OF PRTERMIWanits + TP 2 Hows oy columns of a mabix aur identical Hen the dleteaminant & zero [0 ° 1 = 0 2 way ' 2 "IP 2 vows ov celuumn of a mabix are daterchomged , Hew He Alpe of duternduont changes jor 2 a fa al i Ba, -A=; 4 ja 13D “ ad 1 Sorore . , + i o 2 1 34 a If 3 vows or column of a mabix ont duferchanged , Hen Hee alge of dalaruiuant js unalferrd ore $2 3 A= = { 3 oY t > Go fon dn HRe ceteuiuant of a wabix if coluwnn couabshng the Aum ov diffuse of 2 elements, it cam be spit into “Her tun | or cbiffruux of 4.00 olteumiiionts 4 ; a 3 Ja of + | Ja eo a hana | I bp ob py | = |b BBL ti b BT] f coc OH] c ct bo oe Ft ee A wmatex of n® ovdea allow only. (0-)) TPate elemuts above Re pricipal Afog ona aw cue, fF + called a lower tease matix (Lor) ‘mernerer={oq wcetax f fam elements. Ee o! © > JAl = 6X3X) = 18 6 Ae flo @ tao ~ 1 ob Be oe ab 6 toe eb cm Rm RHR Ri > Ra-Rs : a-b ab | Al = | iai= | co Re! toe Ca tal = (arb) (6-9) [1 (o40)- 4 (ath) } lal = la-b) (b-¢) (c-@) SO, fe ae t co b boo ab c Az ot ‘bo a be ! = 0 abe | c* b ca! bab ¢ ap | Bo wor“tig Gl hao? [rv 7 v 14 , | a5 A= = | 0 oO oO ae foo 6b = IX5xX6 = BO A = !Xaxb = ab forowod fita 1) A= ya 1 4 |= abe 11 ibe ot a= , Popout He ic t bo toa Lied L < € é Ri Ri tRat Ry ! A: feet att | i+d 4 i b O8 2 1 ted ¢ z c wenna x > 8 4 nb a c 3 € ct vy vy zs ape|! * & 1 , It a ! bb iv bb tc ee re = fret) | 1% 2] job b i ee | = (abet!) (a) (b-o (e-9) et abc at all diff aud won zero omd if a a on] { bby BH “Ren abc = P Poe co OF (ates!) (a-b) (bo (e-0) = 0 a a-b #0 b-c f#o DS abet =0 cae > abos -4 o 12 ! 2 -2 123 A= -- 3° «O«Oo ard Ce aN se on 0 | Ids 1 2-2 1 2 Poa sx fb 2 4+ 3000-4) 3 aT RN o2 |} 0 2 > > ~ De ants Jal = 346-4 -0-0+2 . 2 Jap = ne j i i i | ] a er.> INVERSE > ‘ cofactor = (i) th Minor + Minor of on element t- The wiuow of am element tn a Agpone abies He aitawduant of the Aqua Sub matrix Tia wolhiche Hee Ad oud He column of He particrlar element Bier to be dxleted fo ll . -3 fou 2 1 12 ey? 3) = 3 BOL ° for 2 i A= } 2 3 t 3 1 ot i Az i 2 © |} Hl ~ a 2 tad 3) Cd =) - leg I Bf ~ ~6 2 — rLau - 7 ou o ¢ —_—_ aa 9 _ oF oF? ae wd in > —p en oa i ‘ae aaa ya 4 \ 1 S ut a 4 ict a, ' maa + a 7 4 Le ‘ : Ie " 4 " “ " i " 3 - 2 5 x 2 i z a é a " Ea % Als + | [| oOo 4 Tl4 ee © ° s |e foo +4 ais fo bred } 1 0 0 loo 7! jeans —+» RANK OF A MATRIX i= DEFinition - AP atl wiuors of evcer (t+) art zenos but that, us otfeosr Our won Zee Udinor of order 'W if exists, tf & cabled +R vauk of a mahixy oud duwoted