Social Dynamic and Urban Conflict

SOCIAL DYNAMIC AND URBAN CONFLICT
MOZAMBIQUE 30th December 2013
Prepared By:
SITI KARTINA JUHARI

(2012480246)
ROHANA RAMLI
(2012687586)
RAMZI MOHAMED LAZIM

(2012286028)
ANWAR BIN SURAN

(2012977513)
LECTURER:
DR HAFAZAH BIN ABDUL KARIM
PLK 03, AP771 – MASTER OF SCIENCE IN

URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT,
INSTITUE OF GRADUATE STUDIES
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA SHAH ALAM,
SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN
UDM751: SOCIAL DYNAMIC AND URBAN CONFLICT: MOZAMBIQUE
Preface
We would like to start with a word of thanks for the people who have made it possible to write
this review. Firstly we would like to thank Assoc. Prof Dr. Hafazah Karim for getting me in touch
with useful contacts and giving me suggestions and advices during the writing-process. We also
would like to say thanks to my entire friends that have taught me during writing this assignment.
Anwar Suran, Ramzi Halim, Kartina Juhari, Rohana Ramli
1
Table of Contents Page
Preface 1
1.0 The Historical Aspect Of Governance And Politics In

These Countries 3
2.0 Social Stratification And Culture Of The Peoples 30
3.0 The Economic And Livelihood Issues And Problems Faced By

The Population 40
4.0 The Efforts of the Leaders of the Country to Uplift the Well-Being
of the People 50
5.0 Conclusion 83
List Of References 86
2
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by

the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest,
Zimbabwe to the west, and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest. The capital and
largest city is Maputo (previously called Lourenço Marques before independence).
Between the 1st and 5th centuries AD, Bantu-speaking peoples migrated from farther north and
west. Swahili, and later also Arab, commercial ports existed along the coasts until the arrival of
Europeans. The area was explored by Vasco da Gama in 1498 and colonized by Portugal from
1505. After over four centuries of Portuguese rule, Mozambique gained independence in 1975,
becoming the People's Republic of Mozambique shortly thereafter. After only two years of
independence, the country descended into an intense and protracted civil war lasting from 1977
to 1992. In 1994, Mozambique held its first multiparty elections and has remained a relatively
stable presidential republic since.
Location map of Mozambique
3
The panoramic view of Maputo is the capital city and the largest city in Mozambique. Maputo city is
separate from the Maputo Province.
Mozambique is divided into ten provinces (provincias) and one capital city (cidade capital) with
provincial status. The provinces are subdivided into 129 districts (distritos). The districts are
further divided in 405 "Postos Administrativos" (Administrative Posts) and then into Localidades
(Localities), the lowest geographical level of the central state administration. Since 1998, 43
"Municípios" (Municipalities) have been created in Mozambique.
Provinces:
1. Cabo Delgado
2. Gaza
3. Inhambane
4. Manica
5. Maputo (city)
6. Maputo
7. Nampula
8. Niassa
9. Sofala
10. Tete Zambezia
4
The districts of Mozambique are divided into 405 postos. Postos administrativos (administrative
posts) are the main subdivisions of districts. This name, in use during colonial times, was
abolished after independence and was replaced by localidades(localities). However, it was re-
established in 1986.
Administrative posts are headed by a Secretários (secretaries), which before independence

were called Chefes de Posto (post chiefs). Administrative posts can be further subdivided into
localities, also headed by secretaries.
1.1 Key Facts of Mozambique
Religion: Christians
5
The demographics of Mozambique describe the condition and overview of Mozambique's

peoples. Demographic topics include basic education, health, and population statistics as well
as identified racial and religious affiliations.
1.1.1 Population
According to the 2010 revision of the World Population Prospects the total population was 23
391 000 in 2010, compared to only 6 442 000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age
of 15 in 2010 was 44.1%, 52.6% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 3.3% was 65 years
or older .
Total population Population aged Population aged Population aged

(x 1000) 0–14 (%) 15–64 (%) 65+ (%)
1950 6 442 41.7 55.6 2.7
1955 6 972 41.9 55.4 2.7
1960 7 647 42.3 55.0 2.8
1965 8 474 42.9 54.3 2.8
1970 9 453 43.5 53.6 2.9
1975 10 620 43.8 53.2 3.0
1980 12 146 43.8 53.1 3.0
1985 13 335 44.7 52.2 3.1
1990 13 547 46.6 50.2 3.3
1995 15 933 44.2 52.7 3.1
2000 18 201 43.9 53.0 3.2
2005 20 770 44.4 52.4 3.2
2010 23 391 44.1 52.6 3.3
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1.1.2 Vital statistics
Registration of vital events is in Mozambique not complete. The Population Department of the
United Nations prepared the following estimates.
Period Live births Deaths per Natural change CBR* CDR* NC* TFR* IMR*
per year year per year
1950- 331 000 220 000 111 000 49.4 32.8 16.5 6.60 220
1955
1955- 359 000 219 000 140 000 49.1 30.0 19.1 6.60 201
1960
1960- 392 000 222 000 170 000 48.6 27.5 21.1 6.60 185
1965
1965- 430 000 230 000 201 000 48.0 25.6 22.4 6.60 172
1970
1970- 474 000 236 000 238 000 47.2 23.5 23.7 6.58 158
1975
1975- 534 000 247 000 288 000 46.9 21.7 25.3 6.53 146
1980
1980- 584 000 272 000 313 000 45.9 21.3 24.5 6.44 143
1985
1985- 586 000 283 000 302 000 43.6 21.1 22.5 6.33 143
1990
1990- 640 000 293 000 347 000 43.4 19.9 23.6 6.12 134
1995
1995- 739 000 301 000 438 000 43.3 17.6 25.7 5.85 115
2000
2000- 844 000 326 000 518 000 43.3 16.7 26.6 5.52 99
2005
2005- 869 000 341 000 528 000 39.4 15.4 23.9 5.11 88
2010
* CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per
1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per
woman)
7
1.1.3 Ethnic groups
Mozambique's major ethnic groups encompass numerous subgroups with diverse languages,
dialects, cultures, and histories. Many are linked to similar ethnic groups living in inland
countries. The estimated 4 million Makua are the largest ethnic group of the country and are
dominant in the northern part of the country - the Sena and Shona (mostly Ndau) are prominent
in the Zambezi valley, and the Shangaan (Tsonga) dominate in southern Mozambique. Other
groups include Makonde, Yao, Swahili, Tonga, Chopi, and Nguni (including Zulu). The country
is also home to a growing number of white residents, most with Portuguese ancestry.
During colonial rule, European residents hailed from every Mozambican province, and at the
time of independence the total population was estimated at around 360,000. Most vacated the
region after independence in 1975, emigrating to Portugal as retornados. There is also a larger
mestiço minority with mixed African and Portuguese heritage. The remaining Caucasians in
Mozambique are primarily Indian Asiatics, who have arrived from Pakistan, Portuguese India,
and numerous Arab countries. There are various estimates for the size of Mozambique's
Chinese community, ranging from 1,500 to 12,000 as of 2007.
1.1.4 Languages
Portuguese is the official and most widely spoken language of the nation, but only 40% of
Mozambique's population speaks Portuguese as either their first or second language, or only
6.5% speak Portuguese as their first language. Arabs, Chinese, and Indians speak their own
languages (Indians from Portuguese India speak any of the Portuguese Creoles of their origin)
aside from Portuguese as their second language. Most educated Mozambicans speak English,
which is used in schools and business as second or third language.
1.1.5 Religion
During the colonial era, Christian missionaries were active in Mozambique, and many foreign
clergy remain in the country. According to the 2007 census, about 56.1% of the populations are
Christians (including 28.4% Catholics), 17.9% are Muslim, 7.3% adheres to traditional beliefs
and 18.7% do not associate with a specific religion.
8
Religious affiliation in Mozambique

Affiliation 1997 census 2007 census
Christian 49.1% 56.1%
Catholic 23.8% 28.4%
Zionist Christian 17.5% 15.5%
Evangelical 7.8% 10.9%
Anglican 0.5% 1.3%
Muslim 17.8% 17.9%
None 23.1% 18.7%
Other/Unknown 10.0% 7.3%
Notes
1. In the 1997 census "Evangelical" was merged with "Protestant".
2. The 1997 census did not have a separate category for "Anglican".
Source: http://www.indexmundi.com
1.1.6 Culture
Despite the influence of Islamic coastal traders and European colonizers, the people of
Mozambique have largely retained an indigenous culture based on small scale agriculture.
Mozambique's most highly developed art forms have been wood sculpture, for which the
Makonde in northern Mozambique are particularly renowned, and dance. The middle and upper
classes continue to be heavily influenced by the Portuguese colonial and linguistic heritage.
1.1.7 Education and health
Under Portugal, educational opportunities for poor Mozambicans were limited; 93% of the Bantu
population was illiterate, and many could not speak Portuguese. In fact, most of today's political
leaders were educated in missionary schools. After independence, the government placed a
high priority on expanding education, which reduced the illiteracy rate to about two-thirds as
primary school enrollment increased. Unfortunately, in recent years school construction and
teacher training enrollments have not kept up with population increases. With post-war
enrollments reaching all-time highs, the quality of education has suffered. As a member
9
of Commonwealth of Nations, most urban Mozambicans are required to learn English starting
high-school.
1.1.8 CIA World Factbook demographic statistics
The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise
indicated.
Population: 22,948,858 (July 2011 est.)

Population growth rate: 2.444% (2011 est.)
Sex ratio at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female (2003 est.), 1.02 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Under 15 years: 0.98 male(s)/female (2003 est.), 1.01 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female (2003 est.), 0.949 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female (2003 est.), 0.717 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2003 est.), 0.968 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: total population: 51.78 years
male: male: 51.01 years female: female: 52.57 years (2011 est.)
HIV/AIDS — people living with HIV/AIDS: 1.4 million (2009 est.) HIV/AIDS - deaths: 74,000
(2009 est.)
Nationality: Mozambican
Ethnic groups:
Indigenous tribal groups (including the Shangana, Chokwe, Manyika, Sena, Makua, Ndau,
among others) make up 98.61% of Mozambique's total population. People of mixed race are the
largest minority, totaling 0.84% from the remaining figure, while Portuguese Mozambicans and
Mozambicans of Indian descent represent 0.36% and 0.2% of the population respectively.
There are noteworthy Chinese and Arab communities.
Languages: Portuguese language (official). Emakhuwa 26.1%, Xichangana 11.3%, Portuguese

8.8% (official; spoken by 27% of population as a second language), Elomwe 7.6%, Cisena
6.8%, Echuwabo 5.8%, other Mozambican languages 32%, other foreign languages 0.3%,
unspecified 1.3% (1997 census)
10
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 47.8% (2003 est.), 40.1% (1995 est.)
male: 63.5% (2003 est.), 57.7% (1995 est.)
female: 32.7% (2003 est.), 23.3% (1995 est.)
1.2 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
Mozambique is a stable, lower-middle income country located in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Mozambique has a population of 22.46million people, at a density of 31.26 persons per square
kilometer. 68.53% of the population is rural and 31.47% is urban. 45.38%of the population is
under the age of fifteen. Mozambique's population grew by 2.50% in 2012. Net migration to
Mozambique in2010 was -20,000 people.
In Mozambique, on average, men get married at age 23, while women get married at
age 19 (age at first marriage only). Life expectancy at birth in Mozambique
is 50 years. 39.20% of Mozambique's population is under-nourished, while 10.27% of its male
population and 26.92% of its female population is overweight. n.a. of the population smokes.
Mozambique spends $64.67 per capita (USD PPP) on healthcare, and has 0.21 nurses per
1000 people.
110% of children enroll in primary education; the adult literacy rate is 56.11%. Mozambique
has 5 internet users, 33 cell phone subscriptions, and 1 passenger vehicles per 100 people.
Mozambique spends 0.87% of its GDP on the military, and 0.10% of its labor force currently
serve in the army.
According to HDI (Human Development Index) by UNDP (United Nation Development

Programs) which referring to the graph below showing that Mozambique is extremely low even
the HDI increased every year since 2000 make the Mozambique placing 185 in the ranked out
of 187. The measures looks at three dimensions of human development are a long and healthy
life, an access to knowledge and a decent standard of living. The low level of HDI in Sub-
saharan is 0.475 which the Mozambique is still the lowest in the African regional average.
11
Country Profile: Human Development Indicators
Human Development Index: Trends 1980 until Present
12
Human Development Index: Health, Education and Income
1.2.1 Population
Indicator Level Units As Of 1Y Chg 5Y Ago 10Y Ago 25Y Ago
Total Population 25,203 1000s 2012 2.53% 22,763 19,873 13,349
Population of Largest 1,721 1000s 2011 4.02% 1,461 1,183 700

City
Female Population 51.16% 2012 -0.05% 51.39% 51.72% 51.83%
Rural Population 68.53% 2012 -0.26% 69.43% 70.36% 80.64%
Urban Population 31.47% 2012 0.26% 30.57% 29.64% 19.36%
Rural Growth 2.12% 2012 -0.03% 2.36% 2.57% -1.27%
13
Indicator Level Units As Of 1Y Chg 5Y Ago 10Y Ago 25Y Ago
Population Below Age 45.38% % 2012 0.01% 45.20% 44.37% 46.17%

