Journal of Earth Science, 2016 online ISSN 1674-487X

Printed in China
DOI: 10.1007/s12583-016-0910-2 

The Identification of Hydrocarbon Potential of Talhar Shale:

Member of Lower Goru Formation by Using Well Logs Derived
Parameters, Southern Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan
Muhsan Ehsan1*,Hanming Gu1, Malik Muhammad Akhtar2,SaiqShakeel Abbasi1,Zaheen Ullah3
1. Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074 . China
2. School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074. China
3. Faculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei . China

ABSTRACT: Evaluation of shale gas hydrocarbon potential of Talhar Shale member of Lower Goru
Formation, by using well logs data only, has been a challenging task in Southern Lower Indus Basin
Pakistan. This paper is helpful to evaluate shale gas potential of source rock by using well log data. We
have introduced and applied Empirical and Graphical method to resolve this task and have derived
geochemical parameters from well logs data. The way mentioned is fastand the cheapest. Talhar Shale
has kerogen typeIII and type II which has potential to produce, mainly, oil and gas. Talhar Shale is of
Montmorillonite clay type. So, Talhar Shale has better sorption property. Empirical formulas are used
to derive parameters, using well logs of Porosity, Density and Uranium. Porosity and Volume of
Kerogen, calculated from density log, gives average values of 11.8% and 11.4%. Level of Maturity
Index (LMI), derived by log, average value is 0.54 which indicates that it is on early stage of maturity.
Vitrinite reflectance is between 0.5-0.55% as calculated by graphical method and empirical formula.
Talhar Shale with main products of oil and gasis onset of oil generation,;could be a good potential
source in the study area.
KEY WORDS:Talhar Shale,kerogen type,sorption property,thermal maturity,vitrinite reflectance (RO),
Southern Lower Indus Basin

0 INTRODUCTION
The exploration of hydrocarbons is significant and
essential for the economy and growth of a country. With the
start of 21st century, depletion of hydrocarbons has put onus on
unconventional hydrocarbon resources. Shale gas exploration,
nowadays, is the hottest debate going among the geoscientists.
The geochemical parameters which are used to evaluate
unconventional hydrocarbons, are expensive in terms of
bothinvestment and time. Therefore, geoscientists and scholars,
worldwide, are trying to develop newer, faster and cheaper
methods and techniques for the exploration and production of
hydrocarbons than methods and techniques are being used
before.
In developing countries, geoscientists are facing problems
due to lake of funding and are unable to study the geochemical
parameters liketotal organic carbon (TOC), hydrogen index
(HI), oxygen index (OI), level of maturity index (LMI), Tmax,
S1, S2, vitrinite reflectance(Ro) and level of organic
maturity(LOM) from Rock-Eval pyrolysis and well
coresamples because it is very expensive in terms of cost and
time.
Many researchers are working to find out solution to
thisproblem. In previous research papers no one was able to
find
*Corresponding author. E-mail: zhouzhg@cugb.edu.cn
©China University of Geosciences and Springer-Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg 2016
Manuscript received October 02, 2015.
Manuscript accepted April 13, 2016.
out its complete theoretical solution.Machel et al., (1995)
developed a method to check the effect of formation
temperature and vitrinite reflectance on oil and gas window.
For the evaluation of sorption property, Zhang et al., (2013)
introduced another technique. Godec et al., (2013) introduced a
formula to derive Porosity value from Density log. Log derived
Maturity Index (LMI) values calculation is formulated
byLabani andRezaee, (2012) by using Porosity, Density and
Uranium logs. For TOC value calculation, Schmoker, (1979)
introduced empirical formula and Passey et al., (1990)
introduced a ΔLogR method. Vitrinite reflectance and level of
organic maturity (LOM) calculations are introduced by
Alyousuf et al., (2011), Lecompte and Hursan, (2010) and Hill
et al., (2007). In this current paper we have arranged and
adopted a possible theoretical way to check the hydrocarbon
potentials of source rock.
Many oil and gas exploration and developmentcompanies
are trying to explore the shale gas potential of Southern Lower
Indus Basin of Pakistan andtheir main targeisTalhar Shale
which is a member of Lower Goru Formation. The area is
terrain and shallow to deeper depth of the formation makes it
lucrative for the study. The reason lies in high rate of success
and easy drilling of thewells.The study area lies in petroleum
concessions zone III , petroleum exploration in this zone has

