advame Ll far we have focused our attention pray on frm alate aspects ar orp logy: But hs chapter wil be enicy devoted Wo one pe of ‘ction af moephologial pater Me iloxamine varies veaysin whch ‘morphology ean affect valence he the expression of arguments in verbs Su deverbal frmation, We wil ft ook at vlenc-changing operations Sach az pnven and cusses (Scion 11) then owe ont the way which valence is acted by compording Seton 112), sd Feally discuns what happens to esa angiments in transposon! driaton {Ge-deriatonal pers that change te base's word lass) Seton 1) ed wanapositonlseton (Secon 1). 11.1 Volence-changing operations 11.1.1 Semantic valence and syntactic valence (argument structure and function structure) Most verbs ave asst with one, two oF thee arguments as part of tek ent enies (ws tlth aero or mee tha thre agement a ‘ery rae ans many languages ack them completly). When we know 9 Vers meaning, we also ow the seman aes (alternatively, thematic ‘elation) of he partcpans ofthe verbal event. For example, a verb that ‘ane ‘cat wil have an agen prtlpane (he entiy doug the eat {Tide patient portant (te thing belg ten) inal languages verb tesning plc wil have an experience ast stimulus parispant, 2 Verb that means sel, ob lave a agent a theme (he tng hats cn away) anda source parcpont. ut this nove ot sient IF we want to use these verbs, Because the syntactic fametons (sich 33 subj ajeet, obigue) by ehh these partpants are expres ioe formal decomposition of the meaning of stator rb Tooks a in (13) (ce Jackencost 190), (013) feaose (a, [covess (6) lesow (CDDD] lorronce} (013) can be paraphrased a3 “A causes B 10 go fom C’s posession by. force ~ ie. A'robe C of B. The participant A must be an agent bocaise itis the Bs roe ofthe semantic clement cause: the partcpant 2 must hea theme Bocuse its the fst role of the semamic element Cor and C smust bea source bucause i isthe partipant of 20s. Ths, would ia Frincipe be possible to formulate the linking rales a direct rks Beireen The conceptusl structure and the syntacicfunction structure, The Texel the ver sta woul then be a is (114), where dere inno seprate (ay [atte sy om onto Fen A, corss eno CODD Although itis actully quite key thatthe format of (114) ls loser tothe truth than the format of (112), the present context a proctial prob is thot there fs ch lee agrostnent about the right frm of the conceptual decomposition of veo meanings than about semantic rks. Thus, we wil ‘mostly continue to use the simphied format of (12), bearing in mina tat {his just an abbreviation and that the complete picture sequtes a ore ‘labora specication of ver menning along the ines of (113) ‘Now morphological operations aay change the lence ofa wer in wo ferent ways. On the one hand, they may change te lising of semantic foles to syntactic fantions. Such operations ave called funetion-changing fperations (or volee).On the other hand, they may change the conceptual "he mont inert yc facto vip oi ope on mig {Sr reed ho enmmtniy om nde chet O00 snl avid ADP Rati nd rn ne rar pact Tate een poe! Be of rub hat hve been eter ‘Shewed by sat ad at we cnt go re Th rc po aetook pce). as isle fom a sentence ike (11.7, where the aver onda "Solterately presupposes such an agent (117) Chiuts hiatus —— mre ‘door Secrmrcdosensss —— delibersiely “The door was lows dliertely "Dubinsky and Simango 1996: 751) ‘The posivefathusa protolypicalcxample ofa fanctio-changing operation, {clear example of an ever-changing operation i the anicawsatve, where the agent backgrounding ls mich mere radial Hun inthe passive