15
Population Aged 15 to 51.36% % 2012 -0.02% 51.59% 52.46% 50.62%

64
Population Above Age 3.26% % 2012 0.01% 3.21% 3.18% 3.21%

64
Population Density 31.26 Persons 2011 2.56% 28.19 24.57 17.01

per Sq
Km
Population Growth Rate 2.50% % 2012 -0.03% 2.63% 2.82% -0.19%
Net Migration -20 1000s 2010 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
1.2.2 Health and Disease
As 1Y ~5Y ~10Y ~25Y

Indicator Level Units Of Chg Ago Ago Ago
Fertility Rate 4.83 Births per Woman 2011 -1.63% 5.16 5.55 6.34
Life Expectancy at Birth - Total 50.15 Years, Average 2011 0.91% 48.56 47.53 42.70
Life Expectancy at Birth - 51.13 Years, Average 2011 0.80% 49.80 49.17 44.28
Female
14
As 1Y ~5Y ~10Y ~25Y

Life Expectancy at Birth - Male 49.22 Years, Average 2011 1.03% 47.38 45.96 41.20
Percent Under Nourished 39.20% % 2011 -0.10% 40.10% 44.60% n.a.
Depth of Hunger 330.00Cal Cal per person 2008 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
per day
Percent Wasting - Under 5 4.20% % 2008 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Percent Overweight - Under 5 3.60% % 2008 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Percent Overweight - Female 26.92% % of 15+ 2010 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Percent Overweight - Male 10.27% % of 15+ 2010 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Community Health Workers per n.a. Health Workers n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
1000 people
Nurses per 1000 people 0.21 Nurses 2004 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Midwives per 1000 People n.a. Midwives n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Health Expenditure 64.67 PPP USD 2011 12.85% 46.06 34.36 n.a.
Age Dependency Ratio 94.71% % 2012 0.07% 93.85% 90.63% 97.55%
Age Dependency Ratio Old 6.35% % 2012 0.03% 6.23% 6.05% 6.34%
Age Dependency Ratio Young 88.37% % 2012 0.04% 87.63% 84.58% 91.21%
15
1.2.3 Education
Indicator Level Units As Of 1Y Chg ~5Y Ago ~10Y Ago ~25Y Ago
Adult Literacy Rate 56.11% % 2010 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Youth Literacy Rate 71.79% % 2010 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Elderly Literacy Rate 18.81% % 2003 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Elderly Literacy Rate - 33.07% % 2003 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Male
Elderly Literacy Rate - 5.12% % 2003 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Female
Enrolment Rate - Primary 110.11% % 2012 -0.74% 114.12% n.a. 62.25%
Enrolment Rate - 26.02% % 2012 -0.36% 20.52% n.a. n.a.

Secondary
Enrolment Rate - Tertiary 4.89% % 2011 n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.20%
1.2.4 Quality of Life
As 1Y ~5Y ~10Y ~25Y

Human Development Index 0.32 Index 2011 1.26% 0.30 n.a. n.a.
Population living with less than 97.51% % 2008 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
16
As 1Y ~5Y ~10Y ~25Y

Five Dollars a day
Mean shortfall of the Five Dollar 72.95$ PPP$ 2008 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
poverty line
Urban Population in Slums 80.00% % 2007 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Access to Improved Water 47.20% % 2011 0.60% 44.90% 42.20% n.a.

Sources
Access to Improved Sanitation 19.10% % 2011 0.50% 17.20% 15.00% n.a.

Facilities
Rural Access to All Season 12.00% % 2007 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Roads
Household Electrification Rate 8.10% % 2003 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Population Affected by Droughts 3.66% % 2009 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

or Floods
Disaster Risk Reduction 4 Scale: 1- 2011 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Progress Score 5
17
1.3 History (Timeline)
Period Events
1498 Portuguese established in Mozambique
1961 - 1963 Abolished forced labor (slave) [national sentiment built up] FRELIMO headed by
Eduardo Mondlane
1964 7,000 Guerilla warfare in North Mozambique against Portuguese 60,000 armies.
1974 Portuguese colonialism collapsed.
1975 Independence was proclaimed.

1979 Liberation movement supporting the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANO) – Civil
War sabotage the rural area.
1983 FRELIMO party congress (President Samora Machel said that it‘s a failure of socialism
and needed major political and economy reforms.
1984 Mozambique National Resistance Movement (MNR or RENAMO) – Arm Rebel
Movement (support apartheid) in central Mozambique. Guerilla warfare against
FRELIMO
1992 suffered worst droughts widespread famine that ensued. (RENAMO blocked famine
relief efforts in rural areas)
1992 FRELIMO dan RENAMO signed an accord ending civil war (Rome General Peace
Accords)
1994 first multiparty election (democratic) President Joaquim Chissano with slight majority
in Parliament.
1998 First local election for local representation and some budgetary authority at municipal
level. Independent won.
1999 Second national election (Chissano won and being President on January 2000)
2003 Second local election – no boycotts from both party.
2004 General election with Armando Guebuza (FRELIMO) won the 160 seats over 250
seats in Parliament.
2005 New President of Mozambique.
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1.4 Pre-colonial History
1.4.1 Stone age of Mozambique
In 2007 Julio Mercader, of the University of Calgary, recovered dozens of 100,000 year old
stone tools from a deep limestone cave near Lake Niassa in Mozambique showing that wild
sorghum, the ancestor of the chief cereal consumed today in sub-Saharan Africa for flours,
breads, porridges and alcoholic beverages, was being consumed by Homo sapiens along with
African wine palm, the false banana, pigeon peas, wild oranges and the African "potato." This is
the earliest direct evidence of humans using pre-domesticated cereals anywhere in the world.
1.4.2 Ancient history
The first inhabitants of what is now Mozambique were the San hunters and gatherers, ancestors
of the Khoisani peoples. Between the 1st and 5th centuries AD, waves of Bantu-speaking
peoples migrated from the north through the Zambezi River valley and then gradually into the
plateau and coastal areas. The Bantu were farmers and ironworkers.
When Vasco da Gama, exploring for Portugal, reached the coast of Mozambique in 1498, Arab
trading settlements had existed along the coast and outlying islands for several centuries, and
political control of the coast was in the hands of a string of local sultans. Muslims had actually
lived in the region for quite some time; the famous Arab historian and geographer, Al-Masudi,
reported Muslims amongst Africans in the land of Sofa in 947 (modern day Mozambique, itself a
derivative of the name of the Arab Shiekh who ruled the area at the time when the Portuguese
arrived, Musa bin Ba'ik). Most of the local people had embraced Islam. The region lay at the
southernmost end of a traditional trading world that encompassed the Red Sea, the
Hadhramaut coast of Arabia and the Indian coast, described in the 1st-century coasting guide
that is called the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.
1.4.3 Independence
After World War II, while many European nations were granting independence to their colonies,
Portugal's Estado Novo regime headed by António de Oliveira Salazar issued a decree officially
renaming Mozambique and other Portuguese possessions as overseas provinces of the mother
19
country, and emigration to the colonies soared (Mozambique's ethnic Portuguese resident
population was about 300,000 in 1973, which excludes the Portuguese military sent from the
mainland and mulatto population). The drive for Mozambican independence developed apace,
and in 1962 several anti-colonial political groups formed the Front for the Liberation of
Mozambique (FRELIMO), which initiated an armed campaign against Portuguese colonial rule
in September 1964. This conflict, along with the two others already initiated in the other
Portuguese colonies of Angola and Portuguese Guinea, became part of the so-called
Portuguese Colonial War.
Mozambique became independent after ten years of sporadic warfare in Mozambique and
Portugal's return to democracy through a leftist military coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974 (partially
as a result of the expenses from the wars in the overseas territories in Africa). FRELIMO took
complete control of the territory after a transition period, as agreed in the Lusaka Accord which
recognized Mozambique's right to independence and the terms of the transfer of power. Within
a year of the Portuguese coup, almost all Portuguese population had left the African territory –
some expelled by the new government of independent Mozambique, some fleeing in fear.
Mozambique became independent from Portugal on June 25, 1975.
Portuguese population's rapid exodus left the Mozambican economy in disarray. In addition,
after the Independence Day on June 25, 1975, the eruption of the Mozambican Civil War
(1977–1992) destroyed the remaining wealth and left the former Portuguese Overseas Province
in a state of absolute disrepair. In any event, as late as 2001, the economic outcome could still
be seen in cities like Beira. Once a thriving vacation city on the coast, it is still the second
largest city in Mozambique, with a population of 300,000. Many of these people live as squatters
in unfinished 1970s era luxury hotels facing the Indian Ocean.
FRELIMO responded to their lack of resources and the Cold War politics of the mid-1970s by
moving into alignment with the Soviet Union and its allies. FRELIMO established a one-party
Socialist state, and quickly received substantial international aid from Cuba and the Eastern
Bloc nations.
20
1.4.4 Civil War
Formed in 1975, the RENAMO (Mozambican National Resistance), an anti-communist group

sponsored by the Rhodesian Intelligence Service, and sponsored by the apartheid government
in South Africa as well as the United States after Zimbabwe's independence, launched a series
of attacks on transport routes, schools and health clinics, and the country descended into civil
war. In 1984, Mozambique negotiated the Nkomati Accord with P. W. Botha and the South
African government, in which Mozambique was to expel the African National Congress in
exchange for South Africa stopping support of Renamo. At first both sides complied but it soon
became evident that infringements were taking place on both sides and the war continued. In
1986, Mozambican President Samora Machel died in an air crash in South African territory.
Although unproven, many suspect the South African government of responsibility for his death.
Machel was replaced by Joaquim Chissano as president.
In 1990, with apartheid crumbling in South Africa, and support for RENAMO drying up in South
Africa and in the United States, the first direct talks between the FRELIMO government and
Renamo were held. In November 1990 a new constitution was adopted. Mozambique was now
a multiparty state, with periodic elections, and guaranteed democratic rights. On 4 October
1992, the Rome General Peace Accords, negotiated by the Community of Sant'Egidio with the
support of the United Nations, were signed in Rome between President Chissano and RENAMO
leader Afonso Dhlakama, which formally took effect on the October 15, 1992. A UN
Peacekeeping Force (ONUMOZ) oversaw a two-year transition to democracy. The last
ONUMOZ contingents departed in early 1995.
1.4.5 Democracy
Mozambique held elections in 1994, which were accepted by most parties as free and fair while
still contested by many nationals and observers alike. FRELIMO won, under Joaquim Chissano,
while RENAMO, led by Afonso Dhlakama, ran as the official opposition.In 1995, Mozambique
joined the Commonwealth of Nations, becoming, at the time, the only member nation that had
never been part of the British Empire.
21
By mid-1995, over 1.7 million refugees who had sought asylum in neighboring countries had
returned to Mozambique, part of the largest repatriation witnessed in sub-Saharan Africa. An
additional four million internally displaced persons had returned to their homes.
In December 1999, Mozambique held elections for a second time since the civil war, which were
again won by FRELIMO. RENAMO accused FRELIMO of fraud, and threatened to return to civil
war, but backed down after taking the matter to the Supreme Court and losing.
Indicating in 2001 that he would not run for a third term, Chissano criticized leaders who stayed
on longer than he had, which was generally seen as a reference to Zambian president Frederick
Chiluba, who at the time was considering a third term, and Zimbabwean president Robert
Mugabe, then in his fourth term. Presidential and National Assembly elections took place on
December 1–2, 2004. FRELIMO candidate Armando Guebuza won with 64% of the popular
vote. His opponent, Afonso Dhlakama of RENAMO, received 32% of the popular vote.
FRELIMO won 160 seats in Parliament. A coalition of RENAMO and several small parties won
the 90 remaining seats. Armando Guebuza was inaugurated as the President of Mozambique
on February 2, 2005.
In early 2000 a cyclone caused widespread flooding in the country, killing hundreds and
devastating the already precarious infrastructure. There were widespread suspicions that
foreign aid resources have been diverted by powerful leaders of FRELIMO. Carlos Cardoso, a
journalist investigating these allegations, was murdered but his death was not satisfactorily
explained.
Much of the economic recovery which has followed the end of the Mozambican Civil War
(1977–1992) is being led by investors and tourists from neighbour South Africa and from East
Asia. A number of returning Portuguese nationals have also invested in the country as well as
some Italian organizations. Coal and gas have grown to become large sectors. The income per
capita tripled over twenty years since the civil war. However, the country remains as one of the
poorest in the world.
22
1.5 After Independence - Centralize Administration
Mozambique has been a centralized State since its independence in 1975. During this time,
local government has depended on the Central Government and has lacked autonomy in both
local policy decisions and resource management in addition to the complete failure of effective
local services delivery. However, from the first democratic local elections in 1998, municipalities
have put in place new structures and more participatory processes to aid decision-making and
implementation. They have also each elected a mayor and a municipal assembly, the latter
representing local communities, and they have enjoyed more autonomy in decision-making and
management of financial resources.
The study seeks to assess the extent to which these new structures and decision-making
processes are able to respond to the needs and wants of the communities they claim to
represent. Considering that the aim of decentralization down to the local level is to cure the ills
of centralization of decision-making, when devolving powers and competences to municipalities,
it is important to develop local capacities for effective basic service delivery coverage. Since
these are new institutions, the study also identifies and examines if the capacity-building
initiatives delivered by Central Government, donors and non-governmental organizations to
these municipalities address the gaps in their capacity to deliver services. Because
decentralization is a relatively new phenomenon in Mozambique, there is a lack of literature in
the area.
This research contributes to fill the gap and provides a detailed framework that combines
leadership, politics and local government capacities to translate participatory approaches to
governance into positive results. This study took place in five Mozambican municipalities:
Dondo, Matola, Manhiça, Nacala-Porto and Chimoio. The Mozambican municipal governments
are meant to involve various actors, namely local community members, community-based
organizations and non-governmental organizations, the private sector and others in the process
of decision-making to respond to local needs effectively.
The study looks at the following factors: leadership personal characteristics, institutional set-up
and influence of political parties in decision-making. Apart from these political factors, this study
examines other explanatory factors involving local government capacities namely the capacity
to plan and make decisions, local government administrative capacity, local government
23
financial management capacity and local government capacity to convene. These factors
explain improvements in basic service delivery coverage. In some instances, ineffective
leadership, inefficient administrative services and financial management explained poor service
delivery coverage. Although the decentralization process is still relatively in its infancy, the
research found that the existing municipal capacity to deliver services was still poor in most
municipalities studied except Dondo and Matola. Apart from this, the impact of capacity-building
initiatives delivered by donors,
Central Government and non-governmental organizations to these new municipalities remained