by 6) + PROPERTIES UF RANK — 1 If A is a wull ov zeew moh [che E Eeg i ? Pha) =2 I, > P(t) =3 AP A is a matix of orden wxn, Hen P(A) < Min™(m,n) Asxe teen P(A) SF Aox3 ten P(A) £ 2 Find vank of [ 123 ‘ ee 2x3 Pa) < 2 And wanor | 2] fo ~ PAs 2 8 12 3 > | ) 2] a ee 1? Wh. IV ~ | 2 3) cn f 4 6 fom? Automatically 374 wminoy =0 ¢ 1 3 | } i :| Rs - (Rit Ra) > placa 265 Jv [i 2. 3] As Alxs =0 > PAK<3 co od v5 3 3 iN Ri tR, , R3-Ri fr a3 6] |i 3 }2 7 6 2] > [2 7 0| #0 4 4 0 55 |¢ + 0 hs i 23 4-1 52 o 4 Pla) <3 tt 5 42 -! R, -3R f2 3 4-1] | 5 2 0 fp, > All mdtors of OX3 axe ZUL0 lem -4 6 2 so PA <3 t J 23 5a fo so PA) =2 5 Daya Seas 13 4 3] As 2 r0as au idential (Re 8) 3.4 12 3 $0 all 3 order wines are 20 ne kK +3 Je 3h eo 3 Plals2 menei of [b= J vi Ra - +R - » [e243] , i lig -5 0 5 | All (6x3) muyors 26 l | | > identi yy Inte | | > Mena f(A) <3 .| id 23 i " t | 5 | #0 > U 1&8 3 i 2 30 2 PA) ss i 4 -l -8 -3 i Ra +k 10° 0 [‘s ; : : 4s x3) miner #0 P(A) = 4 “| -€ -3) r ~ f2 -3-) +1 ] s+ -4 3 | o 7 -s -94 2K, -3Ry E f2 -3 -) = As 2 wows ant identical, so PIA lo WW -5 -4 ott o°4 evday udinors = zeKo Pla) (4x4) Minor is zex0 PIA) < o:0 -3 2) pen oy-4 ~8 3 > (8x3) minor is non zero pla) oo 0 of 23 4 41 fra 2-4] bor -2 0-4 RR > fo 3 - 4 | St 3 13 130-2] 6300 Thay Lé 3 0 -74 Ra ~ 2k) Ry 3Ry Ry = (Ri tRetRs) . “tT As #¥ ovder is zeuo Pla) <4 7 to © 6 | 3 6 426 +4 Io 39 7 16 4 Jo 15 Ry - (8 +Rs) Re - (Ri #Ra) 613 67 fat) winoy = zoo 426 4 (x3) Rune = zero 6 6 0 8} oo 0 of leas fo > Pla)=2 nrmerrtstog t Ge 2 that aZ = as - d coefficient mabix (A) = [4 br Sy | tt FO, bt Las | Comtant wabix (Bp) 2 [ di 7 . a! Loy J Vomiable wiabix (x) = (Fal f | Lz] Augmented wahix [Ae] 2 | ar be dy J W bab Gd £3 bs & dy” A aysten as Aad to be a comiAstaut egpacee if Ab Mas aw BoluHeu. , ctkudise it & calied ow Ancousia tant zysteww Sysken consists depencla ubon “Hue rank of aypsleet if p(AB) = PLA) = No. oP unaknowns gates Is comsiabent cued having, uuniguer solution if p (as) = PLA) < No of uMkuowns aysken is comsjstkut aud having more Han ove olution (iu Piette 30") if Plas) # P(A) agshe is inconsistut ond las uo Sdution i tAs last columu P (AaB) = Koay tz = 2% -32 = X+Ntz 20 (Ao) = ow RN wabix is +h than make zeros in other columns except lost Coluns Jost columu excluded = both yanks loat column teluced = only (AB) vank SO, Wed qe Solution Syste is coussstent(Take a4 comms) Rs Ra =f 2 0;+4]) | | ' Tyo t ©[ i iw ° 6 o of OL [asl] plas) = P(A= 3 = 3 Spe js comsiatent Ay Slrouid be ut at As Squane matsx v include last coluuan Ry, Ry ave idenkeat l4xa] = 0 I3x2] # 6 oud War Uadigue -Aolution 4 “ner Traeet 32 } sx -34 +92 = 2) fab £ 4 -3'-1 - #2 6:8) Ry, 5 33 Ra/ 3 4/2 9 [15 Wag 5 f 4 Ld ‘i ° ty Ra thy 2 - ! 