ALGEBRA

Conic Sections
(Math | Algebra | Conics)

Circle Ellipse (h) Parabola (h) Hyperbola (h)

Definition: Ellipse (v) Parabola (v) Hyperbola (v)

A conic section
is the
intersection of
a plane and a
cone.

By changing the angle and location of intersection, we can produce

a circle, ellipse, parabola or hyperbola; or in the special case when
the plane touches the vertex: a point, line or 2 intersecting lines.

Point Line Double Line

The General Equation for a Conic Section:

Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

The type of section can be found from the sign of: B2 - 4AC

If B2 - 4AC is... then the curve is a...

<0 ellipse, circle, point or no curve.
=0 parabola, 2 parallel lines, 1 line or no curve.
>0 hyperbola or 2 intersecting lines.

The Conic Sections. For any of the below with a center (j, k)
instead of (0, 0), replace each x term with (x-j) and each y term
with (y-k).

Circle Ellipse Parabola Hyperbola

Equation (horiz. x2 / a2 + y2/
x2 + y2 = r2 4px = y2 x2 / a2 - y2 / b2= 1
vertex): b2 = 1
Equations of
y = ± (b/a)x
Asymptotes:
Equation (vert. y2 / a2 + x2/
x2 + y2 = r2 4py = x2 y2 / a2 - x2 / b2= 1
vertex): b2 = 1
Equations of
x = ± (b/a)y
Asymptotes:
a = major
radius (= 1/2
length major a = 1/2 length
axis) p = distance major axis
b = minor from vertex to b = 1/2 length
Variables: r = circle radius
radius (= 1/2 focus (or minor axis
length minor directrix) c = distance center
axis) to focus
c = distance
center to focus
Eccentricity: 0 c/a 1 c/a
2 2 2
Relation to Focus: p=0 a -b =c p=p a2 + b2 = c2
sum of
Definition: is the locus distance to the distance to focus difference between
distances to
of all points which origin is = distance to distances to each
each focus is
meet the condition... constant directrix foci is constant
constant
Geometry
Related Topics: section on
Circles
 GEOMETRY
Volume Formulas
Note: "ab" means "a" multiplied by "b". "a2" means "a squared", which is the same as "a" times "a". "b3"
means "b cubed", which is the same as "b" times "b" times "b".

Be careful!! Units count. Use the same units for all measurements. Examples

cube = a 3

rectangular prism = a b c

irregular prism = b h

cylinder = b h = pi r 2 h

pyramid = (1/3) b h

cone = (1/3) b h = 1/3 pi r 2 h

sphere = (4/3) pi r 3

ellipsoid = (4/3) pi r1 r2 r3
 STATISTICS
Find the mean of the set of numbers below

Solution

The first step is to count how many numbers there are in the
set, which we shall call n

The next step is to add up all the numbers in the set

The last step is to find the actual mean by dividing the sum by
n

Mean can also be found for grouped data, but before we see an
example on that, let us first define frequency.

Frequency in statistics means the same as in everyday use of

the word. The frequency an element in a set refers to how
many of that element there are in the set. The frequency can
be from 0 to as many as possible. If you're told that the
frequency an element a is 3, that means that there are 3 as in
the set.
 PROBABILITY
Example: Alex wants to see how many times a "double" comes up
when throwing 2 dice.

Each time Alex throws the 2 dice is an Experiment.

It is an Experiment because the result is uncertain.

The Event Alex is looking for is a "double", where both dice have the same
number. It is made up of these 6 Sample Points:

{1,1} {2,2} {3,3} {4,4} {5,5} and {6,6}

The Sample Space is all possible outcomes (36 Sample Points):

{1,1} {1,2} {1,3} {1,4} ... {6,3} {6,4} {6,5} {6,6}

These are Alex's Results:

Is it a
Experiment
Double?
{3,4} No
{5,1} No
{2,2} Yes
{6,3} No
... ...

