Project

in
Research I
(RESEARCH PLANS)
March 20, 2017

Submitted by:

Submitted to:
Ms. Karyl Morano
Research Teacher

Himamaylan National High School

 Modernize Needle-less Injection

RESEARCH PLAN

A. Question or Problem being addressed

This future invention is a device for delivering medication and vaccinations through the

skin.As an alternative to injecting a needle, micro-poration is a painless method of transferring

medication (intraepidermal) into the body using laser technology.A handheld laser creates micro

pores in the epidermis of the skin for the transfer of molecules.

It has a familiar comparison to the "needle-less" device used by Dr. "Bones" McCoy on Star

Trek. The popular sci-fi series has inspired more than a few new inventions including the "laser"

and the cell phone.This new micro-poration technology is painless to use and requires no

supervision to administer. The interfaced controls regulate the dosage

B. Goals/ Expected Outcomes/ Hypotheses

The aim of this study is to provide a painless injection, this aims:

 To make the life of every Doctors/ Nurses easier when it comes injection.

C. Procedures

The Manufacturing Process

There are numerous methods of producing each needle-free injection system. The

following process focuses on the production of an air-forced system. These systems are made

through a step by step procedure which involves molding the pieces, assembling them, and

decorating and labelling the final product. The individual pieces are typically produced off-site

and assembled by the needle free injection system manufacturer. All of the manufacturing is

done under sterile conditions to prevent the spread of disease.

Making the pieces

1. The first step requires the production of the component plastic pieces from plastic pellets. This

is done by a process called injection molding. Pellets of plastic are put into a large holding bin on

an injection molding machine. They are heated to make them flowable.

2. The material is then passed through a hydraulically controlled screw. As the screw rotates, the

plastic is directed through a nozzle which then injects it into a mold. The mold is made up of two

metal halves that form the shape of the part when brought together. When the plastic is in the

mold, it is held under pressure for a specified amount of time and then allowed to cool. As it

cools, the plastic inside hardens.

3. The mold pieces are separated and the plastic part falls out onto a conveyor. The mold then

closes again and the process is repeated. After the plastic parts are ejected from the mold, they

are manually inspected to ensure that no significantly damaged parts are used.

Assembling and labeling

4. The parts are next transported to an assembly line. In this production phase various events

occur. Machines apply markings that show dose levels and force measurements. These machines

are specially calibrated so each printing is made precisely. Depending on the complexity of the

device, human workers or machines may assemble the devices. This involves inserting the

various pieces into the main housing and attaching any buttons.

Packaging

5. After the assembly step, the injection devices are put into packaging. They are first wrapped in

sterile films and then put into cardboard or plastic boxes. Each part is packaged so movement is

minimal to prevent damage. For consumer products, an instruction manual is included along with

safety information. These boxes are then stacked on pallets and shipped via truck to distributors.
D. Reference Cited

Henry, C. "Special Delivery." Chemical & Engineering News (September 18, 2000): 49-65.

Potera, C. "Making Needles Needless." Technology Review (September/October 1998): 67-70.

Potera, C. "No-Needle Vaccine Techniques." Genetic Engineering News (August 1998): 19.

Put Your Water to Work: Using Hydropower to Lift a Load

RESEARCH PLAN

A. Question or Problem being addressed

Earth is an amazing planet. It has everything that we need: food, shelter, and water. Sure,

we need water to drink, but have you thought about using water to create energy? Moving water

has a lot of energy and all we need to do is to harness it. Moving water made the Grand Canyon.

That took a lot of energy!

B. Goals/ Expected Outcomes/ Hypotheses

The goal of this science fair project is to understand hydropower. You will convert the

energy in falling water to mechanical energy to lift a small weight.

