CHAPTER 2

WATER QUALITY

Water Quality Standards

and
Parameters

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 Content
PART 1: INTRODUCTION
i) Beneficial Water Use
ii) Water Resources
PART 2:WATER QUALITY
i) Definition
ii) Objectives
iii) Water Quality Parameters
PART 3: WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
i) Physical
ii) Chemical
iii) Microbiological
PART 4: Toxic Inorganic Elements and Radicals
PART 5: Water Purification System and DO Sag Curve
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 PART 1
INTRODUCTION
(i) Beneficial Water Use
(ii) Water Resources
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 Beneficial Water Uses

WATER – most common liquid on earth

• Municipal Uses
• Agricultural Uses
• Industrial Uses
• Rural Uses
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 Water Resources
1. Snow / Rain
3. Imported water
2. Surface Water
(i) Transmission Pipeline
(i) Watershed Management
(ii) Treatment Facilities
(ii) Lake /River /Reservoir
4.Groundwater
(iii) Intake Structure
(i) Basin Management
(iv) Pump • Natural and artificial
recharge
(v) Treatment Facilities
• Quality Control

(ii) Wells

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Distribution of Earth’s water

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 PART 2
Water Quality

i) Definition
ii) Objective
iii) Water quality parameters

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 Water Quality Definition

Is the technical term that is based

upon the characteristics of water in
relation to guideline values of what is
suitable for human consumption and
for all usual domestic purpose

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Objective of Water Quality

To control the discharge of

pollutants so that water quality is
not degraded to an unacceptable
extent below the natural
background level

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Water Quality Parameters
• Are the natural and man-made chemical,
biological and microbiological characteristics of
rivers, lakes and groundwater.
• It provides important information about the
health of a water body.
• Are used to find out if the quality water is good
enough for drinking water, recreation, irrigation
and aquatic life.
• Include physical, chemical and biological
parameters
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 PART 3
Water Quality Parameters

1. Physical
2. Chemical
parameters
parameters

3. Biological
parameters

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 Physical Parameters
• This parameters respond to the sense of sight, touch,
taste or smell

• Definition
• Unit
• Cause & effect (high value) 12
• Total Solids (TS)
• TSS (Total Suspended Solids - TSS)
• Dissolved Solids (DS)
• Volatile Solids (VS)
• Volatile Disolved Solids (VDS)
• Unit: mg/l

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Classification of Solids in Water
and Wastewater
Suspended (> 1mm)

Solids Colloid (1mm – 0.01mm)

Dissolved (<0.01mm)

Organic

Solids
Inorganic
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 Filterable
Solids
Non-filterable

Settleable
Solids
Non-settleable

Volatile
Solids
Non-Volatile

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 Microwave (at
Settleable Imhoff cone Samples 103C - 105C) Total solids
solids (TS)

Fibre glass Dissolved

Filter paper filter ( ≤ Solid
2.0m)

Drying Oven (at Drying Oven (at

103C - 105C) 180C ±2C)

Suspended Dissolved solids

solids (SS) (DS)

Muffle furnace Muffle furnace

(at (at
500C  50C) 500C  50C)

Fixed Volatile
Volatile Fixed dissolved
suspended dissolved solids
suspended solids (FDS)
solids (FSS) (VDS)
solids (VSS)

Total volatile
Total fixed solids
solids TVS = VSS
TFS = FSS + FDS
+ VDS

Total solids (TS)

• Suspended solids (SS)
• SS contain
• Organic matters
•Plant Fibers
•Biological Solids
• Inorganic matters
•Clay (size less than 2 µm)
•Silt (size 2-60 µm)
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 2. Total Suspended Solid Determination

Sample (5-10 ml)

Rinse all filtration

unit/apparatus
using distilled water

Wet the filter with a small Rinse with small amount

volume of reagent-grade of distilled water after
water to seat it. filtering
 Minimize the contact of
sample to glass funnel
surface.
1 hour

Drying Oven (105C)

 Analysis of Solids
The following test were obtained for a wastewater taken from a headwork to a WTP.
All the test were performed using sample size of 50 mL. Determine the
concentration of:
• total solids (TS), total volatile solids (TVS), total suspended solids (TSS), volatile
suspended solids (VSS) and total dissolved solids (TDS)
• Data:
Tare mass of evaporating dish = 53.5433 g
Mass of evaporating dish + residue after evaporation at 105oC =53.5794 g
Mass of evaporating dish + residue after ignition at 550oC = 53.5625 g
Tare mass of Whatman GF/C filter = 1.5433 g
Mass of Whatman GF/C filter + residue after drying at 105oC = 1.5554 g
Mass of Whatman GF/C filter + residue after ignition at 550oC = 1.5476 g

