Star, galaxies and space exploration

Name: Lambootheran A/l Rajendran

College number: Kg 150185

Class: 2 Colombus

Teachers name: Teacher Azreen

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Subtopic 1: Analysing the Sun
The sun

The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is a nearly perfect sphere of hot
plasma, with internal convective motion that generates a magnetic field via a dynamo process. It is
by far the most important source of energy for life on Earth. Its diameter is about 109 times that of
Earth, and its mass is about 330,000 times that of Earth, accounting for about 99.86% of the total
mass of the Solar System. The sun is so much bigger than the earth that over 1 million planets of
the size of the earth can fit inside the sun.About three quarters of the Sun's mass consists of
hydrogen; the rest is mostly helium, with much smaller quantities of heavier elements, including
oxygen, carbon, neon, Photospheric composition (by mass

Type of gas Amount of gas

Hydrogen 73.46%
Helium 24.85%
Oxygen 0.77%
Carbon 0.29%
Iron 0.16%
Neon 0.12%
Nitrogen 0.09%
Silicon 0.07%
Magnesium 0.05%
Sulfur 0.04%

Characteristic Mass, Distance or temperature

Size 1392000 km in diameter
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Mass 1.98 times 10^30kg
Density 1400 kg/m^3
Surface temperature 5500 degree celcius to 6600 degree
celcius(its hot enough to melt
anything)

The structure of the sun

The atmosphere of the sun consists of three layers.

o Photosphere * Corona
o Chromosphere

Photosphere
 Is the surface of the sun

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  It cannot be seen
 This layer of gas is about 500 km thick

Chromosphere
 It is above the Photosphere
 The layer of gas is about 10 000 km thick
 It is invisible and can only be seen during a solar eclipse .
 The chromosphere give of reddish light

PHENOMENA ON THE EARTH SURFACE OF THE EARTH

SUN AND THE EFFECTS ON THE EARTH

Sunspots, promineces and solar flares are example of phenomena occurring on the surface of the
sun.

Sunspots
o It is the dark spot seen in the surface sun
o Usually appears as pairs or group around the equator of the sun.
o Sunspots appear due to concentration of magnetic field generated by the sun.
o Sunspots have lower temperature compared to their surrounding.
o Sunspots can last from one hour to month after their formation

Prominences
o There are bright red arches or loops of hot gases protecting from the surface of the
sun
o Occur over and and around sunspots
o May erupt a few days after their formation

Solar flares
o What is a Solar Flare?
o A flare is defined as a sudden, rapid, and intense variation in brightness. A solar flare
occurs when magnetic energy that has built up in the solar atmosphere is suddenly
released. Radiation is emitted across virtually the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from
radio waves at the long wavelength end, through optical emission to x-rays and gamma
rays at the short wavelength end. The amount of energy released is the equivalent of
millions of 100-megaton hydrogen bombs exploding at the same time! The first solar
flare recorded in astronomical literature was on September 1, 1859. Two scientists,
Richard C. Carrington and Richard Hodgson, were independently observing sunspots at
the time, when they viewed a large flare in white light.
o Full Disk Corona with Flare Soft x-ray image of a solar flare on the Sun
o As the magnetic energy is being released, particles, including electrons, protons, and
heavy nuclei, are heated and accelerated in the solar atmosphere. The energy released
during a flare is typically on the order of 1027 ergs per second. Large flares can emit up

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 to 1032 ergs of energy. This energy is ten million times greater than the energy released
from a volcanic explosion. On the other hand, it is less than one-tenth of the total energy
emitted by the Sun every second.
o There are typically three stages to a solar flare. First is the precursor stage, where the
release of magnetic energy is triggered. Soft x-ray emission is detected in this stage. In
the second or impulsive stage, protons and electrons are accelerated to energies
exceeding 1
o MeV. During the impulsive stage, radio waves, hard x-rays, and gamma rays are emitted. The
gradual build up and decay of soft x-rays can be detected in the third, decay stage. The
duration of these stages can be as short as a few seconds or as long as an hour.
o Solar flares extend out to the layer of the Sun called the corona. The corona is the outermost
atmosphere of the Sun, consisting of highly rarefied gas. This gas normally has a temperature
of a few million degrees Kelvin. Inside a flare, the temperature typically reaches 10 or 20
million degrees Kelvin, and can be as high as 100 million degrees Kelvin. The corona is visible
in soft x-rays, as in the above image. Notice that the corona is not uniformly bright, but is
concentrated around the solar equator in loop-shaped features. These bright loops are located
within and connect areas of strong magnetic field called active regions. Sunspots are located
within these active regions. Solar flares occur in active regions.
o A person cannot view a solar flare by simply staring at the Sun. (NEVER LOOK
DIRECTLY AT THE SUN! EYE DAMAGE CAN RESULT.) Flares are in fact difficult to see
against the bright emission from the photosphere. Instead, specialized scientific instruments are
used to detect the radiation signatures emitted during a flare. The radio and optical emissions
from flares can be observed with telescopes on the Earth. Energetic emissions such as x-rays and
gamma rays require telescopes located in space, since these emissions do not penetrate the
Earth's atmosphere.