C. Procedure

Materials and Equipment

 Aluminum pie plate, 9 inches; available at all grocery stores

 Scissors
  Permanent marker

 Ruler

 Drill with 3/8-inch drill bit or other bit size slightly larger than the dowel width; available

at hardware stores

o Optional (if you don't use a drill): hammer and 5/16-inch width nail; available at

hardware stores

 Nylon spacer, 3/8-inch inner diameter and 3/8 inch thick. The spacer must fit in the

center of the waterwheel. These are available at hardware stores. Epoxy glue; available at

hardware stores

 Scotch® tape

 Wood dowel, 5/16 inch wide and 2 feet long; available at craft stores

 Plastic bucket with removable handle, 14 quarts

 Cotton string, 30-inch-long piece

 Metal nut or other small metal object that string can be tied to

 Measuring cup, 2-cup is best

 Stopwatch

 Lab notebook

Experimental Procedure

1. Take your scissors and cut out the flat bottom part of the aluminum pie plate.

2. With the permanent marker, copy the design from the waterwheel template onto the circle

of aluminum. Draw the lines from the edge of the circle to about 2 centimeters (cm) from

the middle of the circle.

 3. Cut the aluminum circle along the eight solid lines. End each cut at 2 cm from the center.

These are the paddles of the waterwheel.

4. Carefully bend each paddle at its dotted line. Put the ruler at each dotted line so that you

can make a straight bend

5. Drill a 5/16-inch hole through the middle of the waterwheel. Ask an adult to help you and

always wear safety goggles when using power tools. You could also use a hammer and

nail to make the ¼-inch hole in the middle. If you use a hammer and nail, clip off any

sharp metal edges around the hole with the scissors.

6. Using the measuring cup and the stopwatch, first calculate the flow rate of the water

source you are using. You will do this by seeing how long it takes to fill 2 cups of water.

a. Divide 2 cups by the number of seconds it took to fill 2 cups. This is the flow rate

and its unit of measure is cups per second. Note down the flow rate in your lab

notebook.

b. Do not turn off the water between measuring the flow rate and testing the

waterwheel or else you will have to redo the flow rate calculation (you might turn

the faucet on harder or softer the next time, which would negatively affect your

results).

D. Reference Cited

 United States Department of Energy. (2010, December 4). Renewable Energy. Retrieved

September 21, 2012 from http://energy.gov/science-innovation/energy-

sources/renewable-energy
  Wikipedia Contributors. (2008, June 13). Water wheel. Wikipedia: The Free

Encyclopedia. Retrieved June 20, 2008 from

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_wheel&oldid=219009066

 Wikipedia Contributors. (2008, June 22). Hydropower. Wikipedia: The Free

Encyclopedia. Retrieved June 23, 2008 from

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydropower&oldid=221028761

 Wikipedia Contributors. (2008, June 19). Hydroelectricity. Wikipedia: The Free

Encyclopedia. Retrieved June 23, 2008 from

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydroelectricity&oldid=220461543

Are LEDs the Future? Energy Savings with LED Lighting

RESEARCH PLAN

A. Question or Problem being addressed

Global warming, climate change, melting ice caps—these are all big events that have an

impact our environment. What can we do to help reduce the impact? We can reduce, reuse, and

recycle. What can cities do to help? Cities can eliminate waste by saving energy. Cities around

the world are switching from incandescent traffic signals to LED traffic signals to save energy

and money. That's because LEDs are more efficient than incandescent lamps, which means that

LEDs produce more light compared to incandescent lamps for the same input power. So with

LEDs, you get more for less! In this science project, you will learn how LEDs are used and why

so many cities and countries are making the switch to LED technology.

B. Goals/ Expected Outcomes/ Hypotheses

 The purpose of this science project is to learn about a key real-world application of light-

emitting diodes (LEDs): the traffic signal. You will put together three simple circuits to study

how efficient an LED is compared to a conventional incandescent lightbulb. You will then be

able to determine which technology is the better choice for traffic signals.

C. Procedure

Materials and Equipment

Unless noted otherwise, the electronics parts for this project are available from Jameco

Electronics.

