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— lrQw/ æx[boÆ

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• bF ^&, NofM !!, Yo+NofM @%@ • g]=;+= !!#* l;Nnf÷lrNnf • lj=;+= @)&$ kmfu'g Thaunkanhe - Nepal Bhasa Monthly | February-March 2018

d" M %)÷– tsf

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Kantipur Diagnostic Center

(Poly Clinic)
Sankhamool, Naya Baneshwor
P.O. Box : 2477 KTM
Phone : 4784994, 4782386, 4780992
Fax: 01-4784995
Email kdcrdj@ntc.net.np
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:jfF XjOu' Ono\ nf Soao\ jg]u ' j n'vf n'Fofu'
Wjfvf y]+RjgLu' .
uhfw/ssf+ ;';f ofgftMu' j Soaof
l;;fa';ft /;bf/h'of t;s+ x];fM . k'mSs l;dfo\
g+ aFo\ lyOs ;L ;ofRjgLu' . j Soaof ;Ldft
ofQ';]dRj+ . EjfSs EjfSslrgf Sjft';]Rj+ .
bSj l;dfof Sjo\ rfsMln+ :js' :js'lt tMhf
ofgf cKkfof kmMrft bgftMu' b' .
j Soaof l;;fa';ft uhfw/ of yMlylt,
Oi6ldq, hMnfvMnf ;sl;g+ ;jfM sfo]v + .
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lgˆjM wsfM sfMjMlk+t yMDx+ x]:jof ‰jf h'OTo+u'
:jfF Yjof laof5\jOu' .
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x]l;;fa';f OgfaLu' . ps]+Old :jlGtof nflu
l;;fa';f Gofo]DjfM .
;'yo\ la:s"6 lgkf gfk 5u" lunf; Rof
Tjgf j Soao\;+ jgLDx uhfw/afGxL hfofg+
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8 yf} +sGx]
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dtfk+ :jfFdf l;df ;';f ofo]u 'lnO tNnLg h'of
RjgLu' . æl5 go]lkTofM dh'o]j + ;sl;of+ Kjfyo\
SjM xfo]sf Rjg]kmO nf <Æ wsfM ‰ofno\ Rjgf
;/:jtL sfsL tF jM ;n+ wof5\jn ls ltlg aNn
NxfM t'lt l;nf a'n'x'+ HoMgf ofMemfOu' .
nSsf hjfgano\ lg;] + Soaof ;';f
ofgfjof Rj+Dx uhfw/a}+; j+ln;]nf emg j
x]Soao\ O{ lasLDx h'n . yDx+ l;df uo]kmQn]
yMDx x]l;;fa';ft vfgf laOu' . ;L ;o]Sjrfo]j+
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EjfSslrgf lwl;nfgfRj+u' vM .
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NjMdd+  . uhfw/+cy];';f ofgftMu'ln+ x]j Soaof
;f}Gbo{ eltrf x]kfMdh" .
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ukfo\rf]g:jf jMu' . Ejo\ jg]To+lk+ Nof;]t Nofo\
Dxt cQ/tofM ‰jM5'jMl+k y]+Rj+ . 5df 5df
:jfFdf l;dft pln x]af+nfM sf . l;dfSjo\ kmMrfo\
Rjgf 5s ukm ofo]dvgL wsfM 5]FHof ofsg+
ofsg+ Sjrfo]s]dfM .Æ wfwf+ hMvM Rj+lk+ ld;ft
l;dfSjo\ ˆot'gf DxfOk' 5ØfjOu' . can]uhfw/
yMu' Soaof :jfFdf l;df :j:j+ Gxfo\ k'mn]ofgf
ld;ft gfk vF d'Osf RjgLu' . 5sM cy]kf;flk+
gfk ukm ofgfRj+Dx uhfw/of DXofo\ ;'ldqf+ yM
sfo\ kmMrf+ s't'+jof Dx't';L jf+ kfnf :jlt kfsf+
;'Odfn .
drft l;dfSjo\ Rjgf u'Rrf lDxtMjM;f+
;'oft+ 5'+ dwfODx uhfw/ . a? j drfto\;+ :jfFdf
:o+sfaL, l;dfof sRrf Tjy'nfaL wsfM k'mSs
drft Soa+ KofxfF dj+tn]yM x]lkof RjgLu' .
uhfw/of sfG5fDx sfo\ b]jw/of j Soagfk
oSj :jfk" b' . lDxt];M;f+lg;]+af}g fk Soao\ jgf
kmMSjo\ kf;flk+gfk u'Rrf lDxtLu' . lembF le+mlgbFlt
b'ano\ Soao\ lkjfM RjgfRj+Dx af}+ofu' ldvf
lkOsf kfs]dh"lgu' ef]uTof vfgf ;'r'sf lkg]
lDxtMjgLu' . u'an]+kmMrfo\ Rjgf EjFofu' …dfOsÚ
bo]sf g]tf h'of efif0f laofM lDxtLu' . yM oMoMy]+
Do]xfnf KofvF x'nf ;sl;t+ lGxOsf tOu' .
b]jw/t;s+ x]c:oM . jof kf;flk+ g+ jy]+x]
xfl;+d'/f . ps]+b]jw/kf;flk+ d'+sf Soao\ jgls
uhfw/g+ sfo\gfk+ yM g+ Soao\ jgLu''  . 5sM :s"no\
5\jDx b]jw/:s'no\ dj+;]lgDx KoDx kf;flk+ xof
yMDx+ ;'r'sftMu' lguM ef]u Tof :o+sf GXof]g]5]F
Rj+u' bnfgo\ Rjgf gofRjgL . sfo\ :s"no\ jg
wsf ‰ofno\ Rjgf ofpFs ahf+ TjgfRj+Dx uhfw/
sfo\ kf;flk+ gfk ef]uTof :o+sf gofRj+u' vgL .
ofsg+ tFrfODx uhfw/ps'Gx' sfo\ :s"n+ la:o'+jof
slk{lgu' bnfgo\ Rjgf ef]uTof v'of gofRj+u' vgfM
t;s+ tFjn . cn]tLhs SjxfF jof GXofOk's
;fSs ef]uTof gofRj+lk+ drfto\t yMDx+ ahf+
yf}+sGx] 9
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hUufo\ Vo]F Yjo]su] ' of]hgf+ l;d]G6ofu'
cfw'lgs a+unf w:jfsn . j x]a+unfof
5s" tMs'u' a}7so\ clkm; :jgf PS;kf]6–{
ODkf]6{ Hof GXofsn . l;;fa';fof yf;o\
Woaf ;o]sf Sog b]jw/ + .
TjgfRj+u' gMsyL+ bfMu' b]w/of uan]+NjMdd+ .
Soaof ;';f ofgfRj+Dx uhfw/dbo] j+
l;dfxMt xfo] sf pv] nf y'v] nf dbo] s afof
j+y]+x]efg'w/j lul/w/uhfw/of lgDx sfo\lk+
5]Fg+ afof jg . ef;+ :o';f+lg;]+af}g fk j Soao\
:jfk" tofRj+Dx b]jw/5Dx hs j x]Soa 3fMu'
5]FsQfgf Rjg . t/b]j w/of Gxfkfy]+Soao\ jg]
dnfM . af}Dx y]+Soaof ;';f ofjgf Rjg]dnfM .
jof SjM dxfgLano\ bgf clkm;o\ jgf Wj+ dxftn]
Hof ofo]dfM .
;';f dufo\j+ uhfw/of pln af+nfMu' Soaof
:jfFdf l;dft lGx:jof lGx ugf jgfRjg . cKkf+
bgftMu' kmMrft g+ yfo\yf;o\ cKkf NofxfFjof
5'+sL a'/Ly]+Rjg]w'+sn . pln GXofOk'u' Soa bLk
y]+lemhf+bF  . oSjl;t OgflaO bo]s ;L ;Ou' l;dfo\
5]FhMlklg x];jf sfo]dvg . :jfFdft KofMrfof
d'v" x]dXjano\ ‰jfM h'ofjg . Dxf;'u' xM
xfofjgf jfpFu' xM r'ln hfOu' k|s[ltof lgod+ ofgf
hs x]:jfFdf l;dft NogfRj+u' wfo]d fM . uhfw/
ssfof d[To'ln;]+jo\sMofu' Soaofu' ;f}+bo{ g+ ;tL
jgsf . Soaof ;L gofRj+lk;+ wfn .
b]jw/of bfh'lk;+ :jof b]jw/+ af+nfs :o" j
Soao\ yM af}o f kl/>d b' w}u' . yM af}o f lxrMlt+
5fo] lkof tMu' Soao\ yMDx+ 5'+ ofo]dk'mu'ln+
GXofan]+jof dgo\ vFNxfM . :jlGt GXofjMln;]
jof af}g+ l;;fa';f OgfaLu' em;em; n'dgLu' .
10 yf} +sGx]
no\kf}
pu' rfo\ b]jw/j s?0ff lgDx]l;of GXoM db'  .
GXoM djMDx b]j w/+wln+ lggf Rjg . s?0ff+ ldvf
ltl:;gf c+uM38Lof l6s\l6s\ NofMvfgf Rjg .
lgDx]l;g+ slr ldvf+ x]rf lasn .
sGx] s'Gx' zlgZr/af/  . lgDx]l;of+ clkm;o\
jg]DjfMu' lbg . ;'yo\ Rof Tj+Tj+ s?0ff+ x]vF 5't,
æGXofDx jM;f+ j x]Soaof ljut sgf jgLu' .
u'lnl;g+ nf …sfM v+, efM dv+ÚwfMu' tSs lhu'
Gxfo\kg+ tfo]w'+sn . co\;f+ l5u' g'uMof slr3fno\
dNtf–lr XjnfaL y]+h'O wsfM Yj vF yf}+ts l5tM
dsgf lg .Æ yMu' dgo\ dGXo+u' vF efMtoft Kj+sL
s?0ff+ .
ævM, afg+ ;';f ofgftMano\ emLu' Soao\ u'ln
l;;fa';f b', u'ln :jfF b' . tfkfSsts x]:jfF ;Lof
jf;gf Xjfnf Xjfnf+ jORjgLu' . af dbof jg,
bfOlk+ g+ yMyMu' kl/jf/Hjgf la:s+ Rj+jg . emL
lgDx]l;of+ Soaoft O{ laOnfMu' dv' . l;;fa';ft
j :jfFdf+ hfMu' Yj Soa 3fFo\ a'of h+unof ?k sfo]
w'+sn .Æ drf+lg;]+Soa :jof jofRj+Dx b]j w/+g+
snfMoft Soaof x]aofg Go+sL .
æuhfw/5Dx dbo]j+ Soa nf l;lQ+ x]jg .Æ
;sl;g+ wfOu' vF s?0ff g+ vMy]+x]tfo]s  n .
cn] 5Gx' j l;lQs+ jgfRj+u' hUufo\ Vo]F Yjo]s]u '
of]hgf b]jw/oft wfO  . b]jw/of dgo\g+ s?0ffof
of]hgf kfo\l5 tfo]sL . cn]lgnf Konf+ x]ugf
jgfRj+u' l;df :jfFdft kfnf 5\jt . cg l;d]G6ofu'
cfw'lgs a+unf w:jfsn . j x]a+unfof 5s"
tMs'u' a}7so\ clkm; :jgf PS;kf]6{–ODkf]6{ Hof
GXofsn . l;;fa';fof yf;o\ Woaf ;o]sf Sog
b]jw/+  .
b]jw/of Yj Hofoft u'lnl;g+ pln af+nfMu'
Soaof cl:tTj Gx+sf 5\jn wsfM s'+lvg . t/
u'lnl;g+ kl/jt{gzLn O{of lnRjM wsfM ;+1f
lan .
 b'3fM uhn

