`

ESSENC
CE - Interna
ational Jourrnal for Envvironmentaal Rehabilitaation and Conservation
n
Volume VI: No. 1 2015 [41
[ – 48] [ISS
SN 0975 - 62722]
[ww
ww.essence-jouurnal.com]

ng water quality
Drinkin q in relation too human health
h in Haridwar
H District,
Uttarak
khand

Malik, D.S.
D and Tya
agi, Divya

8, 2015 ⏐ Acccepted: May 17, 2015 ⏐ Online:

Received: February 08 O June 30,
3 2015

Abstractt
The present study aim ms to identiffy the pollutant diseeases due too contaminaated drinkingg water.
contaminnation probllems in groound water of Thee drinkingg water should bee non-
adjoiningg villages off industrial zones
z at distrrict conntaminated and
a pathogenn free for maintain
m
Haridwarr. Ground water samples s were propper health of
o local ressidents of Haridwar
H
collectedd by grab sam mpling methhod from haand disttrict.
pumps having the water
w table att depth of ≥60
≥ Keyywords: Water
W Qualitty Index | Human
feet from earth surface
s layeer. Analytiical heallth | ground water
techniquees as described in the standaard Intrroduction
methods for exam mination off water were Groound water means the water, whicch exist
adopted for physico-chemicall analysis of beloow the grounnd water suurface in the zone of
ground water sam mples and results were satuuration and can be extraacted througgh wells
comparedd with the standards
s giiven by WH HO, or any
a other means or emeerges as spriings and
BIS and ICMR guid delines for drinking
d watter. basee flows in streams annd rivers. Normally
N
The present investiigation reveealed that the t grouund water moves froom points to high
water quuality of Bhaagwanpur industrial areaa is elevvation and pressure points off lower
not muchh suitable fo or drinking purpose. WQIW elevvation and pressure (Miller, 20004).The
were rannged (51-75)) and showeed marginal or quaality of wateer is of vittal concern for the
poor drinnking waterr quality. Thhe residents of mannkind since it is directlyy linked withh human
adjoiningg villages ofo Bhagwannpur industrrial wellfare. Theree are severral states inn India,
zone havve much suffferer from waater born wheere more than 90% % populatioons are
For corresspondence: dependent on ground
g wateer for drinkking and
otheer purpose (Ramchandrraian , 20044; Tank
Departmennt of Zoology & Environmental Science, Gurukuula
Kangri Unniversity, Haridw
war, India andd Singh, 20110). The groound water resource
r
Email– divvya.tyagigkv@g gmail.com in and
a around of o prominent industrial seectors in