Ehsan M., Gu H.M, Akhta M.M et al., 2016. The Identification of Hydrocarbon Potential of Talhar Shale: Member of Lower Goru
Formation by Using Well Logs Derived Parameters, Southern Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan.Journal of Earth Science, Printed in
China. doi:10.1007s12583-016-0910-2. http://en.earth-science.net
 Muhsan Ehsan,
E HanminggGu, Malik Muhhammad Akhtaar, SaiqShakeel Abbasi1 and ZaaheenUllah

low cost, loww to medium riisk with high success

s rate. Lower
L checcked the Sorptiion property off Talhar Shale and calculatedd
Goru reservoir potential is good
g to excelleent and has porrosity
values range lies between 10-35% and permeability
p values
1000-1280 miilidarcy. Lowerr Goru Formation has structurral as
well stratigrapphic trap mostlly composed of o horst and grraben
structures whiich are favorabble for oil andd gas accumullation
(GOP, 2012; Khattaket
K al., 19999;Quadri andd Shuaib, 1986)..
In this paaper, our main focus is to cheeck the hydrocaarbon
potential of Taalhar Shale whiich is a memberr of the Lower Goru
Formation beelong to Cretaaceous age with w a lithologgy of
alternate beddding of sandstoone and shaleas a test case. It is
considered ass unconventionnal reservoir, whichw have sim milar
geochemical property
p as Sem mber Shale, whiich has been prroved
as main conveentional source rock in the Southern Lower Indus I
Basin locationn of the study area, as illustrrated in Fig. 1. We
denssity derived poorosity, volume of kerogen, leevel of thermall
matu urity index and vitrinite reflecttance (R0) values by empiricall
andg graphical methoods using well llog data.
In this presennt research wee are able to overcome thee
menntion problem m for the eevaluation off hydrocarbonn
poteential.The resultts are very closse to the resultss obtained from
m
by using geochem mical data, the results is calibrated
c withh
geocchemical param meters to checkk the validity of this research..
According to authors finding it iis the best and d cheap way too
checck the hydrocarbon potenttial of any unconventionalu l
reservoir formationn by using well log data in the absence off
coree and other geoochemical data sets, to apply this method too
miniimize the effecct of different shale of diffeerent age somee
locaal calibration is necessary.

Figurre 1. Location of Study

S area with resspect to a basin of Pakistan modifiess after (Hanif et al., 2014)

2DATA SET
Thedata set used forr calculations comprises upp of 3 METHODOLO
M OGY
formation tem
mperature, form mation depth, geothermal
g graddient, Kerogen typee is found by uusing oxygen index
i (OI) andd
surface tempeerature,level of organic maturrity(LOM) and total hydrrogen index (HI)( cross ploot. To check the effect off
organic carboon(TOC) of HakeemH Dahoo-01 well. Gaamma form
mation temperaatureand vitrinitte reflectance ono oil and gass
Ray,porosity, density, deep resistivity,
r sonic and uranium logs winddow applied acccording to Macchel et al., (19995) method.Thee
are used. Whhile parameters such as hyddrogen index (HI), sorp
ption property of Talhar Shale ischecked by y Zhang et al.,,
oxygen index (OI), Tmax, S1 and S2 are takeen from Oil andd Gas (201
13) technique. Porosity
P valuess are derived by
y using Densityy
Development Company Limited L (Pakisstan). Some input log values, the method
m introducced byGodec et al., (2013)..
parameters aree taken from strranded publisheed values. Keroogen volume iss determined by using Empiriical formula off
denssity log values. Porosity, Density and Uraniumm logs are usedd
The Identification of Hydrocaarbon Potentiall of Talhar Shalee