àà/]jtL /fhe08f/L ààe"if0fk|;fb >]i7

jofu' ldvf ‰jo\lkof lhu' g'uno\ 3fM h'n 5' h'n dl;n yf}+ Û
lx djM b'3fM h'of g'uM ;fa lxOof jn jl;aF dOn yf}+ Û
cfsfemfsf+ 3fMh'of lhnf jfyfjfyf sg
aNn tNn 5]F Yo+sf yMu' nf;fo\ rtjfgf . ;'y h'n ;syfo\,
lvpFu' dlrn yf}+ Û
of] k'tf 5' h'n wsf lhld dfd+ lkQ'lkn
jfnfOln k'g wsf lkvfnv'O hfls Xjn dudu Xjn :jf+,
axlg h'n go]don rlR5+ ldvf Wjfvf h'n dg lh dlGxn yf}+ Û
jofu' VjfM hs GXof]g] jof åfno\ Rj+Dx Gofy]+ h'n .
dt l;t ;tso\,
sGx]sG' x' ;'yM Gxfkf+ j}Bafoft ;Mtf xn nFk' kmkmlxn yf}+ Û
j}Bafg+ gfl8 :j:j+ lhu' k'mSs aofg sfn
vF GoGo+ Njo\ l;Osf j}Baf d';x' ' g+ lGxn ldl/ldl/ ;g 5]F,
Njr+ lypu' 5'+ x] dv' Nof;] e"t+ k'g wfn . dKo':o dlhn yf}+ Û

5' Njo\ wOu' l;O;fy+ jf;M ofo]u' ;Nnfx lan

cxf] Û lhtM ;fa d5fnf jofo] Yjofo] dbof jn
df+of dg x'//{ Ajof ;u{to\ x] Yogf lan
aNn OR5f k"jgLg wsf dgo\ :jf+ Xjo]sf xn .

yf}+sGx] 11
no\kf}
g]kfnefiffof vFUjM
…hnfÚ
g]kfnefiffof lgUjM vFUjM …b]hnfÚ j …j+hnfÚ
vFUjM jOa]n  o\ plsO Rj+u' …hnfÚvFUjMof cy{
l;Os]dfMu' y]+tfO . y'u' lgu'ln+ vFUjM g]j fM ;+:s
 f/
j ;+:s[ltof ljlw Jojxf/o\ :jfgfM 5Ønfa'nf
h'ofRj+u' b' .
…b]hnfÚ vFUjMof vFNxfo]a]no\ Yj ljz]if
ofgfM o]Fof af}4 ;d'bfo b'g]jh|frfo{ j zfSolklg
r"8fsd{ j jh|frfo{ cleif]s  ofo]u' ‰jno\ o]F
nfuf rfMlxs]o+s]dfM . cy]jgfM xg'dfg Wjfsf
-b/af/_ nfo\s' b'g]Ujo\bf+ tMjgL . cy]jgLu'oft
b]hnf jg]u' woftn  . …b]hnfÚ b'g] lgUjM vFUjM
b]z±hnf>b]o\±hnf> b]hnf h'ofM ;df;
h'ofRj+u' b'  . Gxfkf …o]FÚoft b]z wfOu' Ono\ …b]o\Ú
vFUjM 5Øn . g]jfM ;dfho\ so\tfk'hf ofOlklg
b]hnf jgLa]no\ so\tfk'hf ofMDx sfo\drf lal;pF
jg]u' k|rng ofgftn .
cy]x]d]u' vFUjM jO …j+hnfÚ . g]j fM ;dfho\
cKjM hfltO yM5]Fhx b'g]drf h+Sj, r"8fsd{, so\
tfk'hf, Hofylhly h+Sj afo\ ttMw+u' k'hf ofOa]no\
afo\ OlxkfM h'ofM ;FKofs]w'+sfM sGxo\ s'Gx' kL7 u0f
BM, lbu' BM afo\ s'n BM b'yfo\ ;x/+lkg]Gx"Dx eDrf
gfk+ ;sn]+jg]u'oft j+hnf jg]u ' wofRj+u' b' . y'u'
…j+hnfÚvFUjM b'g]g+ jg±hnf>jghnf>j+hnf
h"u' b' . y'lsO 5ØnftMu' …jgÚ-h+un÷u'F_ ;+:s[t
vFUjM vM .
y'u' …b]hnfÚ j …j+hnfÚ vFUjno\ GXoMg]of b]
-b]z÷b]o\_ j j+ -jg_ lgUjn+ ;+:s[t vFUjMof tb\
12 yf} +sGx]
no\kf}
ààj+zLw/ jh|frfo{
ej h"u' vM . cfM lgUjn+ vFUjno\ lnpg]nfgfRj+u'
…hnfÚof cy{ 5' vM wOu' n'Os]u ' Yj Rj;'of tft'gf
vM .
g]kfnefiff vFUjM w's'ltO … hnfÚof cy{
dfn]a]no\ ldof hM, Hjfnf j ldof k|sfz wOu'
n'O . vt' vFUjM w's" ;k'mltO …hnfÚvFUjM ;+:s  [t
…HjfnfÚvFUjMof tb\ej sy+ b'Yofsf tn t/g]jfM
;dfho\ … HjfnfÚvFUjMof tb\ej sy+ … HjnfÚ
h'ofRj+u' v+s]k'm . uy]g]jfM ;+:s  [ltof lr+ sy+
ljlw–Jojxf/o\ 5Ønf jofRj+u' …HjnfGxfo\
s+ÚwOu' j: t' b' . y'lsO tb\ej h'ofM Hjnf
h'ofRj+u' v+s]k'm  . a? u'n:of+ …HjfnfGxfo\s+Ú x]
wfo]u' ofgfRj+u' vg]b' . yL yL vFUjMw's" ;k'mltO
…HjnfGxfo\s+ÚwsfM b'Yofsf tMu' g+ b' . pls+
Jojxf/o\ db'u' e|ldt h'O sy+ …HjfnfÚoft …hnfÚ
ofgfM vFUjM ;k'mltO b'Yofs]u' kfo\l5 dv' . y'ls+
;Ls]k'm …b]hnfÚ j …j+hnfÚ vFUjno\ :jfgfRj+u'
…hnfÚof y{ Hjfnf sy+ 5ØnftMu' dv' .
5' g+ efiff+ g]kfnefiffo\ Tof;fsy+ b'xf+jMu'
tT;d jf tb\ej vFUjMoft d"n vFUjMof Dx;Lsf
tgLu' sy+ yMo:o]+ljs[t ofgfM 5Øn]u' kfo\l5 dv',
yy]h'n wfM;f lnkf jgf g]kfnefiffo\ 5Ønfa'nf
h'ofRj+u' yMu' j stMu' vFUjMof Ao'TkGg cyf{t
vFUjMof xfuM dfn]Hofo\ b'?x h'O . y'yfo\ lhtM
;xnxof ;'nr+ ;k'mltO efh' k]|d axfb'/s;fMh'of
e"ldsfo\ GXoygf tMu' vF n'dgL . jo\sMof vFk' yy]
b', æyf}+sGxo\ emL;+ emLu' vFuf]Moft d"n ¿ko\ z'4
h'Os d5Ø;]ljs[t ofgfM 5ØnfRjgf . kmn:j¿k
d]lklgu' vFuf]M emL;+ Tof;f softofu' y]+RjgLu' .
cls+ emLu' vF Gxfkf uy]vM cfM g+ d:o+s';]cy]x]
5Øn]dfM . yHofMa]no\ Rjo]dfM yHofano\ dv' .
d"n zAb …a]nÚ vM …anÚ dv'  . …anÚ dRj;] …a]nÚ
x]Rjof+ yfs'Ou' 5'+ dv' . …Yj a]no\Úof a? …yan]Ú
RjM;f+ lhp . 5fo\wfM;f yg …a]nÚdv' ls …YjÚg+
ljs[t h'n, …a]no\Úg+ …an]Úh'n .Æ jo\sMof y'u' v+
Rjo\ GXoygfu' vFoft ltaM lap . Yj Rjld g+ …ano\Ú
Rjof Rjgf  . cfj+ln …a]nÚ jf …a]no\Ú Rjo]u' h'O  .
jo\sn+ GXoygfbLu' vFUjM …a]nÚwfM;f g]kfnefiff
vFUjM dv' . …a]n Úoft d"n vFUjM sy+ sfo]a]no\ Yj
;+:s[tof …a]nÚ g]kfnefiff+ …AofÚ -l;÷kmn_ h'O  .
g]kfnefiffo\ b'xf+ jMu' …a]nÚ ;+:s[t vFUjM …a]nfÚof
tb\ej ¿k vM .
5' g+ efiff+ g]kfnefiffo\ Tof;fsy+
b'xf+jMu' tT;d jf tb\ej vFUjMoft d"n
vFUjMof Dx;Lsf tgLu' sy+ yMo:o+]
ljs[t ofgfM 5Øn]u' kfo\l5 dv'
Yj x]‰jno\ ;+:s[t+ jofRj+u' …hÚcfvMof 5'+
vFUjMt yg GXoyg]u' kfo\l5 h'O tfof . u'u' vFUjMt
g]kfnefiffof 5UjMl5 vFUjM -PsfIf/_ vM nf wOy]+
Rj+s vFUjM w's'ltO b'Yofgf Rj+u' b' . uy]– …Hof]ltÚ
of …hltÚ>…htÚ>hM, …hxfgÚ of …hxf+Ú>…hxÚ>hM,
hk of > hM -hMd"_ cflb . pls+ y'u' vFUjMt z'4
sy+ 5Øn]t t[tLof jf ;KtdL ljelQmO o+s]a ]no\
hM -Hof]lt_ of …hltOÚh'O -hno\ dv'_ . cy]x]
5]FhM of 5]Fhxno\ -5]Fhno\ dv'_ h'OdfM . cno\
yf}+sGx] 13
no\kf}

