Ion Exchange

and
Carbon Adsorption
TEKNIK PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH RISKA RISTIYANTI (21030116410011)
Water

Function
Content
Contaminant
Treatment
 Ion Exchange

What’s Ion Ion Exchange

What Ion
Exchange Working Types of Resins
Exchange is?
usually used Principal

Selectivity and
Design Case Equipment and
General
Study Operation
Considerations
 Ion Exchange

 Removed ionic species from water supplies

 Ion exchange is method for softening or for demineralizing water.
 Exchange capacity of ion exchange materials is limited, they eventually become
exhausted and must be regenerated. The cation resins with acid and anion resins with
base.
 Ion Exchange Working Principal

 Ion exchange are materials that can

exchange one ion for another, hold it
temporarily and then release it to a
regenerant solution.
 Functional Groups of Ion Exchange

Cation Exchange Anion Exchange

 Molecule containing acid radicals of the  Molecule containing base radicals
HSO3 or HCO type (amine function of the type NH3)
 Able to fix mineral or organic cations and  Able to fix mineral or organic anion and
exchange with the hydrogen ion H+ exchange with the hydroxyl ion OH-
Cation and Anion Exchange Working Principal

Cation Exchange Anion Exchange

Various Ion Exchange Schemes
 Types of Resins

 Strong-acid cation
 Strong-base anion
 Weak-acid cation
 Weak-base anion
 Both anion and cation resins are produced from the same basic organic polymers. They differ in
the ionizable group attached to the hydrocarbon network. It is this functional group that
determines the chemical behavior of the resin. Resins can be broadly classified as strong or
weak acid cation exchangers or strong or weak base anion exchangers
 Strong acid resins are so named because their chemical behavior is similar to that of a strong
acid. The resins are highly ionized in both the acid (R-S0,H) and salt (R-S0,Na) form.
 a weak acid resin. the ionizable group is a carboxylic acid (COOH) as opposed to the sulfonic
acid group (S03H) used in strong acid resins. These resins behave similarly to weak organic acids
that are weakly dissociated.
 strong base resins are highly ionized and can be used over the entire pH range. These resins are
used in the hydroxide (OH) form for water deionization. They will react with anions in solution
and can convert an acid solution to pure water.
 Weak base resins are like weak acid resins. in that the degree of ionization is strongly influenced
by pH. Consequently, weak base resins exhibit minium exchange capacity above a pH of 7.0.
These resins merely sorb strong acids: they cannot split salts.
 Strong-acid Cation

 Strongly acidic cation resins their exchange activity from sulfonic functional groups (HSO)
 The major cation in water are calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium.
 Reaction :
 Strong-base Anion

 Strongly basic anion-exchange resins derive their functionality from the quaternary
ammonium exchange sites.
 All the strongly basic resins used for demineralization purposes belong to two main groups
commonly known as type I and type II.
 The principal difference between the two resins, operationally, is that type I has a greater
chemical stability, and type II has a slightly greater regeneration efficiency and capacity.
 Reaction :
 Weak-acid cation

 Weakly acidic cation exchange resins have carboxylic group (COOH) as the exchange
sites.
 When operated on the hydrogen cycle, the weakly acidic resins are capable of removing
only those cations equivalent to the amount of alkalinity present in the water, and most
efficiently the hardness (calcium and magnesium) associated with alkalinity.
 Reaction :
 Weak-base Anion

 Weakly basic anion resins derive their functionality from primary (R-NH), secondary (R-
NHR'), tertiary (R-N-R'2), and sometimes quaternary amine groups.
 The weakly basic resin readily absorbs such free mineral acids as hydrochloric and sulfuric.
 the weakly basic resins can be regenerated by applying caustic soda, soda ash, or
ammonia.
 Reaction :
 Selectivity and General Considerations

 ion exchange reactions are stoichiometric and reversible, and in that way they are similar
to other solution phase reactions.
 The selectivity of a resin for a given ion is measured by the selectivity coefficient. K. which
in its simplest form for the reaction :
 K = (concentration of Be in resinkoncentration of A+ in resin) x (concentration of A' in
solutiodconcentration of B+ in solution).
 The selectivity coefficient expresses the relative distribution of the ions when a resin in the
A+ form is placed in a solution containing B+ ions.
 It should be pointed out that the selectivity coefficient is not constant but varies with
changes in solution conditions
 Equipment and Operation