Howe, the agent comple femaved fm the argument sracture: At ‘ample comes fr Kassin, where te antcasatve expressed by the Sete (118) a. Verw sateyla oer Sonvow feead doorace "Nern loed he door” 1b. Deer’ atlas Goorsos — closed-axrie “The dove coast” cnailrre Pal T T el agent patie patent Venose (Ab arcowe (srr (app) | "eecowe scare (8D) In (1.8) we so that ot only the agent remove fom the argument Steacare, but also the ealne element ciminated fromthe cone Structure Qhence he lem ‘ania, I inthis sense that the Srscnustive sever’ changing sind not meray anton changing. The Frton change patient becoming subject) gam almost rival conse ence ‘lth main funcon ofthe antcnatve, That the apent not pce the argument structure (and inthe verb meaning) ca also be Ren OO the fact hot cannot appear a an clique sngument (Dee? styler’ Ven "The dor closed by Vera) ae mo agente adverbial may cca inthe sentence "Dow" style nameenns “The door closed delseaty' ths ce pnb ely an ly wos nhc dors “An cron more radical changin the event sractare ofthe wer netfee by the resultative (or statve operation which emotes acy theese purtoftheeventsracturetogether withthe nent but als the Bec par ‘An-ccample ores (marke by the sli =A) from Chichew, Which contrasts withthe passive in (IL) ig given in (1.103). The active nd relative event strugares are given in (11.100), (1110) a, Chiseko dma tck bs oor See-rerclone assy “The door wat clone = a hosed ae)” »b. ‘eave (AL [arcowe (fexosen (IR) )y «*‘evosee (8) As in the Russian anticausative, nether an oblique agent noe an agent- ‘rtntet adver i permed Chacko chmescela nt Nap “The oor ‘vas ina coast tae by Naphit' “Chet chinaaceta mada The oor lone tne deters’) (Dubinsky sn Simango 192781), Note Tat an interesting feature ofthe anticnaative and eoahative operations i that they are smantically subtractive ~ Le. the derived form reeves Patt fof the conceptual structure of the base nally another example of valenc-changing operation the refesve, where theaigent aid the pen are coreferential a hence canbe though St as occupying a single syinactte function. Examples of a active ae 9 fefleive verb in Eavtern Armenian are givem im (HLMla) and (IIE), ‘epectively and the rule a piven in (1212) (Lt) a Mayr sae © Slevin mmotherakr wask-rgs AUX Sea-DAT-ART ‘Mother a washing So, b. Solan cone Scla(wostyaerwastonestens Aue ‘Seda is washing (hersl® (Kozinceva 1981-83) 112) [/Xoum/y ovum 0 T |e ao lagers patient| | Havent “Anctaxon 8 “Ractoxon se In the reflexive voice, the meaning ofthe ver remains the same, but ii specified thatthe age sid the petient are conccrential Gndicac inthe Fighhand word-schema in (I-12). Ths although the renve isnot really eventchangaigs ts fess mot try limited to Faction changing ‘ther. thus a ocdorine cae Between the two subtypes of alone hanging operations.11.1.3 Patient-backgrounding operations Antipassve is tho term for a morphological operation whose effot is 40 Dockground the pati in mach the same way a8 the agent is background in the paive: An example of an active and an antipasive constuction {rom West Grounlandic in how in(11-138-b). Note that the oblique patent {marked by the instrumental casein West Greenlandic, The relevant part from the abtipasive rule Is given in (1.14). (1143) a imme — ist agupr Sog-bR0-s6. percn-ansrtKill35638)/3P1.0911NO “Tho dog eile the pope 1. Qimmig Ginn) gue log(Ass) personvinstint KlleaNTHF-WSCAND “Tae dog kill (peopl) ” (Fortescue 1984: 86,206) ay fo oe lon t ” 1 sget yale soni patient [Now we might ask whether there 4s also a pationt-backgrounding ‘operation that completely removes the patent from the angument structure (Parl to how the agent fa removed from the argument structure tn the nticausative), And indeed, some languages havea valence-changing af ‘howe eff hat he patent cannot be expressed at all We may al this ‘Operation deabjective. An example comes frm T2util. (1115) a, ran iey er330-00) 9665-5 “he hit hi (ayley 1885:99, 16) (11.58) isan intransitive verb inal respects thas the suis in addition to Feyin( 11.183) wherethercisn0-D,ithasonlyasingleperson-rumber pref for the subjet an It does notallow apatient tbe expressed. However is unlikely that (11.156) asa diferent event stzuctur fom (1189), bocause itisdifcultioconceiveota hiting event without patient paiticipant for Intng Wo oecur there must be something that being hl In antcausatives, agents can be ciminated fom the event strcture because the “es ‘cannot easily think of such events as occurring without a patient. Thus, ‘he most ely valenceshanging eft ofthe devbjetive that shove in {Ui16) The rons linking line swe “patent mwas that tis seman role cannot be linked to any aymtachc Function (86) | 1 get patent agen poe “Thus, patient backgrounding operations scem to be exclusively function chang 11.1.4 Agont-adding operations: cavsatives When a new patcpat i added to aver, the event acre mus be (nrchat ts wil he causive beat an evens changing Sprain ‘Teo camris of cautiy commanders fon Tocaress ob been ts (hire a ne ant (170-00 show the alokarchangng Fle (1117) a, Tare ge eae Taro Nome goes b Hameo gr Taso these Hanako Nos Taro ‘ace go-eaterse nr mtn t- (to el [LS (1118) 5. Taso ge hon 0 yom Taro Kom took Ace feakras “Taro read book” b. Hameo ge Tame mi hon yommase te Hanako Xost Taro Dar ook Ace readseate-rsr ‘Hlanako made Taro read a book” (Shubatant 299: 210) a 1 get pote] Letaer sgt ptt The semantic change tn the erent tract be abou: cont dling tment case’ andvalnnncrue afew oreo IootAe>[exane((D].co (AI). The inking of semantic roles to syntactic functions tnenuatives a complkated texas: languages cannot simply creates new Symtaci faction forthe ew foe. stead caustive verbs are made to {ion the exiting function suctates The apent of an intransitive ver Ibocomes am objects in (IL 178) a the agent of a trative ver aften ‘comes an inst ot (a in Ti lNb-c), capes in languages that potallow teorsqual objets “Catsatves att probably the most common type of morphological apply a action: ‘hangingeperaton toan eventhunglng operation but rot vie vers. This ‘cents generally to be true. For example, in Chichewa the passive sux “its (a funetionchanging operation ne (1) aloe) ean attached to benetactive applicative verb in (0122) 4. Ontece ana phibiridee ym. Chibwe Secrrrcockearrurass beans “Chibwe was cooked beans fot (Dubinsky and Simango 1996: 752) b. actie ——_enefactve applicative: pave om | foamy om | toma yo agent patent! [agent tenchciery paere|""| agent boner pation ‘The reverse onlering is not possible in Chichewa, although it would make sense senanially (Cf. 112%), However, the applcative sui eas follow the resultaive sui, a a (11.230), because the applintive an resalatve are bateventschanging operations (1123) a. “Chtselo chanatnlatendna——Chtwe door werrsrapentassarre, Chibwe “The door was opened for Chibwe 1b. Chiteks cine tsctie chitsee door Secrrsrepen-neseer are Chibwe “The door was Opened (2 nan opened sae) for Chibwe (Dubinsky and Simango 1996: 757) In incorporated structures ke (1.25), the dependent oun scl part ‘of he compound ve, and nota separate wed. For Watanee, as show SS aary the