5]FhM hs Rjo]u ' kln;f 5]Fhx Rjo]u ' a]; h'O . y'u'
vFt …hnfÚof cy{ ldof hM . Hjfnf, ldof k|sfz
wsfM GXoygftMu' x'lg+ hs s'n]u ' h"u' vM .
b]
hnf j j+hnf of vFo\ efh' / TgsfhL
jh|frfo{of …g]jfM ;+:sf/ ;+:s[ltof tfMrfÚ ;k'mltO
yy]GXoygftMu' b' . æa'4 zf;go\ b'xf+jg wofu'
efj+ leIf'of rof{ cg';f/b]hnf jgfM Ujo\bf+ to]Æ
-k]h (_ . cy]x]ælgIffe" ofo]GXoM === === BMyfo\
no\l;jf Hjn+ k"hfofgfM l;+rf kmfo]s]u 'oft j+hnf
jg]u' wfOÆ -k]h  !^_ . æef}drf, sfo\drf, 5]Fof
hxfglk+ ;sn]+=== === Byfo\ jgfM k'hf ofgfM
l;+rf kmfo]sfM cg x]Ejo\ gofjo]u ' .Æ -k]h #!_
GXoygftMu' b' . cy]x]pu' ;k'mltO b]h  nf jg],
b]hnf s', j+hnf jg], j+hnf s', j+hnf Ejo\ cflb
14 yf} +sGx]
no\kf}
vFUjM g+ yfo\yf;o\ 5Ønfa'nf h'ofRj+u' b' .
g]kfnefiffof vFUjM w's" ;k"m …aMrfw+u' g]j fM
vFUjM w's"Új …g]kfnefiff tMvFUjM w's"Ú;k'mltO yy]
GXoygftMu' b' .
b]hnf -gf_ b]zofqf, b]z rfMx'o]u' Hof .
j+hnf -gf_ h+Sj, so\tfk'hf, Olxkf Hof
l;wo]sfM afo\ Sjrfo]s  fM yM clwi7fqL B Mofyfo\
afo\ lbu'BM ofyfo\ jgLu' k'hf .
efh' /TgsfhL jh|frfo{h'+ GXoygfbLu' vFk'
j g]kfnefiffof vFUjM w's" ;k'mltO b]hnf jg]of
cy{ b]z rfx'n]j b]zofqf wOu' :ki6 h" . cy]
x] j+hnf jg] of cy{ ;+:s  f/of JofVof sy+ hs
laof tMu' h";f+ jgofqf wOu' cy{ af+nfs Wjfy" .
t/g]kfnefiffof u'u'g+ vFUjM w's" ;k'mltO …hnfÚof
cy{ ofqf wsfM b'YofsftMu' wfM;f db' . Rjo\of
v+ g]kfnefiffo\ …ofqfÚ wfo]t yMu' x] vFUjM …hnfÚ
b' wOu' af=nfs ;L b'u' h'n . yy]GXoMg]bofMg+
jfMdrfMu' j Dx;Ls]dkmofRj+u' hs vM . y'HjMu'
…hnfÚvFUjM b'u' d]d ]u' g+ vFUjMt n'ofjo]k'm lg .
pls+ g]kfnefiffof ;flxTosf/j RjldlkG;+ yMu'
x]vFUjM hnfoft 5Ønfa'nfo\ xo]u ' s'tM h'OdfM .
plnhs dv' …hnfÚvFUjM b;]+ln hnf wnM -ofqf
ljj/0f_, hnfvF -ofqf ljifo_, hnf‰jM -ofqf
qmd_, hnf n'dlGt÷hnf]dlGt -ofqf ;+:d/0f_,
tfhnf -tfkfSs ofqf_ j hnf ;flxTo -ofqf
;flxTo_ cflb 5Ønfa'nfo\ xo]k'm .
lnw+;f ;k"m
!= s;fM, k]|daxfb'/!!!) -e"ldsf–lhldu' vF_,
;xnxof ;'nr+, Rj;fkf;f, o]F
@= hf]zL, ;Todf]xg -;+=_ !!)&, aMrfw+u' g]jfM
vFUjM w's", j}s'07k|;fb nfsf}n, o]F
#= jh|frfo{, /TgsfhL !!)(, g]jfM ;+:sf/
;+:s[ltof tfMrf, jh|frfo{ k|sfzg, o]F .
lgk' Do]
àànId0fs[i0f tfd|fsf/

hLjgDjfo]u ' j Djfs]u ' em\jno\ kmo\gfkAjo];o]sL

yMtyDx+ k;no\ Ajof :jf+gfkxf]o];o]sL
;'gf+ GofMjO 5'+ Ro"tfMdb' ;"B{j+ OgfJo"y]+lgefMhM
dg" vofMg+ lhGXoj;fMh'of etLrf;f+ laO ;o]sL .

RjgfnfRjgfu' b' ;Lx]d;Lu' lhGbuLh";f

t/, Yj 5]Fdv' dg" DjfMDjfs+ x]cfoa'O .
;f;MnfNxfgfu' b' b'Mvx]db"u' lhGbuLh";f
t/, YjhLjg dv' . ;'vof ;jfMu'lnkmfs'O< .

;f;MNxfgf;f+ lh ;L w'g kmn x]db}u'sd{ 5' ofo] <

yMtyDx+ x]dLw'g cfz x]db}u'hLjg 5' Djfo] <
OHhtleml/s'ltHjLs a? :j}t+ hLjgTof;fMlaofM;f+
yMDx]:of+ x] v'Ow'g  . lGxnfMlGxnfMDjfo] ;o]sL  .

bMdf+df+ wsfM ;Mt"u' kmo\gfkAjo] ;o]sL

5Gx' Dxu;o\ lh+ ;Mtfn :jf+gfkxf]o] ;o]sL
Hjno\ lhu' ldvfKoft ;"B{j+ OgfJo"y]+lgefMhM
x'of5f]o w'+u' vFUjMug+ j etLrf;f+ laO ;o]sL .

yf}+sGx] 15
no\kf}
 s0ff{nL c~rno\
af}4 ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf M
5u" cWoog
;+;f/o\ wd{ j ;Dk|bfo cfkfn+ cfkfM vg]b' .
plk+dWo] g+ j}lbs ;gftg lxGb"wd{, af]g÷af]Gkf]wd{
-O=k"= !*(^_, h}gwd{ -O=k"= %*(_, a'4wd{ -O=k"=
^@$_, tfcf]wd{ -O=k"= ^)$_, lzGtf]wd{ -O=k"=
^))_, kf/;Lwd{ -O=k"= %*#_, sGˆo'l;o;wd{
-O=k"= %%!_, ox"bLwd{ -O=k"= #))_, OZnfdwd{
-;/b/ O= ;g\ !$)) kfv]_, lzvwd{ -lj=;+=
!$*)÷O=;g\ !%@^_, ls/fFtwd{, lqm:tfgwd{,
OzfO{wd{, axfO{wd{, ljlzi6få}t bz{g -;Dk|bfo_,
cfo{;dfh -;Dk|bfo_ ljz]if lsl;d+ ;dfho\ kl/
lrt -k|rlnt_ h"u' vg]b' .
;+;f/o\ ljlzi6 yfo\ sofRj+u' Yj wd{dWo]
s0ff{nL c~rno\ j}lbs ;gftgwd{, af]g÷af]Gkf]
wd{ j a'4wd{ cBflk k|rngo\ b' .
y'u' Rj;'O GXoAjofu' #@^u" af}4 ;f+:s[lts
16 yf} +sGx]
no\kf}
àà:j= /Tgfs/ b]jsf]6f
;Dkbf s0ff{nL c~rno\ :ki6 ¿k+ k|rlnt
h'ofRj+u' vg]b' . g]kfM clw/fHo b'g] Dxf]lt+ !$))
u" af}4 u'Dafof gf+ k|sfzo\ jMu' b' . g]kfMof af}4
u'DaftdWo] jfUdtL c~rnof /;'jf lhNnf, l6d'/]
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= %o\ cjl:yt u'kf u'Daf yf}+ l;a]
@@%) bF GXoj, u08sL c~rn dgfª lhNnfof
6ÍL uf=lj=;= j8f g+= %o\ cjl:yt e"hf] u'Daf
j dgfª lhNnfof k"m uf=lj=;=o\ cjl:yt 6;L
NxMvfË u'Daf yf}+ l;a] @))) bF GXoj :yflkt h"u'
vg]b' .
s0ff{nL c~rno\ yf}+ts n'ofjMu' #@^u"
dWo] s0ff{nL c~rnof 8f]Nkf lhNnf kmf]S;'08f]
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= $o\ cjl:yt 5Øf]OlnË u'Daf
yf}+ l;a] !%)) bF GXoj, jx] lhNnfof ;fnbfË
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ^o\ cjl:yt z]kmf]S;'08f] u'Daf
yf}+ l;a] !@%) bF GXoj / lqk'/fsf]6 uf=lj=;= j8f
g+= & /;L ufdo\ cjl:yt /;L u'Daf yf}+ l;a] !!))
bF GXojofu' vM . cy] x] 8f]Nkf lhNnfof ef]6If]qo\
nfMu' ;fNbfË–$o\ cjl:yt ‰ofDkfnufË u'Daf yf}+
l;a] !!!# bF GXoj cyf{t\ lj=;+= (%!o\ :yflkt
h"u' vg]b' . 8f]Nkf lhNnfof pu' 5Øf]OlnË u'Daf, z]
kmf]S;'08f] u'Daf, ‰ofDkfnufË u'Daf j /;L u'Daft
y'u' c~rnof k'/ftg u'Daf wofu' Gog]b' .
s0ff{nL c~rno\ yf}+ts Gog]b' sy+of af}4
u'Daft -oyf;Dej j0ff{g'qmd_ yy] b'—
NofM u'Dafof gf+ lhNnf uf=lj=;= :yflktbF -lj=;+=_
!= c;/f u'Daf d'u' d'u'–*
@= pkf u'Daf 8f]Nkf ltGh]–(
#= pu]{g g]Gd]lnË -g]Nu]lnË_ u'Daf h'Dnf rGbggfy–^
$= sd\/Ls u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–@
%= sfusf]6 u'Daf 8f]Nkf d"ssf]6–#
^= sfue';'08L u'Daf x'Dnf nLdL jf d'r'
&= sfTtL wd{3§ u'Daf -!_ d'u' lsd|L
*= sfTtL wd{3§ u'Daf -@_ d'u' lsd|L
(= sfyf]s u'Daf 8f]Nkf 5fsf{ef]6–!
!)= sfdf{ 5Øf]OlnË u'Daf d'u' dfª\u|L–^
!!= sfdf{ ;fª\ 5Øf]OlnË u'Daf d'u' d'u'–!
!@= lsls/jfª\ u'Daf d'u'
!#= lsd|L u'Daf d'u' lsd|L–@
!$= s';fª\ 5'lnd u'Daf 8f]Nkf d"ssf]6–(
!%= s'g;fª\ 5] vf]l/lnª u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–&
!^= s'g;fª\ 5Øf]OlnË u'Daf x'Dnf vufnufpF–!
!&= s'g;fª\ 5Øf]OlnË u'Daf x'Dnf vufnufpF–@
!*= s'g;fª\-g_ 5Øf]OlnË u'Daf d'u' d'u'–*
!(= s'g7f]s NxfMvfª\ u'Daf d'u' lsd|L–( @%) bF :jof+ GXoj
@)= s]Gb|Lo u'Daf 8f]Nkf b"g}–!
@!= s'ghf]u uf]g u'Daf x'Dnf lndL–*
@@= sf]ghf]d -sf]ghf]ª_
bf]8fs 5Øf]OlnË u'Daf x'Dnf nLdL–(
@#= sf]nfufpF u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–@
@$= sf]n;f/ b] 5]jf
vf]/lnË u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–^
@%= sf]df ;]/k's Xofª\h's u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–( $!^ bF :jof+ GXoj
@^= vfgLufpF u'Daf 8f]Nkf NxfMpg
@&= vf;/kfgL u'Daf x'Dnf d'r'–^
@*= vfjfn'ª\ u'Daf d'u' d'u' jf s/fg b/f
@(= vufnufpF u'Daf x'Dnf vufnufpF–# lj=;+= !%@$
#)= vf?ª u'Daf 8f]Nkf tf/fsf]6 If]q
#!= vfª\uf]g ;fª\ bbn
;fDg] -ufDg] <_ gflnª\ u'Daf 8f]Nkf leh]/–^
#@= vf]8 -vf]/_ u'Daf x'Dnf j/ufpF–%
##= uk -/fk <_ 6f;L 5Øf]Olnª\ u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–*
yf}+sGx] 17
no\kf}
 #$= vf]r]/gfy u'Daf x'Dnf±ltAat
u'Dk'ms k]Gdf xf];fn
#%= 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–*
5Øf] 3]lnª u'Daf
#^= 3/lemË u'Daf 8f]Nkf kmf]S;'08f]–&
#&= 3fª\;f u'Daf 8f]Nkf tf/fsf]6 If]q
#*= 3fO;f u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–#
#(= 3fsf/ -5f]Oaf_ u'Daf 8f]Nkf wf]˜˜
$)= 3fª\d/ u'Daf 8f]Nkf 5fsf{ef]6–*
$!= 3]nfË u'Daf 8f]Nkf d"ssf]6–#
$@= 3f];fª u'Daf 8f]Nkf
$#= 3]5]g kfn/L tfl5g u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–! @%) bF :jof+ GXoj
$$= 3fh'/ u'Daf 8f]Nkf NxfMpg–(
$%= 3f]d'5] u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË !))) bF :jof+ GXoj
$^= ªfsdf/ u'Daf 8f]Nkf 5fsf{ef]6–^
$&= ªfUo"/ ;fDªk 5Øf] 5]glnË u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–^
ª\ofUo/ -ª\ofDo/ <_ ys -y]s <_ ªfª\u' 5'k
$*= 8f]Nkf NxfMpg–!
u'Daf
$(= lªofk"ms u'Daf 8f]Nkf wf]˜˜–$
%)= 3f]sfnhfª u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–@
%!= rfgvfª u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË
%@= Rofb's u'Daf x'Dnf s]dL{–@ lj=;+= !%#)
%#= Rofb's u'Daf x'Dnf vufnufpF–^
%$= lrt}F÷lrtOF u'Daf -!_ d'u' bf]Nk'm
%%= lrt}F÷lrtOF u'Daf -@_ d'u' bf]Nk'm
%^= rf]q ufpF u'Daf -k'/fgf]_ h'Dnf uf]7Lrf}/–! lj=;+= !*&%
%&= rf]q ufpF u'Daf -gofF_ h'Dnf uf]7Lrf}/–!
%*= Rof]af u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–$ %)) bF :jof+ GXoj
%(= Rof]af -rf <_ u'Daf 8f]Nkf NxfMpg
^)= Ro"/L kfNsL u'Daf d'u' lsd|L–^ @%) bF :jof+ GXoj
^!= lrlgs u'Daf x'Dnf 7]x]÷7]x–% lj=;+= !&$$
^@= rf}F/Lsf]6 ;fdlnª u'Daf 8f]Nkf /LdL–*
^#= 5'ª\u'/ u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–@
^$= 5f]l8ª u'Daf 8f]Nkf lqk'/fsf]6–*
^%= 5f]lnª u'Daf 8f]Nkf kmf]s\;'08f]–$ !%)) bF :jof+ GXoj
^^= 5fsf{ef]6 u'Daf 8f]Nkf 5fsf{ef]6–(
^&= 5Ø ;]n -k_ kfn u'Daf 8f]Nkf 5fsf{ef]6–(
^*= rf]nfp/] u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–(