After 100 Experiments, Alex has 19 "double" Events ... is that close to what
you would expect?
 PROJECT
IN
MATH
Compilation of Mathematics Formulas, Algebra,
Geometry, Statistics and Probability

Submitted by:
JOHN LLOYD BAÑAGA
Grade 8-Almaciga

Submitted to:
JENNIFER V. JACINTO
 ALGEBRA

Exponential Identities
(Math | Algebra | Exponents)

Powers
x a x b = x (a + b)
x a y a = (xy) a
(x a) b = x (ab)
x (a/b) = bth root of (x a) = ( bth (x) ) a
x (-a) = 1 / x a
x (a - b) = x a / x b

Logarithms
y = logb(x) if and only if x=b y
logb(1) = 0
logb(b) = 1
logb(x*y) = logb(x) + logb(y)
logb(x/y) = logb(x) - logb(y)
logb(x n) = n logb(x)
logb(x) = logb(c) * logc(x) = logc(x) /
logc(b)
 STATISTICS
Find the mean of the set of ages in the table below

Age (years) Frequency

10 0
11 8
12 3
13 2
14 7
Solution

The first step is to find the total number of ages, which we shall call n.
Since it will be tedious to count all the ages, we can find n by adding up
the frequencies:

Next we need to find the sum of all the ages. We can do this in two
ways: we can add up each individual age, which will be a long and
tedious process; or we can use the frequency to make things faster.

Since we know that the frequency represents how many of that

particular age there are, we can just multiply each age by its frequency,
and then add up all these products.

The last step is to find the mean by dividing the sum by n

 PROBABILITY
Basic Probability Formulas
Probability Range
0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1
Rule of Complementary Events
P(AC) + P(A) = 1
Rule of Addition
P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B)
Disjoint Events
Events A and B are disjoint iff
P(A∩B) = 0
Conditional Probability
P(A | B) = P(A∩B) / P(B)
Bayes Formula
P(A | B) = P(B | A) ⋅ P(A) / P(B)
Independent Events
Events A and B are independent iff
P(A∩B) = P(A) ⋅ P(B)
Cumulative Distribution Function
FX(x) = P(X ≤ x)
Probability Mass Function

Probability Density Function

Covariance

Correlation

Bernoulli: 0-failure 1-success

Geometric: 0-failure 1-success
Hypergeometric: N objects with K success objects, n objects are taken.
 GEOMETRY
Surface Area Formulas
(Math | Geometry | Surface Area Formulas)

(pi = = 3.141592...)

Surface Area Formulas

In general, the surface area is the sum of all the areas of all the shapes that
cover the surface of the object.

Cube | Rectangular Prism | Prism | Sphere | Cylinder | Units

Note: "ab" means "a" multiplied by "b". "a2" means "a squared", which is the same as "a" times
"a".

Be careful!! Units count. Use the same units for all measurements. Examples

Surface Area of a Cube = 6 a 2

(a is the length of the side of each edge of the cube)

In words, the surface area of a cube is the area of the six squares that cover
it. The area of one of them is a*a, or a 2 . Since these are all the same, you
can multiply one of them by six, so the surface area of a cube is 6 times one
of the sides squared.

Surface Area of a Rectangular Prism = 2ab + 2bc + 2ac

(a, b, and c are the lengths of the 3 sides)

In words, the surface area of a rectangular prism is the area of the six
rectangles that cover it. But we don't have to figure out all six because we
know that the top and bottom are the same, the front and back are the same,
and the left and right sides are the same.

The area of the top and bottom (side lengths a and c) = a*c. Since there are
two of them, you get 2ac. The front and back have side lengths of b and c.
The area of one of them is b*c, and there are two of them, so the surface area
of those two is 2bc. The left and right side have side lengths of a and b, so the
surface area of one of them is a*b. Again, there are two of them, so their
combined surface area is 2ab.
Surface Area of Any Prism

(b is the shape of the ends)

Surface Area = Lateral area + Area of two ends

(Lateral area) = (perimeter of shape b) * L

Surface Area = (perimeter of shape b) * L+ 2*(Area of shape b)

Surface Area of a Sphere = 4 pi r 2

(r is radius of circle)

Surface Area of a Cylinder = 2 pi r 2 + 2 pi r h

(h is the height of the cylinder, r is the radius of the top)

Surface Area = Areas of top and bottom +Area of the side

Surface Area = 2(Area of top) + (perimeter of top)* height

Surface Area = 2(pi r 2) + (2 pi r)* h

In words, the easiest way is to think of a can. The surface area is the areas of
all the parts needed to cover the can. That's the top, the bottom, and the
paper label that wraps around the middle.

