Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Phramacongnosy
Final Revision
- Islam Hamdi Mansoor
(Hemlock )
Contra indications
& side effects :
Externally: Application on injured skin, allergies
to capsicum.
Capsicum Internally: cause burning in the mouth , throat
and running nose.
People with ulcers , gastritis should not use any
capsicum containing product cautiously as it may
worsen their condition
Side effects
Cramp-like of the GIT.
Chronic use or abuse: Cause Weakness of bowel
muscles.
Senna Pods Disturbance of electrolyte balance.
Potassium deficiency can lead to muscular
weakness and disorders of heart function
especially with concurrent use of cardiac
glycosides.
Chemical Tests of Fruits
Morphology
ovate lanceolate , Violet tinge
and Separated into mericarps
Histology:
T.S. is Pentagon
Epidermal cells:
Ammi Not Papillosed with smooth cuticle.
visnaga Mesocarp:
Vittae showing radiating cells
(Fan like shape)
Crescent V.B. and V.B. surrounded by a
large empty vittae (lacuna)
Innermost layer of mesocarp:porous cells
OR “ Hemlock “ can be distinguished from Anise
fruit by :
Morphologically:
endocarp develops the coniine fruit
, its smaller size,
No aromatic odor and taste.
having crenate ridges (beaded-appearance), often
separated into mericarps.
Histologically: Absence of vitae and hairs;
endosperm shows a deep groove on its commissural
surface (campylospermous), while anise fruit of
Conium orthospermous
Chemically: can be detected by rubbing the fruits
with a solution of caustic alkali it develops a strong
Uses:
Gentian
A strong bitter: as an appetite stimulant and also as
tonic. Gentian reflexively promotes gastric juice and
root
saliva production through stimulation of gustatory
receptors in the taste buds.
enhance the body's resistance to external stresses
and improve physical and mental performance.
• Acting on the central nervous, cardiovascular, and
endocrine systems, it promotes immune function and
increases metabolism.
• Ginseng has had beneficial effects on women
suffering postmenopausal
Ginseng
improvements in virility among men.
• Peptidoglycans have hypoglycemic action
• Polyacetylenes – antiphlogistic.
benefits of ginseng tea include a reduced risk of
developing cancer, relief from menstrual problems,
reduction in obesity, improvement of digestive
disorders, and a boosted immune system, as well as
improving signs of mental distress, asthma and
arthritis
Curcuma or
-Colouring agent, carminative and stimulant.
Turmeric -Antiinflammatory, antioxidant and antihepatotoxic
Spice, bitter stomachic, tonic, cholagogue, dyspepsia.
Anti-emetic: galanolactone
Gingerols: inhibit prostaglandin and leukotriene
biosynthesis and have antiphlogistic action.
gingerols and shogaols have shown molluscicidal and
antischistosomal activity (bilharziosis)
Ginger Expectorant.
- Powerful anti-emetic.
-Antiinflammatory and in rheumatic pain.
- Carminative & flavouring agent
- Improve circulation and antihypertensive
- Reduce high cholesterol level in blood
- Cough mixtures
-Antioxidant
Active Constituent of Subterranien
Triterpene saponins:
glycyrrhizin which is a mixture of potassium and calcium
salts of glycyrrhizic acid.
(50 fold sweeter than glucose)
Liquorice Hydrolysis of Glycyrrhizic acid: glycyrrhitinic acid and
diglucuronic acid
root Flavonoids: Liquiritigenin Isoliquiritigenin
Coumarins : Licopyranocoumarins
Acidic polysaccharide Glycyrrhiza
Anthraquinones derivatives
- Free (aglycone) e.g. emodin, aloe-emodin,
Rhubarb root chrysophanol and rhein
- The glycoside derivatives of the above compounds e.g.
glucoaloe-emodin and chrysophanein
- Sennosides glycosides A, B, C
and D
5- 10% mucilage (polysaccharides) Starch
Marshmallow Small amount of sulfated flavonoids
root
Secoiridoid bitter principle (gentiopicrin and
amarogentin )
Yellow pigments (xanthone)
Carbohydrates (pectins) gel forming substances which
Gentian root are responsible for the considerable swelling of the drug
upon moisting.
Side effects
sodium and water retention, potassium loss and high
Licorice root blood pressure.
Contraindications: Liver disorders, Hypokalemia and
Kidney failure.
Interaction with other drugs: thiazide and diuretics
Contra indications:
Gentian Gastric and duodenal ulcer
root Side effects:
In predisposed individuals, headaches may occur.
Interaction with other drugs: None known
Notes of Subterrienian
-Volatile oil:
menthol,menthyl
Peppermint acetate menthone &
mentyl isovalerinate.
Herb
-Tannins
-Volatile oil:
Thyme Herb
Thymol,Carvacrol
Linalool and Broneol.
- Resin materials:
tetrahydro cannabinol
and cannabinoids
- THC:
Cannabis
Cannabinol & cannabinal
Herb -Nitrogen bases :
choline, trigonelline
Sterols
Chemical Tests
Cannabis Herb
cultivated in tropical ..countries for resin production.. In temperate
region it produces .. less or no resin but more fibers.
a Glandular trichomes showing globular multicellular
head of 8-16 radiating club-shaped cells and
multicellular pluriseriate stalk.
leaf tissue with cluster crystal of Ca Ox.