18 yf} +sGx]
no\kf}
^(= 5ØfFb'n u'Daf 8f]Nkf NxfMpg±zx/tf/f
&)= 5Ø"h'ª\ofn u'Daf -!_ 8f]Nkf NxfMpg–@
&!= 5Ø"h'ª\ofn u'Daf -@_ 8f]Nkf NxfMpg–!
&@= 5Ø"h'ª\ofn u'Daf -#_ 8f]Nkf NxfMpg–!÷@
&#= 5Ø"h'ª\ofn u'Daf -$_ 8f]Nkf NxfMpg–!
&$= 5Ø"h'ª\Kofnåf/ u'Daf 8f]Nkf NxfMpg
&%= 5'lnË u'Daf x'Dnf s]dL{–%
&^= 5Ø'lnË u'Daf d'u'
&&= 5Øf]N;'d 5Øf]sL u'Daf x'Dnf d'r'–^ lj=;+= @)#*
&*= 5Øf]N;'d 5Øf]sL df5fn u'Daf x'Dnf d'r'
&(= 5]5]ª\lnª u'Daf 8f]Nkf
*)= 5Øf]b\of]lt u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–@
*!= hfª u'Daf x'Dnf nLdL–^
*@= lhdufª u'Daf 8f]Nkf kmf]s\;'08f]–^
*#= ‰ofDrf nufª u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–$ lj=;+= (%!
*$= ‰ofDkf u'Daf 8f]Nkf wf]˜˜–( #)) bF :jof+ GXoj
*%= ‰ofDkf y]nf]ª\8f]Ndf u'Daf 8f]Nkf d"ssf]6–$ #%) bF :jof+ GXoj
*^= ‰ofdn'ª u'Daf 8f]Nkf wf]˜˜
*&= lemDofª u'Daf 8f]Nkf kmf]s\;'08f]–&
**= e]ma]nf]/f u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–(
*(= e'm/af]5] u'Daf 8f]Nkf NxfMpg–%
()= 6f;L u'Dr] u'Daf -!_ 8f]Nkf lqk'/fsf]6–*
(!= 6f;L u'Dr] u'Daf -@_ 8f]Nkf lqk'/fsf]6–* ^)) bF :jof+ GXoj
(@= 6fnª÷6n'ª u'Daf 8f]Nkf ltGh]–# ^@% bF :jof+ GXoj
(#= 6fsdf/ brf÷b]rf u'Daf 8f]Nkf wf]˜˜
($= 6f;L NxfMvfª u'Daf d'u' d'u'–*
(%= 6f;L NxfMvfª u'Daf h'Dnf 5"drf}/–# lj=;+= @)#%
(^= 6Lsf u'Daf -u'Daf tf/f_ 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–$
(&= 6'Kkftf/f u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–&
(*= 6]jf u'Daf 8f]Nkf tf/fsf]6 If]q
((= 6] gfds]n -gfdUofn_ u'Daf 8f]Nkf leh]/–^
!))= 6f]s gfdUofn u'Daf d'u' lsd|L–! ^)) bF :jof+ GXoj
!)!= 8a5]g nfe/fª -nfeuª_ u'Daf x'Dnf 7]x–&
!)@= l8dfkms u'Daf 8f]Nkf wf]˜˜
!)#= l7sd/ u'Daf 8f]Nkf 5fsf{ef]6–&
!)$= 8f]Gofhfª 5'km 5f] u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–! lj=;+= @)$!
!)%= 8f]Nkf hfª5"s 5f]lnª u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–!

yf}+sGx] 19
no\kf}
 !)^= 8'kvf 5f]8'klnËu'Daf d'u' d'u'–!
!)&= 8f]Nkf -8f]Ndf_ u'Daf 8f]Nkf wf]˜˜
!)*= 9°f/ 5f]df]d -kfn;fu]g_ u'Daf x'Dnf d'r'–&
!)(= 9fsdf/ u'Daf 8f]Nkf wf]˜˜ @)) bF :jof+ GXoj
!!)= 9'ª\vfª u'Daf d'u' k'n'–&
!!!= tDh'ª u'Daf x'Dnf
!!@= tNnf] 9fsf/ u'Daf x'Dnf ;Ldsf]6–* lj=;+= !%^$
!!#= tNnf] df3fª u'Daf 8f]Nkf tf/fsf]6 If]q
!!$= tfof]ª u'Daf 8f]Nkf 5fsf{–# %)) bF :jof+ GXoj
!!%= tfl5g u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–! &%) bF :jof+ GXoj
!!^= tfl5gsf]nf u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f
!!&= tfl5nufpF u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–!
!!*= tf/r'ª k'mªhf]lng u'Daf 8f]Nkf
!!(= tLn -s'ª;'ª_ u'Daf x'Dnf nLdL–#
!@)= t'dsf]6 u'Daf x'Dnf d'r'–&
!@!= t'dkf]tf u'Daf x'Dnf j/ufpF–( lj=;+= !^#(
!@@= t]GhLg 5f]lnª u'Daf d'u' d'u'–*
!@#= t]/fªufpF u'Daf 8f]Nkf d"ssf]6–&
!@$= t]5f{kl§ u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–!
!@%= yKr]g 5Øf]vf]/lnª u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË#
!@^= yfsf; u'Daf 8f]Nkf ltGh]–& &%) bF :jof+ GXoj
!@&= yf:o8\ 5Øf]Olnª u'Daf 8f]Nkf kmf]S;'08f]–^
!@*= y;' u'Daf 8f]Nkf kmf]S;'08f]–$ #)) bF :jof+ GXoj
!@(= yfª\b'd b]5]g 5f]s/lnË u'Daf d'u' bf]Nk'm–$
!#)= lyNrf] xf]hfn5Øf]lnË u'Daf 8f]Nkf leh]/–@
!#!= bfp/f u'Daf d'u' k'n'–$
!#@= yf]sf/ u'Daf 8f]Nkf wf]˜˜–^
!##= y]s5]g hfª5'a 5Øf]OlnË u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–(
!#$= bfO;f -bfª\;f_ k]df 5Øf]OlnË u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–#
!#%= bf]h]{ 5Øf]OlnË u'Daf d'u' d'u'–*
!#^= b'ªvfª u'Daf d'u' bf]Nk'm–$ @%) bF :jof+ GXoj
!#&= b]y]nfe/fª u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–*
!#*= bf]Nk'm÷8f]Nk'm u'Daf d'u' bf]Nk'm–$
!#(= wf]˜˜ t/fk u'Daf 8f]Nkf wf]˜˜
!$)= wf];fª u'Daf 8f]Nkf d"ssf]6–&
!$!= gfª\r]kfn -;_/L u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–$
!$@= gfrf]ª\ 5Øf]OlnË u'Daf 8f]Nkf 5fsf{ef]6–#

20 yf} +sGx]
no\kf}
!$#= gfrf]ª\ k'mNhf]lnª u'Daf 8f]Nkf 5fsf{ef]6–#
!$$= gfdUofn u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f
!$%= gfdUofn nfFvfË u'Daf 8f]Nkf kmf]S;'08f]–& !))) bF :jof+ GXoj
gfdvf -gfDaf <_
!$^= x'Dnf d'r'–! lj=;+= @)$@
Vo'ª\hf]p -Vo'ªh'ª\_ u'Daf
!$&= gf;f/ u'Daf 8f]Nkf leh]/–! *&% bF :jof+ GXoj
!$*= lg;]n÷lg;f]n÷lGxM;]n u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–#
!$(= g]u'Ë u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–^ %)) bF :jof+ GXoj
!%)= kßf ;G8'klnª af}4 u'Daf x'Dnf d'r'–#
!%!= kß b'Kb'n -b'5'j <_ 5f]vf]lnª u'Daf d'u' lsd|L–!
!%@= k;fªfu÷k;fgfª\ 5Øf]Olnª -5\j]lnË_ u'Daf 8f]Nkf ltGh]–^
!%#= kfn ;Sr] u'Daf 8f]Nkf 5fsf{ef]6–^
!%$= kfn Hjfª 5Ø"r -w_ g]k]mnlnª lzIf0f u'Daf 8f]Nkf
!%%= kfnlbg u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–$ $)) bF :jof+ GXoj
!%^= kfn gfdu'ª Hofª 5Ø"alnª u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–^
!%&= kfn 6f;L ªfl/d gfª\b]g lzIf0f u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–^
!%*= kfn 6f;L ªfl/ª u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–^ lj=;+= @)%(
!%(= kfn ;'Sr] u'Daf 8f]Nkf 5fsf{ef]6–^ lj=;+= @)$)
kfn;fu]gb'uf/ -buf/ <_
!^)= x'Dnf d'r'–&
5Øf]gf]d -hf]ª_ u'Daf
!^!= klgvf -k'lgvf <_ u'Daf 8f]Nkf kmf]S;'08f]–^
!^@= kfNdf Nxf]Mdf] u'Daf x'Dnf x]Ksf–!÷#
!^#= kfNx]M u'Daf 8f]Nkf NxfMpg–$ %)) bF :jof+ GXoj
!^$= kfDkf u'Daf 8f]Nkf kmf]S;'08f]–@ !))) bF :jof+ GXoj
!^%= kf;fª u'Daf d'u' d'u'–!
!^^= kfª\sf NxfMd' u'Daf x'Dnf x]s\kf–# lj=;+= !*$$
!^&= kfdlnª u'Daf 8f]Nkf kmf]s\;'08f]–^ #)) bF :jof+ GXoj
!^*= k'Ud u'Daf 8f]Nkf kmf]s\;'08f]
!^(= k]df 5Øf]Íf]/lnª u'Daf x'Dnf x]Ksf
!&)= k]df 5Øf]OlnË u'Daf d'u' dfª\u|L–%
!&!= k]df 5Øf]Olnª u'Daf d'u' dfª\u|L–& lj=;+= @)@*
!&@= k]df y]Sr]g 5Øf]OlnË u'Daf d'u' lsd|L–@ @%) bF :jof+ GXoj
!&#= k]df 5Øf]Olnª u'Daf d'u' lsd+|L–# @%) bF :jof+ GXoj
!&$= k]df 8'k Uo"blnª u'Daf d'u' k'n'–$
!&%= k]df ;fKt]g s'Uof u'Daf d'u' bf]Nk'm–^
!&^= k]Udf 5Øf]5Øf] u'Daf 8f]Nkf ltGh]–^ @)) bF :jof+ GXoj
!&&= k]lnª u'Daf d'u' bf]Nk'm–$