You can find the area of the top (or the bottom). That's the formula for area of
a circle (pi r2). Since there is both a top and a bottom, that gets multiplied by
two.

The side is like the label of the can. If you peel it off and lay it flat it will be a
rectangle. The area of a rectangle is the product of the two sides. One side is
the height of the can, the other side is the perimeter of the circle, since the
label wraps once around the can. So the area of the rectangle is (2 pi r)* h.

Add those two parts together and you have the formula for the surface area of
a cylinder.

Surface Area = 2(pi r 2) + (2 pi r)* h

 PROJECT
IN
MATH
Compilation of Mathematics Formulas, Algebra,
Geometry, Statistics and Probability

Submitted by:
ROLANDO SILOS
Grade 8-Almaciga

Submitted to:
JENNIFER V. JACINTO
 ALGEBRA
(a+b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2
(a+b)(c+d) = ac + ad + bc + bd
a 2 - b 2 = (a+b)(a-b) (Difference of squares)
a 3 b 3 = (a b)(a 2 ab + b 2) (Sum and Difference of Cubes)
x 2 + (a+b)x + AB = (x + a)(x + b)
if ax 2 + bx + c = 0 then x = ( -b (b 2 - 4ac) ) / 2a (Quadratic
Formula)
 STATISTICS
Find the median of the given data

Solution

As in the previous example, we start off by rearranging the data in order from the smallest to the
largest.

Next we inspect the data to find the number that lies in the exact middle.

We can see from the above that we end up with two numbers (4 and 5) in the middle. We can
solve for the median by finding the mean of these two numbers as follows:

Mode
The mode is defined as the element that appears most frequently in a given set of elements. Using
the definition of frequency given above, mode can also be defined as the element with the largest
frequency in a given data set.

For a given data set, there can be more than one mode. As long as those elements all have the
same frequency and that frequency is the highest, they are all the modal elements of the data set.
 PROBABILITY
Two dice are rolled once. Calculate the probability that the sum of the numbers on the two dice
is 5.
Solution:
Possible outcomes (Sample Space) = {(1, 1), (1, 2),...............,(1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 2),................,(2, 6), (3, 1),
(3, 2),...........,(3, 6), .............,(4, 1), (4, 2),..........,(4, 6), (5, 1), (5,2),...............,(5, 6), (6, 1), (6,
2),......................,(6, 6)}

Total possible outcomes = 36

Number of outcomes of the experiment that are favorable to the event that a sum of two events is 6

=> Favorable outcomes are: (1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2) and (5, 1)

Number of favorable outcomes = 5

Use, probability formula

= Number offavorable outcomesTotal number of possible outcomesNumber offavorable outcomesTotal number
of possible outcomes

= 536536

The probability of a sum of 6 is 536536.

Question 2: What is the probability of getting head when tossing a coin.

Solution:

Sample Space = {H, T}

Number of possible outcomes = 2

Number of favorable outcomes = 1

(because of only one head)

=> Probability of getting head

= Number offavorable outcomesTotal number of possible outcomesNumber offavorable outcomesTotal number
of possible outcomes

= 1212

=> Probability of getting head is 1212.

 GEOMETRY
(Math | Geometry | Perimeter Formulas)

(pi = = 3.141592...)

Perimeter Formulas
The perimeter of any polygon is the sum of the lengths of all the sides.
Note: "ab" means "a" multiplied by "b". "a2" means "a squared", which is the same as "a" times
"a".

Be careful!! Units count. Use the same units for all measurements. Examples

square = 4a

rectangle = 2a + 2b

triangle = a + b + c

circle = 2pi r

circle = pi d (where d is the diameter)

The perimeter of a circle is more commonly known as the circumference.

Units

Be sure to only add similar units. For example, you cannot add inches to feet.