weak and municipalities still had shortage of qualified staff, infrastructure, finances, work
materials and equipment. Because of these slow and weak capacity-building initiatives, local
service delivery coverage was still unsatisfactory to local communities in most municipalities
studied. In addition, although the Local Government Act (1997) seems to be clear and
addresses most relevant issues concerning devolution, the Central Government resists change
from fear of the unknown and departure from the status quo. Although it takes time for
municipalities to learn and deliver services effectively, it seems that patron-client relationships
pervaded the entire municipalization process, affecting service delivery negatively.
In the end, a decentralization process intended as de-concentration for districts and devolution
for municipalities became de-concentration for both districts and municipalities. Evidence also
indicates that the party in power applies the majority democratic system to stifle political party
competition and participation, to stimulate ruling party monopoly in decision-making, poor
accountability and to limit the voice of the minority. In this regard, a single-party system is re-
emerging in a country that claims to be a multiparty democracy.
24
1.5.1 Executive branch
Main office holders
Office Name Party Since
President Armando Guebuza FRELIMO 2 February 2005
Prime Minister Alberto Vaquina FRELIMO 8 October 2012
The President of the Republic functions as the head of state, head of government, commander-
in-chief of the armed forces, and as a symbol of national unity. He is directly elected for a five-
year term via run-off voting; if no candidate receives more than half of the votes cast in the first
round of voting, a second round of voting will be held in which only the two candidates who
received the highest number of votes in the first round will participate, and whichever of the
candidates obtains a majority of votes in the second round will thus be elected President. The
Prime Minister is appointed by the President. His functions include convening and chairing the
Council of Ministers (cabinet), advising the President, assisting the President in governing the
country, and coordinating the functions of the other Ministers.
1.5.2 Legislative branch
The Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da República) has 250 members, elected for a five-
year term by proportional representation.
The Municipal Organs
Each municipality has the following bodies or office holders:
(i) The Municipal Assembly composed by members elected directly by the population in a
universal suffrage. The parties appointed their list of candidates in a preference order,
voters voted only for a party list;
(ii) The President of the Municipal Council or the Mayor - who is the singular Municipal
Executive Organ also elected directly by the general public;
25
(iii) The Municipal Council - the collegial Executive Organ composed of the Mayor and Town
Councillors nominated by him, at least 50% of the Town Councillors must be drawn from
the Municipal Assembly. The number of Town Councillors varies according to number of
voters.
As operational decision-makers, Town Councillors supervise the implementation of the

Municipal Assembly and the Municipal Council decisions by the technical departments and
municipal services. They also advice the Mayor about procedures and regulations towards the
implementation of Municipal Plans and its annual programme and budget.
Those cities, that already had Executive Councils, only transferred their responsibilities,
functions, personnel and property to the new elected bodies. The remaining 10 cities and
boroughs had to create everything from zero.
In some places, difficulties have arisen between the elected bodies (Municipal Assemblies and
the Mayor) and their respective Municipal Councils. Occasionally there have been some
conflicts of interest when a municipality was separated from a district, which previously were
under the same government unit.
In addition, there still many open matters in urban management or local government framework.
Particularly, the interpretation of the existing municipal laws is still open, e. g. regarding to the
mobility of human resources and still more critical local finances, mainly the not yet approval of
the Local Authority Taxation Code. It is a vital instrument to guide municipalities in administering
local taxes.
Moreover, the mechanisms to collaborate and co-ordinate with traditional authorities or

community leaders have been recently clarified by a Decree of the Council of Ministers - A
Decree n. 15/2000 of 20 June. It is because at the community level, there are several potentially
influential personalities and institutions such as religious leaders; heads of families,
representatives of political parties, the situation varies from place to place.
Those districts and 58 boroughs, which were not included in the 33 municipalities, remain still in
the old position. Their leaders, administrators are nominated/appointed by the central
government, and they have strict tutelage of the provincial government by delegation either by
26
the Minister of State Administration or the Minister of Planning and Finance depending on the
matter or the conflict that may arise, e.g. administrative or financial matters.
The creation of municipalities, local governance and de-concentration of resources is still in its
embryonic phase in Mozambique. The process will be implemented gradually, but the timetable
is totally unclear, and it is foreseen that it might yet take several years to include or transform all
the districts as municipalities.
Despite difficulties of different kind the elected bodies (the Mayors Municipal Assemblies and
the Executive Councils) have started performing their duties. The first course organized by the
Ministry of State Administration in 1998 for the elected bodies was a singular opportunity to
harmonize a clear understanding about the new municipal legislation and the way forward for
the implementation of the organizational structure and the functioning of the municipal organs.
27
1.6 Political Issue
Politics
~5Y ~10Y ~25Y

Indicator Level Units As Of 1Y Chg Ago Ago Ago
Estimated Control of -0.41 Scale: -2.5 to 2.5 2011 3.49% -0.50 -0.45 n.a.
Corruption
Estimated Government -0.55 Scale: -2.5 to 2.5 2011 4.39% -0.47 -0.36 n.a.
Effectiveness
Estimated Political Stability 0.27 Scale: -2.5 to 2.5 2011 -16.45% 0.34 0.11 n.a.
Estimated Rule of Law -0.56 Scale: -2.5 to 2.5 2011 16.03% -0.61 -0.65 n.a.
Estimated Accountability -0.15 Scale: -2.5 to 2.5 2011 60.34% -0.07 -0.22 n.a.
Prevalence of Bribe Requests 9.70% % 2007 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

during Public Transactions
The processes are that most civic groups (local citizens, community society and also leader
have been hired in local authority) do not have enough understanding of the decentralization
and local governance process. It is also unicameral which is one legislation body or
parliamentary chamber. Hence, more civic education is still being needed in order to enable
citizens to know their rights and obligations in this process. It is because it will enable them to
participate effectively and efficiently in municipal governance, in particular those who are
members of the municipal Assemblies.
Also another issue is the civic groups represented in the municipalities act and work in a
partnership in rendering the goods and services, to their constituency. Potentially the people
contribute to be cronyism and corrupted which FRELIMO confronting issues on security
development.
28
Therefore, the contribution of these civic groups has been very instrumental in the resolution of
most of the municipal problems and inefficient management such as management efficiency,
accountability of public funds, revenue generation and so on
Most of citizens have recommended more civic education on the process of decentralization
and local governance for the purposes of making the contribution of civil society sustainable and
other stakeholders more effective and efficient.
The political environment in Mozambique is characterized by ineffective opposition political

parties that lack a solid ideological base around which support for them could coalesce,
opposition parties face enormous challenges and are dominated by individual and ethnic
interests. This is because FRELIMO has been ruling party since the first election and never
changed. The political scenario in Mozambique is more to ruling party bias perception as one
partyist, pro-soviet and popular movement. The transformation of political framework was simply
ignored.
29
2.0 SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND CULTURE OF THE PEOPLES
In sociology, social stratification is a concept involving the "classification of people into groups
based on shared socio-economic conditions (Ferraz, 2000) . A relational set of inequalities with
economic, social, political and ideological dimensions." When differences lead to greater status,
power or privilege for some groups over the other it is called social stratification. It is a system
by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy.
Social stratification is based on four basic principles: Social stratification is a trait of society, not
simply a reflection of individual differences; Social stratification carries over from generation to
generation; Social stratification is universal but variable; Social stratification involves not just
inequality but beliefs as well. In modern Western societies, stratification is broadly organized
into three main layers: upper class, middle class, and lower class. Each of these classes can be
further subdivided into smaller classes example as occupational.
According to dictionary.com, culture is defined as the shared patterns of behaviors and

interactions, cognitive constructs, and affective understanding that are learned through a
process of socialization. These shared patterns identify the members of a culture group while
also distinguishing those of another group.
2.1 Classes and Castes
During the time of Portuguese rule, the prazeiros, (Portuguese landowners) formed the
wealthiest and most powerful class. Below them were the mestizos, those of mixed African and
Portuguese descent; and at the bottom were Africans, who constituted the vast majority of the
population. Despite the internal diversity of the population, which is composed of various cultural
and linguistic groups, ethnicity has never been a major factor in social status. Since
independence, most Portuguese have left the country. Today, with the exception of the tiny
ruling elite, nearly everyone in the country is poor because during Portuguese era, there have
no African get higer education and high class employment.
30
Figure of social classes and Castes in Mozambique
2.2 Symbols of Social Stratification.
The way people dress reflects the confluence of different cultures as well as the individual's
economic standing (Ferraz, 2000). In the cities, men wear Western-style suits to go to work like
in picture (a). Women wear Western-style dresses made from fabric with brightly colored African
patterns such like in picture (b). Throughout the country men have, for the most part, replaced
the traditional loincloth with T-shirts and dashikis like in picture (c). Women in rural areas,
however, generally have kept their traditional garb of long strips of fabric that are wrapped
around the body, under the arms, and over one shoulder (refer picture d). They also have
retained the traditional head scarf or turban. Young people almost exclusively wear Western
clothing, except for the extremely indigent.
Despite the European and American influence on fashion, some styles, such as blue jeans and
short skirts, have not been adopted. Dress also can be a marker of ethnic identity. Muslims in
the north wear traditional long white robes and head coverings like in picture (e); Asian men
wear white two-piece cotton suits, whereas Asian women dress in black or colored silk dresses.
Language also can be an indicator of socioeconomic standing. Portuguese is learned in school
and is therefore the language of the privileged elite; it is almost entirely unheard outside the
cities.
31
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
Picture (a), (b), (c),(d), and (e) shows the way people dress in Mozambique.
32
2.3 Ethnic Relation
The sociology of race and of ethnic relations is the area of the discipline that studies the social,
political, and economic relations between races and ethnicities at all levels of society (James,
1988). This area encompasses the study of racism, residential segregation, and other complex
social processes between different racial and ethnic groups. The sociological analysis of race
and ethnicity frequently interacts with other areas of sociology such as stratification and social
psychology, as well as with postcolonial theory.
2.3.1 National Identity
The country is divided along both ethnic and linguistic lines. Mozambicans often identify
primarily with a tribe and/or linguistic group. However, the independence movement that
began in the 1960s was a unifying force, causing these disparate elements to join
together in resisting the Portuguese. Ironically, some of the main unifying factors in the
country have been remnants of the colonial system, including the Portuguese language
and the Roman Catholic religion. This is most evident in the central Zambezi Valley,
where Portuguese influence was strongest.
2.3.2 Relations of ethnic
Despite ethnic and linguistic differences, there is little conflict among the various groups.
The greatest cultural disparities are those which divide the north of the country from the
south. The groups north of the Zambezi follow a system of matrilineal descent. Many of
them are seminomadic, moving every few years to more fertile soil. Because they are far
from the capital and other urban centers, these northern groups show less influence from
the Portuguese. South of the river, in the Zambezi Valley, the people adopted
Portuguese dress, language, and religion to a larger extent.
2.4 Gender Roles and Statuses
A gender role can be defined as a set of social and behavioral norms that are generally
considered appropriate for either a man or a woman in a social or interpersonal relationship
(Newit, 1995). There are differences of opinion as to which observed differences in behavior
33
and personality between genders are entirely due to innate personality of the person and which
are due to cultural or social factors, and are therefore the product of socialization, or to what
extent gender differences are due to biological and physiological differences.
2.4.1 Division of Labor by Gender
The constitution guarantees all citizens the right to work, but women often face obstacles
when they seek nontraditional employment. Women have historically been responsible
for all domestic tasks. In the towns and cities, they generally are confined to the home,
whereas in rural areas, they play an important role in the agricultural labor force. The
Organizaçao de Mulheres de Mozambique (Organization of Mozambican Women, or
OMM), which works to promote women's rights, has implemented programs to teach
women to sew and crochet and sell the products they produce for cash.
2.4.2 The Relative Status of Women and Men.
According to the constitution, men and women have equal rights. However, both
traditional and colonial attitudes keep women in a somewhat subordinate position. Even
within the ranks of Frelimo, which declared itself a proponent of women's rights, women
have not attained positions of power.
2.5 Marriage and Family
Marriage is a socially or ritually recognized union or legal contract between spouses that
establishes rights and obligations between them, between them and their children, and between
them and their in-laws (Chan, 1988). The definition of marriage varies according to different
cultures, but it is principally an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually intimate
and sexual, are acknowledged. In some cultures, marriage is recommended or compulsory
before pursuing any sexual activity. When defined broadly, marriage is considered a cultural
universal. A broad definition of marriage includes those that are monogamous, polygamous,
same-sex and temporary.
34
People marry for many reasons, including: legal, social, libidinal, emotional, financial, spiritual,
and religious. Who they marry may be influenced by socially determined rules of incest,
prescriptive marriage rules, parental choice and individual desire. In many parts of the world,
marriages are arranged. Forced marriages are illegal in some jurisdictions.
2.5.1 Marriage
Polygamy is traditionally practiced and until recently was quite common. In 1981, Frelimo
instituted a law designed in conjunction with OMM that established monogamous
marriage, and by which both spouses share ownership of property and decisions about
where to live. The law also entitled women to a means of maintenance and specified the
responsibilities of fathers in financially supporting their children. Marriage celebrations
involve feasting, music, and dancing.
2.5.2 Domestic Unit
The traditional family includes several generations living together under one roof.
However, in many areas, this family structure has been dismantled by the civil war,
which took many lives, compelled many men to emigrate from rural areas to the cities or
to neighboring countries, and left large numbers of children orphaned or abandoned.
2.5.3 Inheritance
Tribes north of the Zambezi River follow a matrilineal model of inheritance. They trace
their ancestry through the mother's side, and at marriage the man becomes part of the
woman's family. In the south, the model is patrilineal.
2.6 Socialization
Socialization describes a process which may lead to desirable, or 'moral', outcomes in the
opinion of said society. Individual views on certain issues, such as race or economics, are
influenced by the view of the society at large and become a "normal," and acceptable outlook or
35
value to have within a society. Many socio-political theories postulate that socialization provides
only a partial explanation for human beliefs and behaviors, maintaining that agents are not
'blank slates' predetermined by their environment. Scientific research provides some evidence
that people might be shaped by both social influences and genes. Genetic studies have shown
that a person's environment interacts with his or her genotype to influence behavioral outcomes.
2.6.1 Infant Care.
Young children rarely are separated from their mothers. It is customary for women to tie
their babies to their backs with a strip of cloth and take them along when they work in the
fields.
2.6.2 Child Rearing and Education.
Children are treated with affection but are expected to defer to their elders and often
begin to work at a young age. After the civil war, as many as half a million children were
left without families. Many of these children wander Maputo and other cities and stay
alive by stealing or selling small items on the street. Relief organizations have alleviated
the problem somewhat by caring for and educating children, and reuniting families.
Because of the Portuguese legacy of suppressing education in colonies, Mozambique