yf}+sGx] 21
no\kf}
 !&*= kf]n'ª u'Daf 8f]Nkf ltGh]–! &)) bF :jof+ GXoj
!&(= lkd]|ufpF u'Daf 8f]Nkf d"ssf]6–$
!*)= kf]l;ª u'Daf 8f]Nkf d"ssf]6–#
!*!= k[YjLgu/ u'Daf h'Dnf rGbggfy–^
!*@= kmf]s\;'08f] u'Daf 8f]Nkf kmf]s\;'08f]
!*#= k'mu -kmu_ ef]5] ;fdg]glnª u'Daf x'Dnf d'r'–! lj=;+= @)@%
!*$= km]Nu]lnª nfdf u'Daf x'Dnf nLdL–%
!*%= k'murf]s -k'mgrf]s_ ;fÍ 5Øf]OlnË u'Daf d'u' lsd|L–^ @)) bF :jof+ GXoj
!*^= k'mu ef]5] ;fdt]lnª u'Daf x'Dnf d'r'–!
!*&= lak'ms u'Daf x'Dnf
!**= laDa'vf u'Daf x'Dnf j/ufpF–% lj=;+= !$$^
!*(= a}hLaf8f u'Daf 8f]Nkf NxfMpg–$
!()= a}hLaf8fsf] r}To 8f]Nkf NxfMpg–$
!(!= leh]/ u'Daf 8f]Nkf leh]/
!(@= elsd u'Daf 8f]Nkf wf]˜˜–% @%) bF :jof+ GXoj
!(#= EofDkf u'Daf 8f]Nkf wf]˜˜–(
!($= efnª k'mG5f]dlnª u'Daf 8f]Nkf ltGh]–!
!(%= dfª=3fª u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–!
!(^= df5fª u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–(
!(&= dxfsfn -dxfÍfn_ u'Daf d'u' d'u'–!
!(*= dxfsfn -dxfÍfn_ nk/fª\ u'Daf d'u' d'u'–! &)) bF :jof+ GXoj
!((= dfªufª u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–% lj=;+= @)@@
@))= dl0fNxfMsfª u'Daf x'Dnf nLdL–% lj=;+= !*)$
@)!= dflyNnf] -xkNnf]÷pkNnf]_ 9fsf/ u'Daf x'Dnf ;Ldsf]6–*
@)@= dflyNnf] df3fª u'Daf 8f]Nkf tf/fsf]6 If]q
@)#= dfg]k]d] u'Daf 8f]Nkf tf/fsf]6 If]q
@)$= dx u'Daf d'u' dfª\u|L–&–(
@)%= dfyfrf}/ -gofF j:tL_ u'Daf h'Dnf kft/flz @)#@
@)^= dfgwf/f u'Daf h'Dnf l8NnLrf}/
@)&= dfª\u|L u'Daf d'u' dfª\u|L
@)*= df/sf]d u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–!
@)(= dflx 5" o]g uf]d u'Daf 8f]Nkf wf]˜˜
@!)= dfªdfª u'd u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–(
@!!= dfgLnfdf8 -nfdfª <_ u'Daf x'Dnf vufnufpF–#
@!@= dLrfufpF :t"k h'Dnf dxt\` k'/ftg
@!#= d'r' u'Daf x'Dnf d'r'–&
@!$= d'lg–l8NnLsf]6 u'Daf -!_ h'Dnf uf]7Lrf}/–!
@!%= d'lg–l8NnLsf]6 u'Daf -!_ h'Dnf uf]7Lrf}/–!
22 yf} +sGx]
no\kf}
@!^= d"n;fFuf 5'lnª u'Daf d'u'
@!&= d]lsd Rofª\r 5Øf]Olnª u'Daf 8f]Nkf wf]˜˜
@!*= d]GrLvfª u'Daf 8f]Nkf wf]˜˜–^ lj=;+= @)%%
@!(= oN;/ hfª5' ylnª u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–!
@@)= ofª\h]/ u'Daf 8f]Nkf sfOufpF–%
@@!= ofª\h]/ kmfª\h'slnª u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–! $)^ bF :jof+ GXoj
@@@= ofËf/ u'Daf x'Dnf d'r'–% lj=;+= !*$$
@@#= dfof{ª k'mGhf]lnª u'Daf 8f]Nkf 5fsf{ef]6–# @)^ bF :jof+ GXoj
@@$= o'ªª'ª 5'Sd u'Daf 8f]Nkf kmf]S;'08f]–^ @)) bF :jof+ GXoj
@@%= o'ª\b'ª u'Daf 8f]Nkf sfOufpF–!
@@^= o'lgZj u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–@
@@&= of]5]lnª u'Daf 8f]Nkf kmf]S;'08f]–^ @)) bF :jof+ GXoj
@@*= of]ª\ªª\ -of]ª\ª'ª\_ bnL u'Daf 8f]Nkf sfOufpF–#
@@(= o'ªb'ª u'Daf 8f]Nkf sfOufpF–$
@#)= /;L u'Daf 8f]Nkf lqk'/fsf]6–& !!)) bF :jof+ GXoj
@#!= ¥ofª\;L u'Daf x'Dnf d'r'–(
@#@= l/hlnª u'Daf x'Dnf nLdL–!
@##= l/s' u'Daf 8f]Nkf wf]˜˜–! @&% bF :jof+ GXoj
@#$= /fk 6f;L 5Øf]Olnª u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–* lj=;++ @)$^
@#%= l/g6]lnª u'Daf x'Dnf nLdL–$
@#^= l/k'ms u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–#
@#&= l/Nofg u'Daf x'Dnf vufnufpF–% lj=;++ !(#)
@#*= /]lnª u'Daf x'Dnf j/ufpF–*
@#(= /]rDaf÷/]r'Daf u'Daf 8f]Nkf wf]˜˜–!
@$)= nfO6f]ª u'Daf x'Dnf lsdL{–%
@$!= nfUof]s u'Daf x'Dnf vufnufpF–&
@$@= nª\Uof]g 6f;L 5Øf]Olnª u'Daf 8f]Nkf
@$#= nfª\b' u'Daf x'Dnf ;Ldsf]6–*
@$$= nfª÷nfcfª u'Daf 8f]Nkf leh]/–! ^@% bF :jof+ GXoj
@$%= nfa|fª u'Daf d'u' d'u'ufpF–
@$^= Nofd' u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–@
@$&= nfvfª u'Daf 8f]Nkf ltGh]–( @)) bF :jof+ GXoj
@$*= nd/fª 3f]ª\df u'Daf d'u' d'u'–*
@$(= nfe/ª 5Øf]Ohfª u'Daf d'u' bf]Nk'm–@
@%)= nfsg]g k]df k]5]g u'Daf d'u' k'n'–#
@%!= NxfMª\b' u'Daf x'Dnf Nxfª\b'ufpF lj=;+= !(!!
@%@= n'dh'ª u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–$
@%#= lnk's kfnk'ª u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–!
yf}+sGx] 23
no\kf}
 @%$= n'gb's df5flnª u'Daf x'Dnf lsdL{–%
@%%= Nxf]MTt/:ofb's uf5fn u'Daf d'u' lsd|L–& lj=;+= @)%!
@%^= jrg af]Ng] -ehg ug]{_ u'Daf d'u' d'u'–*
@%&= jrg af]Ng] u'Daf d'u' d'u'–%
@%*= jfª\u+|L u'Daf -!+_ d'u' bf]Nk'm–^
@%(= jfª\u+|L u'Daf -@_ d'u' bf]Nk'm–^
@^)= jfª\uL u'Daf 8f]Nkf ltGh]–$ @&% bF :jof+ GXoj
@^!= Jof; dxfsfn -dxfª\sfn_ u'Daf 8f]Nkf leh]/–!
@^@= z] u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË
@^#= z]kmf]S;'08f] u'Daf 8f]Nkf kmf]S;'08f]
@^$= zx/tf/f u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f
@^%= lsj£ofNd' u'Daf 8f]Nkf lqk'/fsf]6–(
@^^= z]uf]gdf]5] -df]If]_ u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–%
@^&= z]/ u'Daf -!_ x'Dnf nLdL
@^*= z]/ u'Daf -@_ x'Dnf nLdL
@^(= z]/;fª u'Daf d'u' d'u'
@&)= z]/f] u'Daf d'u' d'u'–$
@&!= z]n/L÷z];/L u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–^
@&@= z]kmf]S;'08f] u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–^ !@%) bF :jof+ GXoj
@&#= ;Db's -gdb's_ u'Daf x'Dnf x]Ksf–*÷(
@&$= ;dlbª u'Daf 8f]Nkf /LdL–&
@&%= ;dlnË u'Daf 8f]Nkf leh]/
@&^= ;'af]{5]÷;'/k'5] u'Daf 8f]Nkf NxfMpg–% &)) bF :jof+ GXoj
@&&= ;fdo 5Øf]OlnË u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–^
@&*= ;fdª -;fd÷;fª\_ ufª\ u'Daf 8f]Nkf d"ssf]6–*
@&(= ;fdlnª u'Daf 8f]Nkf leh]/–#
@*)= ;fDg]g 5Øf]lnË u'Daf d'u' bf]Nk'm–(
@*!= ;fdlnª u'Daf 8f]Nkf leh]/–^
@*@= ;fdylnª u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–(
@*#= ;x]n u'Daf 8f]Nkf d"ssf]6–&
@*$= ;fªfª 5Øf]Olnª u'Daf d'u' d'u'–!
@*%= ;fª 5f]n'ª u'Daf x'Dnf d'r'–( lj=;+= !%($
@*^= ;gd 5Øf]OlnË u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–$ @)) bF :jof+ GXoj
@*&= ;f5]g u'Daf 8f]Nkf 5fsf{ef]6–! lj=;+= !*@&
@**= ;j/L lª;f/ u'Daf 8f]Nkf kmf]S;'08f]–^
@*(= ;fª\b'n u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–@ !))) bF :jof+ GXoj
@()= ;fªfs 5Øf]lnª u'Daf d'u' bf]Nk'm–^ @%) bF :jof+ GXoj