The effects of the phenomena on the surface of the Sun on the

Earth

Effect on Explanation
Communication The earths atmosphere is used to reflect radio signals. The solar wind
system causes the radio signals to fluctuate causing radio communication to be
affected

navigation systems Aeroplanes and ships use radio signals from transmitters located
throughout the earth to determine their position.The radio signals of the
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 transmitter are affected by solar wind, causing the system to give
navigators information that is incorrect by as much as several
kilometres

Satellites The solar winds heats up the earths upper atmosphere causing hot air
to rise into space. This increases the density at the orbit of satellites
significantly. If these satellites are not boosted to higher orbits, they will
fall to the earth.

Radiation Astronaunts in space are exposed to radiation hazards caused by high

Hazards energy particles released by intense solar flares.

Electric power supply is disrupted when magnetically charged solar wind

Electric power induce current in power transmission lines

Another example of the effect of the phenomena on the surface of the sun is the formation of
aurorae. Aurorae are brands of coloured light sky in most northern and southern parts of the
earth. When some of the charged particles of the solar wind reaches the eart, the collide with gas
molecules like oxygen and nitrogen, causing them to release energy in form of light.We see this
as light as an aurora.

How energy is generated by the Sun

1. Energy is generated by the Sun through nuclear fusion in the core of

the Sun.

2. A nuclear reaction can produce large amounts of energy. A nuclear

reaction where several atoms of one type of element merge together to

form a different element.

3. The Sun mainly made up of hydrogen. Under high temperature in the

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core of the Sun, hydrogen atoms undergo nuclear fusion to form helium
atoms and a large amount of energy is produced.

4. The energy produced is in the form of heat and light.

Hydrogen atoms nuclear fusion helium atoms + energy

The Photosphere of the Sun, where visible sunlight and heat are sent into space

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The Core: -In the core, where energy is produced by hydrogen atoms (H) being
converted into molecules of helium (He). This is possible thanks to the extreme pressure
and temperature that exists within the core, which are estimated to be the equivalent of
250 billion atmospheres(25.33 trillion KPa) and 15.7 million kelvin, respectively.
The core is the only part of the Sun that produces an appreciable amount of heat
through fusion. In fact, 99% of the energy produced by the Sun takes place within 24% of
the Sun’s radius. By 30% of the radius, fusion has stopped almost entirely. The rest of the
Sun is heated by the energy that is transferred from the core through the successive
layers, eventually reaching the solar photosphere and escaping into space as sunlight or
the kinetic energy of particles.
The Sun releases energy at a mass–energy conversion rate of 4.26 million metric
tons per second, which produces the equivalent of 38,460 septillion watts (3.846×1026 W)
per second.

Radiative Zone: It extends out to about 0.7 solar radii. There is no thermal convection
in this layer, but solar material in this layer is hot and dense enough that thermal radiation
is all that is needed to transfer the intense heat generated in the core outward. Basically,
this involves ions of hydrogen and helium emitting photons that travel a short distance
before being reabsorbed by other ions.
Temperatures drop in this layer, going from approximately 7 million kelvin closer to
the core to 2 million at the boundary with the convective zone. Density also drops in this
layer a hundredfold from 0.25 solar radii to the top of the radiative zone, going from 20
g/cm³ closest to the core to just 0.2 g/cm³ at the upper boundary.

Convective Zone: It accounts for everything beyond 70% of the inner solar radius (or
from the surface to approx. 200,000 km below). Here, the temperature is lower than in
the radiative zone and heavier atoms are not fully ionized. As a result, radiative heat
transport is less effective, and the density of the plasma is low enough to allow
convective currents to develop.