was estimated to have a literacy rate of only 10 percent when it gained independence in
1975. The first post independence government made raising this number a priority and
instituted compulsory education for children between the ages of six and twelve. This
program was largely disrupted by the civil war. When the war ended in 1995, the literacy
rate was 40 percent and only 60 percent of primary-school-age children were in school.
Only 7 percent of children were enrolled at the secondary level. Since the peace treaties
were signed, these numbers have begun increasing, but the destruction of many school
buildings and a lack of trained and educated teachers have left the country with a
problem that will not be soon eradicated.
36
2.6.3 Higher Education.
There are three institutes of higher education that enrolled a total of seven thousand
students in 1995. Eduardo Mondlane in Maputo is the only university. All students at the
Universidade Eduardo Mondlane are full-time, contact students, and there are no
distance or part-time students. In 2006 the majority (14,141) are national citizens and the
remainder (58) are international students from outside of the Southern-African region.
2.7 Religion and Belief
Religion is an organized collection of beliefs, cultural systems, and world views that relate
humanity to an order of existence. Many religions have narratives, symbols, and sacred
histories that are intended to explain the meaning of life and/or to explain the origin of life or the
Universe. From their beliefs about the cosmos and human nature, people derive morality,
ethics, religious laws or a preferred lifestyle.
2.7.1 Religious Beliefs.
The native religion is animism. Arab traders brought Islam to the area, and the
Portuguese brought Christianity. Historically, the introduction of Christianity by both
Catholic and Protestant missionaries was a mixed blessing. While their teachings
conflicted with the traditional way of life, they offered Mozambicans access to healthcare
and an education, as the colonial Portuguese government did not provide those things.
Today the constitution ensures religious freedom and separation of church and state.
However, when Frelimo took power, it expressed hostility toward Roman Catholicism,
viewing it as a Portuguese tool of oppression. Twenty to 30 percent of the population is
Christian, and 10 percent follows Islam; Islam is most prevalent near the northern coast.
Many people who adhere to Christianity or Islam still practice traditional religion. About
twothirds of the population follows animist rituals and customs. The traditional belief
system places a high importance on a connection with one's ancestors as well as with
the spirit world.
37
2.7.2 Religious Practitioners.
The animism practiced in Mozambique includes sorcerers, wise men and women, and
witch doctors or traditional healers, who are capable of communicating with spirits and
act as go-betweens for the rest of the people. The healers are well versed in the
medicinal uses of local plants as well as spiritual healing.
2.7.3 Rituals and Holy Places.
Many animist rituals involve music and dance. For example, Makonde men perform a
dance that involves large masks called mapicos. The masks are carved in secret, and
represent demons; women are not allowed to touch them. The dance, which is
performed to the accompaniment of drums and wind instruments, enacts a repeated
attack on villagers by the demons and is a ritual that lasts for many hours.
2.8 Foods and Economy
2.8.1 Food in Daily Life.
Most of the crops originally cultivated in the region have been supplanted by European
imports. The exception is millet, a grain that sometimes is made into beer. The diet of
rural residents is based on the cassava root, which is called mandioca in Portuguese. Its
importance is testified to by its name, which translates as "the all-sufficient." This
malleable food source can be baked, dried in the sun, or mashed with water to form a
porridge. In its most common form, it is ground into a coarse flour along with corn and
then mixed with cassava leaves and water. The resulting dough is served in calabashes.
Corn is the other staple food; both corn and cassava were introduced from the Americas
by the Portuguese. Cashews, pineapple, and peanuts, which are other important foods,
found their way to Mozambique in the same way.
Along the coast, the cuisine is more varied and Portuguese-influenced than it is in inland
areas. The diet there includes more fruit and rice as well as seafood dishes such as
macaza (grilled shellfish kabobs), bacalhão (dried salted cod) and chocos (squid cooked
38
in its own ink). Food is seasoned with peppers, onions, and coconut. Palm wine (shema)
is a popular drink.
2.8.2 Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions.
Food is a part of many celebrations. It is customary to serve a meal at parties, rituals,

and other social gatherings. For the poor (who are the vast majority of the population),
while ceremonial occasions often entail large feasts, the food served is the same as
what is eaten every day.
2.8.3 Basic Economy.
The gross national product has nearly no growth rate and is one of the lowest in the
world. Although only 5 percent of the land is arable, 80 percent of the people work in
agriculture. The farming techniques are primitive, involving few tools and work animals.
After independence, many farms were organized on the basis of Chinese and Cuban
models; however, with the changes imposed by the International Monetary Fund in the
late 1980s, a system of decentralization and private ownership was introduced. The
main crops cultivated are corn, cassava, coconuts, peanuts, cotton, sugar, and cashews.
However, the nation cannot meet its food needs, particularly for corn, and must import
large quantities of food. Mozambique's currency is the metical .
2.8.4 Land Tenure and Property.
There is no tradition of private land ownership. Land belongs to the community rather
than to any individual. When the country won independence, the socialist Frelimo
government took over ownership of all the land from the Portuguese and encouraged
villagers to farm collectively, according to their traditions.
39
3.0 THE ECONOMIC AND LIVELIHOOD ISSUES AND PROBLEMS FACED BY THE
POPULATION
3.1 Economic And Livelihood Background
In 1987, due to the prolonged civil war and inadequate economic policies, Mozambique
was ranked the world's poorest country because of economic collapse. The economy
had stagnated to the point that private foreign investment was nearly impossible to
obtain. The United Nations raised $330 million dollars of emergency assistance.
In 1994 Chissano was elected President in Mozambique's first successful democratic

elections. Chissano and his government implemented free-market economic policies,
which gave the private sector a more predominant role in Mozambique's economy. The
economy of Mozambique has developed since the end of the Mozambican Civil War
(year 1977–1992), but the country is still one of the world's poorest and most
underdeveloped.
Today, the economy of Mozambique continues to be dominated by agriculture. Export

partners include Spain, South Africa, Portugal, the United States, Japan, Malawi, India,
and Zimbabwe. Imports, such as farm equipment and transport equipment, are capital
goods that are worth more than agricultural products. The main agricultural products of
Mozambique are cotton, cashew nuts, sugar cane, tea, cassava (tapioca), corn,
coconuts, sisal, citrus and tropical fruits, potatoes, sunflowers, beef and poultry.
The country also imports food, clothing, and petroleum products. Import partners include
South Africa, Zimbabwe, Saudi Arabia, Portugal, the United States, Japan, and India.
Farming is their main source of food and income, but agricultural productivity is low.
Farmers and fishers generally make enough to meet their households‘ basic food
requirements, with a small surplus for sale in some cases. Incomes from both farming
and fishing are meagre, and most of the rural population survives at subsistence level.
40
Figure: agriculture activities in Mozambique
Table 3.1 Background of Economic and Population
Item Indicator (Year 2012)

1. Population 2012 estimate 23,929,708
2. Population Growth 1.8% per year
3. Life Expectancy at Birth 41.4 years
4. Fertility Rate 5.1 children/woman
5. Labour force by occupation Agriculture (77%)

(2012 est.) Industry (8%)
Services (15%)
6. GDP by Sector Agriculture (29.5%)

(2012 est.) Industry (23.9%)
Services (46.5%)
7. GDP growth 7.5% (2012) growth to 8.5% in 2013 and 8% in 2014.
8. Main industries Aluminium, coal, petroleum products, chemicals

(fertilizer, soap, paint) cement, asbestos, glass,
textiles and food processing
Sources: www//http: Mozambique, Africa 2012 – 2013
41
Photo of Maputo City
In Mozambique, agriculture is the mainstay of the economy and the country has a great
potential for growth in the sector. Agriculture employs more than 77 percent of the labour
force and provides livelihoods to the vast majority of over 23 million inhabitants.
Agriculture contributed 29.5 percent of the GDP in 2012, while commerce and services
accounted for 46.5 percent. By contrast, 29.5 percent of the total export value in 2012
originated from the agriculture sector, mostly through the export of fish (mainly shrimps
and prawns), timber, copra, cashew nuts and citrus, cotton, coconuts, tea and tobacco.
Mozambique is endowed with rich and extensive natural resources. The country's
economy is based largely on agriculture, but with industry, mainly food and beverages,
chemical manufacturing, aluminum and petroleum production, is growing. The country's
tourism sector is also growing.
South Africa is Mozambique's main trading partner and source of foreign direct
investment. Portugal, Brazil, Spain and Belgium are also among the country's most
important economic partners. Since 2001, Mozambique's annual average GDP growth
has been among the world‘s highest. However, the country ranks among the lowest in
GDP per capita, human development, measures of inequality, and average life
expectancy.
42
Table 3.2 Macroeconomic Indicators in Mozambique
Item Indicator 2010 2011 2012 2013

1. Real GDP Growth 6.8 7.2 7.5 7.9
2. Real GDP per Capita Growth 4.5 5 5.2 5.6
3. CPI Inflation 12.7 10.8 7.2 5.6
4. Budget Balance % GDP -4 -3.3 -6.8 -7.4
5. Current Account % GDP -12.1 -25.6 -25.5 -20
Source: Report of African Economic Outlook 2012
3.2 The Economic And Livelihood Issues
3.2.1 Mozambique is one of The World’s Poorest Countries.
Despite more than a decade of sustained high economic growth, Mozambique‘s

economy did not undergo any significant structural change, limiting its capacity to
sustainably reduce poverty and foster human development, still one of the lowest in the
world. Most people‘s nations suffer from military dictatorships, corruption, civil unrest and
war, underdevelopment and deep poverty. Numerous development strategies have
failed to yield the expected results.
3.2.2 Live in Rural Areas
Poverty is still predominantly a rural phenomenon in Mozambique. More than 70 - 80 per

cent of poor households live in rural areas. (World Bank, 2010).
Mozambique is one of the world's poorest countries, despite encouraging development

efforts made in recent years. Poverty is greatest in rural areas, where 95% of the
population is dependent on agriculture. More than 80% of poor households live in rural
areas; and the vast majority still lives on less than US$1 a day, and lacks basic services
such as access to schools, health facilities and clean water.
43
The majority of families in these areas rely solely on rain-fed crops for their living and
food and are extremely vulnerable to floods, drought and crop diseases. HIV/AIDS is
dealing severe blows to rural livelihoods as well. Although the country has made
progress in increasing access to education, the quality of schooling is low.
3.2.3 Rural Poverty in Mozambique
Mozambique is one of the world‘s poorest countries. Despite its impressive economic
growth rates and the encouraging development progress made by the government in
recent years, poverty continues to be severe and widespread. According to the national
household survey conducted in year 2008 to 2009, the number of Mozambicans living in
absolute poverty had been reduced to 54 per cent from 70 per cent in 2001. However,
the vast majority of the rural population still lives on less than US$1.25 a day and lacks
basic services such as access to safe water, health facilities and schools.
Table 4.3 Percentage of Poverty of Mozambique line in Year 2001 and 2008
No. Year Percentage (%)

1. 2001 70%
2. 2008 54%
Source: Report of African Economic Outlook 2012
In Year 2008, 54% of population below the poverty line and in year 2001, 70% of the
population below the poverty line. Rural poverty is marked by isolation of people from
physical aspect, inadequate infrastructure and the consequent lack of access to good
and services.
44
3.2.4 Labor Force by Occupation and GDP by Sector
Table 4.4 GDP and Labor Force