For example, if you need to find the perimeter of a rectangle with sides of 9
inches and 1 foot, you must first change to the same units.

perimeter = 2 ( a + b)

INCORRECT
perimeter = 2(9 + 1) = 2*10 = 20

CORRECT
perimeter = 2( 9 inches + 1 foot)
= 2( 3/4 foot + 1 foot )
= 2(1 3/4 feet)
= 3 1/2 feet
 PROJECT
IN
MATH
Compilation of Mathematics Formulas, Algebra,
Geometry, Statistics and Probability

Submitted by:
ROLANDO SILOS
Grade 8-Almaciga

Submitted to:
JENNIFER V. JACINTO
 ALGEBRA
Powers

x a x b = x (a + b)

x a y a = (xy) a

(x a) b = x (ab)

x (a/b) = bth root of (x a) = ( bth (x) ) a

x (-a) = 1 / x a

x (a - b) = x a / x b

Logarithms

y = logb(x) if and only if x=b y

logb(1) = 0

logb(b) = 1

logb(x*y) = logb(x) + logb(y)

logb(x/y) = logb(x) - logb(y)

logb(x n) = n logb(x)

logb(x) = logb(c) * logc(x) = logc(x) / logc(b)

 STATISTICS
Find the median of the given data

Solution

As in the previous example, we start off by rearranging the data in order from the smallest to the
largest.

Next we inspect the data to find the number that lies in the exact middle.

We can see from the above that we end up with two numbers (4 and 5) in the middle. We can
solve for the median by finding the mean of these two numbers as follows:

Mode
The mode is defined as the element that appears most frequently in a given set of elements. Using
the definition of frequency given above, mode can also be defined as the element with the largest
frequency in a given data set.

For a given data set, there can be more than one mode. As long as those elements all have the
same frequency and that frequency is the highest, they are all the modal elements of the data set.
 PROBABILITY
A bag contains 9 white and 6 black balls. What is the probability of selecting
(i) 2 white balls
(ii) 3 white balls
(iii) 4 black balls
(iv) 1 white and 3 black balls
(v) 4 white and 5 black balls
Solution: -
We know that the combination formula for selecting r items from n is
nCr= n!/r!(n-r)!
Also we know that probability of an event A is
P(A) = Number of favorable outcomes/ Total number of outcomes
(i) We have to find the probability of selecting 2 white balls.
So favorable cases will be obtained when we select 2 balls from 9 white balls. This can
be done in 9C2 ways.
Since there are 9 + 6 = 15 balls, the total number of outcomes will be obtained by
selecting 2 balls from the 15 balls. This can be done in 15C2 ways.
So the required probability is 9C2/15C2
(ii)We have to find the probability of selecting 3 white balls.
So favorable cases will be obtained when we select 3 balls from 9 white balls. This can
be done in 9C3 ways.
Since there are 9 + 6 = 15 balls, the total number of outcomes will be obtained by
selecting 3 balls from the 15 balls. This can be done in 15C3 ways.
So the required probability is 9C3/15C3
(iii) We have to find the probability of selecting 4 blackballs.
So favorable cases will be obtained when we select 4 balls from 6 black balls. This can
be done in 6C4 ways.
Since there are 9 + 6 = 15 balls, the total number of outcomes will be obtained by
selecting 4 balls from the 15 balls. This can be done in 15C4 ways.
So the required probability is 6C4/15C4
(iv) We have to find the probability of selecting 1 white and 3 black balls.
So favorable cases will be obtained when we select 1 white from the 9 white balls and 3
black balls from the 6 black balls. This can be done in 9C1 x 6C3 ways.
Since there are 9 + 6 = 15 balls, the total number of outcomes will be obtained by
selecting 4 balls from the 15 balls. This can be done in 15C4 ways.
So the required probability is 9C1 x 6C3 /15C4
(v) We have to find the probability of selecting 4 white and 5 black balls.
So favorable cases will be obtained when we select 4 white from the 9 white balls and 3
black balls from the 5 black balls. This can be done in 9C4x 6C5 ways.
Since there are 9 + 6 = 15 balls, the total number of outcomes will be obtained by
selecting 9 balls from the 15 balls. This can be done in 15C9ways.
So the required probability is 9C4 x 6C5 /15C9
 GEOMETRY
(Math | Geometry | Perimeter Formulas)

(pi = = 3.141592...)