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Because of this, rising thermal cells carry the majority of the heat outward to the Sun’s
photosphere. Once these cells rise to just below the photospheric surface, their material
cools, causing their density increases. This forces them to sink to the base of the
convection zone again – where they pick up more heat and the convective cycle
continues.
It is also on this layer that sunspots occur, which appear as dark patches
compared to the surrounding region. These spots correspond to concentrations in the
magnetic flux field that inhibit convection and cause regions on the surface to drop in
temperature to compared to the surrounding material.

Photosphere: The visible surface of the Sun. It is here that the sunlight and heat that
are radiated and convected to the surface propagate out into space. Temperatures in the
layer range between 4,500 and 6,000 K (4,230 – 5,730 °C; 7646 – 10346 °F). Because
the upper part of the photosphere is cooler than the lower part, an image of the Sun
appears brighter in the center than on the edge or limb of the solar disk, in a
phenomenon known as limb darkening.
The photosphere is tens to hundreds of kilometers thick, and is also the region of
the Sun where it becomes opaque to visible light. The reasons for this is because of the
decreasing amount of negatively charged Hydrogen ions (H –), which absorb visible light
easily. Conversely, the visible light we see is produced as electrons react with hydrogen
atoms to produce H– ions.
The energy emitted from the photosphere then propagates through space and
reaches Earth’s atmosphere and the other planets of the Solar System. Here on Earth,
the upper layer of the atmosphere (the ozone layer) filters much of the Sun’s ultra-violet
(UV) radiation, but passes some onto the surface. The energy that received is then
absorbed by the Earth’s air and crust, heating our planet and providing organisms with a
source of energy.

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The Stars and the Galaxies in the Universe

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What is a big Star?

1. A star is a big ball of hot gases.

2. The gases are mostly hydrogen and helium.
3. A star emits light and heat which are generated by nuclear reactions.
4. A star is different from a planet because it can give off its own light.
5. The Sun actually one of the stars in the Universe. It is the nearest
star to the Earth. It is stable, medium sized star formed about 4.6
billion years ago.

The Bright Stars in the Sky

1. Stars vary in brightness. The brightness of a star is affected by its
distance from Earth.
2. The brightest star seen from the Earth is Sirius.
3. Sirius emits white light.
4. Rigel is another example of bright star. Rigel emits a bluish light.

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The Various Types of Stars

1. We can classify stars using characteristics such as

a. Brightness surface
b. size
c. temperature and colour.
2. The brightness/colour of star depends on its size and temperature. Th
temperature of stars varies from 30000C to 50000C.
3. Stars with higher temperature are blue. Stars with lower temperature
are red.

 White Dwarf star ,

 Giant Star
 Neutron star
 Medium-sized star

The Formation of Stars

1. Stars are formed within large clusters of dust and gases

2. A star is born from a nebula

3. These cloud of dust and gases are called nebulae

4. The dust consists of solid such as iron and silicates

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 5. The gases are mostly hydrogen and helium.

6. The formation of a star starts when a nebula is pulled into its

core due to the force of gravity:

A. Gases and particles in the nebula are pulled by strong gravitational forces to
form a lump.
B. Strong gravitational forces cause the lump of gases to shrink and is
compressed until it become very compact to form a core
C. The core becomes increasingly smaller and compact as a result of an
increasing gravitational force
D. When temperature and pressure in the core become very high, nuclear
reaction occurs.
E. Hydrogen gas turned into helium. A lot of heat and light are released. The

core shines and a star is born.

7. As the nebula collapses, its starts to spin.
8. The spinning clouds pull in more hydrogen gas over million of year.
9. Collisions occur between hydrogen atoms in the spinning nebula,
producing heat.
10. When the temperature reaches 150000C, nuclear fusion takes place in
the core of the nebula.
11. Hydrogen atoms combine to form helium atoms, releasing a large
amount of heat and light energy.

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The Death of Stars

1. A star will die when all the hydrogen gas in its core is used up in
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Nuclear reactions.
2. The lifespan of a star is determined by the original mass of the air.
3. A star with a big mass has a shorter lifespan compared to a star with
a
small mass.
4. example, star that are 50 times bigger than the Sun live for only a
few
million years. Star that are smaller than the Sun can live more than 10
billion years.
5. A die star will become either a white dwarf, neutron star or black
hole
when its dies, depending on its size

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 The Galaxies

A galaxy is a gravitationally bound system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust,
and dark matter. The word galaxy is derived from the Greek galaxias , literally "milky", a
reference to the Milky Way. Galaxies range in size from dwarfs with just a few billion stars to
giants with one hundred trillion (1014) stars, each orbiting its galaxy's center of mass. Galaxies are

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categorized according to their visual morphology as elliptical, spiral and irregular. Many galaxies
are thought to have black holes at their active centers. The Milky Way's central black hole, known
as Sagittarius A*, has a mass four million times greater than the Sun. As of March 2016, GN-
z11 is the oldest and most distant observed galaxy with a comoving distance of 32 billion light-
years from Earth, and observed as it existed just 400 million years after the Big Bang.