No. Item Sectors
1. Labour force by occupation Agriculture (77%)
(2012 est) Industry (8%)
Services (15%)
2. GDP by Sector GDP growth Agriculture (29.5%)
Main industries (2012 est) Industry (23.9%)
Services (46.5%)
Sources : http//:www.mozambique.com
Refer to table of labour force by occupation and GDP by sector as we can see that
agriculture are 77% but GDP by sector growth main industries for agriculture sector are
only 29.5%. These phenomena happen because agriculture sector still very low
productivity, lack of new sciences and technologies used in agriculture field.
For services sector in labour forces by occupation are very low which 15% only but can
contribute highest GDP for main industries 46.5%. From these figure shown that
services sector is very important in Mozambique.
3.2.5 Labour Force
In Mozambique 80% of the workforce has not completed upper primary school and only
13% completed secondary school. The skills profile poses serious challenges to the
country in terms of improving productivity and employability of the labour force. In
Mozambique also lack of local employment opportunities and objective requirements to
qualify for certain jobs.
3.2.6 Lack of Appropriate Technologies and Supports
The country‘s low agricultural productivity is the result of a lack of appropriate

technologies and supports. In addition, produce markets are generally distant, unreliable
and uncompetitive for small holder farmers, who depend on traditional farming methods,
low-yield seed varieties and manual cultivation techniques. Alternative sources of
45
income outside agriculture are few. In times of scarcity, poor rural people have little to
buffer them from food insecurity. Alternative sources of income outside agriculture are
few. Poor rural people have little to buffer them from food insecurity.
A lack of modern equipment and skills in agriculture fields, for example, Mozambican
use traditional tools to do agriculture work, so that its cant produces good result and still
low productivity.
3.2.7 Small-Scale Fishers in Mozambique
There are approximately 280,000 small-scale fishers in Mozambique. Some of these

pressures stem from the fisheries sector itself as more people take up artisanal fishing,
new technologies increase the impact of fisheries‘ activities, and illegal fishing practices
undermine governance efforts. Increasingly, however, fisheries also face pressures that
stem from other sectors of the economy.
Mozambique is in a period of rapid transition. Since the end of civil war in 1992 sound
governance, infrastructure investments and support from the donor community have
helped to boost commerce and tourism.
However, it is the recent discovery of significant reserves of gas and coal which has
contributed most to Mozambique‘s position as one of the 10 fastest-growing economies
in the world from year 2001 to 2010. Not withstanding the high levels of investment and
exceptional growth rates, the majority of Mozambicans remain highly dependent on
natural ecosystems to support their livelihoods. The small-scale fisheries sector in
Mozambique in the context of a rapidly transforming economy boosted by rapid growth
in the extractive industries as well as other sectors, such as tourism.
As conservation and tourism efforts gain momentum there are new limitations on fishing
grounds, exploitation of mineral resources may damage fragile ecosystems, climate
change poses a range of geophysical and biological risks, and even the development of
roads and access to growing urban centres can make it easier for fishers to pursue
unsustainable catch levels. The report investigates how the sustainability and prosperity
46
of small-scale fisheries may be ensured in the midst of Mozambique‘s rapid economic

changes.
The issues outlined in the report are of relevance to a number of African states that rely
on marine and freshwater ecosystems to support extensive small-scale fisheries. Africa‘s
population is growing faster than any other global region, while numerous national
economies are experiencing rapid economic growth, in many cases driven by the
expansion of extractive industries. Moreover, African countries are particularly
vulnerable to climate change impacts owing to their significant exposure to climate
variation as well as relatively low adaptive capacity.
Through investigating the challenges faced by Mozambique in managing its small-scale

fisheries sector, the report aims to develop a framework that may assist African
policymakers in addressing both the internal and external challenges that face the sector
in the context of the rapidly shifting social, economic and political dynamics on the
continent.
The pressure is mounting: Mozambique's shallow coastal waters have been over-fished,
its population - 40 percent of whom live on less than one US dollar a day - is growing at
2.4 percent annually, and traditional fishing techniques can no longer compete in a
globalised fishing world.
A lack of modern equipment and skills has left an estimated 90,000 small-scale
fishermen, who provide directly for 50,000 families, unable to access deep-water species
or make the best of diminishing coastal stocks
3.3 Unsustainable Living Environment
3.3.1 Loss of Natural Habitat
About 80% of Mozambique‘s population live in rural areas and depend on wood for
cooking and for heating of water for domestic use, space heating and drying of
foodstuffs. This reliance on trees could spell disaster should population levels rise.
47
Mangroves are being removed and converted into rice farms and salt pans, aquaculture
and housing. Further offshore, corals are subjected to destructive fishing practices (e.g.
use of fine meshes nets and dynamite).
3.3.2 Lack of Long Term Planning, Poor Site Management, Poor Waste and Water
Management
Lack of long term planning, poor site management, poor waste and water management
and little appliance of reusable energy sources. By only employing a few local people, a
company does not necessarily help sustain, train or empower the local community.
Government capacity is weak, as a result of the weak educational and skills

infrastructure, bureaucratic procedures and poor incentives in the public sector. There is
a particular gap at middle management level, and also in front-line personnel (e.g. health
and education workers) at local level, many of whom have little training or support and
no resources.
The proliferation of international agencies during the war and its immediate aftermath
also undermined government institutional structures. Current processes of public sector
reform and decentralisation aiming to improve service delivery must ensure that women,
especially at community and district levels, are given opportunities to upgrade their skills.
3.3.3 Women are Particularly Disadvantaged
Within rural communities in Mozambique, women are particularly disadvantaged. They

have considerably less access to education than men and, therefore, fewer skills. Health
care is inadequate, and the number of women who die in childbirth is high.
Most rural women work in agriculture and play a crucial role in growing food crops and
generating income for their families. Yet they have little access to, or control over,
productive resources. Although the 1997 Land Law affirms that women should enjoy
equal access to land, many women are unaware of their legal rights and those rights are
not enforced in practice. At the same time, the number of women who head their
48
households is rising rapidly. These women have limited land to farm and limited food
security, and are highly vulnerable.
3.3.4 Corruption
Mozambique's economy has been shaken by a number of corruption scandals. In July

2011, the government proposed new anti-corruption laws to criminalise embezzlement,
influence peddling and graft, following numerous instances of theft of public money. This
has been endorsed by the country's Council of Ministers. Mozambique has convicted
two former ministers for graft in the past two years.
Mozambique was ranked 116 of 178 countries in anti-graft watchdog Transparency

International's latest index of global corruption. According to a USAID report written in
2005, ―the scale and scope of corruption in Mozambique are cause for alarm.
In March 2012, the government of the southern Mozambican province of Inhumane

uncovered the misappropriation of public funds by the director of the Provincial Anti-
Drugs Office, Calisto Alberto Tomo. He was found to have colluded with the accountant
in the Anti-Drugs Office, Recalda Guambe, to steal over 260,000 medicals between
2008 and 2010.
49
4.0 THE EFFORTS OF THE LEADERS OF THE COUNTRY TO UPLIFT THE WELL-
BEING OF THE PEOPLE
4.1 Definition
Meaning The Leaders is the person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country.
"the leader of a protest group"; "the leader of the Democratic Party―. Synonyms as chief, head,
principal, boss. A person who rules or guides or inspires others and also called the politician.
Besides that a leader is an engaged in civil administration.
It is also meaning a member of the government officially responsible for initiating business in
Parliament. Leader is an organization or company that is the most advanced or successful in a
particular area.
A politician, political leader, or political figure (from Classical Greek "polis") is a person who is
involved in influencing public policy and decision making. This includes people who hold
decision-making positions in government, and people who seek those positions, whether by
means of election, inheritance, appointment, electoral fraud, conquest, divine right, or other
means.
Heywood‘s definition: ―Politics, in its broadest sense, is the activity through which people make,
preserve, and amend the general rules under which they live.
Denhardt establishes that the more contemporary and futrue leader will be the one who:
i. Helps the group or organization understand its needs and potential.

ii. Integrates and articulates the group‘s vision
iii. Acts as a trigger or stimulus for group action.
The president is both chief of state and head of the government and is elected for a five-year
term, with a maximum limit of three terms. Leadership and Political Officials. While Mozambique
is officially a multiparty democracy, the government is still dominated by the two main parties,
Frelimo and Renamo.
50
Both Frelimo and Renamo took their leaders from workers in the independence movement.
While there are varying levels of education among politicians, almost all have studied abroad in
Portugal or other European countries.
4.2 Pro Poor Development
Pro Poor Development is is most poverty reduction strategies acknowledge the importance of
growth. Many of the could be improved by clearer analysis of the sources. It is also growth and
of the links between growth and poverty reduction.
Pro-poor is also refer to developing a shared understanding of what we mean by pro-poor

growth is important for improving such analysis and for clarifying dialogue with policy-makers.
Which is also what the decision maker efforts of the country to uplift the well-being of the
people.
The framework for pro-poor development.
i. Goals
a. Pro-poor growth
b. Increased wellbeing
c. Human ringhts
d. Environmental sustainability
ii. Policies Levels

a. Policies targeting the poor
b. Policies targeting those who are not poor but can promote the above goals
c. An enabling environment which ensures that
- Policies are mainstreamed and the benefits of
- Policies go disproportionately to the poor
iii. Underlying Principles

a. Participation
b. Inclusion
c. Equity
51
d. Transparency
e. Accountability
Source: Mayouk, L, Freamework For Pro-Poor Development, December 26, 2010 from
http://www.lindaswebs.org.uk/Page1 Development/PropoorDevelopment/ProPoorDevelopment.htm
Growth and the poor is higher rates of growth usually result in more rapid poverty reduction,
especially over period of a decade or more.
Pro-poor growth have two main approaches to defining pro-poor growth. Absolute Definition
considers only the incomes of poor people. Judged by how fast on everage the income of the
poor are rising. It is closely related to the speed at which absolute poverty is reduced. If the
rate of pro-poor growth accelerates, then all standard measure of income poverty fall faster. For
examples the extent of poverty and the dept of poverty.
Mean while relative definition is compares changes in the income of the poor with changes in
the incomes of people who are not poor. Growth is ‗pro-poor‘ if the incomes of poor people
grow faster than those of the population as a whole = income inequality must fall
.
4.3 Structure of the Plan Of Action to Reduce Poverty – PARP (2011-2014)
The Poverty Reduction Action Plan (PARP) 2011-2014 is the medium-term strategy of the
Government of Mozambique for putting into operation the Five-Year Government Program
(2010-2014), focused on the objective of combating poverty and promoting a culture of work,
with a view to achieving inclusive economic growth and reducing poverty and vulnerability in the
country.
The PARP 2011-2014 represents the continuation of the PARPA II, which was implemented
with a timeframe of 2006-2009, extended to 2010, and had as its principal goal to reduce the
incidence of food poverty from the current level of 54.7 percent to 42 percent by 2014. This
medium-term instrument is part of the National Planning System (SNP) and is aligned with the
vision of Agenda 2025, designed to help achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). In
this connection, the Medium-Term Fiscal. Framework 2010-2014 (CFMP) will reflect the
52
budgetary allocation for PARP objectives, which will be pursued each year through the
Economic and Social Plan and the State Budget.
Poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon, and combating poverty goes well beyond a simple
discussion of the underlying characteristics of absolute poverty. Rather, it is an issue that needs
to be addressed from a broader perspective, reflecting the fact that ―individuals, families and
communities lack the capacity or the opportunity to gain access to minimum living conditions
according to the basic standards of society.
53
STRUCTURE OF THE PLAN OF ACTION TO REDUCE POVERTY – PARP (2011-2014)

POLICIES AND INSTRUMENTS FOR THE PROMOTION OF GENDER EQUALITY IN
MOZAMBIQUE
This is a framework the leader prepare for the government.
GENDER POLICY
CONSTITUTION OF THE
AND
REPUBLIC IMPLEMENTATION
STRATEGY
2025
MDG,S NATIONAL PLAN
AGENDA FOR THE
EMPOWERMENT
OF WOMEN
FIVE-YEAR PROGRAM OF THE