41
 M
Malik and Tyaagi /Vol. VI [1] 2015/41 – 48

India is degrading alarming

a scale on quallity Uttaarakhand staate is a new wly developped hilly
standard as used in n drinking purpose. The T state and somee prominennt industrial sectors
ground water
w qualitty is mostlly affected by havve been developed in selected districts. d
seepage, leaching and mixiing industrrial Harridwar distrrict is a pilgrim ceentre of
effluent in
i most of thhe meteropoolitan cities and
a Uttaarakhand sttate consistting 3-4 no. n well
industrial township (Malik et al, a 2009). The T devveloped inddustrial secctors nameely old
impact ofo industriall wastes andd effluents on induustrial area in main Haridwar,
H S
SIDCUL
fround water
w has atttracted a loot of attentiion induustrial areaa, Roshnabaad ,Haridw war and
worldwidde because ofo its overwhhelming heaalth Induustrial areaa ,Bhagwannpur ,Hariddwar. A
and hygienic significcance as higgh deterioratiing greaat pressure on ground waterw resourrces has
risk to drrinking water resources. incrreased for drinking, domestic,
d inndustrial
Water quality
q index
x, a techniique of ratiing actiivities and agricultural
a activities. Most
M of
water quuality, is an n effective tool to assess the industries inn industrial areas
a have onn proper
spatial annd temporall changes inn ground waater maiintained trreatment plants;
p hennce the
quality and
a commun nicate inform mation on the
t induustrial efflueents and wasste water conntributed
quality of
o water to the concernn citizens and a signnificantly to contaminatte the grounnd water
policy makers
m (Tiw
wari and Mishra,
M 19885) resoources via leaching mechanism
m o other
or
(Mishra and Patel, 2001).
2 WQII is commonnly phenomenon.
used for the detectio on and elevvation of waater Maaterials and
d Method
pollutionn and may be definedd as “a ratiing Thee location of Haridwar on the globbe is on
reflectingg the compo osite influennce of different latittude 29º58’NN and longittude 78º10’E E, while
quality parameters
p on
o the overrall quality of the height fromm sea level inn 285.56 metters. The
water” (YYazdandoostt and Katdarre, 2000) grouund water samples
s werre collected by grab
World health
h organiization estim
mated in 20000 sam
mpling methood from hannd pumps haaving the
assessmeent that there are four billion
b cases of watter table att depth off ≥60 feeet, from
diarrhea each year in i addition to millions to sam
mpling sites selected
s in thhree industriial zones
other casses of illness associatedd with the laack of district
d Hariddwar area naamely, old inndustrial
of accesss of clean water
w (WHO O, 2000). Itt is areaa as samplinng zone I (Tibdi,
( Brahhampuri,
well estaablished thaat infectiouss diseases are Dhiirwali, Ababbab Nagar), SIDCUL inndustrial
transmittted primarilyy through water
w suppllies areaa as sampling zone II (Rawali Mahdood,
M
contaminnated with human
h and animal
a excrreta Rosshnabad, Suuman Nagarr), and Inndustrial
particularrly faeces and municcipal sewagges, areaa, Bhagwannpur as sampling
s zoone III
WHO(19993).Out breaksb of water borrne (Raaipur, Sahappur, Chudialla). This stuudy was
diseases continue to t occur thhroughout the t carrried out durring Januaryy to Marchh 2014).
world buut are especiially seriouss in developiing Thee number of o water sam mples (n=500) from
countriess (Manja et al
a 1982, Emdde et al 19922). eachh villages from
f differeent sampling zones
werre collected for
f analysis in the laboraatory.
42 
 M
Malik and Tyaagi /Vol. VI [1] 2015/41 – 48

The wateer samples were

w analyzeed by standarrds amoong human being of addjoining villages in
methods (APHA, 2002). Thee result were induustrial zoness.
comparedd with staandard giveen by WH HO Ressult and Disscussion
(2004), BIS
B (1991) and ICMR R (1975). The
T t the how much is
Thee present studdy showed that
WQI hass been calcu ulated of phyysico-chemiical the acceptable groundwateer quality of o hand
parameteers according to CCME E (2001) waater pummps of 10 viillages comppared with drinking
d
quality index critaarition based on som me watter standardds. The reesults of physico-
p
selected parameterss under drrinking waater chem mical charaacteristics off ground water
w are
quality standard. TheT presennt study was
w pressented in Table 1. The T percenntage of
designedd to detect the coliform ms bacteria in affeected humann populationn from watterborne
water samples
s and
a to determine
d t
the diseease on surrvey in diff fferent villagges and
contaminnation in drrinking watter as primaary commmon waterrborne diseaase are preseented in
pathogennic indicatorr for water borne
b diseases tablle 2 and 3.
Sampling Zone
Z Samplling Zone Sampling Zone
S Standardss Drinking Watter
1 II III Q
Quality
S. No Parameters Units
Min - Max Min - Max Min - Max
BIS WHO ICM
MR
1. T
Temperature °C 16.57-19..85 17.322-22.45 17.85-23.40
2. pH
H 7.5-7.66 7.8-8.2 6.8-7.1 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-88.5
3. C
Conductivity µmho/cm
m 196-2377 3400-390 425-470 - 400 -
4. T
Total Hardness mg/L 147.00-1755.91 1800-220 178-230 300 500 300
5. C
Calcium mg/L 50.73-60..91 34.0-70.2 86-112.0 75 75 755
6. M
Magnesium mg/L 15.2-18.880 27.22-39.4 49.0-70.5 30 30 300
7. T
TDS mg/L 108.58-1199.59 2100-260 435-595 - 1000 500
8. A
Alkalinity mg/L 118.28-142 1500-180 245-298 200 - 120
9. D
DO mg/L 8.57-8.669 7.8-8.1 6.0-6.4 - 3.0- 5.000
14.0
11. BOD
B mg/L 4.23-5.119 6.0-7.8 7.2-8.4 - - -
12. Free CO2 mg/L 18.05-19..07 14.22-18.6 16.1-19.3 - - -
13. C
Chloride mg/L 16.79-20..79 26.5-35.8 40.90-60.20 250 250 250
14. Potassium mg/L 2.4-2.99 4.6-5.8 6.0-7.8 - - -

