Δt)

IV. X(t) is independent of the number of

occurrences of the event in any interval prior (or) after the interval(0,t)

V. The prob that the event occurs a specified

number of times in (t 0, t 0+t) depends only on t but not on t 0.

13. Given any two examples of Poisson process?

1. The number of incoming telephone calls received in a particular time

 2. The arrival of customer at a bank in a day

14. What are the properties of Poisson process?

1. The Poisson process is a markov process.

2. Sum of two independent poissen processes is a poisson process.

3. Difference of two independent poisson processes is not poisson

process.

4. The inter arrival time of a poisson process has an exponential

distribution with mean 1/λ.

15. Customer arrives at a one-man barber shop according to a Poisson process

with an mean inter arrival time of 12 minutes. Customers spend a average of 10
minutes in the barber’s chain.What is the expected no of customers in the barber
shop and in the queue?

Given mean arrival rate 1/λ = 12.

Therefore λ = 1/12 per minute.

Mean service rate 1/µ = 10.

Therefore µ = 1/10 per minute.

Expected number of customers in the system

Ls = λ/µ-λ

= 1/12/1/10-1/12 = 5 customers.

16. Define pure birth process?

If the death rates µk = 0 for all k = 1, 2…… we have a pure birth

process.
17. Write down the postulates of birth and death process?

1) p [1 birth (t, t + Δt)] = λn(t)Δt + 0(Δt)

2) p [0 birth in (t, t + Δt)] = 1 - λn(t)Δt + 0(Δt).

3) p [1 death in (t, t + Δt)] = µn(t)Δt + 0(Δt)

4) p [0 death in (t, t + Δt)] = 1 - µn(t)Δt + 0(Δt).

18. What is the formula for the problem for a customer to wait in the queue under

(m/m/1 N/FCFS)

Ws = Ls/λ.

19. What is the average number of customers in the system under

(m/m/e: ∞/FCFS)?

λµ (λ/µ)c / (c-1)!(cµ - λ )2 + λ/µ.

20. What is the difference between probabilistic deterministic and mixed models?

Probabilistic: When there is uncertainty in both arrivals rate and service rate are

assumed to be random variables.

Deterministic: Both arrival rate and service rate are constants.

Mixed: When either the arrival rate or the service rate is exactly known and the other
is not known.

21. What are the assumptions in m/m/1 model?

 (i) Exponential distribution of inter arrival times or poisson
distribution

of arrival rate.

(ii) Queue discipline is first come, first serve.

(iii) Single waiting line with no restriction no length of queue.

(iv) Single server with exponential distribution of service times.

22. People arrive at a theatre ticket booth in poisson distributed arrival rate of
25/hour. Service time is constant at 2 minutes. Calculate the mean?

λ = 25/hr µ = (½)60 = 30 per hour.

ρ = λ/µ = 25/30 = 5/6 = 0.833

Lq = ρ2 / 1-ρ = (.833)2 / 1 - .833 = 4.15502

Mean waiting time=Lq/λ = 4/25 = 4/25 * 60 = 9.6 minutes.