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1. Free Running: This type of tolerance can be usable where any special requirements for
accuracy in not essential, but good for wide temperature variation, heavy journal
pressures and high running speeds.
Some of the applications: Multiple fits of shafts of production and piston machines,
parts rotating very rarely or only swinging.
Some of the selected Preferred fits: H9/d9, D9/h9, H9/C9, H9/d10, D9/h8, H8/d9,
H8/d8, and D10/h9.
3. Easy Running: This is tuning fits with smaller clearances with general requirements for
fit accuracy.
Some of the applications: Main fits of machine tools. General fits of shafts, regulator
bearings, machine tool spindles, sliding rods.
Some of the selected Preferred fits: H8/f8, H9/f8, F8/h6, F8/h7, H8/f7, and H7/f7.
4. Sliding/Running Fit: This fit does not provide freely running. This running/sliding
tolerance fits with very small clearances for accurate guiding of shafts. This kind of
tolerance helps the parts to move and turn freely and locate accurately.
Some of the applications: sliding gears and clutch disks, parts of machine tools, pistons
of hydraulic machines, rods sliding in bearings, grinding machine spindles, crankshaft
journals.
Some of the selected Preferred fits: H7/g6, H8/g7, and G7/h6.
Compiled by
Er. Bishal Pudasaini
5. Close Clearance (Spigots and Locations): This fit is for accurate location at moderate
speeds and journal pressures, and running on accurate machine parts. Running fits with
smaller clearances with general requirements for fit accuracy.
Some of the applications: General Fits of shafts, machine tool spindles, main fits of
machine tools, regulator bearings, sliding rods.
Some of the selected Preferred fits: H8/f7, F8/h7, F8/h6, H9/f8, H8/f8, and H7/f7.
6. Locational Clearance: For locating stationary parts, it provides snug fit. It provides freely
assemble and disassemble. This fit helps for precise guiding and centering of parts and
mounting by sliding on without use of any great force, after lubrication the parts can be
turned and slid by hand.
Some of the applications: Roller guides. Precise guiding of machines and preparations,
exchangeable wheels.
Compiled by
Some of the selectedEr. Preferred fits: H7/h6, H8/h7, H8/h9, and H8/h8.
Bishal Pudasaini
7. Location- slight interference: This type of fit compromise between interference and
clearance for accurate location. With this fit, the parts can be assemble or disassemble
without great force using a rubber mallet.
Some of the applications: Clutches, demountable fits of hubs of gears and pulleys,
manual wheels, brake disks.
Some of the selected Preferred fits: H7/k6, H8/k7, K7/h6, and K8/h7.
9. Location/Interference; This type of fit where the assembled parts requiring rigidity and
great alignment with prime accuracy of location. Press fit which can be separated,
pressed fits with guaranteed interference. Assembly of the parts can be carried out
using cold pressing.
Some of the applications: Bearing bushings, Hubs of clutch disks.
Some of the selected Preferred fits: H7/p6, H7/r6, H8/r7, P7/h6, and R7/h6.
10. Medium Drive Fit This fit for shrink fit on light section or ordinary steel parts. Pressed
fits with medium interference, assembly of parts using hot pressing, assembly using cold
pressing only with use of large forces. The tightest tolerance usable for cast iron.
Some of the applications: Permanent coupling of gears with shafts, bearing bushings.
Some of the selected Preferred fits: H7/s6, H8/s7, H7/t6, H8/t7, S7/h6, and T7/h6.
Compiled by
Er. Bishal Pudasaini
11. Force Fit: This fit suitable for parts which can be highly stressed. Pressed fits with big
interferences, assembly using pressing and great forces under different temperatures of
the parts. This fit for shrink fits where the heavy pressing forces required are
impractical.
Some of the applications: Permanent couplings of gears with shafts, flanges.
Some of the selected Preferred fits: H7/u6, H8/u7, H8/u8, H8/x8, U7/h6, and U8/h7.
Compiled by
Er. Bishal Pudasaini
ISO 286 and ANSI Preferred Shaft Basis Fits (ANSI B4.2-1978(R1984))
The Preferred basic shaft system can be used for shafts that are manufactured in standard
sizes.