GOVERNMENT NATIONAL PLAN
FOR PREVENTION
Note: AND COMBAT
Millennium VIOLENCE
Development Goals
AGAINST WOMEN
(MDGs)
GENDER
STRATEGY OF THE
PARP + MTEF (CFMP) PUBLIC SECTOR
LOCAL LAW OF
Note: Portuguese acronym Note:
for the country’s poverty THE STATE
Medium-Term
reduction strategy (PARP) Expenditure
Framework SECTORS
SECTORAL
PROGRAMS STRATEGIES FOR
THE PROMOTION OF
GENDER EQUALITY
ESP + BUDGET
Note: Extended Service Plan
SECTORS ACTIONS/ACTIVITIES BUDGET
Source: Ministry of Planning and Development, Public Finance Management Reform-Opportunity for
consolidating Gender Responsive Budgeting (GRB) in Mozambique, 2011
54
Poverty reduction strategies acknowledge the importance of growth. The framework for pro-
poor development to achieve poverty reduction.
In September 2006, the government formally approved its revised Action Plan for Reducing
Absolute Poverty (Portuguese acronym PARPA; the Mozambican Poverty Reduction Strategy
Paper). The revised PARPA 2005–09 is referred to as PARPA II for the remainder of the Joint
Staff Advisory Note (JSAN).
PARPA II was prepared by the government through broad-based consultations with major
stakeholders and civil society in a more participatory approach than PARPA I, involving four
national and ten provincial Poverty Observatories. It is built on the experience of PARPA I
including the PRSP Annual Progress Report (BdPES), or Balanço do PES in Portuguese)
presented to the Executive Boards of Directors of the International Development Association
(IDA) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in June 2005, along with the Joint Staff
Advisory Note (JSAN).
The BdPES is also submitted to Parliament. Other background documents include the following
government documents submitted to the national assembly. The budget execution report for
2005, the medium-term fiscal scenario (CFMP), and the state budget (OE). The government
and the direct budget support donors annually review the past year‘s implementation in April,
and agree on new commitments four weeks later. In September, a joint Mid-Year Review
agrees on the performance indicators and targets for the following year. These reviews lead to
an aide-mémoire that complement the BdPES and the PES. The most recent aide-mémoire
(September 2006) was used as background for this JSAN.
55
PARPA II is the operational plan for the government‘s Five Year Program (2005–09) and for the
first time includes a strategic matrix of key indicators, a joint effort by the government, donors
and civil society.
hese indicators will be fully integrated into and monitored through the annual instruments of the
Economic and Social Plan (PES in Portuguese) and BdPES. This planning and monitoring
process, a good practice innovation, will be a key issue for implementation.
4.4 The Priority Areas For Public Policy To Sustain Growth And Poverty Reduction,
And Improve Service Delivery Are Arranged Under Three Pillars
While maintaining its commitment to improve quality and access to social services, PARPA II
recognizes that the ―rapid, sustainable and broad-based growth‖ warrants more emphasis on
the growth of the productive sectors with a more active role of the private sector. This strategy is
reflected in a pillar approach based on the Five Year Government Program in contrast to the
sectoral approach used in PARPA I. Staffs welcome this shift, which ensures consistency with
the principal policy framework of the government and provides a more holistic view of
development, enabling the building of synergies within each pillar and cross-cutting themes.
In addition, a special role is provided to districts as the focus of development while small and
medium enterprises (SMEs) form the engine of employment generation, facilitating a shift from
the informal to the formal sector. There is also a clear recognition of the challenges related to
HIV/AIDS with a credible strategy for accelerating the national response to the AIDS pandemic.
Overall, the priority areas for public policy to sustain growth and poverty reduction, and improve
service delivery are arranged under three pillars:
i. Economic Development;
ii. Human Capital; And
iii. Governance.
Source: International Monetary Fund, Republic
Chart: Improve Service Delivery Are Arranged Under Three Pillars
56
Action Plan
Governance
Economy has been growing
Economic
Development
Human Capital
Social Sector, Health Sector include

treatement HIV dan fight HIV/AIDS
Source: The International Monetary Fund And The International Development Association Republic Of
Mozambique, Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper—Joint Staff Advisory Note Approved by
David Nellor and Anthony Boote (IMF) and Gobind Nankani (IDA) November 14, 2006
57
4.4.1 Building Human Capital
Substantial progress was made in the social sectors under PARPA I, partly due
to the increased resources made available as a result of the Heavily Indebted Poor County
(HIPC) initiative. Noteworthy achievements include the doubled primary
enrolment rate, a significant fall in maternal and infant mortalities, and a free provision of ARV
treatments for HIV infection. However, the lack of progress in rural water supply and sanitation
remain a concern.
Overall, the approach laid out for the education, health and water sectors in PARPA II is
considered of good quality and consistent with the sectoral priorities and with achieving the
MDG targets. Following the completion of the education sector strategic plan (Strategic
Education and Culture Plan, or PEEC), the health and water resources management strategies
need to be finalized to realize the envisaged targets, including provision of quality sustainable
water and sanitation services in smaller cities and towns.
PARPA II is found to be a credible strategy for accelerating the national response to the AIDS
pandemic within the framework of the National Strategic Plan to Fight HIV/AIDS (PEN II 2005–
09). In particular, there is a good analysis of the impact of HIV/AIDS on women. However, the
mainstreaming of gender issues in the health section is weak, as is the question of vulnerability
of younger women with regard to HIV and the practice of parallel sexual relationships in the
spread of HIV/AIDS.
4.4.2 Economic Development
This pillar plays an important role in supporting the objectives of increasing agricultural and
fisheries production and productivity and promoting employment through: (i) maintaining
macroeconomic stability; (ii) improving the business climate; (iii) making fiscal management
more effective and efficient in order to ensure adequate levels of public investment to support
sustainable socioeconomic development
The PARP 2011-2014 has as its primary goal to reduce the incidence of poverty from 54.7
percent in 2009 to 42 percent in 2014, with a deliberate decision that government action must
58
first of all promote "pro-poor" growth. In the Mozambique context, this "broad-based" growth
can be achieved through investment in agriculture of the kind that will boost the productivity of
the family sector and diversify the economy, creating jobs and linkages between foreign
investment and the local economy, supporting micro, small and medium sized enterprises, and
fostering human and social development. Such economic growth will simultaneously reduce
food insecurity and chronic child malnutrition, while strengthening defence mechanisms against
endemic diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria.
The challenges in the monetary sector are: to monitor implementation of exchange regulations,
one of the key instruments for improving the country's external position; to continue to
encourage the expansion of financial services throughout the country, bearing in mind the need
to boost financial savings and thereby promote investment and economic growth; to guarantee
an efficient and modern national payments system, by establishing modern and universally used
technical systems and means; to manage external reserves on the basis of sound practices,
diversifying the portfolio, exploring new markets with appreciable rates of return and products of
lower risk.
In terms of government revenues, the great challenge is to keep them growing at an annual rate
of at least 0.5 percent of GDP. There should be a greater contribution in this regard from large-
scale undertakings engaged in natural resource exploitation and from public-private
partnerships and concessions. At the same time, pursuant to the policy of providing the basic
infrastructure needed for economic development, the country will need to line up grants and
contract concessional loans to finance the budget deficit.
4.4.3 Governance
In combating poverty, the government recognizes the need to deliver high-quality public
services, swiftly and across-the-board, in order to meet the basic needs of the citizenry and of
economic agents. With the progressive decentralization of decision-making powers and funding
to the level of the district, administrative post and municipality (autarquia), services have been
brought closer to the people, while strengthening citizen participation in government activity at
the local level. At the same time the government seeks to guarantee the fundamental rights,
freedoms and guarantees of the citizens, and to contribute to social harmony and to
59
strengthening democratic institutions and the rule of law, fostering a culture of integrity,
impartiality, transparency, efficiency and effectiveness in the delivery of public services.
The government has defined the following priorities in this context: to improve the accessibility
and quality of public services delivered to the citizens throughout the country; to combat
corruption in public institutions; to pursue decentralization and local governance; and to
consolidate the democratic rule of law.
Graph: Percentage of Poor People
Percentage of Poor People
80.00%
69.4%
70.00%
54.1%
60.00%
50.00%
1997
40.00%
30.00%
2003
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
1997 2003
Source: Keynote Address: H.E. Dr.Luísa Dias Diogo, Prime Minister of the Republic of Mozambique
to the 30th Session of IFAD's Governing Counci
60
The Mozambican economy has been growing at a rate slightly higher than 7% a year with
significant impact on the population well-being. The proportion of poor people in total
population reduced from 69.4% in 1997 to 54.1% in 2003.
Not withstanding this result and the positive projections that indicate that rate of growth will be
maintained up to 2014, the demographic data does not follow the same trend.
OVERVIEW OF GENDER ISSUES IN MEDIUM-TERM PLANNING AND BUDGETING

INSTRUMENTS – PQG [Programa Quinquenal do Governo (Government’s Five-Year
Plan)]
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES PRIORITY ACTIONS
Combat all manifestations of discrimination and Develop capacity building activities on gender and
exclusion based on differences in culture, leadership, participation in policy, planning and
ethnicity, gender, race, religion, region of origin budgeting from the perspective of gender and good
and political affiliation; governance for women at all levels;
Promote gender equality by raising women's Adopt and operationalize the 3rd National Plan of
status and participation in political, economic and Action for the Advancement of Women;
social development;
Promote the dissemination of legislation and Promote training on planning and budgeting from a
operational strategies to support women in order gender perspective for key actors within
to ensure social justice, equal rights and government institutions and civil society;
opportunities between men and women in society
and before the law.
Create and operationalize the District Councils for

the Advancement of Women;
Promote and develop actions to raise awareness of
women's participation in all spheres of national life;
Develop and implement a mechanism for
monitoring and evaluating progress and impact of
gender related actions.
Source: Ministry of Planning and Development, Public Finance Management Reform-Opportunity for
consolidating Gender Responsive Budgeting (GRB) in Mozambique, 2011
61
STRUCTURE OF THE PLAN OF ACTION TO REDUCE POVERTY – PARP (2011- 2014)
To achieve the objective of inclusive economic growth for reducing poverty, the government has
defined general objectives, to which government efforts will be directed. These are:
(i) To increase output and productivity in the agriculture and fisheries sectors;
(ii) To promote employment; and
(iii) To foster human and social development, while maintaining a joint focus on Governance
and
(v) Macroeconomic affairs and fiscal management.
The general objectives reflect the intersectoral approach, and are designed in an integrated
manner, representing priorities, strategic objectives and priority actions in which different
institutions contribute in a coordinated way to achievement of the overall objective.
In this context Mozambique is the country's current socioeconomic situation, the challenges
facing the strategy for achieving inclusive economic growth for reducing poverty, a description of
the general objectives and support pillars, and their respective priorities. To ensure that these
priorities are respected, the document presents a projected allocation of resources over the
timeframe of the plan.
STRATEGIC ORIENTATION FOR POVERTY REDUCTION
In order to achieve the global objective of the PARP, three general objectives are essential.
Increasing agricultural and fisheries production and productivity, with the attendant impact on
food supply, is a determining factor for reducing the incidence of poverty, and plays an
important role as a source of income for around 80 percent of the country's population.
Inaddition, there is a need to promote decent employment, as a way of facilitating and

developing micro, small and medium-sized enterprises. Mozambique needs educated and
healthy citizens in order to boost agricultural output and productivity and to create more jobs.
Access to quality health and education services as well as to social security programs that will
62
protect the most vulnerable members of society is indispensable for a strong and welltrained
labor force.
These objectives are coupled with the need to promote human and social development as a
prerequisite and vital goal in its own right. These three strategic objectives are interlinked, and
achieving them will depend at once on a stable and competitive macroeconomic framework,
efficient and effective fiscal management, and transparent, honest and fair governance. The
relationship between these objectives is illustrated in the following diagram, which reflects the
vision of the PARP 2011-2014.
The objectives below highlight the importance of ensuring greater coordination, coherence and
consistency among policies and strategies and making the various sector strategies work
together as a cohesive whole.
63
The framework for pro-poor development is how to achive the objective of inclusive economic
growth and Poverty Reduction.
Inclusive Economic Growth and

Poverty Reduction
1.
Increased 3.
2. Human and
Production and
Employment Social
Productivity for
Promotion Development
Agricultural
and Fisheries
Cross-cutting issues(Gender,
Rural Development,
Environment, Food and
Nutritional Security, Science
and Technology and Mine
Clearance)
Macroeconomic
Management and Public Good Governance
Finance
Source: International Monetary Fund, Republic of Mozambique: Poverty Reduction Action Plan PARP
2011-2014 , 2011
64
OVERVIEW OF POVERTY REDUCTION ACTION PLAN (PARP)2011-2014
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES OF
PRIORITY ACTIONS
PARP
Increased Production and Increase the quality and coverage of public and
Productivity for Agricultural and private extension, taking into account gender
Fisheries equity
Promote special credit and guarantee funds to

Employment Promotion
support small producers and economic agents
Strengthening actions for increasing access of

pregnant women for institutional delivery
Human and Social Development
Establish integrated services to prevent and
respond to violence against women
To promote income –generating activities with

particular focus on women
Source: International Monetary Fund, Republic of Mozambique: Poverty Reduction Action

Plan PARP 2011-2014 , 2011
For example social Problems and Control. Crime is a growing problem, particularly in the cities,
which have been flooded with poor unemployed men from the countryside seeking work.
65
GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF THE PARP
a. General objective 1: boost production and productivity in agriculture and fisheries
Priority 1. Improve and expand access to factors of production

Strategic objectives:
- Strengthen the capacity of the research services to develop food production
technologies suited to the country's agro-ecological characteristics
- Increase production and improve access to inputs
- Promote producers' associations and cooperatives to create economies of scale in the
use of infrastructure, services and inputs
- Use public and private investment to promote the expansion of infrastructure in areas
with productive potential
- Expand and facilitate access to mechanized and animal traction
- Guarantee access to natural resources
Priority 2. Facilitate market access

- Improve and expand infrastructure and transportation services
- Improve post-harvest and post-catch management
- Promote the agro-processing industry to take advantage of local resources
- Facilitate access to financial services in rural areas, ensuring better scope for women
Priority 3. Improve the sustainable management of natural resources (land, water,

fisheries and forests)
- Improve regional planning and land management mechanisms
- Adopt measures to reduce disaster risks and to adapt to climate change
b) General objective 2: Promote employment
This objective seeks to promote employment for citizens through multisector actions that will
improve the business climate so as to attract investments and stimulate micro-enterprises and
SMEs, leverage the employability of the workforce, and boost their role in facilitating linkages
between employment supply and demand. This approach will also involve measures to improve
66
the occupational prospects of target groups such as women and youth, persons with disabilities,
and persons infected with or affected by HIV/AIDS.
To achieve the employment promotion objective, three priorities have been identified:
encourage the creation of employment; improve people's employability; and facilitate linkages
between employment supply and demand.
Priority 1. Stimulate the creation of employment

