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Arus elektrik bukan setakat pengaliran electron tetapi pengaliran cas elektrik (cas negatif, cas
positif dan proton) (√ )
Electric currents are not just flows of electrons, but are flows of electric charge(negative
charge, positive charge and proton) (√ )
(Penggunaan contoh)
(Penggunaan Contoh)
i) During an electric shock, no electrons flow through the victim’s body. The electric current
inside our tissues is made of positively charged atoms flowing one way and negatively
charged atoms flowing the other. During the electrocution, it was these atoms which flowed
along as an electric current. The electric current was a flow of positive sodium and
potassium atoms, negative chlorine, and numerous other more complex positive and negative
molecules., the positive atoms flowed in one direction, while the negative atoms
simultaneously flowed in the other. the flows as being like crowds of of tiny moving dots, with
half the dots going in one direction and half in the other. The crowds of little dots move
through each other without any dots colliding. The negative atoms behave like electrons
which drag an entire atom along with them, while the postive atoms behave like a proton, but
a proton with an entire atom attached
So, in these situation, in which direction did the electric current REALLY go? Do we follow
the negative particles and ignore the positive ones? Or vice versa?
In order to simplify our mental picture of Electric Currents, we cut away the unused parts of
the picture. We make the negative particles positive, then add their current to any positive
particles which were flowing. We stop thinking of current as being a flow of charges. Instead
we INTENTIONALLY DEFINE "electric current" as being a flow of exclusively positive
particles flowing in one particular direction.
3. Kuantiti arus yang melalui perintang yang berbeza dalam litar sesiri adalah berbeza (X)
Quantity of current flowing through different resisitors connected in series is different (X)
Kuantirti arus yang melalui perintang yang berbeza dalam litar sesiri adalah sama (√ )
Quantity of current flowing through different resistors connected in series is the same (√ )
(Penggunaan Analogi)
Current - Water Flow rate Analogy
Volume flow
Electric current
rate in
flow in
liters/min,
coulombs/sec =
cm3/sec, m3/sec,
amperes.
etc.
A large pipe offers very little A wire offers very little
resistance to flow, as shown resistance to charge flow
by Poiseuille's law. according to Ohm's law.
Connecting a battery to an appliance through a wire is like using a pipe for water flow.
It's a common misconception that charges slow down as they go through the filament of a
bulb because the filament is thinner than the wires in the rest of the circuit. The current is the
same even if the wires have different thicknesses because the speed of the charges changes.
When road traffic goes through a bottleneck it slows down. But with charges the opposite
happens. This is because the current has to stay constant. In other words the number of
charges passing a point each second has to stay constant. If fewer charges can go side-by-
side then they have to go quicker.
Different resistors is analogy to the different size of the water pipe. Under steady condition, a
certain amount water molecule enter any part of the pipe is equavalent to the same amount of
water molecule leaving the pipe
V1=V2= 3V
(Penggunaan Analogi)
A battery is analogous to a pump in a water circuit. A pump takes in water at low pressure
and does work on it, ejecting it at high pressure. A battery takes in charge at low voltage,
does work on it and ejects it at high voltage. Potential Difference/Voltage Drop is analogy
to Pressure difference/Pressure Drop)
Long tubes
(pressure/voltage
probes)
(tube/resistor)
Long tubes
(pressure/voltage
From probes) To
pump reservoir
(tube/resistor)
5. Arus elektrik pada perintang yang berbeza rintangan, dalam 1 litar selari adalah sama (X)
Current following through resistors of different resistance in a parallel circuit is the same
(X)
Arus elektrik pada perintang yang berbeza rintangan, dalam 1 litar selari adalah tidak sama
(√)
Current following through resistors of different resistance in a parallel circuit is different (√)
I2 ≠ I3
I = I1= I2+I3=I4
(Penggunaan Analogi)
Resistor with less resistance can be wire with more free electron or thick wire
If the amount free electron flow through a particular point is higher, then the current
flowing is also higher.
Thick wires have a lower resistance because the charges have more space (X)
If charges move through empty wires then it makes sense that the charges must move quicker
when the wire is wider because there's more space. This isn't what happens. The wire is
already full of charges no matter how thick it is. The lattice of positive ions completely fills
the wire because that's what the wire is made from. Having a thicker wire doesn't create
more gaps. In a given metal the speed of the charges depends only on the voltage. We can
model a thick wire as lots of thin wires side by side. The current is bigger because each
wire contributes charges passing a point each second.
An analogy is a three-lane road with the cars travelling at 30 mph has more cars passing a
tree each second than a single-carriageway road with the cars travelling at the same speed.
If the amount of charges passing through a particular point is higher, then the current
flowing is also higher.
Analog Target
water -- electricity
water flow -- electric current
pipe -- wire
curled pipe -- resistance
pump -- dry cell
tap -- electric switch
Analog Target
water -- electricity
Water level difference -- Potential difference
water flow -- electric current
glass pipe -- conductor wire
at the same level water in pipe -- same potential
difference between two pole of the cell
In this analogy, the current shared two
wires is imitated water in a river
separated two branch. Here the electric
current is imitated flowing
water in the river
LAMPIRAN B
1. In the figure below draw the direction of the flow of current with
2. In salt water, fluorescent bulbs, and battery acid, atoms with extra protons can flow along,
and this flow is a genuine electric current.
True [ ] False [ ]
3. As you can see on Fig. below, if you make a circuit and close the switch, electric current
flows and turns the light bulb on. Current is the flow of [ ].
(A) material inside the battery (B) nuclei (C) electric wire
(D) electricity (E) electrons
5. This circuit consists of two bulbs and a variable resistor, R. Both bulbs are lit.
b) Tick ONE box [ ] below to explain your reason for choosing these answers.
7. During an electric shock, electrons flow through the victim’s body. These electrons which
flowed along as an electric current.
True [ ] False [ ]
8. Figure below shows two resistors of 2Ω and 3Ω each which are connected parallel to a
cell. Which one of the following is correct (Circle the correct answer)
9. Which of the following correctly explains the relationships among electric current,
voltage, and resistance? (Circle the correct answer)
10. In the figure below, I1 is the current supplied by a source. I2 and I3 are the current in each
branch of the parallel arrangements shown.
Which of the following statements concerning I1 I2 and I3 is correct? (Circle the correct
answer)
(A) I1 is equal to I2 but bigger than I3
(B) I2 is bigger than I3 but smaller than I1
(C) I2 is equal to I3 but smaller than I1
(D) I3 is bigger than I2 but smaller than I1