Compiled by
Er. Bishal Pudasaini
ISO 286 and ANSI Preferred Hole Basis Fits (ANSI B4.2-1978(R1984))
The Preferred basic hole basis system is used to apply tolerances for holes. The minimum hole
is assigned the basic bore (basic size) from which the tolerance and allowance are applied. This
system is widely used in industry due to standard reamers being used to produce holes, and
standard size "GO GAUGES" used to check hole sizes accurately.
Compiled by
Er. Bishal Pudasaini
Fundamental Deviations Letter for Hole and Shaft Basis.
The Value for the Hole from "A" to "H" are positive (+), for the Shaft from "a" to "h" negative
(-). The Value of the Hole from "J" to "K" either positive (+) or negative (-), for Shaft form "j"
to "k" either positive (+) or negative (-).
Figure: Schematic representation of the placement of the tolerance interval (fundamental
deviation) relative to the nominal size
Table 4.4. Most Commonly Used Shafts
Letter
a b c cd d e ef f fg g h j > k m n p r s t u V X y z za zb ZC
Symbol
Grade
i X X
0& 10
1 X X
2 X X
3 X X X X X X X X X X X X
4 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
5 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
6 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
7 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
9 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
10 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
11 X X X X X X X X X X X X
12 X X X X X X X X
13 X X X X X X
14 X X
15 X X
16 X X
17 X X
18 X X
Notes:
Shaft a and b are provided only for basic size greater than 1 mm.
Shafts j8 are provided only for basic sizes less than or equal to 3 mm.
Shafts t, v and y are provided for basic sizes greater than 24, 14 and 18 mm respectively.
Tolerance grades iT14 to iT18 are only provided for basic sizes greater than 1 mm.
Table 4.3. Most Commonly Used Holes
Letter
A B c CD D E EF F FG G H J JS K M N p R s T u V X Y z ZA ZB ZC
Symbol
Grade
1 X X
0&01
1 X X
2 X X
3 X X X X X X X X X X X
4 X X X X X X X X X X X X
5 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
6 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
7 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
8 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
9 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
10 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
11 X X X X X X X X X X X
12 X X X X X X
13 X X X X X X
14 X X
15 X X
16 X X
17 X X
18 X X
Notes:
Holes A and B are provided only for basic sizes greater than 1 mm. Holes K in
tolerance grades above ITS are provided only for basic sizes less than or equal to 3 mm.
Holes T, V and Y are only provided for basic sizes greater than 24, 18 and 18 mm.
Holes N of tolerance grades above IT8 only are only provided for basic sizes greater than 1 mm.
Tolerance grades 7T14 to 7T18 are only provided for basic sizes greater than 1 mm.
Applications with ISO 286/ANSI B4.2-1978 International Tolerance
Grade.
For best fit selection for a specific applications many factors can be effective. Such as speed,
temperatures, length engagement, materials, lubrications, humidity, bearing load and etc. To
satisfy extreme conditions the best preferred fit must be considered. The tolerances indicated
by the International Tolerance (IT) Grades are general guide to machining process given in ISO
286/ANSI B4.2-1978 showmen in the below table.
APPLICATIONS and PROCESS IT Grade Range
LAPPING AND HONING IT1, IT2, IT3, IT4, IT5,
CYLINDRICAL TURNING AND DIAMOND TURNING IT4, IT5, IT6, IT7
PLANE/ SURFACE GRINDING IT5, IT6, IT7, IT8, IT9
BROACHING AND REAMING IT5, IT6, IT7, IT8, IT9
BORING AND TURNING IT6, IT7, IT8, IT9, IT10, IT11, IT12
SAWING IT9, IT10, IT11
POWDER METAL-SINTERED IT7, IT8, IT9,IT10
MILLING IT9,IT10,IT11, IT12, IT13
PLANING, SHAPING, COLD ROLLING AND DRAWING IT10, IT11, IT12, IT13,IT14,
COLD ROLLING AND DRAWING IT 4, IT5, IT6,IT7
DRIILING IT11, IT12,IT13, IT14
DIE CASTING IT12,;IT13,IT14, IT15
PUNCHING AND FORGING IT13,IT14, IT15,IT16
HOT ROLLING, FALME CUTTING AND SAND CASTING IT1 4,IT15, IT16
"i": is standard tolerance unit/factor."i" for IT5 to IT18 values can be calculated with the
formula below;
Where, D (mm) is the geometric mean of the lower and upper diameters of a particular
diameter step within which the chosen the diameter D lies. Standard Tolerance Unit/Factor the
formula has parabolic relationship with the size of the products. As the size increases, the
tolerance within which a part can be manufactured also increases.