incorporated noun cannot be modified by an adjctve: (The Aitrcet placement ofthe future marker (11.26) and (1.27) not diety ‘slevant here) This indicat thatthe dependent renin not an indepen ‘wor but rather momtcr othe compound. See Secthon Kr dissin ‘Now, the erestng thing hee that in (11.254) He nou St the verbal ston. The Fi 4 ‘specication of valence neceanry pt ofthe compounding we? ‘Onc peasbay would be > simply say thal the smart relation Compound vee’ meaning ‘pours tbeable to fall othr semantic ies beste the patna thi ‘rdeod posible in quite a few languages with noun incorporation. Example (2135) 2 oem Huaubtla Nabuatl (1128) Ye" Aedwcloneteks pane Re Sucoukntecut rend ‘ie cat treat with the Ln, (Meri 1976: 185) che incorporated noun all Ani ithe Instrument ofthe Sti. {may be tha he moun incorporation rule In then Languages docs ‘not alec he syivan of to wr aa nd that Uh valance change only spparont for it person sing petson singular Wansitve) (1129) a maw ae ‘ake am ne a wooden prayer symbol)(Shibatani1950:11,29 {contrast the native simple verb ke ‘mae’ the compound ver {nazobr "ma an arr i inane, te clertyscen nthe oie fe sb af Thus, sac suo fy ate part nerpraon {5 (11290) arcs asa pragmatic mpliatute Hemet must Se part tae Smpouding rule whichcanbe feud an (30) aa frm) [ive pate «| ages pt cont wv ] [Reon aise on ‘As this ele shows the patent varble of the smart strstr of the ‘Spl ver ie by the meaning he snoeperted nom 90 ta Ihe ‘mnie sactre ofthe compe vert comin ony» singe variate Sina hence only single angrnet: Ae in the case ofthe refine woke (Section 11.121, we hive hate a bodenine ease Beeweam even CANINE {nd tancion changing. 11.2.2 V-V compound verbs ‘Acompouns pe tha is rae found i European language ut that is ‘Sexy imeretng trom the pont of view of vaca Is VV compounding, “Two wellknown langeags hn eh such compounds ae conan ate Chine and pancse "Th shnplet ard es problema cae vcs two verb withthe samme sngunert seucture ~ eg Japanese ayearngu [make mery Sey Spon a wee Mandarin Channa bre rn y oni ‘Beample 031) shows Porth Chinese verb use (130 Meine angheal lene jae xn "Shc ined thom ene lth by ning ther" TC Chang 998 42) “Thera for Chinese ag ul olde feulited n (1-32)! +t ee snd npn Nc ety el ew ‘Speceiaan, fe suc oo inde fern fa angst srt el (13) [xP Ny v/v agents pasiny | & | genes patieny) | | Agent pavien ‘Aactacon dy | |Alactsy on Bf | | “Atacion ard acts] one Howover,bothChineso and Japanese alow verbs with differen angamnt strocharcs Wb be oompounded se wel. ta Jopanes. where compote are Xiually righthased, is mostly the severe! verb thet determines the arguement structure of the compound. An example fiver in (11.9), and the correspondences shown i (13). (1139) Som fort sae sone tte Cor ngotte) uchiagat the fall) Tor sky igh Tohn by hit-goup-rsr Tho kall was i high up th aie (BY Jan)” ‘(Matsuno 1995208) (139) [fasnire fagara/e paciagara dy gents patieny | & | themes iucction| «>| theme} diction ‘Aida ‘Algecsapeoti | [Aah In uchi-agore [eg up "Be ht hgh wp the nthe Mest ver ease sn the secon is masiive with an alton dicen argane)- am the theme of tho hcnd vor is enti with He patent of the dependent verb. The agent f the dependent verb completly disappears from the Savuinontstracture, ois aovrn By the tc! at iteanot Reexpresoed 33 3 ind of pasive agent The head verb ager connate ts angamnts the compound ‘The sessciston of intransitive theme and transitive pation is very satura oth of thee semantic role are afc by the procense a Which they are involved), butan intanstive tee may alos Be ierniied