2 -1 3 + R54+k, SN 3 Txt - 1 4 -3 -1] [2 0 0 3 | 6 ° oO og _ fll -3 -1] All (ax3) = Ze0 ple e k 2x2 = Non zene > (4a) = <3 consistent 4 Infinite olution —> Methods Ry unique solutions FEM Stace DE ant dirurning He consistency of only real syske ° Let x = ale Crammer's Rule Gaus Jordan Méetod ety -9z = -4 l fe infinite. sol” xs a J > Y-3z2-2 —t) F eqn tReufore aol abaays veal number q Z =k wher KER Trart4 7 " pon wv ooo ooo we ail at lark celumn (No rT alos posiHon NA RO 1B 1s He 4 (As last column is inclade d) P(A) £ P(A) spk fs Incousiatent and has uo Solution rrrhave soluton a) No b) Vaique olution °) Tufinite Solution - 6 [AB Lo 3. lo boa» fal = | ri6 | Io [ D3 Ac10} i’ d-3 = 0 M-1o #0 inchucls ji) A-3=0 A-lo = 0 p(ac) = pla) = 2 infinite -sclution ii)’ r-3 #0 meters © p(as) = Pa)=3 ed No < > so, Plas) = 3 golukon ie A=3 |) dy AL #10 3 ie =3 } us armAugmte nied Mabix i if a5 =0 ; PW =2 f (ac) = 3 i) If a-s=0 : P(A) = 2 PAS) = 2 ii) if A-540 PAs: 3 PA) =3 fac} - {2 3.5 9 3-2 8 3 » a RR, Tela [as 3.5 44 | |7 3° 2 | 8 | _° O54 4-4 £0 As P(A) # Plas) > No solution * iP neq Au. MEY M-9=0 Pla): Plas) =2 <3 > in Piadle soln if usaf Au. Ae Pla) = Plas) = 3 23 > tasigue 4o|" if AES eae ieee no. - 1 D aa Eigen Vabut & Eigen Vectors + > Characteristic Eq" — i Let A be a Squam mabix of order nxn. {lAlnn) & T be the unit mabsx of orden xn ton Hi vo} caild te chavackrisHe 2g” Whee d 1s a parameter The Roots of tha choractesisHe eq” om call chanracteristes ! yoots oy letant roots oY eigen values ov proper valu | X= { x!) oy [oa xm] —- which satisfies \ | tke wate eq? [[ATAZ]X =O} is called He comerpeudteg- eigen vector of tee mabix RRR 1 The su of tRe eigen valu of vaatrix fs equal te Buy of +e elemants of its prhcipal diogowal Q) The product of Hh eigen valeur of ay watix is equal to its deteminet. 3 The eigen values of-a Ayrimebic mabix (AT=A) cu pure © Aeak t 4 The elgen valu of Akud Apoamabic wuts (AT=-A) Ore either purely datapiany ov zexes [s 1] has efgeu values fo AP a wodix Is citi laser traliogular or upper fralieputar, 5. HRau pracpal Uegonal elements are called efzen valu ft23 . i i ota | > d= Lt? : ao7umn cheratins . because, | eigen values J dal dat tat ae OH ae Oy a elpet volues 4 Ae ja! | | | i i = 1 5™ eed (0B : Fiud 