0.

Energy Electrical

Thermal

Mechanical

Light Sound Wind

0. Energy. Contd…
1. Heat
2. Temperature
3. Mass and Gravity
4. Weight
5. Force
6. Pressure
6. Pressure (Contd..)
7. Velocity & Speed
8. Static Pressure
Velocity Pressure
 9. Modes of heat transfer
Conduction
Within same solid body
One solid to other in contact Pic 2
(like a bimetallic strip)
Hot Surface
Convection
Air
Solid – Fluid (Pic 2)

Fluid – Fluid (Pic 2) Pic 3

Based on Gravity (Natural or Forced) Pic 3

Radiation
Hot sources – Air and Cabin Parts
Higher T – Higher Radiation
Pic 4
Vicinity and proximity of source

Radiation generally doesn’t transmit through opaque bodies

i.e., radiation transmission will be approx zero

Note: Transmissivity is of two different parameters, Light transmissivity and Energy transmissivity
We should consider Energy transmissivity only for HVAC heat purpose.
10. First law of thermodynamics
11. Internal Energy
12. Enthalpy
13. Second law of thermodynamics
14. Entropy
13. Second law of thermodynamics (Contd.)
14. Entropy.. (Contd)
13. Second law of thermodynamics (Contd.)
14. Entropy.. (Contd)
13. Second law of thermodynamics (Contd.)
14. Entropy.. (Contd)
15. Third Law of thermodynamics
16. Zeroth Law of thermodynamics
 17. Sensible Heat 19. Superheating
18. Latent Heat 20. Subcooling

Vaporization of water Saturation

Point
Superheating

0C 100C 100C 200C

Liq Liq Vap Vap

+2260 kJ/kg
endothermic
+418 kJ/kg
+418 kJ/kg
Condensation of water
Subcooling

200C 100C 100C 0C

Vap Vap Liq Liq

-2260 kJ/kg
exothermic -418 kJ/kg
-418 kJ/kg
17. Sensible Heat 19. Superheating
18. Latent Heat 20. Subcooling
21. Specific heat
22. Refrigerant

Any stable substance (chemical) used to

produce cooling

Absorbs heat from desired area (colder)

and rejects it into outdoors (warmer)

Prominently, utilizes latent heat transfer

(phase change concept)

Outdoors/
Desired Space Undesired space
23. TR
 24. HVAC

Provide comfort 18C to 24C is the comfort range for humans

Temperature Either we have to heat or cool the air Heating/
Cooling
/Air
Provide comfort 40% to 60% is the comfort range for humans Conditioning
Relative Humidity Dehumidification
Humidification
Ventilation
Supply air for Respiration (remove excess CO2)
Supply air at comfort velocities (avoid draft and stale air)
Remove odors Ventilation
Remove dust particles (filter) Purity
Reduce Noise
 25. VCRS

Vehicle Front Grill

Gas Suction Line Condenser
Gas Discharge Line Air
35 to 50C
Liquid Line

Evaporator Inlet Line Refrigerant

(50 to 80C)

Firewall

Evaporator
Refrigerant Compressor
(0 to -30C)
> 1 bar

Air
1 to 10C

Cabin Expansion
Valve
26. Split AC – communication line and drain line