Perimeter Formulas
The perimeter of any polygon is the sum of the lengths of all the sides.
Note: "ab" means "a" multiplied by "b". "a2" means "a squared", which is the same as "a" times
"a".

Be careful!! Units count. Use the same units for all measurements. Examples

square = 4a

rectangle = 2a + 2b

triangle = a + b + c

circle = 2pi r

circle = pi d (where d is the diameter)

The perimeter of a circle is more commonly known as the circumference.

Units

Be sure to only add similar units. For example, you cannot add inches to feet.

For example, if you need to find the perimeter of a rectangle with sides of 9
inches and 1 foot, you must first change to the same units.

perimeter = 2 ( a + b)

INCORRECT
perimeter = 2(9 + 1) = 2*10 = 20

CORRECT
perimeter = 2( 9 inches + 1 foot)
= 2( 3/4 foot + 1 foot )
= 2(1 3/4 feet)
= 3 1/2 feet
 PROJECT
IN
MATH
Compilation of Mathematics Formulas, Algebra,
Geometry, Statistics and Probability

Submitted by:
JAYJAY DUMAYAS
Grade 8-Kalantas

Submitted to:
JENNIFER V. JACINTO
 ALGEBRA
The algebraic expression

5x

is an example of one single term. It has factors 5 and x.

The 5 is called the coefficient of the term and the x is a variable.

Example 2

5x + 3y has two terms.

First term: 5x, has factors \displaystyle{5}5 and x

Second term: 3y, has factors \displaystyle{3}3 and y

The \displaystyle{5}5 and \displaystyle{3}3 are called the coefficients of

the terms.

Example 3

The expression

\displaystyle{3}{x}^{2}-{7}{a}{b}+{2}{e}\sqrt{{\pi}}3x2−7ab+2eπ

has three terms.

First term: \displaystyle{3}{x}^{2}3x2 has

factors \displaystyle{3}3 and x2

Second term: \displaystyle-{7}{a}{b}−7ab has factors \displaystyle-

{7}−7, a and b

Third Term: \displaystyle{2}{e}\sqrt{{\pi}}2eπ; has

factors \displaystyle{2}2, \displaystyle{e}e, and \displaystyle\sqrt{{\pi}}π.

The \displaystyle{3}3, \displaystyle-{7}−7 and \displaystyle{2}2 are

called coefficients of the terms.
 STATISTICS
The mean for ungroup ( individual ) data or the arithmetic mean is denoted by: and it’s

formula is:

2>The arithmetic mean for group (discrete) data is calculated using

formula:

3> The arithmetic mean for continuous data is calculated using the formulas:

Direct method:

Deviation method:

Step deviation method:

Where , d = X – A , A = assumed mean and i = height of the class.

 PROBABILITY
What is the probability to get a 6 when you roll a die?

A die has 6 sides, 1 side contain the number 6 that give us 1 wanted outcome in 6
possible outcomes.

Independent events: Two events are independent when the outcome of the first event
does not influence the outcome of the second event.

When we determine the probability of two independent events we multiply the

probability of the first event by the probability of the second event.

P(XandY)=P(X)⋅P(Y)P(XandY)=P(X)⋅P(Y)
To find the probability of an independent event we are using this rule:
 GEOMETRY
(Math | Geometry | Perimeter Formulas)

(pi = = 3.141592...)

Perimeter Formulas
The perimeter of any polygon is the sum of the lengths of all the sides.
Note: "ab" means "a" multiplied by "b". "a2" means "a squared", which is the same as "a"
times "a".

Be careful!! Units count. Use the same units for all measurements. Examples

square = 4a

rectangle = 2a + 2b

triangle = a + b + c

circle = 2pi r

circle = pi d (where d is the diameter)

The perimeter of a circle is more commonly known as the

circumference.