Curved hairs with or without cystolith of CaCO
Glandular trichomes with labiaceous glandular head
and short unicellular stalk.
Papillosed stigma.
Laticiferous vessels and pericyclic fibers.
Cannabis keys elements
Lecture 2
Uses OF SEEDS
Internally :
-Treatment of hypercholesterolaemia
(reduction of very low density
lipoprotein .
-hypertension
Linseed
Lignans)
Externally :
- used in poultices for boils and
carbuncles.
- if in Seed form :
- If in Stem Form :
- its fibers Used in Clothes
- its straw used in Papers
-Topically anti-inflammatory for
wounds and leg ulcers due to
saponins.
Internally :
Antidiabetic: seeds improve metabolic
symptoms associated with type- 1 and
type-2 diabetes by reducing serum
glucose and improving glucose
tolerance (it produces changes in
gastric emptying and in the GIT
transition time, which can delay
absorption of sugars in the small
Foenugreek seed intestines due to mucilage).
- Hypocholestrolemic : saponins
increase the excretion of bile acids
with depletion of cholesterol stores in
liver .
- Lactagogue: aqueous extract
stimulate the milk production & uterine
contractions.
- Laxative effect: due to the high
mucilage content.
- Diosgenin: synthesis of steroid drugs
such as cortisone and sex hormones.
Externally :
- Rubefacient: redness of skin due to
vasodilatation
- Counter- irritant : surface irritation of
the skin to counteract the underlying
Black mustard musculoskeletal pain. - Footbath:
treatment of Chilblain
Internally:
-Infusion: Oil aids in the reduction risk
of cancers of alimentary tract. (GIT
tract).
White Mustard The same but it is less irritant to eye &
skin
-Mechanical laxative (bulk laxative) so
used in treatment of chronic
Psyllium seed constipation (stimulant laxative) in
pregnant women and old age Due to
(Flea seed) mucilage content
-Anal fissures , haemorrhoids &
irritable bowel .
Active Constituents Of Seeds
- Mucilage (galactomanan): on
hydrolysis yields mannose and
galactose which is NEUTRAL
MUCILAGE
- Alkaloids (pyridine-type) trigonelline
Foenugreek seed and choline.
- Proteins & fixed oil.
- Steroid saponins: sapogenin &
diosgenin
Pigment layer
Linseed Mat-like structure
Endosperm & embryo
( Flax Seed ) Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Nutritive layer
Thick cuticle
Testa :
Foenugreek seed Palisade-like epidermal cells
Basket-like cells (Hypodermis)
Nutritive layer & Aleurone
Kernel :
Mucilagenous endosperm Embryo
Network-like structure
Black & White
Mustard
Psyllium ----------
Side Effects
There is no risk from cyanogenic
glycosides even in long term use . Give
reason
Because linamarase enzyme of linseed is
partly inactivated under the acidity of the
stomach and less than 1% of the
cyanogenic glycoside is hydrolysed
Linseed andThe majority of HCN liberated is
converted rapidly into the non toxic
( Flax Seed ) thiocynate(SCN) by detoxification
mechanism in the body.
Precaution
Only the ripe seeds should be used as
immature seeds can cause poisoning as
they contain traces of prussic acid (HCN)
Contraindications
Foenugreek seeds have potential to
exaggerate the effect of administered
Foenugreek seed hypoglycemic drugs
As Foenugreek showed oxytocic and
uterine stimulant activity so using
foenugreek during pregnancy and
lactation is not recommended
Contraindications
hypersensitive skin and peptic ulcer as
Mustard oil is contraindicated when there
is severe circulatory damage and with
varicose veins
PRECAUTIONS
General : It should be taken with adequate
volumes of fluid to enhance swelling
power. It should never be taken orally as
dried powder, because of the possibility of
bowel obstruction.
Linseed has Straight embryo .. Dicot & whitish endosperm .. Anatropous ovule
(raphe) .. Albuminous (endospermic) seed. Typical aleurone grain ( one
crystalloid and one globoid ) ..
Essential fatty acids (EFAs) : (omega-3 or n−3) (omega-6, n−6) Fatty acids which
cannot be produced by the human body so essential to be taken in diet.
The high α-linolenic acid (C18:3) content of linseed makes the oil an excellent
drying oil used in paints, inks, varnishes, wood treatments ..
atherosclerosis is Deposition of low density lipoproteins on walls of arteries.
This results a narrowing of arteries which leads to atherosclerosis which
increase blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases .
Foeungreek Seed has Albuminous seed .. Accumbent embryo .. Testa has one
integument
Psyllium has Epidermis of the dorsal side mucilage .. Epidermis of the ventral
side devoid of mucilage.
dorsal side ( Showing Embryo)
Psyllium husk used in laxative preparations.
The most important criterion of quality is the swelling factor which must be at
least 9. The good quality drugs related with higher values 11-14.