for the Log deerived Maturityy Index (LMI) by b using Labanni and calculated by the use oflevel oof organicmatuurity (LOM),ass
Rezaee, (20122) method. To calculate
c the LOM value, we used intro
oduced byAlyoousuf et al., (22011).Lecompte and Hursan,,
TOC value which
w is calcullated by usingg Schmoker, (11979) (20110)transformed the LOM vvalues into Ro values andd
empirical form mula and ΔLogR value whicch is calculateed by deveeloped antransfformed the LO
OM values into Ro values andd
using Passey ete al., (1990) method.Vitrinite
m reflectance vallue is
developed an empirical relattion from grapph which is useed to accoordance with CH4 sorptioon property. Everyminerall
calculate R0vaalues. Vitrinitee reflectance vaalues are founnd by hasmmineral has its own sorption pproperty. So, claay mineral typee
using formatioon temperatureaas introduced by Hill et al., (2007), is very
v helpful too understand the sorption of gas. Thesee
using graphicaal method. The method adopteed for all mentiioned clay
ymineralsmainlyyare, accordding tothe sedimentaryy
calculations iss by comparing the values withh stranded charrts. In rock mectite (montmorillonite), kaolinite, illite andd
k'sdefinition, sm
the current reesearch, cheapeer and faster way w to find ouut the chlo
orite. Montmorrillonite isa meember of smecctite group.Thee
hydrocarbon potentialbefore
p investing and drilling
d by the use
u of main n componentts ofof gas adsorption are organicc
Well Logs Derrived Parameterrs is introducedd. mattter,thermal matturity and clay mineral type. The effects off
these factors are exxtensively obserrved in gas adssorption (Zhangg
4 RESULTS et al.,
a 2012). Metthane sorptionn is controlled by two mainn
4.1 Kerogen Type factoors,which arethhermal maturitty and clay type. With thee
Kerogen type decides the potential of o oil and gas in a increasing of therm mal maturity, m methane sorption n also increasess
source rock. Kerogen
K is of foour types, whichh are: type I, typpe II, becaause of the inccreasing develooping of nano-pores and thee
type III and type IV. Typee I can only produce
p oil, typpe II decoomposition of organic matteer. Methane so orption is alsoo
produces bothh oil and gas, tyype III can onlyy produce gas, but
b it conttrolled by clayy type, the soorption capacity y of CH4is inn
also produce asminor
a amounnt of oil and typpe IV produces none follo
owing order montmorillonite>
m >>illite with smectite
s mixedd
of the hydroccarbons(Holditch, 2011).Crosss plot of kerrogen layeer > kaolinite > chlorite >illite (Zhang et al., 2013).
2
types in Loweer Goru Formatiion is shown inn Fig.2 as defineed by
Rock-Evalhyddrogen index (H HI) and oxygen index (OI) in which
w
gas-prone type-III kerogen and a kerogen III type are founnd in
Lower Goru Formation.
F

Figure 3. Oil/Gas winndows relation withh Temperature and

d Vitrinite
Refleectance modify aftter (Machel et al., 1995)

Montmorillonnite clay type hhasa greater caapacity of CH4

sorp
ption than otherr clay types. Itt has been prov ved that Talharr
Shalle is Montmoriillonite clay typpe, so it has grreat capacity too
abso
orb CH4 gas. The T sorption pproperties of Montmorillonite
M e
clay
y type memberss of Smectite ggroup are show wn in Fig. 4 (a))
Figure 2. Plot of Kerogen Type in Lower Goru Formation
F as definned by and (b). It has bothh capacity of sorption on inteernal as well ass
Rock-Eval HI annd OI indices; Low
wer Goru is gas-prrone type-III and type
t II on external
e surfacee.
Kerogen type

4.2 Effect of o Temperaturre and Vitriniite Reflectancce on

Oil/Gas Wind dow
Machel et al., (19955) developed a relationshipp of
temperature annd vitrinite refl
flectance with oil
o and gas winndow,
shown in Fig. 3. The amountt of heat of orgganic rock is used to
define the thhermal maturityy of rock. Taalhar Shale haas an
average tempeerature of 93C C ° and vitrinite reflectance off 0.5-
0.55%. So, according to Fig.. 3, it is the onsset of oil generration
and has a poteential to producee both oil and gas
g