th an laenenitee gent (1135) 0, Japanese Itami tolarers [work-get sired “get elf working lateacgaburern [hotleless| “lose as real of Fehting’ {Niatesmota a 29) b. Chinese furl Iovallegetieed) “et tied from walking Hae ong Usagi] Se sti rom maging (CH. Chang 1998:89)(0136) [/itaraire) ewitareu/y) [frases /y climes bere, works’ | Up geet | 4g rm A ekg ont inating typeof VV compound ithe arguements sing type im which the Sompound veh argument sactre hes uments both censiiel verbs Anexamplc panes neh ere Ihave etm ring beck se 1137) a the coespoence (1138, (137) Jon me toms tent scart John Tor camera ce howe 1G haveetarane Joh boat Ue coma back home” (atmo 1995208) (use mechily sceuly fmochicea/y Ipsssson theme} 6 lagent iwctingfes| agora hema Srectiny Favhas CAireame tock | AL brng tack Ck” Jn this compoura yer all arguments of he constituent verbs ed p29 itiuiments othe compound teh in this wny, mehr corre ih ‘chor. Clay, Jpanese V-V compounding consis of Soren Sb ales im which the angen inking croc aie. ein aso he mendone hse she agus type MPRAEN My {Chines gi [rn Ths em mam flee ng: (13%) Zhang git te Heetind iy hoes "Zhamestn wes ted fom ding horses” 1. Thethone was tad from Zhang’ ling/Zhangsan rode sheers tied” (C.H.Chang i988) ‘Than ere the heme agument feta can be ei ether with he spe cx tht pation gd 11.23 ‘Syathetc nominal compounds | compound whone het! is a devel cnn Ad whose dependent ‘member fils a amu posi inthe heals valence fen eae 9 Synthetic compound. Exams rm Fels include NN compos! Retollowing re the deverbal hend: chats pipe smoker, bat pie cn sater. The consteunt structure analyals provide a natural acco ofthe angrammatcalty of Mhesecond example However the approach algo makes some incornet predictions feynthetc compounds have the constant stacture{[N'W], ly ie dieu to fxplain the sysematic lack of NOV compounds in English: pipes, ‘bat ro pipes: hater but “oh hunch.“ charge ab Aree ba to cab drive Andthe ew intanceaot N-V compourcing hat do “exist scom to have been crest by Bock formation fm the corseaponaing Synthetic compounds, not dirctly 8 N-V compounds, For natn, 19 ‘Sytc ea backfornation tron skylivig anc steer. "The second approach to oye compres ivclres # special rile of argument Linking, analogous tothe incorporation rule above in Section L241 (ex (1120). Lot asume thatthe moan Maing has the agement steucare [agent pation jst ike the ver hua, andthe Furcion strane [roseswoney — ontsgusey (og Motng of tale by tat oa! faker. ‘Then the cimpoural wale bunting eliminates the patknt/ronewossf ngument andthe resulting compound is intansiive’ ie. takes ly file outsguhy argumon! fo whale Manly by adsl fishers). THO ‘complete nei thown in (1143). (may) [xin] [iin avin rom ow «fl le poten agent . Ete Sent of Acting] ‘This approach is los radial than the fest approach in that if dows not eaune a completely ‘different compounding vructune for symibots ‘Gmpounds (1140) isn instaniiation ofthe general English compounding ‘ile (230), being merely moe specific in hat species What happen ‘he angumentsat! tne syntactic actions. Thisscemsecensry a east ction nouns ike ting, becnas the osiiioe of tesneating soma tales and syntactic funcireare very restrict fr intance we cant Rave fisherman hunting of ees) Finally the simplest approach iso deny that any special rule is need at all Im this vitw, compounds Like Mckdicer ona ital Mate ee scr as ordinary NT-N2 compounds hat do not mean more tan NE ‘hat ns some relation to NY THs ithe appeac that we tok in Sectiok 7. fr eter types of compounds (consider the wevantc rcathp of the depeedent to the cad i Bp Ve acu bed V3 sas In Mack dr, {hur meaning (ever Who Ras some lation fo a tack) then navurally Interprets au Ueiver who dren 4 trick” by 4 pragmatic implicate Simdarly, shale hunting really manna only "hunting tha ha some lato tothor things are in fc equal Ths fa ro onsen as formed about how ‘formally describe yeti compound. 