4a etgen valua aud Comvespoudiven elgen vectors of He | maabix = aki t] it —> JA-aq] =o > |[[> + [> 2] 20 fL' 2 Le AS | > Sry 4+) 26 1 2a! > GX G)-4 oe > lo-7AtN- 4 20 3 M-7r46 20 > AB -1O-) = 6 = Aw > eelt 4] 4G “ 4x) + 4 26 =-% Ky +X. 20 5 = x Fi L eigen vector = G 2 eigen vector = [| = [+] ty ~ 2 Led | = B -6 2 -6 7 -4 2-4 3 The characteristic roots of the mabix A g 6 168 +48 +4b— 28 - 128-108 a fal =o 2 ~4 3 2 = a) 3.7.8 by) 2, 21y VI 0,315 d) 4,4 Tr“) Laknt roots of 2 2 5 a | 3) b2 -1 3] 2 a) 3.3.6 6 -2 2 6 ate : 4) 23,4 a 2 = The eigey values of the vata, 1o -) ) ger veh of Hee main PT 22 3 vay 12,3 b) O24 Jap = (6-2) +0 -1 (2-4) = 6 D4 4d) 2,22 The characterise sooty of maby 41365 . “3-1 6 + oOo 3 9) 3, 348i, 3-si 3B, -1430, 1-36 The eigen valu aud +e Comvesporidivg- efgen vector of wat in } 23 Oo -4 2 np ° 3 7 so non ze maby of orden 3x3, A= cone elgen veetoy can fo 2 3 x have only +00 zeros - + o -S 2 a = 0 but one value cit) be | COE X, non zen | > 6%, 26 X3=0 . , 2% a4 3%3 = 0 =o eige . [4] -5%, $2%, = 0 yale vector Lo] AMbsent a = iment— 6X) $2%, 3% =O -6 2 347% ] \ > o cll 2 | oe “1% F2% 26 . . x; | oo of 1 > Were 2% > % , Cowley - Hawilton “Theorem, ier its own choraclerishe equate Every Bquane uabsx Aaticfi Let A= [5 4] Li 2d chavackaishic eq? |A->d£} =0 > r-7m46 = 6 rpro--cc [ARTA 46T =0) > 124 26 7 5 *]+ gfio] =6 7 6) 2 Leo] ured for fiediog dnverse of watix Gow ally aba ( Muttifly with ro) 61 = JA-a& 61a! = 7aa!-aa! > > 6tNl=7L-A tora hI From |)vactishe gn ate tte, , > ts eM slew , Let P bea 3x3 mobix With chonactedstc eq? MeN e2r¢120 Hen Ha pl p+py2P4+ PL =6 > ple pyeps2r) thu HL 4 For He matix M = [35 Ws AT= A-! x % As al > AAT = 1 The valu of » for cobich 4 followke set of equatous Dut ag + 52 =0 vr 14-3 2x~ 4g dz =0 ) -1,3 THe + 18 +7Z=0 co) 1,23 fon lor nou-tivial olution 4d 4,3 . 7 AX=0 » 3 57 fov tRe apilen of e x faz | 2 -4r > | X20 is always a Bel? aud a we 7 hot (83) | | 3 : so JA} =0 fo o KSI Tnverse of ra broperty . diag (4,2) Se invene ding. (oh 9 ze) 2 Per ET ataLet AB.c.2 be myxn mabrsces oud if ABcD = I Thin BU =? ' j ! agcc'pp’ = cp 2> AB = ? > BR = > > 2 if Abcp = I is nok given Rin \ B' does not exish Au eigen vector of | bhoo7y | a) [- J? as o3] vy fang? eee oo f[i-1a]’ = 1,2, T ) 4) [21-1] for r= 4 > [0 boop fx 7 [°] i (Talee t 05) JX.) =/0 PG, Lol % =o cohich is nok Aue for result a= ” ify J ol so (Tate 2 104) Oo 2iigfs le] > x20 | 4h ° Xs eo fr d=3 > [-2 | oy] fu] fe > -2k)t%, =0 oct J fms fe] i Toke ele T L -| o} > ey ke ft (roe oe Ls] ot + : For He set of eq? x, tau, pay doy = 2 whidh of athe following 34+ Oa + 3x 12% = 6 é As true — a) only tivial Aolutim yam = Hy = xy 20 exfets b) Than is uo Solution CL D_ Unique won tavial aolution exists Multiple wou tivial solution exist “port #2 3.6 3 In 6> Guy = |F243+--.