The Standards Tolerance values corresponding to IT grades IT01, IT0, IT1, see the chart below
The values of IT2 to IT4 are regularly scaled approximately geometrically between the
values of IT1 and IT5.
The Standards Tolerance values corresponding to IT grades IT5 to IT18, see the chart below
𝑻 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎.𝟐×(𝑰𝑻𝑮−𝟏) × 𝑰
"I": is standard tolerance unit/factor. "I" for IT1 to IT18 values can be calculated with the
formula below;
𝑰 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒 × 𝑫 + 𝟐. 𝟏
Unit tolerance in (µm). To calculate D;
Where, D (mm) is the geometric mean of the lower and upper diameters of a particular
diameter step within which the chosen the diameter D lies. Standard Tolerance Unit/Factor the
formula has parabolic relationship with the size of the products. As the size increases, the
tolerance within which a part can be manufactured also increases.
The Standards Tolerance values corresponding to IT grades IT1 to IT18, see the chart below
d = – 16D0.44
e = -11D0.41 = IT8 + 1 to 4; for D ≤50
ef G.M. of values for e and f s = + 7T7 to + 0.4D; for D > 50
f = -5.5D0.41 t = + IT7 + 0.63D
fg G.M. of values for f and g u = + IT7 + D
g = -2.5D0.34 V = + IT1 + 1.2525D
X = + IT7 + 1.62D
y = + IT7 + 2D
z = + IT7 + 2.52D
za = IT8 + 3 + 3.152D
zb = + IT9 + 4D
h =0 zc = + IT10 + 4D
Fundamental Deviation of Holes Size Up to 500mm (Geometric Mean
Dia "mm")
GENERAL RULE:
Hole limits are identical with the shaft limits of the same symbole
(Letter and Grade)but disposed on the other side of the zero
ALL DEVIATIONS EXCEPT line.EI=-es (EI is equal upper deviation of shaft of the same letter
THOSE GIVEN BELOW symbol but of opposite sign.)
IT9 and
Closer
N Grades ES=0
For Size
Above
J,K.M, Up to Grade SPECIALS RULES:
3mm and N IT8 Inclusive ES= Lower deviation ei of the shaft of the same letter symbol but
one grade finer and of opposite sign increased by the difference
For Size
Above Up to Grades
between the tolerances of the two grades in;
3mm P to ZC 7 inclusive ei+ITx=ES+ITn and ei-ITn= ES-ITx (x=n-1)
The Upper and Lower deviations for Shaft are donated by "es" and "ei". The Upper and
Lower deviations for Hole are donated by "ES" and "EI". The Fundamental Deviations
can be calculated with the help of some formulas given below.
ES = EI + IT, EI = ES – IT
EXAMPLE:
Let’s choose the diameter of the shaft 60mm, and Tolerance grade H8f7; Calculation for
Fundamental deviation, Tolerances and Limit of size for Hole and, Shaft. Calculation of the
Standard tolerance Unit;
The size range for 60mm Diameter would be 50-80mm from the ISO 286 table
Since design based on Hole basis, the fundamental deviation of hole is zero. Fundamental
deviation for Shaft;
=-5.5xD0.41
=-5.5x63.250.41
=-30.114 microns=0.030mm
Shaft;
Higher Limit=Basic size-Fundamental Deviation=60-0.030=59.97mm
Lower Limit=Higher Limit-Tolerance=59.97-0.03=59.94mm
Hole;
Lower Limit=Basic Size=60mm
Higher Limit=Lower Limit Tolerance=60+0.046=60.046mm
Compiled by
Er. Bishal Pudasaini