Advantages and Disadvantages of a SERIES and PARALLEL circuit
Circuit Advantages
SERIES circuit 1. Current in all parts of the
circuit is the SAME. This
causes the bulbs to light up
with the same brightness.
2. The current in the circuit
increases if more cells are
connected.
3. All circuit components are
controlled by one switch.
PARALLEL circuit 1. If one of the bulbs is burnt,
the other bulbs continues to
shine.
2. Parallel cells last longer.
3. Each bulb receives the same
voltage that is supplied by
the electric source.
Magnetism
 A magnet has 2 poles that are NORTH pole and SOUTH pole.
Disadvantages
1. There is only one path for
the flow of electric current.
If a bulb or lamp is burnt,
other bulbs will not light
up.
2. Cells in series do not last
long.
3. If more bulbs are added,
the resistance in the circuit
increases causing the
electric current that flows
to decrease.
1. The voltage does not
increase or decrease if cells
of the same type are
connected in parallel.
2. The electric current in the
circuit is the same even
though more cells are
connected in parallel.
  Like magnetic poles repel one another.
 Unlike magnetic poles attract one another.

 Materials that are attracted by magnet are called magnetic materials. Example : iron
nails, needles.
 Materials that are not attracted by magnet are called non-magnetic materials.
Examples : plastic, glass, paper, wood.

Magnetic field ( medan magnet )

 A magnetic field is the space around a magnet that gives the magnetic effect.
 A magnetic field is STRONGEST at the two poles of a magnet.
 Magnetic field patterns can be shown by using iron filings.

 A magnetic field consists of magnetic lines of force ( garis-garis daya magnet).

**** magnetic lines of force do not meet, do not cut or cross one another.

 All magnetic lines of force have direction, point from the NORTH pole to the SOUTH
pole.
 A strong magnet has magnetic lines of force that are CLOSE together.
 a) All magnetic lines of force do not cross one another.

b) All magnetic lines of force point from the NORTH pole to the SOUTH pole.

c) Magnetic lines of force join if the poles are different. This shows that unlike magnetic
poles attract one another.

d) Magnetic lines of force do not join if the poles are similar. This shows that like
magnetic poles repel one another.

e) The neutral point in a magnetic field is the area where

i. Magnetic effect is not felt ( tidak dirasai )
ii. There are no magnetic lines of force
iii. There is no influence on a compass needle.

Use of a magnet in a compass

 A magnet is used in a compass to determine direction.
 A compass needle will always point to the north pole of the Earth.

Electromagnetism
 - The pattern of the magnetic field that is produced by a straight wire carrying electric
current is circular in shape.

*** Right Hand Grip Rule ( Petua Genggaman Tangan Kanan)

 Right Hand Grip Rule is used to determine the direction of the magnetic field based
on the direction of the electric current flow.

 Dalam petua ini, dawai perlu digenggam dengan tangan kanan supaya ibu jari
menghala ke arah pengaliran arus elektrik ( arus elektrik mengalir dari terminal
positif ke terminal negative ). Lengkungan jari yang lain menunjukkan arah garis daya
magnet.

Electromagnet
 Electromagnetism is the study of the relationship between electricity and
magnetism.
 An electromagnet is a conductor that has characteristics similar to a magnet.
 An electromagnet consists of a solenoid ( gegelung dawai ) that is wound around a
soft iron core ( teras besi jati )
 Soft iron is used because it is easier to be magnetized and also easier to demagnetize
when electric current stops flowing through it.
 When electric current flows, the soft iron becomes a magnet. However, its
magnetism will disappear when the electric current is cut off.

 An electromagnet also has two poles, the north pole and south pole.

 The strength of the magnetic field in an electromagnet can be increased by

a) Increasing the number of turns of the solenoid.
b) Increasing the electric current that flows.
c) Reducing the diameter of the solenoid.

 Electromagnets are used in devices like telephones, telegraph machines,

electromagnetic cranes, electric bells and car horns.