Different types of galaxies

Spiral A spiral galaxy consists

of a central group of
stars with arms spiralling
outwards.
Elliptical An elliptical galaxy is
shaped like a flattened
sphere.
Irregular An irregular galaxy has
no definite shape

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The Milky Way
1. The Milky Way has a spiral shape and contains about 200 billion stars.
2. Our Sun is one of the stars in the Milky Way.
3. Our Solar System consists of nine planets and their moons, orbiting
around the Sun.
4. The Earth is the third planet from the Sun.

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 The Milky Way has a relatively low surface brightness. Its visibility can be greatly reduced
by background light such as light pollution or stray light from the Moon. The sky needs to be
darker than about 20.2 magnitude per square arc second in order for the Milky Way to be seen.
[38]
It should be visible when the limiting magnitude is approximately +5.1 or better and shows a
great deal of detail at +6.1. This makes the Milky Way difficult to see from any brightly lit urban
or suburban location, but very prominent when viewed from a rural area when the Moon is below
the horizon.[nb 2] The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness shows that more than one
third of Earth population cannot see the Milky Way from their homes due to light pollution.

As viewed from Earth, the visible region of the Milky Way's Galactic plane occupies an
area of the sky that includes 30 constellations. The center of the Galaxy lies in the direction of the
constellation Sagittarius; it is here that the Milky Way is brightest. From Sagittarius, the hazy band
of white light appears to pass around to the Galactic anticenter in Auriga. The band then

continues the rest of the way around the sky, back to Sagittarius. The band divides the night
sky into two roughly equal hemispheres.

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 In Microwaves, We Can See the Hub of the Galaxy

The Universe

1. The Universe consists of all matter, energy and space.

2. There are billions of galaxies in the Universe.

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. To measure the large distances in the universe, scientists use a unit of length called the
light year. A light year is the distance travelled by light in one year. Light travels 9.46 trillion km
in a year (one trillion is 1 followed by 12 zeroes).

During the Big Bang, all of the space, time, matter, and energy in the Universe was
created. This giant explosion hurled matter in all directions and caused space itself to expand. As
the Universe cooled, the material in it combined to form galaxies, stars, and planets.

The Universe is composed almost completely of dark energy, dark matter, and ordinary matter.
Other contents are electromagnetic radiation (estimated to be from 0.005% to close to 0.01%)
and antimatter.[66][67][68] The total amount of electromagnetic radiation generated within the universe
has decreased by 1/2 in the past 2 billion years.

The percent of all types matter and energy has changed over the history of the
Universe. Today, ordinary matter, which includes atoms, stars, galaxies, and life, accounts for only
4.9% of the contents of the Universe. present overall density of this type of matter is very low,
roughly 4.5 × 10−31 grams per cubic centimetre, corresponding to a density of the order of only one
proton for every four cubic meters of volume. The nature of both dark energy and dark matter is
unknown. Dark matter, a mysterious form of matter that has not yet been identified, accounts for
26.8% of the contents. Dark energy, which is the energy of empty space and that is causing the
expansion of the Universe to accelerate, accounts for the remaining 68.3% of the contents.

Position of the Solar System

Our solar system is just one of more than a couple hundred billion stars that
make up our home galaxy , milkyway ,stars and others. The solar system is very close to
the galaxy’s equator.

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 Polar view of the Milky Way Galaxy showing the location of the Solar System.

- yellow show the orbital path of our solar system as it travels around the
center of the Milky way.

- Red located above the ‘r’ in the ‘arm’ assoviated with Orion Armshows our
current location on this path.

Our solar system, part of the Milky Way galaxy, consists of the Sun, nine planets, 64
known moons, many asteroids, millions of comets and meteorites, as well as interplanetary dust
and gases.The most of the galaxy’s gas and dust is located. So new stars are being born.
Just as the Earth has equator, so does the galaxy and we are about 14 light years above
and called equatorial symmetry plane.