-49 i > Guy = n(nt) “aus . - La Las One of Re elgen vector of the wmabsx A = hi 3] is 13 a [2 “1 y= Lb (Padiyg) » [2 td fon ~u] =0 Q Lt 4) | x” 4) cf -1J" XM) = -2m > 4. 2°a> Limi ° A number £ is satd te be He Qiaut of 4h, farses Flo as « - iP €>0 ( however au") 3 556 { Buch that | “2, € YY Ix-ale 5 \ ) ) + Left iteit fe) = Lt Plan) { a-bexca] h>o Jd " %rat bo + Existence of limit 2 The Itai} of a function exists if bok tee \ 1 1 i 1 a , Right limit © 2h foo 2+ £lo+n) [acces] ) heft and afght Limit exist aad they cure equal, | Le fo) = uh fh) X-0r rar ) * Formulae = y : - em Lo xh Loy gt 8 re (ax) =e Ara KO , , : ha i te xa Lm ™ og Lt (tax) “=e I Kea YQ” n Xo } \ yb eS) tg Jo be (40x) Vox e% ' x70 * XO | uw 2 Log ne (ey) Le i K-70 Xrw Ree ke Le sinw Lr shu ) ib al = a Ib Sin = 4] mea O f ca x roe 9 FO] toe Oe Le ft manl cyt Lt taney Bx =o} i lb abr. oe Ay ods oid Xow : oe (S) Mao Lee | Ye Le Sigh oy ut (140) = @ DP ary —"iP 2. How abby b- Hospihal rate iq tt POO = be gid oe BGS xe gry xara gy Moro Fo) L+ oan . wet. aoe [ £00-4] Keralb - e@ ap fl) > frie and gO) infinite 7 a ans fo) 2h bo F[) and Aly) 2 gubvse L arunt as Ay bore F Ae) oe opel Se functors, ! rr Jf (>) cowr if PO) pee > GOD Syme be TREE saw Han Be vest wo ae Core iP FO) degree < Goo / tb CpIet L, Bon fe wesulh 2 zero Xow +8 coue ll af £0 degree = gr) degre Bow fieat of N™ ur wetaxtt oat hae Sytpou +3 5 F coefficient of D* |x| = % if 1 20 = yw if “<0 fo] = The grcatent Anlegen uot (pocaler han % f2q9qq] = 2 ree5 { { { DL Hospitel Q 4 (S) DU Huspitel > Lt OF cere - X70 Cee FOIE SINX or By. betene” | (totome) Xe sind (1 +081 Le Sine ro 2 Sinn (14 CHS) 5 i be Sine _ tog Xo T+ cr Hr 2 \ [ose = SIN, . 14 {4+ am = 2 Cos Hy a Sin X. Cos x SIDE 2 me at or ub XSI HY Xo HY sin K. COBH 2 Le tants) i XO 2p) L24 St , tb ctann~ sine 2g [é Xo Sind F : pit Leg lQ Loe XO pra | ) Ut os (™) 2 tt Kp le ( EeAvs Aw of Aw o7, Sinpe wa ES ut Ko Le 130 {)- cesn) SIN eS 1- ca (12 cen) (1400. a 73sinie. cox £2 ch sine 3 Sige = > ce)lz + \3 1s it (tan) 3% Aus: x0 ) we [a+ otiht el 14243. .9 = plow) US den (Majo fen — minor fos) L tt een 2 mm Fe) ih. [GstGae)* pan] D220 J Lb -t Naw (! nt . -loe - 7 