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Name AUC-ID
Hassan Amer 900141840
AbdelRahman Hassan 900141420
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Abstract
In this article, the authors are going to explore the main stimulation techniques used
Poor Boy, Hydraulic Fracturing, and Matrix Acidizing are commonly used; however, this
article focuses on the most economic feasible option: matrix acidizing. Initially, the well is
Curve, or the Pressure Transient Analysis for skin evaluation. Secondly, the damage type
Then, stimulation engineers design their treatment recipes for the handicapped wells,
imposing the main design stages of the acid with the appropriate placement. Finally, post-
treatments techniques (i.e. Paccaloni, or PTA) are used to evaluate the job’s success.
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Table of Contents
Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 2
1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 4
3. References ....................................................................................................................... 8
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1. Introduction
Normally, the IPR curve is inspected first, alongside with PTA, in order to get a
stotal sMechanical sCompletion sDeviation sDrilling.......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......(1.1.1)
derivative curve is used in the Figure 2: A log-log plot of a typical drawdown test.
curve-matching technique to estimate the total skin by hand, or by a well testing software
(e.g. Saphire).
The most common damage types encountered in the carbonates are as follows.
• Emulsions: they form as a consequence of mixing oil with water due to the changed in
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• Organic Deposits: when asphaltenes and heavy crude oil solidifies form the produced
effluent due to the pressure and temperature drop near the wellbore.
• Water Block: this phenomenon occurs due to the increase of water saturation near the
perforation tip due to the invasion of water-based mud filtrate, water coning, or the wrong
• Organic Deposits: this kind of damage occurs in all places, including the tubing string,
perforation tunnels, and the formation. This results also due to the presence of high-
molecular-weight components with the crude that get solidified due to pressure drops
There are many different approaches used to stimulate carbonates. Firstly, “Poor
Boy Technique” is applied by closing the choke, wait for two minutes until the bottomhole-
flowing- pressure stabilizes, and open at full choke. Repeating this procedures for 10-15
times, and flow the well again. Secondly, Hydraulic Fracturing is a technique where an
acid is pumped against the producing formation at injection pressures, and rates, higher
than the expected breakdown pressure of the formations. This creates a high-conductive
channels, or fracture half-length, that connects the reservoir to the wellbore. It requires an
intensive design with an appropriate volumes in pads, displacement, and x-linked gels used
in place. Thirdly, matrix acidizing is used to improve the productivity as well. It restores
the reservoir’s initial productivity by by-passing the damage in carbonates and creating
new conductive passages, through the wormholing stage. Acids’ stages and placement must
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2.1. Matrix Acidizing Stages.
• Tubing Pickle: To clean the tubing string ahead of the Stimulation treatment. Removal
of Organic / inorganic scales, asphaltene and precipitations. Usually the volume is usually
¾ of the tubing volume, reciprocated several times up and down the tubing string until
• Preflush: normally HCl, or diesel oil, is used before the main treatment to prepare the
rock surface for being treated with acid, by lowering the pH of the minerals found.
surfactant, each additive for a specific task. The main purpose of the main treatment is to
remove the damage in the area near wellbore and to by-pass the damage and create what
• Overflush; we use HCL with different concentration. The main purpose of the overflush
is displace the live acid or main treatment deep in the formation to make sure that the
• Nitrogen; to recirculate the spent acid up to the surface to avoid the creation of new
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2.2. Matrix Acidizing Placement.
When stimulating a
part of the well. Most acids will not reach the toe part of the well especially if we used
bullhead technique. In order to overcome such problem we need to use coiled tubing,
diverter and we also need to pump down near the toe part and the excess acid would reach
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Figure 5; Evaluation method
paccoloni graph where the injection rate and the injection pressure are known, and we can
get the damage ratio which is directly proportional to the skin. So, a decrease in the value
of the damage rtion value means a decrease in the value of the skin. This means that my
technique. Figure (5) shows a graph between pressure and time where we can evaluate the
There are three main scenarios that we could get out of this figure:
1- If the pressure increases significantly, this means that the acid job is damaging the
well
2- If the pressure decreases slowly, this means that the damage is deep and that we are
3- If the pressures decrease rapidly, this indicates that my stimulation job is very
successful.
3. References
Economides, Michael J., and Kenneth G. Nolte. Reservoir stimulation. J. Wiley, 2000.
Thomas, R.l., and A. Milne. “The Use Of Coiled Tubing During Matrix Acidizing Of
Carbonate Reservoirs.” SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference, 1995.
Wang, Y.: “Existence of an Optimum Rate in Carbonate Acidizing and the Effect of Rock