Los universales humanos, según Donald Brown

Preguntas para discusión: ¿son realmente universales estos rasgos?, ¿falta agregar
algo más?, ¿qué significado ontológico tienen, suponiendo que no existe grupo
humano que nos los posea y los desarrolle en alguna medida? ¿En qué estructuras
biológicas se basan y en qué condiciones ambientales y culturales se desarrollan
individualmente?
Con base en la agrupación en orden evolutivo que propone Jorn Barger propongo esta
clasificación preliminar:

Temporalidad
cyclicity of time, memory, anticipation, habituation, daily routines,
past/present/future distinction, planning, planning for future, attempts to predict
future.

Espacialidad
environment adjustments, mental maps, territoriality, conflict, giving directions.

Sexualidad
sexual attraction, sexual attractiveness, sexual regulation includes incest prevention,
incest between mother and son unthinkable or tabooed, prevention or avoidance of
incest, sexual jealousy, sexual modesty, copulation normally conducted in privacy,
sex (gender) terminology is fundamentally binary, sex statuses, sexual regulation,
sexuality as focus of interest.

Diferencias entre los sexos

females do more direct childcare, sex differences in spatial cognition and behavior,
males dominate public/political realm, males engage in more coalitional violence,
males more aggressive, males more prone to lethal violence, males more prone to
theft, males, on average, travel greater distances over lifetime, Oedipus complex,
husband older than wife on average

Identidad individual y social

intention, self-control, self distinguished from other, collective identity, self as
neither wholly passive nor wholly autonomous, self as subject and object, preference
for own children and close kin (nepotism), weaning, biological mother and social
mother normally the same person, actions under self-control distinguished from
those not under control, self-image, awareness of (concern for what others think),
manipulation of self-image, manipulate social relations, wanted to be positive self
image, self is responsible, psychological defense mechanisms, in-group distinguished
from out-group(s), in-group biases in favor of, interpolation, age grades, age
statuses, age terms, male and female and adult and child seen as having different
natures, group living, kin close distinguished from distant kin groups, kinship
statuses, possessive intimate, possessive loose, role and personality seen in dynamic
interrelationship (ie, departures from role can be explained in terms of individual
personality), triangular awareness (assessing relationships among the self and two
other people), private inner life.
Educación y formación de habilidades
pretend play, playtoys, playthings, play to perfect skills, practice to improve skills,
hygienic care, critical learning periods

Afectividad (emociones y sentimientos)

childhood fears, childhood fear of loud noises, childhood fear of strangers, fears,
fear of death, ability to overcome some fears, risk-taking, pain, likes and dislikes,
wariness around snakes, food preferences, sweets preferred, ambivalence, mourning,
affection expressed and felt, gestures, empathy, attachment, shame, turn-taking,
coyness display, crying, negative reciprocity (revenge, retaliation), senses unified.

Simbolización
tabooed foods, dreams, symbolism, imagery, jokes, rituals, death rituals, divination,
dream interpretation, explanation, belief in supernatural/religion, false beliefs,
beliefs about death, beliefs about disease, beliefs about fortune and misfortune.

Relaciones políticas
social structure, dominance/submission, leaders, cooperation, coalitions, collective
identities, conflict, means of dealing with conflict, mediation of conflict, decision
making collective, government, groups that are not based on family, institutions
(organized co-activities), law (rights and obligations), law (rules of membership),
oligarchy (de facto), inheritance rules, sanctions, sanctions for crimes against the
collectivity, sanctions include removal from the social unit.

Moralidad
murder proscribed, good and bad distinguished, distinguishing right and wrong,
judging others, concept of fairness (equity), disapproval of stinginess, envy, symbolic
means of coping with envy, etiquette, insulting, interpreting behavior, redress of
wrongs, resistance to abuse of power, rape, rape proscribed, pride, taboos,
differential valuations, hope, hospitality, moral sentiments, limited effective range
of moral sentiments, normal distinguished from abnormal states, customary
greetings, generosity admired, some forms of proscribed violence.