11.3 Transpositional derivation 11.3.1 Transposition ond argument inheritance A deruaional process called ransponitonal when it changes the ‘wenn ofthe tape lence, Some Ip examples of tanapesinal Acrvaton are shown (140) (1145) a, Np YE computer compatence BV SN Ressin sap i pti ing” GA Bagus hie‘arge’ han enginon” VA tlian mune‘ mangle oe’ A 3 N Japanese Strain now's seta newnon EON SA Indonowian tate yoae-s akon onl Valence may be alected by tarpon when a verb oc am adctve is transposed ine another wont iss (nomrceved rows moenally carol besa to havea vaknce potent 20 iamspentinal devas of nouns randy rlvar here). When vr sch a examine raapoesd ke action mon wich ox eonain, i Bose meaning (ering 9 9 ‘rent with a agent aad pent) sl ict, Bot the agin rn & expressed in the some Wy a8 With the base verb. We cam say The Pt die pl, bat nt “Tat et xan the pets ah oe Be. Ti {slosause devertal nouns behove much He ordinary none tha they 4d not take subject and objec argueents, bat omy poser avd oblique Srguments: Thus we nave Ih cent oh yt by he eh om at ‘The poten argumore cores an wf poses hl the open argument Ircomesa yb. The rnatng oun prae lent un pease ‘vith nnrderived noun ede sch ashe porta of Cre V by Tan, The ‘Rtn beeen the vlenasofcumminc ha exilim can be deeb ‘nithoue usual otaion ain (1147), (1147) [Joxamine/y Jexamntion x ou (omg) vos Tie [4 i agent patient agent patient In teaspoons dsceation, when derived word hae vance Mat coreoponi tot valence of the Bet, we wy Hat the dave lar thebaas valnce In the following subsections, we will tke closer ook at vous kinds ‘ef tearspesonal devvation 11.3.2 Action nouns (V > N) erhaps the most intersting type of transpostonal derivation the atlon foun or event noun) on ot ref tthe creat stn Hol et ‘ parlpant tthe evene-bucnoas act moun shove th gto Vary ‘of argument structure phenomena bth within 4 language and ac iguge: In English sou! ther Eusopean languages, two litera types! ‘cnt oun cant dtoguished the ipl Svea nom CTAB Se tomplen event noun eg (aR) (114E) 0, thace an exemiation tort 1, Theat canal emia of is pr tok © Thectunination non goer da “The basic ference betecen them is that compler event nouns preserve more verbal propria than spl cvent nouns Sometimes tied yp oF ‘Geninoun detingbahed caledconeretenoun, an Mustain a8) However, has not wally an cuert mum, ecnane does not rer 0 ‘erent bul itisnecernry © mention this ype inthe pesenecoment bee {Bis tsa eckaproas phenomenon: sn many lnylage, the der nal pattrne Used fraction noune con aso have cocre meanings. Howeve Ue kinds of concrete meanings ac unpredictable the produc of an ion ling pti judgonent compendia), 2 group of people nmnaenert [seurmmont)ora manner (conjgutn) Concrete num soem toate bye Sndertood and ureyerenate Ghough frequen) proceme of metoryenlc frher Retunirg to simple and complex event nouns, we te that when the vet exstnents tre cqwtaned iw complen cot noun, rat be ‘Sef oe (11499) ane cant be plarlins(ae 1APS 149) 2 the exambation of Fd’ es by he et 1, Sencauminaton of Fie sop the et ce entntons fi yey eet ‘Simple event nouns are more He onfinary noun in that they can be Instat or define Towne J hee eve amfntion, ae hoy cam be