24 yf} +sGx]
no\kf}
@(!= ;fKt]g 5Øf]Olnª u'Daf d'u' k'n'–# @%) bF :jof+ GXoj
@(@= ;fDt]g 5Øf]Olnª u'Daf d'u' bf]Nk'm–$
@(#= ;fDt]g 5Øf]Olnª u'Daf d'u' k'n'–%
@($= ;fªfs Iff]sf]/÷5Øf]sf]/ -l;Drf_ u'Daf x'Dnf j/ufpF–% lj=;+= !^*$
@(%= :ofª\5Øf]Bf]t] u'Daf 8f]Nkf d"ssf]6–%
@(^= :ofdbf]s u'Daf 8f]Nkf ltGh]–&
@(&= ;fdnlyª u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–$
@(*= ;x]n u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–& $)) bF :jof+ GXoj
@((= ;f/f u'Daf 8f]Nkf b"g}
#))= ;f/f u'Daf 8f]Nkf sfOufpF
#)!= ;fj{hlgs k]m;g u'Daf 8f]Nkf d"ssf]6–@
#)@= :ofª\ 5Øf]wf] -3f]_ g] u'Daf 8f]Nkf d"ssf]6–% lj=;+= !*%#
#)#= l;l7ª u'Daf 8f]Nkf d"ssf]6–%
#)$= l;Dwf]÷l;Drf] u'Daf 8f]Nkf wf]˜˜
#)%= l;aL SofNdf] -UofNdf]_ u'Daf 8f]Nkf lqk'/fsf]6–(
#)^= l;ª\bL u'Daf 8f]Nkf d"ssf]6–^ #@% bF :jof+ GXoj
#)&= l;kRr] u'Daf 8f]Nkf wf]˜˜–$
#)*= ;Ldvfª kfdf{ kf;fª u'Daf d'u' d'u'
#)(= ;'lsnf u'Daf
:o"u5Øf]/÷
#!)= 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–@
5]/ xfuldg Hofª 5Ø"r 5Øf]lnª u'Daf
#!!= ;'Dbf] u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–^
#!@= ;'l;ª nfª\8 u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–^
#!#= ;]l/ª u'Daf 8f]Nkf wf]˜˜–(
#!$= ;]lbª u'Daf 8f]Nkf d"ssf]6–^
#!%= :o"ª\hf]/ u'Daf 8f]Nkf ;fnbfË–@ %)) bF :jof+ GXoj
#!^= ;]vf{ª ;'ªHof}g u'Daf d'u' d'u'–$ ^)) bF :jof+ GXoj
#!&= ;]tfg u'Daf 8f]Nkf NxfMpg–$
#!*= ;f]Db'sfª u'Daf 8f]Nkf
#!(= xNbL÷xNhL u'Daf x'Dnf nLdL–#
#@)= xu'/÷x'u'/ u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–@
#@!= xfjf 5Øf]Olnª u'Daf 8f]Nkf kmf]S;'08f]–#
#@@= x'Ë/ u'Daf 8f]Nkf zx/tf/f–#
#@#= x'/Lsf]6 u'Daf 8f]Nkf sfOufpF–#
#@$= x'ªfª÷x'8fË :os;]g u'Daf 8f]Nkf d"ssf]6–^
#@%= lNx;f]n u'Daf 8f]Nkf tf/fsf]6 If]q
zx/tf/f
#@^= 6f;Lu]Uy] yft]{glnË u'Daf 8f]Nkf
-af]gwd{_ cflb .
yf}+sGx] 25
no\kf}
 yf}+ts ljleGg ;|f]t of dfWod+ cWoog ofgf !#= 8f]Nkfof ltGh] uf=lj=;=o\ !)
tof/ofgfu' y'u' ljj/0f cg';f/8f]N kf lhNnfo\ !$= 8f]Nkfof leh]/ uf=lj=;=o\ !)
!%= d'u'of k'n' uf=lj=;=o\ &
!((±!Ö@)), d'u' lhNnfo\ %*, x'Dnf lhNnfo\
!^= x'Dnfof vufnufpF uf=lj=;=o\ &
%% j h'Dnf lhNnfo\ !)u" af}4  u'Daf j :t"k cn]
!&= 8f]Nkfof lqk'/fsf]6 uf=lj=;=o\ ^
lglZrt db'u' #u" ofgf d'Ss+ #@^u" af}4  wfld{s
!*= 8f]Nkfof sfOufpF uf=lj=;=o\ ^
;Dkbfof NofM Yo+u' b' . eljioo\ 5u" 5u" ofgf !(= x'Dnfof j/ufpF uf=lj=;=o\ %
SjyLs cWoog ofgfjg wfM;f Yj NofM s0ff{nL @)= d'u'of dfª\u|L uf=lj=;=o\ %
c~rno\ cem+ yfxf+ jg]k'm . @!= x'Dnfof x]Ksf uf=lj=;=o\ $
s0ff{nL c~rnof hDdf !#$u" uf=lj=;=dWo] @@= 8f]Nkfof uf]7Lrf}/ uf=lj=;=o\ $
##u" uf=lj=;=o\ af}4wd{of k|efj nfMu' vg]b' . @#= x'Dnfof s]dL{ uf=lj=;=o\ $
8f]Nkf lhNnfof @#u" uf=lj=;=dWo] zx/tf/f, @$= x'Dnfof ;Ldsf]6 uf=lj=;=o\ #
;fnbfË, d"ssf]6, wf]˜˜, kmf]S;'08f], 5fsf{ef]6, @%= h'Dnfof rGbggfy uf=lj=;=o\ @
ltGh], leh]/, NxfMpg, lqk'/fsf]6, sfOufpF, b"g}, @^= 8f]Nkfof b"g} uf=lj=;=o\ @
/
LdL, d'u' lhNnfof @$u" uf=lj=;=dWo]d'u', @&= 8f]Nkfof /LdL uf=lj=;=o\ @
lsd|L, bf]Nk'm, k'n', dfª\u|L, x'Dnf lhNnfof @&u" @*= x'Dnfof 7]x uf=lj=;=o\ @
uf=lj=;=dWo]d'r', nLdL, j/ufpF, x]Ksf, s] dL{, @(= h'Dnfof dxt uf=lj=;=o\ !
vufnufpF, ;Ldsf]6, 7]x cn]h'Dnf lhNnfof #)= h'Dnfof 5"drf}/ uf=lj=;=o\ !
#)u" uf=lj=;=dWo] uf]7Lrf}/, l8NnLrf}/, 5"drf}/, #!= h'Dnfof kft/flz uf=lj=;=o\ !
kft/flz, rGbggfy j dxt\ gfk+ ofgf d'Ss+ ##u" #@= h'Dnfof l8NnLrf}/ uf=lj=;=o\ !
uf=lj=;=o\ af}4  wd{of d'Ss+ #@^u" u'Daf j :t"k h'Dnf j uf=lj=;= lglZrt
##= @@
b'u' yfo\ n"u' b' . pu' af}4 ;Dkbft yy]b'— dh"lgu' ;Dkbf

!= 8f]Nkfof zx/tf/f uf=lj=;=o\ #$ a'4wd{o\ lªª\dkf, zfSokf, sUo"k{ f j uf]n'  Skf

@= 8f]Nkfof ;fnbfË uf=lj=;=o\ #^ ofgf $u" ;Dk|bfo vg]b' wfM;f s0ff{nL c~rno\
#= 8f]Nkfof wf]˜˜ -bf]xf]_ uf=lj=;=o\ @) b'u' u'DaftdWo] pKkf] wofy]+ u'Daf lªªdkf ;Dk|bfoof
$= d'u'of d'u' uf=lj=;=o\ !( vg]b ' . æcf]d\ dl0fkb\d] x'ÆF -dfg] k]d] x'd_\ dGq hk
%= 8f]Nkfof d"ssf]6 uf=lj=;=o\ !& ofOu' wd{ af]G kf]÷af]g j a'4wd{o\ yg Yj lgu'ln+ wd{of
^= 8f]Nkfof kmf]S;'08f] uf=lj=;=o\ !& cg'ofoL÷;Dk|bfoLt vg]b ' . af]Gkf] wd{ dfg] ofOlk+
&= 8f]Nkfof NxfMpg uf=lj=;=o\ !% ;Dk|bfoLt 8f]Nkf lhNnfof 5fsf{ef]6–#  of gfrf]ª\
*= d'u'of lsd|L uf=lj=;=o\ !! k'mNhf]lnª u'Daf, kmf]S;'08f]–^ of yf:oª 5f]lnª
(= x'Dnfof d'r' uf=lj=;=o\ !$ u'Daf, ;j/L lª;f/u'Daf, klgvf u'Daf, d'ª8\ ª' \ u'Daf,
!)= 8f]Nkfof 5fsf{ef]6 uf=lj=;=o\ !# lhdufª u'Daf, kmf]S;'  08f]–& of gfdUofn Nxf]Ëtvfª\
!!= d'u'of bf]Nk'm uf=lj=;=o\ !# u'Daf, leh]/–# of ;fdlnË u'Daf gfk+ s0ff{nL
!@= x'Dnfof nLdL uf=lj=;=o\ !! c~rnof ;/b/@)u" u'Dafof leIf'–leIf'0fLt vM .