Relaciones sociales
family (or household), childbirth customs, childcare, mother normally has consort
during child-rearing years, children's baby talk, statuses on other than sex, age, or
kinship bases, rites of passage, cultural variability, dispersed groups, food sharing,
visiting, sickness and death seen as related, healing the sick (or attempting to),
medicine, sucking wounds, diurnality, thumb sucking, tickling, ethnocentrism,
feasting, mood- or consciousness-altering techniques and/or substances, marriage,
meal times, separate kin terms for father and mother, body adornment, hairstyles,
gift giving, socialization, socialization expected from senior kin, socialization
includes toilet training, statuses and roles, statuses, ascribed and achieved statuses
distinguished from individuals, succession.
Técnicas y artes
tools, tool dependency, tool making, tools patterned culturally, permament tools,
tools for pounding, tools to make tools, weapons, magic, magic to increase life,
magic to sustain life, magic to win love, weather control (attempts to), measuring,
cooking, music, music related in part to dance, music related in part to religious
activity, music seen as art (a creation), vocal music, musical redundancy, musical
repetition, musical variation, melody, rhythm, dance, aesthetics, shelter, nonbodily
decorative art, use of fire, spear, tools for cutting, containers, tying material (ie,
something like string), intertwining (eg, weaving), aesthetics,

Cognición
numerals (counting), choice making (choosing alternatives) , making comparisons,
entification (treating patterns and relations as things), binary cognitive distinctions,
Antropomorphization, interest in bioforms (living things or things that resemble
them), logical notions, logical notion of 'and', logical notion of 'equivalent, 'logical
notion of 'general/particular', logical notion of 'not', logical notion of 'opposite',
logical notion of 'part/whole', logical notion of 'same', taxonomy, true and false
distinguished, recognition of individuals by face, culture/nature distinction, right-
handedness as population norm, classification, classification of age, classification of
behavioral propensities, classification of body parts, classification of fauna,
classification of flora, classification of inner states, classification of kin,
classification of space, classification of tools, classification of weather conditions,
nomenclature (perhaps the same as classification), classification of sex, classification
of colors, mentalese, conjectural reasoning, continua (ordering as cognitive pattern),
corporate (perpetual) statuses, world view.

Relaciones económico-productivas
economic inequalities, consciousness of economic inequalities, property,
materialism, prestige inequalities, trade, cooperative labor, division of labor,
division of labor by age, reciprocal exchanges (of labor, goods, or services), division
of labor by sex

Lenguaje
onomatopoeia, phonemes, range from 10 to 70 in number, minimum two numbers
(singular and plural), minimum three persons in pronouns, one (numeral), two
(numeral), black (color term), white (color term), abstraction in speech & thought,
discrepancies between speech, thought, and action, figurative speech, vocal music,
includes speech forms, special speech for special occasions, stop/nonstop contrasts
(in speech sounds), symbolic speech, antonyms, consultation to deal with conflict,
contrasting marked and nonmarked sememes (meaningful elements in language),
units of time, verbs, vocalic/non vocalic contrasts in phonemes, vowel contrasts,
gossip, grammar, language employed to manipulate others, language employed to
misinform or mislead, language is translatable, language not a simple reflection of
reality, prestige from proficient use of language, linguistic redundancy, marking at
phonemic, syntactic and lexical levels, most units of meaning are non-universal,
metaphor, metonym, morphemes, myths, narrative, nouns, overestimating
objectivity of thought, concept of person, personal names, phonemes, phonemes
defined by set of minimally constrasting features, merging of phonemes, inevitability
of phonemic change, rules of phonemic change, phonemic system, poetry/rhetoric,
poetic line, uniform length range, poetic lines characterized by repetition and
variation, poetic lines demarcated by pauses, polysemy (one word has several
meanings), concept of precedence (that's how the leopard got its spots), face (word
for), , hand (word for), promise, proper names, sayings proverbs, proverbs sayings -
in mutually contradictory forms, semantics, semantic category of affecting things
and people, semantic category of dimension, semantic category of giving, semantic
category of location, semantic category of motion, semantic category of other
physical properties, semantic components, generation of semantic components,
sememes (commonly used ones are short, infrequently used ones are longer),
synesthetic metaphors, synonyms, tabooed utterances, insulting, jokes, kin terms
translatable by basic relations of procreation.

Lenguaje no verbal
facial communication, facial expression of anger, facial expression of contempt,
facial expression of disgust, facial expression of fear, facial expression of happiness,
facial expression of surprise, facial expressions, masking/modifying of.