Test Assembly

 Safety goggles

 Drill with ¾-inch drill bit

 Ruler

 Plywood, 8.5 inches x 11 inches, 1 inch thick

 Wood dowel, ¾ inches thick, 18 inches long

 Carpenter's glue

Constant-current Test Circuit

 Pigtail barrel jack adapter,

 12 V, 500 mA AC-DC power adapter,

 350 mA constant-current LED driver,

 Alligator clip leads (10 pack),

 High-power white LED (3),

  Digital multimeter. A variety of multimeters are available from Jameco Electronics. If

you plan on doing more electronics projects in the future, it may be worth investing in a

more expensive multimeter.

 Sunglasses

 Small piece of paper

Incandescent Lamp Circuit

 Mini incandescent lamp (3),

Light-detection Circuit

 Light-to-voltage converter .

 breadboard,

 AA batteries (2 unused),

 2xAA battery holder,

 Jumper wire kit,

 10 kΩ resistor (circuit only requires one, but sold in multiples of 10), part #691104

 Flashlight

Additional Items

 2-inch clamps (2) (Home Depot part # 80002)

 Masking tape

 Ruler

 Lab notebook

 Graph paper

Experimental Procedure

Building the Incandescent Lamp Circuit

Assemble the incandescent lamp test circuit and outlined in these steps.

1. The pigtail adapter should already be connected to the power adapter from the previous

section. Remember that you should have marked which wire was positive and which one

was negative, but this actually does not matter for the incandescent lamp. Unlike LEDs

(which only let current flow through in one direction), incandescent lamps let current

flow through in either direction

2. Use alligator clips to connect the pigtail wires to the two leads of the incandescent lamp.

The lamp should light up. Disconnect the alligator clips from the pigtail adapter until you

are ready to test the lamp.

Building the Light-detection Circuit

1. The light-detection circuit is simple to make and consists of a light-to-voltage converter

and a 10 kΩ resistor.

2. It is easy to build this circuit on a solderless breadboard.

3. First, place two fresh batteries into the battery holder. Make sure the "+" symbols on the

battery line up with the "+" symbols inside the battery holder. Connect the battery pack's

red lead to the breadboard's power bus, and the black lead to the breadboard's ground bus.

4. Push the leads of the light-to-voltage converter into three separate rows of the

breadboard.

5. Use a jumper wire to connect the "VDD" pin of the light-to-voltage converter to the

breadboard's power bus.

6. Use a jumper wire to connect the "GND" pin of the light-to-voltage converter to the

breadboard's ground bus.

 7. Connect one lead of the 10 kΩ resistor to the same row of the breadboard as the "OUT"

pin of the light-to-voltage converter. Push the other end of the resistor into the

breadboard's ground bus.

8. The light-detection circuit is now complete. The output signal is the voltage drop across

the 10 Ω resistor. Check the voltage drop across the 10 kΩ resistor with the digital

multimeter. Test the circuit by shining light on the open window of the light-to-voltage

converter with a flashlight and see if you get a change in voltage across the 10 kΩ

resistor. You should see a voltage between 1 and 3 V. When you cover the window of the

light-to-voltage converter, you should see a voltage close to 0 V.

D. Reference Cited

Philips. (2008). Retrieved March 18, 2008, from the Philips LumiledsTM Light from Silicon

Valley website: http://www.philipslumileds.com/

Wikipedia Contributors. (2008). Light-emitting diode. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia.

Retrieved March 18, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Light-

emitting_diode&oldid=199152818

Harris, T. (2008). How Light Emitting Diodes Work. howstuffworks. Retrieved March 18, 2008,

from http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/led.htm

LED Supply. (2008). 7027 BuckToot. Retrieved April 23, 2014, from

http://www.ledsupply.com/content/pdf/led-driver-luxdrive-bucktoot_documentation.pdf