As tp the thikness of the disk, most current estimates put it at around 1,000 light
years thick. Obviously our solar system lies very close to the galaxy’s equator. The solar
System is centre of the galaxy , because we are 26,000 to 28,000 light years from the
centre. The estimates vary due to uncertainty in the exact size of the galaxy and the time it
takes the solar system to complete one orbit of our galaxy.

(i).Why all that exists in the Universe is not permanent

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 The universe consists of several hundreds billions of galaxies, each one of them wheeling
round in space an average of a hundred billions of stars, with all the planets they may have
retained orbiting around them. Galaxies, as a rule, move apart from each other and so the
universe is expanding, becoming bigger and bigger.

Instant of the Big Bang, all the matter of the universe was assembled at only one point
of an exreme density and infinitely hot.

Every atom of the universe is composed of energy. This energy can not be destroyed. only
to change form... while existence is permanent in one form or another even though it may be un-
viewable to the human eye or perceptions

Because stars and galaxies will someday change or die out. Subtance particles
inevitably decay. It is a perceptual illusion to see object as independely existent and is a
perceptual illusion .

(ii). The importance of the Sun and the Moon to life on Earth
THE SUN

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 The sun is important to every single aspect of life on the planet. Human life could not
exist without it because it would cause all of the water and food sources to cease to exist.

The sun helps regulate the climate, clouds , rain, wind and drought are caused by
heat energy from the sun.
The sun is the main source of energy for producers in the ecosystems and it keeps the
oceans from freezing, along with providing light. The sourse of fuels that we used comes from
Sun. If just one of these factors changed dramatically, it would impact all life on Earth. Without
the sun, the planet's oceans would freeze, temperatures would drop and all life would die off
without light or food.
The sun helps plants to carry on process of photosynthesis using water and
carbon dioxide enables plants to grow . Where sun change light energy into chemical
energy in the form of glucose. This energy which stored in plants wil passed on to other
animals and humans through food chain and food web.

Furthermore the photosynthesis will release gas oxygen to animals, humans and
plants for respiration.

The sun provide solar energy which is renewable energy. This solar energy also
canr be used as an alternative sourse of energy on Earth.

The moon

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 The Moon influences the Earth’s tides and also protects the Earth from more drastic
temperature fluctutuations by stabilizing the wobble of Earth’s spin.

The moon as strong gravitational pull on the Earth. Where it causes the oceans to rise
and fall in what we call tides. Twie every day the water level rises and then recedes

I t can influencing the Earth’s climate . the moon’s gravith has the effect of
slowing down the Earth’s rotation.If the Earth’s rotataion were faster, then every day
would be shorter. Shorter days would result in the temperature on Earth taking a
substantial drop because there would be less time for the sun to heat the Earth. This would
have a major impact on food production.

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 Space exploration

DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD OF ASTRONOMY

ASTRONOMER YEAR CONTRIBUTION TO THE FIELD OF

ASTRONOMY

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Aristotle 384-322 BC - suggest that the Earth was
spherical and not flat

Nicholas Copernicus 1473-1543 - The first astronomer to suggest

that the Sun was the centre of the
Solar System. - Stated that
each planet had its own and that
the orbits were circular.

Galileo Galilei 1564-1642 - inverted the first astronomical

telescope and used it to observe

a. the surface of the moon

b. sunspots c.
the planets Saturn and its rings
d. the four moons that orbit
Jupiter.

Johannes Kepler 1571-1630 - Stated that the Earth’s orbits

is elliptical

Isaac Newton 1642-1727 - introduced that law of gravity. -

introduced the idea that natural
satellites and planets remaining in
their respective orbits, are closely
related to the pull of gravity.
- inverted the first reflecting
telescope.

Albert Einstein 1879-1955 - introduced the idea of time,

space and energy being related

-Telescopes are used in the space exploration.

he following table shows some of the major events in the space exploration.

Year Event

1926 Robert H. Goddard launched the first rocket

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1957 Sputnik I (Russia), the first man-made satellite, was launched to
orbit
around Earth.

1957 Sputnik II, was launched and it carried a dog named Laika.
1958 Explorer I, the first American satellite, was launched
1959 Lunar 2 was launched but it crashed onto the Moon’s surface.
1959 Lunar 3, the first space probe that orbited the Moon.
1961 Vostok 1 carried Yuri Gagarin to orbit the Earth.(First person to
orbit the earth)
1962 Mariner 2, the first space probe launched to Venus
1964 Mariner 4, the first space probe launched to Mars.
1966 Lunar 9 landed on the Moon
1969 Apollo 11 landed on the Moon. Neil Armstrong stepped on the
Moon’s
surface.
1976 Viking 1 and Viking 2 landed on Mars
1981 Space shuttle Columbia was launched(The first reusable
manned spacecraft)
1986 Voyager 2 passing through the outer space of Uranus
1989 Voyager 2 passing thourgh the outer space of Pluto
1990 Spacecraft launched to place Hubble telescope in the Earth’s
orbit.