- Create an environment favorable to the creation and development of MSMEs and the
attraction of domestic and foreign investment into labor-intensive industries
- Ensure comprehensive access to credit and to services for the support and development
of MSMEs
- Promote labor-intensive industries
- Promote linkages between small and big firms, with particular emphasis on
megaprojects
- Encourage labor-intensive public works that will offer temporary low-cost jobs in areas
such as construction and local infrastructure maintenance
Priority 2. Improve people's employability

- Improve the quality and opportunities for public and private vocational training in the
urban and rural informal sectors
- Align vocational training with the needs of emerging industries in strategic sectors
- Recognize previous learning acquired outside the formal vocational education systems
Priority 3. Facilitate linkages between employment supply and demand

- Reduce information asymmetries between employment supply and demand
- Improve dialogue between the public and private sectors on employment and business
trends
- Improve the quality, frequency and relevance of information on the labor market and
developments in the business sector
67
c) General objective 3: Human and social development

Priority 1. Availability and quality of social services
- Promote equity in access to health care, with special attention to health and nutrition for
women, children and other vulnerable groups
- Improve human resource management, making services more "humanized" with the
emphasis on providing quality care and meeting user needs
- Universal access to seven years of primary education, of sufficient quality to ensure the
learning of basic skills
- Expand access for youth and adults to literacy and life skills programs, by consolidating
and harmonizing the activities of various partners
- Expand opportunities for youth and adults to develop meaningful and useful life skills,
with a focus on post-primary (secondary, technical and higher) education
Priority 2. Basic Social Security

- Expand the coverage and impact of Direct Social Action Programs, contributing to
economic and nutritional security for the most vulnerable groups
- Enhance the operational efficiency and transparency of the sector, by developing better
operating systems and securing greater coordination and harmonization among the
various components
- Ensure access to supplementary assistance services for the most vulnerable groups
- Develop and implement mechanisms to give the most vulnerable groups access to the
education and health systems through the respective social action programs (Acção
Social Escolar and Acção Social Saude).
- Design and implement a National Program for Productive Social Action in response to
chronic food insecurity and vulnerability to climatic shocks, price fluctuations, and the
seasonal variability of agricultural production
Priority 3. Social infrastructure

- Expand access to and use of water supply and sanitation services in rural and
urban/periurban zones
68
- Ensure urban mobility by guaranteeing accessibility of transit services, minimizing travel

times and distances and waiting times at terminals and bus stops
- Expand energy supply services for health and education
- Promote access to and secure tenure of serviced land and support self-construction with
special focus on women
- Promote the construction of new housing
- Upgrade informal human settlements
- Involve local labor in projects in the sector
The general objectives reflect the intersectoral approach, and are designed in an integrated
manner, representing priorities, strategic objectives and priority actions in which different
institutions contribute in a coordinated way to achievement of the overall objective.
In this context, Mozambique is the country's current socioeconomic situation, the challenges
facing the strategy for achieving inclusive economic growth for reducing poverty, a description of
the general objectives and support pillars, and their respective priorities. To ensure that these
priorities are respected, the document presents a projected allocation of resources over the
timeframe of the plan.
Program Based Planning and Budgeting
Portuguese acronym for the country’s poverty reduction strategy - PARP (2011-2014) And the
economic and social plan led to the creation of 3 gender related programs in budgetary
elaboration module of the state budget
All This Programs As A Specific Cod In Model Of Budget Elaboration, But The Limitant Is That It
Is The Sector Program Classification, Not National Program
69
Schedule : Program Based Planning And Budgeting
Public Sector Designation of the Government Objective Strategic Objective

Government Programme Of PARP
Programme
Social Action Promoting gender Promote gender equity by Human and Social
Women equality raising women‘s status and Development
Sector their participation in
- Political
- Economic and
- Social development
Health Sector Public Health Promoting equity in access to

privileged Women‘s health care focusing on the
Health and Children health of women and children
and Health Care and other vulnerable groups
Employment Employment and - Improve the quantity and Employment
Sector training quality in the training Promotion
- Aimed at increasing the
employability of citizens
and the promotion of job
opportunities and
employment in rural areas
- With special attention to
young people, women,
disable, people affected
by HIV and AIDS
Source: The International Monetary Fund And The International Development Association
Republic Of Mozambique, Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper—Joint Staff Advisory
Note Approved by David Nellor and Anthony Boote (IMF) and Gobind Nankani (IDA)
November 14, 2006
70
GOVERNMENT PROGRAM TO ACHIEVE THE OBJECTIVES OF THE PARP 2011-2014
The PARP is a dynamic and flexible instrument, i.e., the indicators and targets in the strategic
matrix will be subject to revision whenever domestic or international conditions make this
necessary.
Such adjustments will have to be built into the normal planning and budgetary cycle, with
participation by civil society and the country's international cooperation partners. It will be
recalled that the process of preparing the PARP benefited from consultation with civil society
and international cooperation partners.
The challenges in combating poverty are many and complex. The most important ones have to
do with transforming the structure of production and economic productivity and their linkages,
with a focus on economic development and the people's well-being. This transformation
includes rural development, which embraces family farming so as to make it more productive,
strengthening the domestic market and facilitating its integration into the national economy.
This PARP 2011-2014, and in particular the strategic matrix, which includes output and outcome
indicators, will be monitored on an annual basis through the Balance Sheet for the Economic
and Social Plan, and over the medium term through the National Poverty and Well-Being.
71
GOVERNMENT PROGRAM TO ACHIEVE THE OBJECTIVES OF THE PARP 2011-2014
The general objectives of the PARP and its supporting pillars are presented by priorities,
strategic objectives in which are presented the priority actions to be implemented by 2014.
SECTOR : AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES
Program : Development of Community Fishing
Program Objective : Boost production and productivity

in agriculture and fisheries
The activity / action and stage is namely:
ACTIVITY / ACTION STAGE

Increased contribution of fisheries sector to the country in National Level
the balance of payments
Agricultural production and productivity to guarantee National Level
increased output and food security in the country
Increase fisheries production for food security Community Level
- Enhance the contribution of the fisheries sector to the
population food and nutritional security
Improve living conditions for fishing communities Community Level

- Improve living conditions for small-scale fishing and
aquaculture communities
2011-2014 , 2011
72
The agriculture and fisheries sectors are a pillar of the country's economy, contributing over the
last five years more than 25 percent of GDP and accounting for between 7 and 11 percentage
points of the economic growth rate. The principal strategy for development of the sector is set
forth in the Agricultural Development Plan (PEDSA) and the Fisheries Master Plan.
The role of the family sector in achieving food and nutritional security is crucial, especially in
rural areas, recognizing that the production of basic food crops (primarily millet, cassava, rice
and beans) accounts for nearly 90 percent of the total, while the traditional fishery is responsible
for 85 percent of the catch for domestic consumption. One of the main characteristics of the
family sector is that it uses rudimentary techniques that produce very low yields and modest
returns.
The following priorities have been identified for promoting agricultural and fisheries production
and productivity: improve and expand access to factors of production; facilitate market access;
and improve sustainable management of natural resources (land, water, fisheries, forests).
73
SECTOR : HEALTH
Program : Public Health privileged Women’s Health and

Children and Health Care
Program Objective : Promoting equity in access to health

care focusing on the health and children and other
vulnerable groups

Training support groups for breastfeeding advice to National Level
mothers in the communities
- About the practice of breastfeeding,
- Including the context of HIV
Expansion of services for screening and treatment of National Level
cancer of the cervix and breast for the remaining province
of the remaining six provinces of the country
Dissemination of standards for the provision of integrated National Level
care for victims of violence in light of the recent law
passed on domestic violence against women
Training of 30 program managers of the National / HIV / National Level
AIDS within the gender focus
2011-2014 , 2011
74
SECTOR : CULTURE
Program : Promotion of Culture for Development
Program Objective : To Promote culture, contribute to the

economic and social development

- Promote consultation meetings Communities Level
- With communities living in places where cultural
practices still affect negatively
- Thus enabling greater gender gap
- Train community leaders in the field of gender equality Communities Level

- In regions where cultural practices negatively affect the
population in particular
2011-2014 , 2011
75
SECTOR : MINISTRY OF INTERIOR (POLICE)
Program : Ministry of Interior (POLICE)
Program Objective : To ensure order and security of

people and goods, the climate of peace and public

- Conducting training National Level
- Awareness sessions on installation of a database
- Services to victims of domestic violence
Increasing the number of Police Stations equipped to Community Level
better serve women and children victims of violence
Source: International Monetary Fund, Republic of Mozambique: Poverty Reduction Action

Plan PARP 2011-2014 , 2011
Military Activity. Under Frelimo, the police force was nationally controlled, with local
divisions in each town. Frelimo also put in place the National Service of Popular
Security, an arm of the police force that deals with terrorism and sabotage.
76
SECTOR : MINISTRY OF WOMEN AND

SOCIAL ACTION
Program : Promoting gender equality
Program Objective : To promote gender equity by raising

women’s status and their participation in political,
economic and indicator result do program % of women
leaders in political, economic and social

- Undertake sensitization of women Parliamentarians National Level
- District advisory councils and leaders of the business
- Sector on gender and leadership participation in political
life, good governance, planning and budgeting gender
options.
Create and operationalize the district councils for the advance of Community Level
woman
Train members to promotions of women and men CDAM (District Community Level
Council for the Advancement of Women) on gender issues,
planning HIV – Aids and Nutrition
Disseminate and monitor the implementation of the 3rd National Community Level
Plan for the Advancement of Women
2011-2014 , 2011
77
SECTOR : HUMAN AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Program : Promoting education and social
Program Objective : To promote human and social

development

Secondary education Community Level
- Expand secondary vocational education on a
sustainable basis,
- Through the formal system and distance
education
- With due regard to quality
Public health, with special focus on women and Community Level
children and women and children and medical
assistance
- Promote equity in access to health care
- With priority to women and children
- Other vulnerable groups
Public health, with focus on reducing the impact of Community Level
major epidemics and malnutrition
- Reduce impact of major epidemics such
malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS,diarrhea
and other pandemics
- Help reduce chronic malnutrition and protein-
calorie and micronutrient malnutrition
Prevention and mitigation of HIV/AIDS Communities Level
- Help reduce the prevalence of HIV/AIDS.
2011-2014 , 2011
78
Overall the efforts of the leaders of the country to uplift the well-being of the people is:
a. Food Security And Nutrition
Mozambique has demonstrated a strong commitment to improved food security and nutrition
by focusing on key agricultural growth corridors in the country which take advantage of existing
key infrastructure and significant agricultural potential. Together, the Government of
Mozambique and the G8 members commit to the ―New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition‖
and to working together to generate greater private investment in agricultural development,
scale innovation, achieve sustainable food security outcomes, reduce poverty and end hunger.
World Bank Supports Mozambique‘s Plans to Boost Agriculture and Increase Food Security
b. Overcome Social Problem And Control By Justice System
Social Problems and Control. Crime is a growing problem, particularly in the cities, which have
been flooded with poor unemployed men from the countryside seeking work. The justice
system was fashioned after the Portuguese model. However, without enough qualified judges
and lawyers, this system could not function well, so Frelimo modified it. Because prison facilities
could not accommodate the large number of criminals, the government established
rehabilitation camps (usually farms) for minor offenders and alcoholics (Frelimo considered
alcoholism a crime). Frelimo also set up vigilante groups of citizens to turn in alcoholics and
anti-government individuals.
c. POVERTY
Mozambique is a low-income country with a population of about 19.8 million, and a per capita
income of $310 (using the Atlas method). Since the end of the civil war in 1992, Mozambique
has experienced significant political stability and a sustained period of high real GDP growth,
averaging about 8% between 1998 and 2004, becoming one of the fastest-growing economies
in the world, despite from a very low base.
79
According to the national household survey conducted in 2008-2009, the number of