pPloalzed (Tower I hac fire exabuten), Moreover, camplex stent fous can be mndiie by duration adverb lke feywet and evr, twherets simple even! nouns cannot (ch the geet Camino id's ‘esa frquent xeminatin), Bante presen context the mos nprtaking adjectives (such ay English oul of fll of sind ta betiont 10, ‘eer ron opr, ey to math) English, oo these bligueexpunenta ane proscrved tn deadjcivel quay noure (ey oben fo. remands ity or retin 10 de vortong aire fos) ‘Rough in somecaue we hive eyreratl: changes dein tot pete) in deudjecval ves the claps ragumen may alo be proved. Te cxsmples sn (1-55){1158) show that Roms the adfectival argument Stractre is tsherted. The adds gory pros takes an instrmertal ‘bigue argament, nd s0 does the dendjecval Verb sont Wo prise ‘peat (ony. The adjcivegoery “ready takes an infival argument Sha so docs the deasjoctval ve gene tp roy” (1.35) 4 On gerd sind dato fe Ploud scl vanse _Schwumentsanse "io proud of his achiovoment be. On gonfiie ic debe fe frcudhsecumm: elf aanerachiovementeaser ‘Mi prides neslfon his achioemente (1056) 8, On getno —oyenat” tran: fe fedy eaves from country ‘Me ready toleave the coanty” ¥. On geass yer steamy er etsedyascun —lenweans fom enaney ‘He i ptng red to eave the county? ‘Acnnterexample woul ke English il, which doesnot behave lie al falloff, ‘Acifculy in determining whether the adjectival argument strictures Ine ete fac that the chose of the prepoaton cr blige case tha smoristhe adjectival argument forty competaly arbitrary In man cases, enald be anges that the choice ofthe prepositin o ase termined sScmanicaliy at ndcponden! of the base nace 11.4 Transpositional inflection Aparticularchalleng for morphologit and ayntacticins a thesciption cf tranapontionn! (ond clasechangiy) tafe. Iv tanspostional Sncctions not jut some, but al of the argument siecle of the bess {& proctved. play in cher combinatry.pomssies. Ar ileal ¥ So Riranaposiion called a partite in'many largsnges (ae (1157) (1140) German oT ” Waite taut pfsont sriho forest toad whilorrer ‘nieting load nthe fret (61) Legian ve NF abe | wm fa gated yonass —caniy geen "sou risingcorly™ (1162) Hungarian ne oN] ake » nites nagy hata cctemely cat powernnor Ihotngentremaly get poster ere want wo account forthe behaviour with expect tote dependents, ‘hia denripten of thee consiactions uneceptonable, bat pew ee ce 1 prado we have fat aid that parce, mndare ac propictice do ‘change the word-loe oftheir basal a the bap oF section we sid that thy were ecmples of wordcanrchangng testo‘And, ofcourse there are good rooms for saying that a partie is an ‘gcive: Fr iretnc, in Garman H abows esac the wine agrement Secon a adeno, an pracedas the un iam NP. howe a lao good rene for eying tha the Largan matt snout shows ‘minal cn infections eccrs ie these syntactic ew inment ‘norderved nouns The Hungarian puopeitve, tos acctivetibe with ‘apes to poalion a palit. “A posible ton 1 hs paradise allowing Parcpoy, mascay sed propeetves sow dual behaviour ~ Phy at ka ees, ees ed fount seh rapt to shar dpenents ba ike ative ome nt ‘Sjectics wilh wapect tothe other ements nthe sentence We conc feo this dual betoviue Ht Sey have w dal rate lxeme woe class snd 2 word-form wordclase (espelmath 19%), As a exc 8 partiple ca vr, tH oe other ve forma, But asa wordy 5 partkiple ie an afctve The internal sya of 3 sede vermin byltsloume wordtan and the atrsal syed a word od By St word form words. "Zl us nw show we could describe the exe ayn ofthe peace fn (ILG)IL.5}. One posty would be W assum 4 stature 88 (forthe German pte (1187) 1 