Integral

Calculus
Prepared by
Engr Mau Camayra Jr.
Question no. 1
• Indefinite Integral
𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭 𝒙 + 𝑪 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒊𝒇 𝑭′ 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙

• Where:
• f(x) is called the integrand
• C as the constant of integration
• F(x)+C is the indefinite integral of f(x)dx; and
• Dx indicates that x is the variable of integration
• Logically the expression F(x) +C is called the
indefinite integral since C has no definite value.
• Properties of Indefinite and Basic Integration Formula

𝟏. 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝑪

𝟐. 𝒌𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒌 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒌𝒙 + 𝑪

𝟑. 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒈 𝒙 + 𝒉(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒈 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒉 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Using Power Formula
𝒏
𝒙𝒏+𝟏
𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = + 𝑪 ; 𝒏 ≠ −𝟏
𝒏+𝟏
5𝑥10 − 3𝑥 5 + 16𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑥2

5𝑥 8 − 3𝑥 3 + 16𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5 3 16 2
𝑥9 − 𝑥4 + 𝑥 +𝑐
8+1 3+1 1+1

5 9 3 4
𝑥 − 𝑥 + 8𝑥 2 + 𝑐
9 4
Question no. 2
Simple Substitution 7
𝒙 𝒏−𝟏 𝑚2 𝑑𝑚
𝒙𝒏 = + 𝑪 𝒏≠𝟎
𝒏+𝟏 1 9
𝒏+𝟏 𝑚2 + 𝐶
𝒇(𝒖) 9
𝒇(𝒖)𝒏 𝒅 𝒇 𝒖 = + 𝑪 2
𝒏+𝟏
7 2 9
1 2 𝑥2 − 1 𝑚2 + 𝐶
𝑥+ 𝑑𝑥 9
𝑥 𝑥 2
9
1
𝑚 = 𝑥 + = 𝑥 + 𝑥 −1 2 1 2
𝑥 𝑥+ +𝐶
1 𝑥 2
−1 9 𝑥
−2
𝑑𝑚 = 1 − 𝑥 = 1 − 2 =
𝑥 𝑥2
Question no. 3
 U-back substitution

1 3
7 − 𝑥𝑑𝑥 −14𝑚2 + 2𝑚2 𝑑𝑚

𝑢= 𝑥 14 3 2 5
− 𝑚2 + 𝑚2 + 𝐶
𝑢2 = 𝑥 3 5
2𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 2 2
7 − 𝑢(2𝑢𝑑𝑢) 28 3 4 5
− 7−𝑢 2 + 7−𝑢 2 +𝐶
3 5
Another u-back substitution
𝑚 =7−𝑢 28 3 4 5
𝑢 =7−𝑚 − 7− 𝑥 2 + 7− 𝑥 2 +𝐶
𝑑𝑚 = −𝑑𝑢 3 5

1
−𝑚2 2 7 − 𝑚 𝑑𝑚
Question no. 4
Exponential Formula

𝒆 𝒖 = 𝒆𝑼 + 𝑪 1
− 2 𝑚4 + 𝐶
𝒂𝒖 4
𝒂𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = +𝒄
𝒍𝒏 𝒂
1
− 1 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 4
+𝐶
8
𝑒 −𝑥 1 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

𝑚 = 1 + 2𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑚 = −2𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
− 𝑚3 𝑑𝑚
2
Question no. 5
Integration of Trigonometric
Functions
• 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 + 𝑪
• 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 + 𝑪
• 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐥𝐧 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 + 𝑪 = − 𝐥𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 + 𝑪
• 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐥𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 + 𝑪
• 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐥𝐧 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 + 𝑪
• 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐥𝐧 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 + 𝑪
• 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 + 𝑪
• 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = −𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 + 𝑪
• 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 + 𝑪
• 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 + 𝑪
 sin 𝑥 1 + sin 𝑥
. 𝑑𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 1𝑑𝑥
1 − sin 𝑥 1 + sin 𝑥
sin 𝑥 (1 + sin 𝑥)
2
𝑑𝑥
1 − sin 𝑥 sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
sin 𝑥 + sin2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
cos 2 𝑥

𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

But
𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒖 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒖
Question no. 6
• Formula of Integrals yielding • Integrals Yielding Inverse
Inverse Trigonometric Hyperbolic Functions
Functions

𝒅𝒖 𝒖
𝒅𝒖 𝒖 • = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉−𝟏 + 𝒄
• = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒂
+ 𝒄 𝒖𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 𝒂
𝒂𝟐 −𝒖𝟐
𝒅𝒖 𝒖
𝒅𝒖 𝟏 −𝟏 𝒖 • = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉−𝟏 + 𝒄
• = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 + 𝒄 𝒖𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 𝒂
𝒂𝟐 +𝒖𝟐 𝒂 𝒂
𝒅𝒖 𝟏 −𝟏 𝒖
•
𝒅𝒖
=
𝟏
𝒔𝒆𝒄 −𝟏 𝒖
+ 𝒄 • = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 + 𝒄
𝒂𝟐 −𝒖𝟐 𝒂 𝒂
𝟐
𝒖 𝒖 −𝒂 𝟐 𝒂 𝒂
 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
By completing the square
2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 1 − 𝑥 − 1 2
𝑑𝑥
1− 𝑥−1 2

arcsin 𝑥 − 1 + 𝐶
Question no.7
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
d(uv) = udv + vdu
udv = d(uv) – vdu
𝒖𝒅𝒗 = 𝒅 𝒖𝒗 − 𝒗𝒅𝒖
𝒖𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − 𝒗𝒅𝒖
• The technique is use in integrating
• Odd powers of secant, cosecant and hyperbolic secant,
and hyperbolic cosecant
• Inverses of trigonometric and hyperbolic functions
• Products of transcendental / algebraic functions
 𝐿𝑛 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥

If there is an Ln, it will be the “u” and the remaining is “dv”

1 1
𝑢 = ln 5𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 5 = 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑣 = 𝑥
Integration by Parts : 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣𝑑𝑢
1
𝐿𝑛 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (ln 5𝑥) 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

= 𝑥 ln 5𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥 ln 5𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
Question no. 8
ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION
• Radicals in an integrand are often troublesome and we
usually have to eliminate them.
• If an integrand contains fractional powers of variable
x, the integrand can be simplified by the substitution:
x= zn .
• Where n is the last common denominator of the
denominators of the exponent.
𝒏 𝒏
• Say the integrand involving 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 , if 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃
𝒏
appears in an integrand, the substitution 𝒛 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃
will be eliminate the radical.
 𝑑𝑥
𝑥− 𝑥
Since we cant use any technique, let m = 𝑥
𝑚 = 𝑥; m2 = x ; 2mdm = dx
2𝑚𝑑𝑚 2𝑑𝑚
2
=
𝑚 −𝑚 𝑚−1
Let 𝑢 = 𝑚 − 1 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑚
2𝑑𝑢
= 2 ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑢
2 ln 𝑚 − 1 + 𝐶 = 2 ln 𝑥 − 1 + 𝐶 = ln 𝑥−1 2 +𝐶
Question no. 9
 Partial Fractions
16𝑥 − 4
𝑑𝑥 2(8𝑥 − 2)
4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 2
𝑑𝑥 + 0
4𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1
Using Partial Fractions
Since we know that using the
Since the denominator cant be factor quadratic case means that the first
out, it’s a quadratic case term is always LN

16𝑥 − 4 𝐴 8𝑥 − 2 + 𝐵 = 2𝐿𝑛 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝐶
=
4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
Using collection of coefficients = ln 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 2
+𝐶
𝑥: 16 = 8𝐴
𝐴=2
𝑘: −4 = −2𝐴 + 𝐵
−4 = −2 2 + 𝐵
𝐵=0
Question no. 10
Walli’s Formula

𝝅/𝟐 𝒎 𝒎−𝟏 𝒎−𝟑 … 𝟐−𝟏 …𝒏−𝟏) 𝒏−𝟑 (𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟏 )

𝒏
𝟎
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙𝒅𝒙 = ∙ 𝜶
𝒎+𝒏 𝒎+𝒏−𝟐 ..(𝟐−𝟏)

Where m and n are non-negative integer

𝝅
𝜶 = 𝟐 , if both m and n are even
𝜶 = 𝟏 𝒊𝒇 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒓 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒅𝒅
 π/6
sin7 3𝑥 cos 8 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
Since we cant use wallis formula immediately, check the
angle and the upper limit
π π
3 =
π 6 2
1 2 7 8
1 6.4.2.7.5.3.1
sin 𝑚 cos 𝑚 𝑑𝑚 = .1
3 0 3 15.13.11.9.7.5.3.1

16
=
19305
Area

Vertical Element / Stripping

Horizontal Element / Stripping
Area
Volume ; about y=0 (Vertical)
Volume (Disk Method)

• Vertical Strip • Horizontal Strip

𝑿𝒓 𝒀𝒖
𝑽=𝝅 𝒙𝒓 − 𝒙𝒍 𝟐 𝒅𝒚
𝟐
𝑽=𝝅 𝒀𝒖 − 𝒀𝒍 𝒅𝒙 𝒀𝒍
𝑿𝒍
Volume ; about y=0 (Vertical)
Volume ; about y=0 (Horizontal)
Volume (Shell)

• Vertical Strip • Horizontal Strip

𝒙𝒓 𝒀𝒖
𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅 𝑿𝒓 𝒀𝒖 − 𝒀𝒍 𝒅𝒙 𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅 𝒀𝒓 𝑿𝑹 − 𝑿𝒍 𝒅𝒚
𝒙𝒍 𝒀𝒍
Volume ; about y=0 (Horizontal)
Volume ; about x=0 (Horizontal)
Volume (Ring/Washer)

• Washer method is used when the element

(representative strip) is perpendicular to but not
touching the axis of revolution. Since the axis of
revolution is not part of the boundary of the plane
area, when the strip is revolved about the axis. A ring
or washer is generated
𝒃
𝑽=𝝅 𝒂
𝒍𝟐 𝟐 − 𝒍𝟏 𝟐 𝒅𝒉
• Vertical Strip
𝑿𝒓
𝑽=𝝅 𝒀𝒖 𝟐 − 𝒀𝒍 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝑿𝒍
• Horizontal Strip
𝒀𝒖
𝑽=𝝅 𝒀𝒍
𝑿𝒓 𝟐 − 𝑿𝒍 𝟐 𝒅𝒚
Volume ; about x=0 (Horizontal)
Question no. 16