Units

Be sure to only add similar units. For example, you cannot add inches
to feet.

For example, if you need to find the perimeter of a rectangle with sides
of 9 inches and 1 foot, you must first change to the same units.

perimeter = 2 ( a + b)

INCORRECT
perimeter = 2(9 + 1) = 2*10 = 20

CORRECT
perimeter = 2( 9 inches + 1 foot)
= 2( 3/4 foot + 1 foot )
= 2(1 3/4 feet)
= 3 1/2 feet
 PROJECT
IN
MATH
Compilation of Mathematics Formulas, Algebra,
Geometry, Statistics and Probability

Submitted by:

Grade 8-Kalantas

Submitted to:
JENNIFER V. JACINTO
 STATISTICS
The statistic called sample standard deviation, is a
measure of the spread (variability) of the scores in the
sample on a given variable and is represented by:

s = sqrt [ Σ ( xi – x_bar )2 / ( n – 1 ) ]
The term ‘Σ ( xi – x_bar )2’ represents the sum of the
squared deviations of the scores from the sample
mean.
Sample Variance

The sample variance is the square of the sample

standard deviation and is represented by:

s2 = Σ ( xi – x_bar )2 / ( n – 1 )
The symbol ‘s2’ represents the sample variance.
 PROBABILITY
What is the probability for you to choose two red cards in a deck of cards?

A deck of cards has 26 black and 26 red cards. The probability of choosing a red card
randomly is:

P(red)=2652=12P(red)=2652=12
The probability of choosing a second red card from the deck is now:

P(red)=2551P(red)=2551
The probability:

P(2red)=12⋅2551=25102P(2red)=12⋅2551=25102
Two events are mutually exclusive when two events cannot happen at the same time.
The probability that one of the mutually exclusive events occur is the sum of their
individual probabilities.

P(XorY)=P(X)+P(Y)P(XorY)=P(X)+P(Y)
An example of two mutually exclusive events is a wheel of fortune. Let's say you win a
bar of chocolate if you end up in a red or a pink field.

What is the probability that the wheel stops at red or pink?

P(red or pink)=P(red)+P(pink)

P(red)=28=14P(red)=28=14
P(pink)=18P(pink)=18
P(redorpink)=18+28=38P(redorpink)=18+28=38
Inclusive events are events that can happen at the same time. To find the probability of
an inclusive event we first add the probabilities of the individual events and then
subtract the probability of the two events happening at the same time.

P(XorY)=P(X)+P(Y)−P(XandY)
 GEOMETRY
(Math | Geometry | Perimeter Formulas)

(pi = = 3.141592...)

Perimeter Formulas
The perimeter of any polygon is the sum of the lengths of all the sides.
Note: "ab" means "a" multiplied by "b". "a2" means "a squared", which is the same as "a"
times "a".

Be careful!! Units count. Use the same units for all measurements. Examples

square = 4a

rectangle = 2a + 2b

triangle = a + b + c

circle = 2pi r

circle = pi d (where d is the diameter)

The perimeter of a circle is more commonly known as the

circumference.

Units

Be sure to only add similar units. For example, you cannot add inches
to feet.

For example, if you need to find the perimeter of a rectangle with sides
of 9 inches and 1 foot, you must first change to the same units.

perimeter = 2 ( a + b)

INCORRECT
perimeter = 2(9 + 1) = 2*10 = 20

CORRECT
perimeter = 2( 9 inches + 1 foot)
= 2( 3/4 foot + 1 foot )
= 2(1 3/4 feet)
= 3 1/2 feet
 ALGEBRA
Arithmetic progression

Consider the following arithmetic progression:

 a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + (a + 3d) + ...

Where:
 a is the initial term
 d is the common difference

The nth term

The nth term, Tn of the arithmetic progression is:

 Tn = a + (n - 1)d

Sum of the first n term

The sum of the first n terms of the arithmetic progression is:


 PROJECT
IN
MATH
Compilation of Mathematics Formulas, Algebra,
Geometry, Statistics and Probability

Submitted by:

Grade 8-Tanguile

Submitted to:
JENNIFER V. JACINTO