Voyager 2

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 Sputnik I

Sputnik 2

’ Explorer I

 The Application of the Technology Related to Astronomy and Space

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 Exploration

1. The primary objective of space programmes are the search for

scientific
knowledge and exploration of the unknown.
2. Several modern technological devices have been invented to explore
outerspace. These include:

a. telescope
- three types of telescope for space exploration.
i. Refracting – uses lenses to take or send photographs of outer space
ii. Reflecting telescope – uses mirror to take or send photographs of outer space
iii. radio telescope – used to receive electric signals and radiation from
outer space

b. spacecraft /spaceships
- spacecraft are launched into space to obtain information.
- spacecraft that transport astronaut are launched into space using
Rockect .
- A probe is a spaceship that does not carry humans. Examples are
Voyager 2, Viking 1, Pioneer 10 ad Mariner 10.
- Space probes are launched to collect information by taking
photographs of our solar system

c. space station
- space stations provide a place in space for astronaut to carry out
studies while in space.
- Russia’s space station-Salyut, America’s – Skylab.
- The International Space Station (ISS) is now being built
in orbit
through the cooperation of 16 countries.

d. space shuttles
- this type of spacecraft can be launched, returned to the Earth
and can be used several times.
- nowadays, the launching of a spacecraft with rockects has been
replaced by space shuttles.
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- Space shuttles are used to ferry astronaut and research
equipments as well as to launch space probes and satellites.

e. Satellites
1. A satellites is an object that orbits around another object.
2. Man-made satellites are launched into certain orbits for remote
sensing
purpose.
3.. Satellites that are launched are very beneficial, especially for the
following fields.

a. Telecommunications
- Communications satellites are satellites that transmit signals for
televisions, radios, telephones, telexes, the internet and another
communication devices

b. Meteorological and disaster monitoring

- Meteorological satellites help us to accurately predict the
weather.

c. Navigation
- Navigational satellites help ships and the accurately aircrafts
determine their locations, especially in bad weather

d. Geology
- Satellites help geologists in the exploration of oil and minerals.

e. Agriculture
- Satellites are used to detect the location of soil that is suitable
for specific crops.

f. Forestry
- Satellites provide information on how forests are destroyed by

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fires, pests or diseases.

g. National security
- Satellites can detect pollution, such as oil spills at sea.

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(III) THE NEED TO CONTINUE SPACE EXPLORATION

We need to continue space exploration to get more information about universe.

Because it is more importance for physics, chemistry, meterorology , electronics, mechanical

engineering, and computer science.

Now, astronomy has included disciplines as diverse as astrometry, celestial navigation,

observational astronomy, the making of calendars and at one time astrology. So space exploration
is give more benefit to our world.

We need it because amateur astronomers have contributed to many important

astronomical discoveries and astronomy is one of the few sciences in the discovery and
observation of transient phenomena. The study of stars and stellar evolution is fundamental to our
understanding of the universe.

Todays mathematics is the result of astronomical research. Trigonometry was invented

ny Hipparches, a Greek astronomer. The logarithms was driven by the needs of astronomical
calculations.

Astronomy provided the navigational techniques that allowed sailors and aviators to
explore our planet (and today allow spacecraft to explore our solar system). Astronomy's appetite
for computational power drove the development of many of the earliest electronic computers. The
space age, which brought us the communication and weather satellites upon which we depend
each day, would have been impossible without the fundamental knowledge of gravity and orbits
discovered by astronomers. Radio astronomers led the development of low-noise radio receivers
that made possible the satellite communications industry. Image-processing techniques developed
by astronomers now are part of the medical imaging systems that allow non-invasive examination
of patients' internal organs.

Space explorations help human to get information about global climate. This will
prevent earth from destory

I feel astronomy has contribute more to human knowledge and progress.Instrument

providing valuable data on the drift of Earth's continents and the mechanisms of global
climate.

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i

References
1.Science text book form 3 (page 35 to 50)

2.Wikipedia

3.Nasa website

4.Space.com

5.Quora.com

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