26 yf} +sGx]
no\kf}
 af}4:df/s -ljxf/, u'Daf÷£ofË, ;QM, :t"k,
axfM_ Gofu" lsl;dof bO . uf]g\–kf, ld–5f]u\ –kf,
nf–9fª\, 5fd\–vfª j o'n\–3L–Nxf–vfª gf+of
Yj Gofu" lsl;dof af}4:df/sof lgdf{0fz}nL
la:s+ la:s+ b' . d"n uf]g\ –kf vFUjMof kl/jlt{t
¿k …u'DafÚh"y]+t'+ …af]g–af]
 ÚvFUjMof kl/jlt{t ¿k
…af]g\kf]Ú h"u' vF Gx"u' cWoog+ l;Ob'u' vF Gog]b'  . b'u' hfgsf/L y'u' n]v of Rjldofs]db'lg . Yj %*u"
a'4wd{, a'4bz{g j a'4Jojxf/o\ jMu' u'lnv]
vFUjMof No"g] …kfÚ j …kf]Ú vFUjM :jfgfRj+u' b'  .
uy]ls– uf]g\–kf, af]g\–kf], g/f]kf  -dxfkl08t_,
ltnf]kf  -dxfk'?if_, df/–kf -u'?_, ldnf /]–kf
-lzio of]u]Zj/_ cflb  .
zfSoj+zL h'h' z'4f]bg j /fgL dfofb]jLof
;Gtfg wsfM kl/ lrt l;4fy{ uf} tdoft a'4,
dxfdfgj, tyfut cflb gfd+ k'sf/] ofO  . …a'w
1fg]Ú afo\ 1fgfy{s a'w wft'+ -lqmofkb+_ ;+:s[to\
Og\ k|Too nfOu'ln+ …af]lwÚ vFUjMof lgdf{0f h"u'
n'Os]k'm . af]lw vFUjMof ;fdfGo cy{ k|ToIf 1fg,
hfgsf/L j :d/0f vM;f ljz]if cy{ dgof ;Dk"0f{
Sn]zoft gfz ofOu' 1fg vM . æa'w Pj a'4MÆ vM
cyf{t\ 1fg x]a'4 vM . a'4+ :ogfAo"u' 1fgoft x]
…af]lwÚ wfO  .
g]kfMof 5'+ 5'+ lhNnfof ;b/d'sfd j jof
hMvM RjgfRj+lk+ 5'+ g]jfM hfltof dg"t gfk+ u'?ª,
du/, tfdfª, z]kf{, ysfnL, t/fnL, d'ufnL, s/fgL,
sfOs]nfdf cflb hfltof dg"t;]+y'u' a'4wd{ j
af]Gkf]wd{ dfg] ofMu' vg]b'  .
clw/fHoof &% lhNnfdWo] d]rLof $ -bSj+_,
sf]zLof %, ;u/dfyfof ^ -bSj+_, hgsk'/of ^
-bSj+_ jfUdtLof * -bSj+_, gf/fo0fLof % -bSj+_,
u08sLof ^ -bSj+_, wjnflul/of #, n'lDagLof $,
e]/
Lsf #, s0ff{nLof $, ;]tLof  @ j dxfsfnLof
@u" lhNnf ofgf hDdf %* lhNnfo\ af}4:df/st
vg]b';f /fKtLof Hofu'ln+ -bfª, ;Nofg, ?s'd, /f]Nkf
j Ko"7fg_, ;]tL  c~rnof 8f]6L, c5fd j aemfª,
e]/L c~rnof hfh/sf]6 j b}n]v, dxfsfnL
c~rnof a}t8L j 8F8]nw'/f, n'lDagL c~rnof
u'NdL j c3f{vfFrL, s0ff{nL c~rnof sfnLsf]6, 
sf]zL c~rnof t]x|y'd cn] wjnflul/ c~rnof
DofUbL gfk+ ofgf hDdf !&u" lhNnfo\ af}4:df/s
lhNnfdWo]s0ff{nLof 8f]Nkf  lhNnfo\ hs @)@u"
af}4:df/s b'u' n;tfof vF vM  .
clw/fHoo\ u'Daf b'u' lhNnft dWo] 8f]Nkf
! gDa/o\ nfM jM . Yj u'Dafof ;+/If0f j ;Da4{g
ofgfto]kmt wfM;f wfld{s ;dGjoo\ j[l4 h'Ou'
en;f sfo]k'm  . c:t'  .
efo\ Xo"Dx j GXoAjMDx— eQmj[mi0f ;fsf/
-y'lsof d"n Rj;' lj=;+= @)^$ ;fn; lkb+u'
vM, pls+ y's] laoftMu' ltlyldlt d:o+s';] uy]
toftMu' vM cy]x] GXoygfu' vF Wjfy'OsfRjgf ._
-hLjg bfO{of k;M_
Kalimati, Kathmandu, Nepal
Tel: 4275511, 9741112777, 9851063000
oxfF ef]h tyf kf6L{x¿sf] nflu rflxg]
:k]zn bxL, klg/, nfvfd/L, nfndf]xg,
akmL{, /;a/L tyf c¿ ljleGg kl/sf/sf
ld7fO{sf nflu ;Dks{ /fVg'xf];\ .
cfp68f]/ e]h Sof6l/Ë klg ul/G5  .
yf}+sGx] 27
no\kf}
s[t£gDx DXofo\
5u" ljxf/of lSnlgso\ 8fS6/+/fu] L hfFr] ofOu', lh+
jf;M aLu' ofgf Rjgfu'  . lSnlgso\ Hof l;wo]sf GXof]g ;] +
Rj+u' eujfg a'4of d"lt{of GXof]g] jgfano\, a'xf| a'lx|
t cg x]RjgfRj+u ' . lh g+ cg x]ˆot'gf, eujfgoft
jGbgf ofgf . Olds]5]oF \ jg]dTolg nf wsf Gogf . yg
Rjg]ano\ dg zfGt h", ps]+5]Fnf jg]x]DxfM wfn . gfk+
Rj+Dx 5Dx;]+jo\sMlk+ yg RjgLano\, yMu' lrGtf eltrf
;f+ sd h'Ou' wfn . 5fo\ < 5]oF \ ;'+ db'nf wsf Gogf . b' lg
gfgL, 5]oF \ ;stf+ b' . vfkf, ‰of, Sjyf, nf;f, e't" ;stf+
b' . t/lhlk+ a'xf| a'xL| oft larfM ofOlk+ ;'+ db' . sfo\lk+
ljb]z jg nfls 5' wsf Gogf . dv' yg x]b' . Olk+ Aofun+
Rj+ jg . lh pT;'s h'of Gogf, DXofo\lk+ g+ db'nf < lh+
Gogf . j x]DXofr+ ofgf nf lhld Yj ult h'n, wof ldvf+
Vjla jo]sn . gfk+ RjgfRj+Dx 5Dx ld;f+ j x]DXofr+ nf
df+, af}j sfo\oft Aofun+ Rjg]u ' afWotf ofgflan . y'ln
vF Gog]j+ lhs]g+ a'xf| a'lx|kl| t ;xfg'el" t Ajng . cn]df+
co\;f l5slk+t nf oSj yfs'n h'O . 5' ofo]gfgL, lhld
afv+ Gog]u ' nf < wfn . woflb;F /] wof . lhDx sfo\ j ef}
-edrf_ of DjfMdb'u' vF DXofo\g+ lhldt Go+sLu' . DXofr+
oSj dltgf ofgf SogLu' . Hofo\ jgLlk+ sfo\ ef}oft
l5ld;+ yy]dwfM cy]dwfM wsfM wof RjgLu' . Gxfkf
nf lhldt v'a larfM ofODx h'n . ;bf+of srsr h'ofM
sfo\ ef}lkg]Rj+jg . lhldt DXofo\ j lhrfefh'+ oSj
dfof j bofefj SoFg . lhld;+ g+ DXofo\of vFo\ ljZjf;
ofgf . sfo\, ef}j 5o\lk+t jf:tf dofgf . go]u' Tjg]u ' 5]oF \
b' db'u' jf;M ofo]t 8fS6/ofyfo\ o+su] ' oft . lhld;+ g+
DXofo\–lhrfefh'+ So+u' dltgfof ljZjf; ofgf . lhlk+ x]
d"v{ wfo]dfn . DXofo\oft Aos'R+ ofgf sfo\oft jf+5j\ of .
28 yf} +sGx]
no\kf}
ààk|sfz k|wfgfË
Yj kfk lhld;+ ef]u] ofgfRjgf, wsfM lgDxl;of ldvf+
Vjla afMjn . Oldu' Vjla vgf lh t;s+ efjljef]/
h'of, lh+ 5'+ wfo]dk'mt . …df+Úwofu' zAb x]u'ln dfld{s Û
df+of ddtfo\ gjfo]d;Mano\ x]drft n'sl+' 5gf, u'ln
k|km' Nn j k|;Gg h'Ou' . dfd+ drfof nfuL GXofu' b'Mv si6
;xofo]d fM;f+ yM drfoft 5'+ dh'Odf, wsf drfof eljio
pHHjn ofo]t GXofan]+k|oTgzLn h'Olk+ df+–af}lk+t yMDx+
k'my]+Ujxfln j ;]jf ofo]d fMyfo\ yM x]DXofo\of sf/0f+
b'Mv l;o]d fnLu' uhfMu' lj8Dagf < ld;flk+ df+, DXofo\,
ef}-edrf_ j dfh' h'O . ld;flk+ ;xgzLntf j bofof
d"lt{ g+ wfO . t/yg 5Dx DXofr+ j g+ ld;f yy]j[4–j[4f
df+–af}o ft Vjo]sLDx DXofo\ g+ ;+;f/o\ b' vlg . sfo\
lk;+ b'Mv laOu', j[4 h'ofRj+lk+ df+–af}lk+t TjMtf jgLu'
nf Gogf Rjgfu' . yhfMlk+ DXofo\ cyjf gf/Llk+t lh+ nf
lwSsf/x]wfo]u  ' . …df+Úwofu' kljq zAboft x]y'ld;+
a'ns ' f lan .
lh+ la:tf/+ j j[4 df+–af}oft w}o { ofo]t wof .
Vjof+ 5'+ h'Odv', z/L/hs sdhf]/ h'O . yf}s + Gxo\ cy]
b'Mv l;ofRj+lk+ j[4lk+t ;]j f ofo]t yfo\yf;o\ …j4 [ f>dÚ
rfo]s  ftMu' b', l5slk+ emfo\ GXofM;f lh+ ug ug j[4f>d b'
wsf Gogf :jo] . l5+ g+ yg sLlt{k/' o \ Rj+lk+s] g+ Gogflb;F .
cg l5slk+ y]+ hfMlk+ j[4–j[4flk+t Rjg]u ' Joj:yf
ofgftMu' b', wsf Oldt ;De]m ofgf . BM Vo"V+ o"+ wfn gfk+
Rj+Dx ld;f+ æemf;F, 5]oF \ jg]g ' clh, j ttf+ wfMu' vF g+
Gogflb;F . cn]larfM ofgflb;F . yg ljxf/o\ xfg+ jo],
cn]xfg+ vF Nxfo]s  fÆ wsf a'xf| a'lx|lk+t ygf 5]kF fv]jg .
lh g+ ljxf/+lkxf+ jof . lh jftf+ === === Rjgf :jofRjgf,
:jof x]Rjgf .
 lr–lrgfvF
^ ààgftL jh|
5sM lhtM :jofAo'
! lhu' 5'+ å+ db'
rv'+rf av'+rf lhtM Njr+
aFo\ jfMu' l;gf l;gf gO{ . b'Mv lan .
dg" vM dg" HjLt & !!
cfv] NoMy]+ Noof Noof gO{ . stM b]zo\ ug+lg;]+ ugts
@ 5' b' wof+ < lhu' w}u' <
lhtM laof+ yMt ˆot";f s'l5 h'n
lhtM ug b} < t+sf t+sf jgf < Ujt';f Kos'Tof h'n .
lh g+ laO dflg * !@
lhof+ lnkfoft . VjfM 5kf :jo]u' lDxu ug <
# Gxfo\s+ h'n yf}+ yg .
lh+ sof+ lh+ ug to]u' b'g'un+ :jo]u' sGxo\ ug <
lhtM cKjM h";f HjnfGxfo\s+ h'n . hLjg <Û
k'nf+ h'of 5tf k'mOdv' ( !#
lh+ sof tofu' . 5+ uo\ dl;n k/sf k/sf
$ 5'+ g+ Hjgf jg] dk'm;f e't'dfln
lhtM lhu' a};+ dlan 5'+ b}dv' ug+ jgf . yMt u'ln
co\g+ Djfo] dfn !) Ajo]s]u' <
lhu' b]of efiffoft . xf;f 5kfM !$
% yMt dfnf dfnf sfo]u' xfOs'
lh w}Dx ug b' xf;f 5kfM b+s tof SjlaO dk'm wof
lh+ dfnf Rjgf Ogf Ogf laOu' . Yj s'
;'ofu'+ g'uno\ yMs] ha 5'+ db} uy] h'n <
lh w}Dx db';f . xf;fo\ kmof sfo]u' . l5+ wofAo' wof .

yf}+sGx] 29
no\kf}
 Knfli6sof ynan M ljZjo\ Knfli6sof cfljisf/a]nfotof
5Dx j}1flgs cn]Sh]08/ kfs]{z wfDxl;g+