Table 1: Physico-chemical chaaracteristics of

Grounnd Water of distrrict Haridwar
Sampling Zone Locaalities (villages) Affeected Human Poopulation (%)
Male (25-30 yrs) Femmale (25-3oyrs) Childrens (08-15 yrs)
Haridwar old
o Industrial area
a Tibdi 23.22 31.6 36.9
Brahmpuuri 21.22 29.7 35.8
Dhirwalii 19.66 30.2 32.2
Abahab Nagar 22.99 33.0 35.5
SIDCUL In
ndustrial area Rawali Mahdood
M 26.44 29.2 32.6
Roshnabbad 24.33 30.1 34.2
Suman Nagar
N 19.00 27.6 29.2
Bhagwanpu
ur Industrial arrea Raipur 29.44 33.5 36.8
Sahapur 27.66 36.1 39.2
Chudialaa 26.88 36.8 38.6

2 Percentage off affected Humann population froom water

Table 2:
borne diseasee based on surveyy in different villlages
43 
 M
Malik and Tyaagi /Vol. VI [1] 2015/41 – 48

S.No. Dissease Pathogen Symptoms Cau uses

1 Am
mebiosis Entameobia histolytica Diarrhea, Stom
mach pain Feaacel matter of an infected person
parasite (usuually ingested from
f a pool or an
infeected water suppply
2 Ch
holera Vibreo choolerabacteria Watery diarrhea and leg cramps Conntaminated drinkking water
3 E.ccoli Escherichiaa coli Diarrhea (mayy be bloody),aabdominal Undder cooked beeff, imported cheesses,
bacteria pain, vomiting,, fever unppasteurized milk, juice, cidder,
alfaalfa sprouts
4 Giaardiaeis Giardia lam
mbilaparasite Diarrhea, nauseea
5 Hepatitis A Hepatitis A virus Fever, Stomachh pain, nausea, jaaundics Waater
6 Leggionellosis Legionella pneumophila Fever, pneum monia, anorexia,, muscle Conntaminated wateer
bacteria aches, diarrhea and vomiting
7 Virral Caliciviruss virus Dirrhea, vom miting nausea, cramps, Waater, ready to each food(sallad,
Gaastroenterites headache, muuscles aches, tiredness, sandwiches)
slight fever

Table 3: Commmon waterborne diseases observeed among humann

beingss of adjoiningg villages of induustrial zones 

The tempperature of the

t water is closely relatted harddness of groundg waater samplees were
with dissolved oxyg gen; hence water of low recoorded in the ranged betw ween 147-2330 mg/L
temperatuure contaiining higheer value of at sampling
s zoone I and IIII respectiveely. The
dissolvedd oxygen anda low vaalue of BO OD. valuues of total hardness
h aree within permmissible
Temperaature of grou und water raanged betweeen limiit. The valuues of Ca-hhardness in ground
from 16.57-23.40ºc in hand pum mp water at SI watter varied between
b 50.73-112.00 mg/Lm at
and SIII respectively
y. pH value varied
v betweeen sam
mpling zone I and III. The T similar trend of
range as 7.5-8.2 SI and SII respectively. pH p calccium hardneess occurredd in ground water
value off all water sample weere within the t alsoo reported byy Ramakrishhniah, et al., (2009)
permissibble limit giv
ven by standards drinkiing andd significanntly correlaated hardnness of
water quuality. Total dissolve soolids exhibitted drinnking water with the hellp of humann beings.
turbid coondition of water polluution strenggth. Maggnesium haardness rangged betweeen 15.2-
The valuue of total dissolved solids in waater 70.55 at samplinng zone I and a III respeectively.
samples ranged from m 108-595 mg/L, low west Thee values of magnesium
m w very higgh which
was
value of TDS were recorded
r sammpling site III.
I wass not within permissibble limit giiven by
Drinkingg water with high total dissolved
d sollids drinnking water quality stanndards. Alkaalinity of
generallyy showed innferior potabble quality and
a watter is stronglly correlatedd with the pH H value,
induced an unfavoraable physioloogical reactiion if pH
p of water sample is also higgh than
in the traansient conssumer and gastrointestin
g nal alkaalinity, if pH H value loww than alkallinity, it
infectionns. mayy shown low wer trend. Alkalinity
A inn ground
The higgh degree of water hardness can c watter was reccorded in thhe ranged between b
definitelyy be attributed to the disposal of 1188.28-298 mg/L in water sample at sampling
s
untreatedd and impro operly treateed sewage anda zonne I and sam mpling zonee III. The values of
industrial waste (Shaanker, et al., 2008). The alkaalinity in sampling
s zoone I was with in