a I-03 —_2 sq Xo Qn x40 Lim ne nLeva disconthuccus fuscton Ty pes of discontyuour fsection - Discontinuity of I type / Tiwuped Piscontinuity A fisuction fix) & Aald to have discon Hulty of I type Ap ut #0) 4 & £9 - aerat rk Discontinuity of I type A font flo) & Aald to have Acortiaciby of Ir ape if etthen Hae Oop + Qh or aight Unagdt are bode doe nob exis Discontinuity of Im type / Removable Plecontinaaity to A Psatine Pix) vv Aad to have: er Tea) of TH type Ab Pit ak gay re fh) = woot fy) # Fla) Stamdard Coutinuous fictions — db ew ND w x is continuous Y¥ % when n>0 0 ” yu except X=0 when nco he] . vox low» Vv %>0 Bey exponential fessctlon is continuous WX [Hann i C } Came [EMEC > xz nat Slime & cos ace contucous farcows ¥ % tam & Ae ane continous faschings except % = botila coe & Cieem Are continuo ferrets Ve except a Every Algebric fs is condivwous(06-44-44) fo) = _1 ) ot x20 nap aye o L ( w ut fe) = Lt fon) = th (nr ror b+o h>d | +2>% if N>o -u _t u h-ro +2 aed ur f) = Lt Flor) = br —l head hee # ) bee J+2” = a se t= Le 142° 1400 are As Lept Biuait # Right Vegi t . so Fla) Is dzantinany, ot x=0 [7 Hte) \ *n mus fo = xfe] eae) at £0 "God ~ermert f a Oxm #0 Lr £0) = Lb flor) = | Oxg #0 woo toot . = Oo =0 | ub, $f) = peers?) = XO eae . ° [re] -0 | re wm LHL = RAL = Le) wo gies fix) is cogtowoms atx semenbog = | Jey Hehe One ify ae et 5) 2 Bow. £enes po, “zl which of Re follootyy ay t= a) Pu) is contivups ot x =o VF PO) iA discontinuous ot x = 9 flr) is Contiumou ators 4 d) All above ode comet ] be RL 4 (x) At x20 > K0 % =0 v Vv v i teo=t i ° 378 BI j On LHL RHE ( Discontiauous) bh RL Foy > KS > Va eke tod. Bt, t 27270 3 37t 2 mw LHLe RHUL # F('n) ( Pisconteucews) xg 0 5x-4 £60 = O4 Abx=o £0) ts Discontineons [Lv rach enetstiy } Musy , fn) w Discopawows (Le oel = 4) ‘ Ab w=2 , £m) ds wutinucus (ut Ze)13> DIFFERENTIAS if be RHP = dw) = am = (ym) = d (‘hx) = d (he) = d(e™) = A (sins) = d (sin'hx) = A (cabs) = d (400) Jo ce < Nm 2 & S = {> Ze gio — ~~ Sc SS al x sz ' iLity te A fiction $0 Hh be He Lap aud Rep — exists aud aw equal ue Flo-r)- fl) hee ch - £0 ur flath) - fla) | bre nh nat dle) = &eyea Ae (tq) = le SE d(sim) = crs He A (crm) = Sine Af) d (faux) = Secx y a (cotu) = coe ; Al (seen) = Seer tanx Woe d (cerecx) = Lewrecn- cote 1 si = Te of (sinhx) coshe i a (cl) = sine pet PP () = oct (it eax) = he nen (x'*) = ve A (1 ogy) = duy dv “ye = udt+ vdy or 1 du an cos (ies) = vdy_ udy m 1+ i ae dk ox vw tan" (Bd Xe x FO hel they d¥y 2% de «1FK —