 Ion exchange processing can be accomplished by either a batch method or a column

method.
 In the first method, the resin and solution are mixed in a batch tank, the exchange is
allowed to come to equilibrium, then the resin is separated from solution.
 Passing a solution through a column containing a bed of exchange resin is analogous to
treating the solution in an infinite series of batch tanks.
 The column design must be

 Contain and support the ion exchange

resin
 Uniformly distribute the service and
regeneration flow through the resin
 Provide space to fluidize the resin during
backwash
 Include the piping, valves, and
instruments needed to regulate flow of
feed, regenerant. and backwash
solutions
 Regeneration Steps

 The column is backwashed to remove suspended solids collected by the bed during the
service cycle and to eliminate channels that may have formed during this cycle.
 The resin bed is brought in con- tact with the regenerant solution
 The bed is brought in contact with a sodium hydroxide solution to convert the resin to the
sodium form.
 The resin bed is subjected to a fast rinse that removes the last traces of the regenerant
solution and ensures good flow characteristics.
 The column is returned to service.
 Carbon Adsorption In Water Treatment

 What’s Adsorption?
 Adsorption Principle
 Application of Adsorption
 Contaminant of Activated Carbon
 Contaminant Properties
 Evaluating the merits Carbon Adsorption
 Adsorption

 Adsorption is the process by which liquid or gaseous molecules are concentrated on a

solid surface.
 This is different from absorption, where molecules are taken up by a liquid or gas.
 Adsorption is caused by London Dispersion Forces, a type of Van der Waals Force which
exists between molecules
 the adsorbability of a compound increases with :
 increasing molecular weight,
 a higher number of functional groups such as double bonds or halogen compounds, and
 increasing polarisability of the molecule.
 Activated Carbon

 Activated carbon is a crude form of graphite.

 It differs from graphite by having a random imperfect structure which is highly porous over
a broad range of pore sizes dimensions.
 Activated carbon can have a surface of greater than 1000 m3/g.
 Activated carbon has the strongest physical adsorption forces or the highest volume of
adsorbing porosity of any material known to mankind.
 Raw materials such as coal and charcoal do have some adsorption capacity.
 There are three main forms of activated carbon

 Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) - irregular shaped particles with sizes ranging from 0.2 to
5 mm. This type is used in both liquid and gas phase applications.
 Powder Activated Carbon (PAC) - pulverized carbon with a size predominantly less than
0.18mm (US Mesh 80). These are mainly used in liquid phase applications and for flue gas
treatment.
 Pelleted Activated Carbon - extruded and cylindrical shaped with diameters from 0.8 to 5
mm. These are mainly used for gas phase applications because of their low pressure drop,
high mechanical strength and low dust content.
 The Main Factor to Design Adsorption System

 Carbon consumption - The amount of carbon required to treat the liquid or gas, normally
expressed per unit of the fluid treated; and
 Contact time - For a fixed flow rate, the contact time is directly proportional to the volume
of carbon and is the main factor influencing the size of the adsorption system and capital
cost.
 Application of Activited Carbon

 Powder activated carbon, in most cases, the carbon is dosed into the liquid, mixed and
then removed by a filtration process. In some cases, two or more mixing steps are used to
optimise the use of powder carbon.
 Powder activated carbon is used in a wide range of liquid phase applications and some
specific gas phase applications such as Incinerator flue gas treatment and where it is
bonded into filters such as fabrics for personnel protection.
 Gas Phase Adsorption - This is a condensation process where the adsorption forces
condense the molecules from the bulk phase within the pores of the activated carbon.
The driving force for adsorption is the ratio of the partial pressure and the vapour pressure
of the compound.
 Liquid Phase Adsorption – The molecules go from the bulk phase to being adsorbed in the
pores in a semi-liquid state. The driving force for adsorption is the ratio of the
concentration to the solubility of the compound.
Terimakasih 