mm “ der imiaié antes ante Winter fhe imthetoret nud white: 7rcrase ker “The woprowetation ha wo dhadantagos Fiat make the claim tat he arp nde belongs toto dierent setacc ovate, ateogh {sually ope assumes ha a Uniary worfonm must alo Be 9 unary spac conan Second work nly Fr tenapsiios formations tatarccharaerzedby afin Partiplssuchas Hebrew whist behave just ke German pnd bat thy cannot represen.) becnuw ty have ne prt af” fhe paris saad by the ‘owel panei othe pas tense rao hs ver ‘An alternative propos that does ot have thse disadvantages i619 Indicate te dual word-lase members nthe symactic es. partiple inte represented asa word syntactic toast (11) contasing witha ‘Scvatonal wanapositional orm sch svn agent noun, vem in GIS) (151) a. yefendwhising’ — b-Pjjerwhiser™ wa A voON yo wef ont Mol In (11.64), the lexcme word clas i given inthe inner angled rackets, soathe wert form wert ass fgven inthe ostr ange beach Ths Infcetional tanspstion, properics ofthe woes of both constinents re prorved. By contrat dorsational uansposton the darWative as Primarily the beds orcas proper euch dual word clos uprosenaionsarc admit in the satan wo ge COILS}, where he pasa noe dominating poet alo hs dual to ‘membrship. The notation “(VIAIP can be feed 45 ‘VP with rope! 1 {ena seta, AP with eset entra sya. v war N pe Ady AY dere Malte Wander MK inthe fost lend whaerrcr her The diference between transpositions infection and transposition Aeevaton interestingly sma othe diferenceBetwcen event cna Sad raschon changing cperations that Wee say Soston ILL Event hanging operations ave generally derivatenal and imeove a change in ‘he afzunene strata of the tos, lke mest transpestional derwvatcn. Functon-chonging operations are generaly inflectional anc ivelve no ‘hangin the angument strata of tobase, Uke taspostonalinBstion,‘Tho main dfersnce is that function changing operation of course change syntactis functions, wheress in protetyplel Wanypostinal icetion Bo fanctons anechaagsd Maroover should be recalled that the dillerece between event changing an! functionchangngeperation is ot atnaye clearcut, ae ‘fen ind Intereate cases. Tanspostonal peratcns ae nile _gins Sarromgie, whore theverbs subjects coded notasa suber Buta brenominsl posssso On th other hand, derivations] formations ih some [enguages allow ihe expression of adverbs Bamps (60-b) a fom Span (adverbial: y oday” sn casa mse more). on eae (Ce) stom Mader Grck adverbial poset ancl). (166) a ta tnanguracisn oy ox Rarlona del Congreso the inauguration today fm Baralona of tho Conse ‘he inauguration oday in Baresona of Conary 1B. te ell de ts recs toate mds the fling of the fries stl sone ‘he fling othe pices even more” Rainer 19992214) (1162) ¢ atone toe cnguion prose the desition thecesrt. Socuments.coert tetally “he destruction ofthe eecurnents carey” (atexindou 199119) However: this blurring ofthe boundaries between wor-clasrehinging Inflection st derivation fs surpsiing ne remember what vena Chapter 3 = tha there ie roaon to vtew the boundary beeen lfetion soa erivation gently continuum, rl tha dicho Summary of Chopter 11 ‘Thomost intersting inflectional valuosanutdervational meanings a2 tow tat afc the valcave ofthe Bas valencechangingoperntions Some types of compounding. rat tanspentionol derivation (| Iiarapuitonal infection, the hm’s vlc erase re) alercexhangingcperatione may be cvert charging (Ls he event Ginictore of he Bose and therfore he argument sirectre ae ‘mode o fantom changing (is only the anon struct of he ‘te is media), The most important valencechanging operations