44 
 M
Malik and Tyaagi /Vol. VI [1] 2015/41 – 48

permissibble limit bu
ut the very high
h values of incrreases (Dubbey, 2003). The chloridde level
alkalinityy at samplin a III, which
ng zone II and rangged from 166.79-60.20 mg/Lm in hannd pump
were not within standdard limits. watter. Soil poroosity and perrmeability allso has a
The valuue of DO in ranged between 6.4- 6 keyy role in buuilding up to t increase chloride
8.57mg/L L, the miniimum valuee of dissolvved conncentration in ground water
oxygen (6.0 mg/L) was w observedd in hand pum mp (Raamakrishnaiaah et al, 2009). Exxcessive
water duuring winter season. Thhe BOD valuues chlooride in groound waterr indicated the un-
of grounnd water sam mples denotted the present potaable characteristics of drinking waterw to
status off pollution load.
l The loowest value of imppart bitter taaste to wateer and corroode steel
BOD (4.223) was obsserved in hannd pump waater andd may occur cardiovascuular problemss among
during winter
w seasonn and highestt value of BO
OD humman society. The potassium content in water
(8.4) wass observed during
d winter season. BOOD sam
mples were recorded
r in the range between
b
is inter-rrelated withh the levelss of dissolvved 2.4--7.8 mg/L.. The miinimum vaalue of
oxygen in the water.. Organic coompounds suuch potaassium was observed
o at sampling zoone I and
as carbohhydrates, prroteins and fat, which canc maxximum valuee of potassiuum was at sampling
s
be resultt of urban run-off, dom mestic sewaage zonne III.
and induustrial effluennt are brokeen down by the
t Watter quality inndex providded an assesssment of
micro-organism preesent in thhe water and a pressent qualityy status of drinking water
w for
exerted an oxygeen demandd in aquaatic humman consum mption. Waater quality ratings
system.(EEfe, et al.,20
005) werre ranged 344.76-82.94 ass lowest andd highest
Free CO2 is released d during the decompositiion valuues of water quality reecorded at sampling
s
of certainn substancess and the mettabolic activvity zonne I and Sam
mpling zone III I respectively. The
of the liiving organiism. Free CO C 2 in grouund valuue of WQI ratings
r at sam
mpling zone I and II
water ranged
r from
m 14.2-19..07 mg/L at werre recordedd 34.76 and a 36.15, which
samplingg zone II and d I respectivvely. When the
t indiicated goodd water quaality and sampling
pH is low w, then the combined carbon
c dioxide zonne III recordded under very
v poor category.
c
convertedd into free frrom and wheen increasedd in Thee present WQI
W clearly indicated that the
the bicarrbonates and carbonatees occur waater watter resourcee of upper aquifer of ground
becomes alkaline and d resist hydrrogen ions. The
T watter resource in Bhagwannpur industrrial area
CO2, pH and alkalinity were direectly relatedd to has affected frrom the leaaching of inndustrial
each otheer, since the pH dependss upon the freefr liquuid wastes and
a effluentts, hence a regular
CO2 andd bicarbonaate and carrbonates levvel monnitoring is urgently
u requuired to idenntify the
(Devi et al, 2003) poinnt sources of polluttion, whichh have
conntributed siggnificantly to deteriorrate the
Chloride occurs in all
a natural boodies in widely
grouund water reesource in alll industrial areas of
varying concentratio
ons. The chhloride content
Harridwar districct.
normallyy increases as the minneral conteents
In this
t study, MPN of cooliforms in case of
45 
 M
Malik and Tyaagi /Vol. VI [1] 2015/41 – 48