5u" vt/f c7f/ f}

F ztfAbLof cGTo kfv]ofMu' vM .
pu' Ono\ j x]j}1  flgsof gfd+ Knfli6soft
…kfs]{hfOgÚ wfOu' h'ofRjg  . kfs]{z+
gfO6«f];]nn' f]h (Nitroselulose) kfv]+ bo]s"u'
Knfli6sof ynan t;s+ s8fu' h'ofRjg .
Jofkfl/s tl/sf+ Knfli6sof hGdbftf wfM;f
…lnof] XoflG8«S; cfy{/ j]sn}08Ú vM  . jo\
sn+ ;g\ !(!) kfv]lkmgf]n j kmd{N8LxfO8of
/f;folgs k|lqmof+ Knfli6s bo]s"u' vM . cg+
lnkf h"ano\ Knfli6sof lgdf{0f ljleGg sy+of
tl/sft bof jn . OyfOlngoft ckf]k|lqmof
ofgf kf]lnOyflngof lgdf{0f g+ h'of jn . yf}+
u'lng+ Knfli6sof ynan pTkfbg h'ofRj+u' b'
plsof u'0fTj j ax'dv ' L pkof]uL g+ h'ofRj+u' b' .
yf}+k|To]s dg"to\ 5]FKnfli6sof 5'+ g 5'+
ynan jf lrh db' wOu' dh'O w'+sn . emLu'
b}lgsL hLjg rof{o\ Knfli6s 5u" cleGg
cË sy+ h'O w'+sn . k;M jg]t emf]n  flg;]+
sof drfto\ GXoAj;f hs dv' drft;]+uOu'
df]6/, ;fOsn Knfli6sof vM;f+ 5]Fb'g]5]nLu'
af6f, afN6L cflb ynan hs dv' yf}+nM
to]u' ttMUjMu' 6ØfÍL, nMof kfOk, lah'lnof
tf/gfk+ jf jOano\ lkmOu' aiff{bL, nfsf+ cflb
Knfli6sof h'ofRj+u' b' ;f y'lk+ lrht dGt ls
dfgj hLjg x]yf}+of Ono\ 5u" sy+ ckfË, cw'/f]
y]+h'Ou' h'Ow'+sn .
df};d, nM, sLr, j+y+, kmf];  f cflb kfv]+
:o+s]dk'm;f+ dL+ Rofgf :ogLu' eo wfM;f b' . 5'+
g Iff/jf Pl;8+ g+ :o+s]dk'mu' j:t' h'n . Yj
x]sf/0f+ yf}+dfgj hLjgof cleGg cË h'ofg+
dfgj z/ L/
oft wfM;f vt/ f h'of jofRj+u'
àà?lSd0fL >]i7 b' . Knfli6s+ ofgf lGxoflGxy+ kmf]x/g+ ckf]of

30 yf} +sGx]
no\kf}
jofRj+u' b' . kmf] x/
+ ofgf k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{ tgf
jgfRjg ;f jftfj/0f c:j:y h'h+' jgfRj+u' b' .
emL;+ 5ØnfRjgfu' Knfli6sof ynan tfM t'Os]t
j aNnfs]t (%Ü Oi6/–Yofn]6 tTj tof bo]s  Lu'
vM . Yj tTj+ Knfli6sof ynan gfO;]Rjgf aM g+
nfOu' vM . t/Yj Knfli6s ynan k'nf+ h'ofj+ln;]
Oi6/Yofn]6of w'n+ jftfj/0fo\ c;/nfOu' vM, u's]+
ofgf emLt ;f;M Nxfo]yfs'Ou', Dxof 5Ø+u,' Dx't'
cflb kfv]+z/L/o\ b'g]b'xf+ jgf ldyf]lS;g–Pl;l8s
y]+HjMu' xflgsf/s ljif pTkfbg h'Ou' vM . Yj ljif+
emLu' z/L/of sf]lifsf (cells) oft af+dnfs c;/
nfsL . c08sf]if, l8Dafzo, yfOd; u|GyL, uef{zo
of e'0| f cflboft ofsg+ c;/nfsL ;f y's]+ofgf
gk'+;stf, afFemf]k g, ljs[t ;Gtfg hs dv' xfdf]{gof
u8a8L cflboft 6]j f h'Ou' vF lj1to\u' wfk" b' .
y'lsof k|efj+ ljleGg Njo\ ljsl;t h'of jofRj+u'
vFo\ g+ lj1to\;+ cg';Gwfg kfv]+y'OsfRj+u' b' . gfk+
y'u' tTjkfv]+ljleGg Njo\of sf/stTjof ¿ko\
dfn]u' Hof g+ h'ofRj+u' b' . yf}+sGx]Yj cj}1flgs
sy+ pTkfbg h"u' Knfli6soft lj;h{g ofgfRj+u'
k|s[of+ jftfj/0f k|b"lift h'of hg:jf:Yooft gfk+
s'ke| fj nfgfRj+u' b' . emL;+ k|foM gfof djlgu'
Knfli6soft Rofs] u' ofgfRjgf, y's]+ofgf
jftfj/0f;+ sfaf]{g cS;fO8, sfaf]{g dgf]cS;fO8
j d]d]u ' ljiffn' Uof;t ckf]of jgf emLu' :jf:Yooft
af+dnfs lnRjM nfsfRj+u' h'n . d]u ,' Rofs]ano\
s'F of jftfj/0f :og wsfM aFo\ ufMDx'of Nxfs]u '
ofgfRjg . y's]+5'+ O{oft cfgGb h";f+ lnkf plsof
c;/h}ljs pTkfbsTjoft emg x]ljs/fn cj:yf
jo]s f laOu' h'ofRjg . Knfli6s Nxfgftof yf;o\
5' g+ k';f jf df a'ofjM;f+ rfof kfv]+jg:kltoft
bo]dfMu' tTj k"/f dbOu' hs dv' jg:kltof xf oft
e"ld+ Sjo\ Sjxf+ jg]dfMu' nFko' ft ts+ kgflaOu' vM .
ps]+yf}+sGx]emL;+ 5Ønfjof Rjgfu' Knfli6sof
ynan Hof sfo]t cMk';f+ eljioo\ y'lsof lnRjMt
eofgs h'Ou' g+ larfM ofo]dfMu' cj:yf jofRjg .
y's]emL g+ ;ts{ h'O ;o]s]dfn .
 >f]t– …Ph]G;LÚ
yf}+sGx] 31
no\kf}
ck0ff{ k|wfgof ædf+Æ
pkGof;b'g]of gf/L rl/q
g]kfnefiff ;flxToof Vono\ do\h' ck0ff{ k|wfg
5Dx t;s++ gf+hfMDx cn]nf]s  +XjfMDx ;flxTosf/
vM. jo\sM yL yL ljwf uy];dfnf]r  gf, lgjGw, afv+,
pkGof; ljwfo\ g+ Rj;f Gx\ofsfRj+Dx 5Dx ax'k|ltefof
tMld do\h' vM . cem nf]s+XjfMDx afv+Rjld efh'
/fhf zfSoof wfMk"sy+ ck0ff{ k|wfgh'of Rj;fM
yf+}+:jofM Ko++u'Tof bzs Gxo\M cy]wfo]ano\ g]=;+=
!)() ; ædtsLÆ ;km"of ;dfnf]r  gf RjofbLw'+s"u'
wsfM jo\sMof æ:jb'jfMÆ ;km"tL RjoftMu' h'n .
Yj Nofv+ do\h' ck0ff{ k|wfgh'+ gL:jbF b'ano\lg;]+x]
g]kfnefiffof Vono\ Rj;f Gxo\fsfbLDx ;flxTosf/
h'n . jo\sMof RofkmjM\ :jfF -RjvF d'gf_ g]=;+=
!!@% ; yf}+:jofM lem+5b“ GxoM lkb+u' h'n . yy]Rjo\
Gxo\ygfy]+Rjlddo\h'+ yMt 5u" x]ljwfo\ tMSogfdlb;]+
5;Lsy+ O{ gfk+ Gx\ofgfRj+u' lnRjsy+ jo\sMof 5u"
bh{n+ dNofs ;km"t lkbg]w'+sn ;f jo\sMof Gxfkf+u'
pkGof; ænfo\nfdfÆ vM;f+tla Yj pkGof; cfMts
ck|sflzt x]ltlg . y'ls+ lnkf ck0ff{ do\h'of lgu"u'
pkGof; æ;'dgÆ h'n u'u' y'u';L x]lkb+u' vM . cy]x]
jo\sMof :j+u"u' pkGof; s?0ff vM, Yj g+ ck|sflzt
x]ltlg . ædf+Æ pkGof; ck0ff{ k|wfgof Ko+u"u' pkGof;
vM . vnf Yj x]pkGof;of ?lSd0fL >]i7of g'uM
vFsy+ n'dlGt pkGof; Ko+u"u' pkGof; wsfM w}t Mu'
b', kfo\l5 dh" 5fo\wfM;f df+ pkGof;of Rjld do\
h+' {lhu' v“o\Úaf+nfs Rjoft}t Mu' b' jo\sMof Ko+u"u'
pkGof; df+ wsfM . cy]x]vu|f; d'Qmu' ldnf, n'dlGt,
Dx;Ls]dkm'Dx dg" yy]yL yL Rofu" pkGof; ;km" u'u'+
32 yf} +sGx]
no\kf}
ààbLks /fh æVjkÆ
k|sflzt u'u'+ ck|sflztsy+ g]kfnefiff ;flxToo\
w's'tL b'ltgfRj+u'÷b'ltg]To+u' vM x]vt . y'lsdWo]
Nof;]clh pkGof; yf}+sGx]no\kltO\ no\ no\klt
sy+x+s lkxfFj}R j+u' x]h'n . Nof;]clhof no\no\
kltof AjM yf}+sGx]no\kf}Yo+Nof @@& lg;]+5;Lsy+
dlbs jofRj+u' h'n . Yj x]e\mjno\ yf}+sGx]of Nofkf}
@#@ j @## ; ck0ff{ k|wfgof lgu" lgu" Rj;' lkb+u'
vg]b' . vo\tnf yf}+sGx]no\kf}cfM of no\kf}nf v
x]dv' u'lsof Gxfkf+u' k|sfzg lj=;+= @))* ;fn, yf}+
:jofM v'OGofbF Gx\oM x]lkbg];'?h"u' h'n cy]wfo\
ano\ g]kfno\ k|hftGq g+ jn yL yL kq klqsft g+
lkbg]u' ;'?h'n . uHofMu' yYofM sf]YofM, yMxfF s'xfF
h'of yf}+sGx]no\kf}cfMts jx]sy+ Gx\ofgfRj+u' h'n
y'lsoft Djfsfto]t u'lnl;g+ u'xfln oft h'O ,Tofu
jlnbfg oft h'O cn]u'lnl;of xMkfn+ df+ efo\kfv]+
Sj;fMu' dg+ O{of jfkmo\no\ Ono\Jono\of xfYofoft
xfrf+ufofM ygts Yo+u'nf wfy]+HjMdb"u' bl; h'n .
5' g+ kq klqsf Djfsfto]t plsoft Uo;'nfMu'
Rj;"t cy]x]Ono\ Jono\ lj1fkg laof, klqsfof
blR5of b'hM,hLjgsfl5of b'hM h'ofM u'xfln ofo]
kmtwfM;f hs 5'+ g klqsfo\ Hofg NogfRjlg . yg
Gx\oyg]Togfu' 5' wfM;f yHofMu' P]ltxfl;s no\kltO
5sn+ 5Dx x]Rjldof lgu" lgu" Rj;" b'YofsftMu' 5Dx
Aj“ldof ldvf+ :jo]ano\ eltrf Rjf:; ;"u'y]+tfo]sf .
y'ls d] d]
lk+ Aj“ldlklg ljrfM lh gfk tfMnfMnf
dnfMnf jnf yDx+ dl;n cy];f+ Yj no\kf}of 5Dx
Gx"Dx b'hM h"u' ofgf yM lk+;+ jfM rfo]s
 fMu' vFt yg Gx\
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Kok'+sfM Ifdf .
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yf}+sGx] 37
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yf}+sGx] 39
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