Mozambicans living in absolute poverty had been reduced to 54 per cent from 70 per cent in
1997. (World Bank, 2010)
Between 1977 - 1992, civil unrest exacerbated the country social and economic stability. With
an illiteracy rate of 56.1% and 82% of the population living under USD $2 a day poverty remains
widespread in the country.
The Hunger Project has been working in Mozambique since 2006 and is empowering partners
in three epicenter communities. Through its integrated approach to rural development, the
Epicenter Strategy, The Hunger Project is working with partners to successfully access the
basic services needed to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and lead lives of
self-reliance.
Mozambique is the first country in which The Hunger Project launched a new initiative in fish
farm management. This exciting innovation in food security is improving economic stability and
self-reliance in Zuza Epicenter through a technical partnership with Millennium Villages (MV).
Fish farming activities are expected to grow as it is an activity that the government encourages.
d. Military Activity
Military Activity. Under Frelimo, the police force was nationally controlled, with local divisions in
each town. Frelimo also put in place the National Service of Popular Security, an arm of the
police force that deals with terrorism and sabotage. When peace accords were signed in 1992,
Frelimo had an estimated seventy thousand troops and Renamo had twenty thousand. Those
fighters were compelled to turn in their weapons, and a new national force, the Mozambican
Defense Force, was established, including fifteen thousand men from each party.
e. Social Welfare And Change Programs
Social welfare comes primarily from within the family, which cares independently for its own
elderly or ailing member. Other aid comes from international charitable organizations.
80
Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Associations Since the peace treaties were signed,
the United Nations has played a large role in the peacekeeping process. It stationed almost
eight thousand people who were responsible for supervising the dismantling and rebuilding of
the armies, over the 1994 elections to ensure that they were fair and democratic, and helped
return almost two million refugees to their homes.
As part of the last project, the United Nations aided in the reconstruction of water systems,
roads, schools, and clinics.
The International Organization for Migration (IOM) also helped with the repatriation process.
One of the biggest problems is the presence of land mines left over from the civil war. It is
stimated that up to two million were buried. The United Nations collaborated with USAID and a
Norwegian group to help find and defuse them.
The refugee situation has created another crisis in the form of legions of abandoned street
children, particularly in Maputo, where they number an estimated half a million. Many volunteer
aid organizations work with orphans and abandoned children to care for them and educate them
to be self-sufficient. Among these groups are Save the Children and the Institute for
International Cooperation and Development (IICD). The World Food Program buys grain grown
in areas of the country where production exceeds use and redistributes it in other areas. Gender
Roles and Statuses.
f. Medicine And Health Care
When independence was won in 1975, the government created a free, nationalized health care
system, at the same time banning private practice; this resulted in an exodus by the majority of
the country's doctors.
The government's goal was to improve health through preventive medicine, employing nurses to
give vaccinations and educate the population about sanitation and other basic health care
measures. Many of the clinics it established, however, were destroyed in the civil war. Since the
war ended, it has invested a large amount of money in rebuilding those clinics and has done
away with the law prohibiting private practice in an effort to increase the number of doctors. A
shortage of supplies and trained personnel was exacerbated by the destruction caused by the
81
civil war. The main health threats are sleeping sickness, transmitted by the tsetse fly, and
malaria. Life expectancy is forty-seven years for men and fifty years for women. The infant
mortality rate is 130 per thousand, the highest in the world. IDS is a growing problem. In Maputo
and the other urban centers, the infection rate is about 10 percent. Outside the cities, the rate is
17 percent for low-risk groups and 27 percent for high-risk groups. While these Numbers are
lower than those in some surrounding countries, AIDS is a major concern and a threat to the
nation's future.
g. HIV And Aids Programs
Save the Children is responding to the global HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa, Asia, and Eurasia
and the Caribbean. Save the Children partners with communities to mobilize the resources
necessary to tackle HIV/AIDS and support children and families in need. These partnerships
focus on two primary goals: raising awareness about ways to prevent new infection and adopt
healthy practices and providing care and support for children and families affected by the
pandemic.
h. Education
In Mozambique, children now have a much better opportunity to learn than before. Today, 100
per cent of the children are enrolled in primary school, up from 69 per cent in 2003. Since the
mid-1990s, following a long civil conflict which dealt a serious blow to the education
infrastructure, the education system has rapidly expanded to accommodate the vast number of
children requiring admission. School fees for primary education were abolished in 2005.
The Child-Friendly School programme aims to improve the quality of education in primary
schools through the implementation of an integrated package of school interventions, with
minimum quality standards. This integrated approach ensures that the teaching and learning
environment in each school is inclusive, child-friendly, gender responsive and protective of all,
with special attention to girls.
Child-friendly schools also provide care and support for children who have lost their parents or
been made vulnerable by poverty, AIDS and other difficult circumstances.
82
5.0 Conclusion
5.1 The Historical Aspect Of Governance And Politics In These Countries
Mozambique is one of the countries in Africa receiving significant amounts of

development assistance. It owes this privileged position to many factors. First of all, after
a protracted civil war which lasted from the late seventies to the early nineties,
Mozambique‘s then Marxist oriented government and the ―right-wing‖ Renamo rebels
signed a peace agreement which has since held.
In fact, not only were the warring parties able to effectively establish a peaceful order,
but they also saw the country through three general elections (19994, 1999, 2004) and
two local elections in 33 municipalities (1998, 2003). While the fairness of these
elections has been the subject of controversy, many observers attest Mozambique a
measure of progress in democratic consolidation. Secondly, since the mid-eighties,
Mozambique has embarked on a program of economic and political reforms with support
from the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and several Western donors.
These reforms have consisted in the liberalization of the economy and the discussion
and approval of a new multi-party constitution, which actually came before the peace
settlement. Thirdly, the country has shown a consistent degree of commitment to
international development goals, a most recent example of which is its integration of
poverty alleviation goals into the policy decision making process.
5.2 Social Stratification And Culture Of The Peoples
Mozambique was ruled by Portugal and they share in common; main language and
second main religion. But since most of the people are Bantus, most of the culture is
native and for Bantus living in urban areas with some Portuguese influence.
Mozambican culture influences the Portuguese culture. The music, food, and traditions
are now part of everyday lifestyles of Portugal. Most of the people in Mozambique
practice native beliefs and are Christians, mostly Roman Catholics and some
Protestants. Christianity is a Portuguese influence. There are few Muslims mostly Arabs
and Blacks in northern part of the country.
83
Despite ethnic and linguistic differences, there is little conflict among the various groups.
The greatest cultural disparities are those which divide the north of the country from the
south. . Women have historically been responsible for all domestic tasks. In the towns
and cities, they generally are confined to the home, whereas in rural areas, they play an
important role in the agricultural labor force.
5.3 The Economic And Livelihood Issues And Problems Faced By The Population
Their relevance is here explained in contexts whereby social, economic, legal and skills
play a significant role in accessing jobs and shaping the social relations between people.
This case study argues that social networks are important because of lack of economic,
livelihood and employment opportunities.
Overall, poverty in rural Mozambique is marked by isolation of physical situation,

inadequate infrastructure and the consequent lack of access to goods and services. The
road network is in very poor condition. Rural poverty is also closely related to lack of
access to health care and education. Although the situation has improved over time,
significantly more progress will be required to attain the health and education-related
development Goals and improve access to other social services.
5.4 The Efforts of the Leaders of the Country to Uplift the Well-Being of the People
Poverty his main policy goal. So all of this government have done to the people to the
effort of the leaders of the country to uplift the well-being of the people. This study was
able to confirm the enormous potential which Programme Aid Partnership has in both
harmonising development assistance within the spirit of the Declaration of Paris and
promoting ownership of the development process and accountability of the polity in
Mozambique. While the practice of Programme Aid Partnership shows structural and
normative shortcomings, the available evidence supports the belief that this new
approach in development policy is likely to have a positive impact on the Mozambican
development process.
The recent history of Mozambique documents the commitment of its governments to the
Underlying Principles while at the same time suggesting that this commitment is to a
84
large extent the result of internal political processes which require greater consideration
in donor intervention.
The study was limited in scope to address all the questions which would need to be
posed and answered in order to have a fuller and richer picture of political governance
issues in Mozambique at the intersection of development assistance and consolidation
of democracy, economic reform and peace and stability.
The study focused on donor perceptions, but it would be of utmost importance to get a
more balanced and less diffident view from Mozambique itself. Such an undertaking
would imply an inquiry into (a) Government perceptions of the workings and potential of
Programme Aid Partnership, (b) the identification of constraints on a stronger
participation of Civil Society Organizations in Programme Aid Partnership and the
benefits which they could bring to it, (c) dominant interest groups in Mozambique, their
mode of operation and how they influence policy and politics and (d) the workings of
selected institutions (Attorney General, Administrative Court, Parliament, Ministry of
Finance, Ministry of State Administration) in order to ascertain the constraints which they
face and the contribution which they can make to Programme Aid Partnership.
85
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Mozambique Coorporation Framework, Food Security and Nutrition 2013

2. The World Bank, Working for a World Free of Poverty, April 2013
3. Save the Children, HIV and Aids Program, www.savethechildren.org/OVC
4. Rural poverty in Mozambique, www.ruralpovertyportal.org/country/home/tags/mozambique
5. The Hunger Project, www.thp.org/
6. Armon, Jeremy, and Dylan Hendrikson, eds. Mozambican Peace Process in Perspective, 1998.
7. African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, Entry into force: 29 November 1999
8. Bowen, Merle L. State against the Peasantry: Rural Struggles in Colonial and Postcolonial Mozambique,
2000.
9. Chan, Stephen, and Moises Venancio. War and Peace in Mozambique, 1988.
10. Ciment, James. Angola and Mozambique: Postcolonial War in Southern Africa, 1997.
11. Earle, Deborah, ed. From Conflict to Peace in a Changing World: Social Reconstruction in Times of
Transition, 1998.
12. Ferraz, Bernardo, and Barry Muslow. Sustainable Development in Mozambique, 2000.
13. Hall, Margaret. Confronting Leviathan: Mozambique Since Independence, 1997.
14. James, R. S. Mozambique, 1988.
15. Jouanneau, Daniel. Mozambique, 1995.
16. Landau, Luis. Rebuilding the Mozambique Economy: Assessment of a Development Partnership, 1998.
17. International Monetary Fund, Republic of Mozambique: Poverty Reduction Action Plan PARP 2011-2014 ,
2011
18. Lopes, Armando Jorge. Language Policy: Principles and Problems, 1997.
19. Newit, Mayn. A History of Mozambique, 1995.
20. Nordstrom, Carolyn. A Different Kind of War Story, 1997.
21. Reidy, Mary, ed. Mozambique, 1995.
22. The International Monetary Fund And The International Development Association Republic Of Mozambique,
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper—Joint Staff Advisory Note Approved by David Nellor and Anthony Boote
(IMF) and Gobind Nankani (IDA) November 14, 2006
23. Elisio Macamo, Political Governance In Mozambique, 2006
24. Ministry of Planning and Development, Public Finance Management Reform-Opportunity for consolidating
Gender Responsive Budgeting (GRB) in Mozambique, 2011
25. Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat,
World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision
26. People in Mozambique, the CIA World Factbook 2007 edition
86

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MOZAMBIQUE 30th December 2013

SITI KARTINA JUHARI

RAMZI MOHAMED LAZIM

ANWAR BIN SURAN

PLK 03, AP771 – MASTER OF SCIENCE IN

Anwar Suran, Ramzi Halim, Kartina Juhari, Rohana Ramli

Table of Contents Page

1.0 The Historical Aspect Of Governance And Politics In

2.0 Social Stratification And Culture Of The Peoples 30

3.0 The Economic And Livelihood Issues And Problems Faced By

Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by

Location map of Mozambique

10. Tete Zambezia

Administrative posts are headed by a Secretários (secretaries), which before independence

1.1 Key Facts of Mozambique

The demographics of Mozambique describe the condition and overview of Mozambique's

Total population Population aged Population aged Population aged

1.1.2 Vital statistics

1.1.3 Ethnic groups

Religious affiliation in Mozambique

1.1.7 Education and health

1.1.8 CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

Population: 22,948,858 (July 2011 est.)

Languages: Portuguese language (official). Emakhuwa 26.1%, Xichangana 11.3%, Portuguese

1.2 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX

Mozambique is a stable, lower-middle income country located in Sub-Saharan Africa.

According to HDI (Human Development Index) by UNDP (United Nation Development

Country Profile: Human Development Indicators

Human Development Index: Trends 1980 until Present

Human Development Index: Health, Education and Income

Indicator Level Units As Of 1Y Chg 5Y Ago 10Y Ago 25Y Ago

Total Population 25,203 1000s 2012 2.53% 22,763 19,873 13,349

Population of Largest 1,721 1000s 2011 4.02% 1,461 1,183 700

Female Population 51.16% 2012 -0.05% 51.39% 51.72% 51.83%

Rural Population 68.53% 2012 -0.26% 69.43% 70.36% 80.64%

Urban Population 31.47% 2012 0.26% 30.57% 29.64% 19.36%

Rural Growth 2.12% 2012 -0.03% 2.36% 2.57% -1.27%

Indicator Level Units As Of 1Y Chg 5Y Ago 10Y Ago 25Y Ago

Population Below Age 45.38% % 2012 0.01% 45.20% 44.37% 46.17%

Population Aged 15 to 51.36% % 2012 -0.02% 51.59% 52.46% 50.62%

Population Above Age 3.26% % 2012 0.01% 3.21% 3.18% 3.21%

Population Density 31.26 Persons 2011 2.56% 28.19 24.57 17.01

Population Growth Rate 2.50% % 2012 -0.03% 2.63% 2.82% -0.19%

Net Migration -20 1000s 2010 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

1.2.2 Health and Disease

As 1Y ~5Y ~10Y ~25Y

As 1Y ~5Y ~10Y ~25Y

Percent Under Nourished 39.20% % 2011 -0.10% 40.10% 44.60% n.a.

Percent Wasting - Under 5 4.20% % 2008 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Percent Overweight - Under 5 3.60% % 2008 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Age Dependency Ratio 94.71% % 2012 0.07% 93.85% 90.63% 97.55%

Adult Literacy Rate 56.11% % 2010 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Youth Literacy Rate 71.79% % 2010 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Elderly Literacy Rate 18.81% % 2003 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Elderly Literacy Rate - 33.07% % 2003 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Elderly Literacy Rate - 5.12% % 2003 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Enrolment Rate - Primary 110.11% % 2012 -0.74% 114.12% n.a. 62.25%

Enrolment Rate - 26.02% % 2012 -0.36% 20.52% n.a. n.a.

Enrolment Rate - Tertiary 4.89% % 2011 n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.20%

1.2.4 Quality of Life

As 1Y ~5Y ~10Y ~25Y

As 1Y ~5Y ~10Y ~25Y

Five Dollars a day