water sam mple collectted from hannd pump waater unhhygienic watter conditionn. Females are also
was estim mate to be very high (≥200) and in affeected due too domestic work like washing w
case of water
w from water
w cooler,, it was 90, not
n clotthes, food prreparation ettc. and the males
m are
portable, no colifo orm was detected
d froom lesss affected because they t have strong
governmment hand pu ump having vertical deppth immmunity, this immunity occur due to their
more thaan 120 ft prov vide supply for drinkingg in adapptation. Thee present suurvey also revealed
r
the villaages. Accord ding to Cenntral Pollutiion thatt every yearr the percenntage of watter born
Control Board Indiaa, total colifform organiism diseeases have inncreased parrticularly in children
MPN/1000ml shall be b 50 or less in drinkiing andd women. In developing world, especially in
water soource (Battu u and Redddy, 2009). The T rem
mote rural arreas and industrial areaas, over
composittion of drin nking waterr contaminatted threee million deeaths per yeaar attributed to water
with pathhogenic miccrobes of faeecal origin is a bornne diarrhoeeal disease, especially among
significannt risk to human
h healtth, howeverr if infaants and young children c inn poor
drinking water is fo ocally polluuted it spreaads commmunities (D Davis-Colleyy et al. 2001))
diseases in consumeers to a greeat number of Deleterious levvel of grouund water pollution
p
people. caused severe diseases in primary staages and
In the prresent study we survey the populatiion slowwly created a potential heath
h hazardds to the
of the diifferent induustrial areas i.e. Haridw
war, inhaabitants of affected
a areaa.The presennt survey
Sidcul annd Bhagwan npur. During survey, itt is fromm different health
h dispennsaries reveaaled that
found thhat the watter quality of Haridw war, mosst commonn waterborrne diseasees like
Sidcul areas
a is goood water quuality than the t Ammebiosis, Cholera,
C E
E.coli, Giiardiaes,
water quuality of Bh hagwanpur. Due to pooor Heppatitis A, Leegionllosis, Viral
V Gastrooenteritis
water quuality of Bhagwanpur
B most of thet caused by the pathogen
p Enttameobia hisstolytica
people were
w affected
d by waterbborne diseasses. paraasite, Vibreeo choleraabacteria, E.coli
In Harridwar ind dustrial areeas, affectted bactteria, Giarddia lambilapaarasite, Heppatitis A
populatioon (%) of males
m (21.5), females (300.5) viruus, Legionnella pneuumiphila bacteria, b
and childderns (34.96)) and Sidcul industrial arrea Caliicivirus viruus. The huuman pathoggen that
affected population of males(223.4), femaales pressent seriouss risk of diseases whenever
w
(28.96) and
a childern ns (34.1). Inn Bhagwanppur pressent in drinnking water include Sallmonella
industrial area affeccted populaation of maales speccies, Shinngella speecies, patthogenic
(27.93), females (35.4) and childdrens (38.2)).In Esccherichia cooli, Vibrio cholera, Yersinia
this survvey we obsserved the population of enteerotitica, Campylobacte
C er species, various
Bhagwannpur industriial area wass more affectted suchh as Hepatiitis A, Hepaatitis E, Roota virus
due to poor
p water quality.
q From
m this present andd parasites such
s as Enttamoeba hisstolytica
survey, thhe childerns are more afffected than the
t andd Giardia species and soo on (Geldreeich and
female annd male pop pulation becaause they haave Jokllik, 1992). The water resources must m be
less immmunity an nd directlyy contact in nonn-contaminatted,purified and inndustrial
46 
 M
Malik and Tyaagi /Vol. VI [1] 2015/41 – 48

effluents should be treated

t efficiiently throuugh variationn of physico-cchemical
biotreatm
ment technollogy on susstainable baasis characteerstics in watter resourcess quality
at point sources
s firstt and seconddly by comm mon in westeern Niger Deelta Region, Nigeria,
treatmentt plant. Th he drinking water quallity S Environn Mgt., 9(1):1191-195
J.Appl. Sci.
should be
b properly maintained as well to be Gelldreich E.L. (1992): Waater borne pathogen
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availablee for healthy y human soociety for thheir invasionn: A case for water quality
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d free life. protectioon in distribbution. Procceedings
Referencces of Amerrican Waterr Work Assoociation.
APHA (22005), In: Standards
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Davies-ccolley,R.J. and D.G. Smith,(20001): 400.
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