4.3EFFECTS S OF CLAY MINERALS

M ON N SORPTION N OF
GAS gure 4. Schematicc of Sorption a) claay with water b) Sccanning Electron
Fig
Clay mineral type affectsthhe organic ricch shale systeem.in Micrroscope (SEM) imaage of Smectite (M
Montmorillonite) which
w has propertyy
 Muhsan Ehsan, HanmingGu, Malik Muhammad Akhtar, SaiqShakeel Abbasi1 and ZaheenUllah
of sorption both external and internal surface area modify after (Passey et
al., 2010).
4.4DENSITY POROSITY
is taken from the density log of Talhar Shalemain effectfactors
Ρma- Ρb
=Ρ (1)  Fig.5a. It is concluded that with increasing depth the values of
ma- Ρf
whereФisdensity drive porosity , ρmaismatrix grain density,
ρfisdensity of formation water , ρbisbulk density takes from
density log.
The high values of porosity are shown at interval 2982-
Figure 5. (a) Density derived Porosity plot with depth in Talhar Shale; (b) Kerogen volume plot with depth in Talhar Shale
4.5KEROGEN VOLUME
This calculation was done by using bulk density of non-
organic matter value 2.73g/cm3; this value is taken from the
shale having low organic contact. The volume of kerogen is
calculated byEquation 2by Shazly et al., (2013). The values of
log density are taken from well log of Talhar Shale density
values.
.
(2)
where Vkerogenisfractional volume of kerogen (organic matter), ρ
noisbulk density of non-organic matter , ρlogisdensity values
taken from well log.
The high kerogen volume values are shown at interval
2982-2990m; from 3000-3010m it has medium ranges values.
It shows low values at interval 3010-3061m and it is illustrated
inFig. 5b. It is concluded that thevolume of kerogen is
decreasing with respect toincreasing depth.
4.6 THERMAL MATURITY OF TALHAR SHALE
To calculatethe thermal maturity of Talhar Shale, we used
log derived maturity index (LMI) in accordance with log data.
In this section, different methods are used to calculate the
thermal maturity details of each method. These details are as
follows.
4.6.1 Level of organic maturity (LOM)
Level of organic maturity (LOM) defines the source rock
thermal metamorphism that has occurred during the process of
its burial. It describes the potentials of source rock i.e. either it
will produce oil or gas. LOM plays key role to developing
source rock properties like porosity and water saturation at the
time of source rock evolution. Due to thermal maturity, the
presence of free water as well capillary water is replaced by
The porosity is calculated by using formula as given in
Equation 1, the matrix grain density for shale is taken
2.77g/cm3and density of formation water is taken
1.10g/cm3(Godec et al., 2013;Magara, 1978). The bulk density
2990m; from 3000-3010m it has medium range values. It
shows low values at interval 3010-3061m,which is shown in
porosity are showing decreasing trend due tocompaction and
overburden of rocks.
generated hydrocarbon. With the increase of thermal
maturity,value of water saturation will be decreased. Normally,
at higher value of LOM, gas is detected in source rock (Labani
and Rezaee, 2012; Ariketi, 2011; Hood et al., 1975). LOM
value is calculated by using TOC and ΔLogR values. So, LOM
values are interlinked with TOC and ΔLogR values, as shown
in Eq. 12, TOC values has been calibrated by previous studies
and LOM also calibrated indirectly.
4.6.2 Labani and Rezaee Log Derived Maturity Index (LMI)
Labani and Rezaee (2012) gave a relationship between
thermal maturities and well logs, which is called as log derived
maturity index (LMI) and its values range from 0 to 1. The
LMI higher values indicate that this formation is thermally
mature and lower values indicate that it is immature. The input
logs were used for LMI porosity, density and uranium log.
They developed the empirical formulas for the calculation of
LMI. They adopted following procedures; first they calculated
the LMI from three logs, then they took average of these logs to
overcome the effect of individual log results.
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
where islevel of maturity index derived from porosity log,
LMIρislevel of maturity index derived from density log,
LMIUislevel of maturity index derived from uranium log,
LMIavisaverage level of maturity index derived from three logs.
At depth 2982-2990m it shows good maturity index values, but
The Identification of Hydrocarbon Potential of Talhar Shale
on average its values are medium ranged which are shown in
Fig.6.The porosity and uranium logs show the LMI values
greater than 0.6 while only density log shows low LMI values
4.7 Vitrinite Reflectance (RO) Calculation
Figure 6. Plotting of Level of Maturity Index (LMI) with depth in Talhar Shale
4.7.1 Empirical formula of vitrinite reflectance by
Lecompte and Hursan(2010)
To calculate the vitrinitereflectance by using empirical
formula, we first calculated the TOC and LOM values using
well logs. TOC is calculated by using density log and used
Schmoker, (1979) as empirical formula. LOM is calculated by
using Passey et al., (1990),ΔLogR method. Schmoker, (1979)
introduced an empirical formula, given in Equation 7 for the
calculation of TOC from density log.
. % Ro value.
.% 57.261 (7) 
where is formation density values taken from well log , and
the values obtained of TOC are 2.84% from this method.The
methodis used for the calculation of LOM values.
0.02 ∗
where ΔLogR is Separation value of Resistivity/ Sonic
crossove, R is Resistivity baseline values, ΔT is
Sonic base line values.
2.5 ∗
where ΔLogR isseparation value of resistivity/ density
crossover, ρ is baseline values of density.
4.0 ∗ (10)
where ΔLogR is separation of resistivity and porosity,
Φ is baseline porosity value baseline interval
(11)  published geothermal gradient contour map of thestudy area.
where LOM is calculated by using the TOC values obtained
from density log and ∆ Log R values. Which areobtained from
crossover method and it has an average value of 0.1861, used
inEquation 12.
To calculate the value of vitrinite reflectance (Ro), two
methods are used, empirical and graphical. In the present study,
both methods are applied to calculate the vitrinite reflectance
(Ro) values of the Talhar Shale. It is measured in percentage (%)
units normally. . 
13.6078 5.924 ∗  (12) 
where TOC is this value taken from the density log calculation,
∆ Log R is this value taken from each crossover average value
By usingEquation 12, we calculated LOM, which is
6.6.LecompteandHursan, (2010) transformed the LOM values
into R0 values and developed an empirical relation from the
graph. Where the correlation of values is 100%, according to
this formula, as explained inEquation 13, Talhar Shale has 0.55
% 0.0039 0.1494
1.5688 5.5173(13) 
4.7.2 Level of organic maturity (LOM) and vitrinite
reflectance (Ro) by graphical method
(8) This method is introduced byAlyousuf et al., (2011) to
calculate the vitrinite reflectance values by using LOM. It is
also a graphical method in which vitrinite reflectance (%) is
plotted on the x-axis and LOM is plotted on y-axis. The plot is
shown in Fig. 7a.Talhar Shale LOM is 6.6.So, their vitrinite
(9)  reflectance (Ro) value is 0.5 % according to the graph.
4.7.3 Formation temperature and Vitrinite reflectance (Ro)
To calculate the formation temperature,we required mean
surface temperature and geothermal gradient of the target
formation. The mean surface temperature of the study area is
taken from Energy Year Book 2012, published by Hydrocarbon
Development Institute of Pakistan, and well header of Hakeem
Daho-01 well. The geothermal gradient values are taken from
The procedure adopted for this calculation is described below;
Input parameters as T1 = 26.6°C(HDIP, 2012) and
Geothermal Gradient = 22 °C/km(Kadri, 1995) into the
Equation 14
（14）
 Muhsan Ehsan, HanmingGu, Malik Muhammad Akhtar, SaiqShakeel Abbasi1 and ZaheenUllah
where FT isformation temperature, T1ismean surface
temperature, D is depth of formation in Km.
According to this equation, the average temperature of
formation in celsius scale is 93°C, and the average temperature
of formation in fahrenheit scale is 200°F. Hill et al.,
(2007)introduced the method to calculate Vitrinite reflectance
(R0) values in organic rocks with a condition to havethe
Figure 7. (a)Vitrinite reflectance and Level of Organic Maturity Model modify after (Alyousuf et al., 2011); (b)Vitrinite reflectance and Formation
Temperature Model modify after (Hill et al., 2007)
5 DISCUSSIONS
Developing a method or technique to evaluate the shale
gas by using well log derived parameters is not an easy task, it
is big challenge for researchers. Well log play a key role for the
exploration and production of hydrocarbons. In this research
paper, well log derived parameters are being observed very
beneficial and helpful to check the hydrocarbon potential of
Talhar Shale.
The thickness of Talhar Shale is variable and generally lies
in between 80-100m range (>200feet-350feet) in the study area
(Haider et al., 2012). The thickness calculated by authors is
79m by using well tops data which shows good match with the
previous value. Talhar Shale (member of Lower Goru
Formation) has kerogen typeII and type III which is find out by
cross plot of HI and OI shown in Fig.2. Previous studies which
were done by Robison et al., (1999), Ahmed, (1997) and
SMITH et al., (1992), reported that Lower Goru Formation has
kerogen typeII and type III which calibrates the present
research. The effect of temperature and vitrinite reflectance on
oil and gas window which is developed by Machel et al.,
(1995) is shown in Fig. 3, which indicates that Talhar Shale has
capacity to produce oil and gas. It has already been described
that it is kerogen typeII and type III, so it produces both oil and
gas. The lower Goru Formation was deposited in most
oxidizing shallow water condition (Smith et al., 1992).
Talhar Shale is montmorillonite clay type as shown in Fig.
4a and 4b which has high capacity to absorbed CH4 gas as
described by Smith et al., (1992) it has high potential to
produce gas which is verified by present research. Its average
porosity values is 11.8% shown in Fig. 5a which is good for
reservoir as in general if any formation has porosity value
greater than 6%, it is considered to be a reservoir.
formation temperature at hand. It is a graphical method in
which formation temperature (F0) is plotted on x-axis and
Vitrinite reflectance (R0)in percentage (%) is plotted on y-axis.
The plot is shown in Fig7(b).Talhar Shale temperature is 200F0
so their Vitrinite reflectance (R0) value is 0.5 % from the
Graph.
The cutting core samples from Sann-1 and Bobi-4 well,
which are located in the study area, were used for the
calculation of TOC values. To find out, key parameters are used
TOC and Rock -Eval® pyrolysis for the determination of
organic richness and hydrocarbon potential. The method is used
for reflectance analysis and vitrinite reflectance values
measured by using R-Reflex computer program developed by
Leitz-BGR. The TOC is 2.35%, it is taken from 27 samples of
lower Goru (Robison et al., 1999; Ahmed, 1997). The TOC
values result indicate that this formation has a hydrocarbon
source potential from good to excellent. The value of TOC
calculated in this paper is 2.84%, in correlation with the core
samples results of almost 83%, which indicate the validity of
this research.
Maturity of organic rich source rock is mostly determined
by core samples and well drills cutting samples to evaluate the
maturity indexproperly and precisely. In literatures, some
indirect techniques to find LMI are also documented by using
well log data. So, we use sonic, porosity, density, uranium and
resistivity logs to evaluate it (Prasad, 2001; Vernik and Liu,
1997; Passey et al., 1990; Schmoker and Hester, 1983).In this
paper, LMI values find out by using well log data. The values
found out by using porosity as well uranium logs show good
maturity index, most values are greater than 0.6 as shown in
Fig. 6, which indicate good maturity of Talhar Shale while
density logs do not give us much better results as compared to
others logs.
Vitrinite reflectance values are calculated by using
graphical and empirical formulas. In present paper, vitrinite
reflectance value lies in range between 0.50%-0.55%. The
values calculated by geochemical data lie in range 0.61%-
0.66% (Ahmed, 1997) which indicates that this formation is in
early mature form for hydrocarbon generation. The correlation
The Identification of Hydrocarbon Potential of Talhar Shale
of vitrinite reflectance values between present research and
values calculated by geochemical data is 83% which verifies
our work.
6 CONCLUSION
Talhar Shale is member of lower Goru Formation. It has
kerogen typeIII and type IIwhich has potential of producing oil
and gas. Talhar Shale has montmorillonite clay type which
means that it has good sorption property. Thissorption property
is present at both, internal and external surface. The results of
the study show that the average value ofdensity derived
porosity is at 11.8%, the volume of kerogen is calculated from
density log and its average value is 11.4%.level of maturity
index(LMI) is derived from three well logs density, porosity
and uranium. Its average value is 0.54 which indicates that
Talhar Shale is on early stage of maturity. Vitrinite reflectance
is calculated by graphical as well as empirical formula and it
ranges from 0.5 to 0.55%. So,Talhar Shale is onset of oil
generation and have ability ofoil and gasproduction.Current
research findings of well log data derived parameters and their
correlation with geochemical parameters is about 83% which is
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I thank Directorate General Petroleum Concession
(DGPC) Pakistan, Oil and Gas Development Company Limited
(OGDCL) Pakistan and LMKR Pakistan for providing Data for
this research. I would also like to pay complements to Prof. Dr.
Zulfiqar Ahmad from Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad and
Dr. Khalid Amin Khan (Chief-Geophysicist) from OGTI (Oil
and Gas Training Institute, Pakistan) for their kind guidance
and help to get data.I would also like to pay my regards to my
elder brother Mr. Mohsin Raza from University of East
London, United Kingdom (U.K), my friends Mr. Tariq Zia from
Department of Earth Science, Quaid-i-Azam University,
Islamabad, Pakistan and Mr. Ahsan Shafi from School of Public
Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan for
their moral support and their help to complete this work. The
final publication is available at Springer via
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s/s12583-016-0912-2.
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