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 Biological Parameters

• It is biomonitor: defined as an organism that provides

quantitative information on the quality of the
environmental around it.
• There are several types of bioindicators:
• Plant
• Animal
• Microbial
• Macroinvertebrate

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 plant indicators
• Presence or absence of certain plant or other
vegetative life in an ecosystem can provide important
clues about the health of the environment
• lichens are organism comprising both fungi and
algae.
• Lichens are found on rocks and tree trunks, and they respond to
environmental changes in forest, including changes in forest
structure conservation biology, air quality and climate
• The disappearance of lichens in a forest may indicate
environmental stresses, such as high level of sulfur dioxide, sulfur-
based pollutants and nitrogen oxides

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Lichens

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 Animal indicator

• Increase or decrease in an animal population may indicate

damage to the ecosystem caused by pollutant.
• if population causes the depletion of important food
sources, animal species dependent upon these food
sources will also be reduced in number: population decline

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 Macroinvertebrate bioindicators

• Macroinvertebrate are useful and convenient indicators of

the ecological health of a waterbody or river. They are
almost always present, and are easy to sample and
identify
• Benthic refers to the bottom of a waterway.
- Example of benthic macroinvertebrates include insects in their
larval or nymph form, crayfish, claims, snails and worms. Most live
part or most of their life cycle attached to submerged rocks, logs
and vegetation.

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Macroinvertebrata

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 Macroinvertebrate bioindicators

- The basic principle behind the study of

macroinvertebrates is that some are more sensitive
to pollution than others
- Therefore, if a stream site is inhabited by organism
that can tolerate pollution and the more pollution-
sensitive organisms are missing a pollution is likely

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 Microbial indicators

- Microorganisms can be used as indicators of aquatic or

terrestrial ecosystem health
- Found in large quantities, microorganism will produce new
proteins, called stress proteins when exposed to
contaminants like cadmium and benzene
- These stress proteins can be used as an early warning
system to detect high levels of pollution
- Categorized
• Bacteria( coliform test)
• Virus
• Protozoa
• Algae
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 Bacteria

• Pathogenic bacteria causing cholera,

typhoid fever etc
• Indicator bacteria
• Coliform
• Fecal Coliform( E. Coli)

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 Bacteria Count
Note
• All equipment
used in this
experiments
should be
sterilized in an Prepare freshly by
autoclave at boiling the mixture of:
1210C for 15 Inoculate peptone = 5 g
min
plate Beef extract = 3 g
containin
• Carefull with g nutrient Agar = 15 g
ethanol and agar Distilled water = 600
Bunsen burner mL

Close the plate.

Invert the plates
and incubate for 24
hours at 300C
After being Close the plate.
incubated for 1 da, Invert the plates
take out the plates and incubate for 24
and count the hours at 300C
colony using
colony counter

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Bacteria Count

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 Virus
• One virus can cause
illness
• Hard to detect
• Specify treatment
process ( disinfection
dose and contact time)
instead of measuring
virus concentration

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Algae

• Taste and odor

• Some algae could be harmful to animals
• fish
• birds

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PART 4: Toxic Inorganic
Elements and Radicals

1)Toxic inorganic
2)Nontoxic organic
3)Toxic organic

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 Toxic inorganic elements
and radicals

• Arsenic, Mercury, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead--

accumulates in body
• Industrial wastes and plumbing
• Nitrate--Blue baby
• Perchlorate ( ClO4-) --Thyroid disorder, cancer

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 Nontoxic organics

• NOC ( Natural organic matter)

Decayed vegetation etc
• Form toxic disinfection by-products with chlorine
• Lower concentrations up to 4 mg/l may be removed
by Enhanced Coagulation.

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 Toxic organics

Causing cancer, mutation or miscarriage

• chlorinated hydrocarbons
• Chlorophenoxy herbicides
• Trihalomethanes
• VOC’s and SOC’s.
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 Other Contaminants

• Asbestos
• Radionuclides
• Alpha and Beta radioactivity
• Uranium, Radium, Radon

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 Content
PART 1: INTRODUCTION
i) Beneficial Water Use
ii) Water Resources
PART 2:WATER QUALITY
i) Definition
ii) Objectives
iii) Water Quality Parameters
PART 3: WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
i) Physical
ii) Chemical
iii) Microbiological
PART 4: Toxic Inorganic Elements and Radicals
PART 5: Water Purification System and DO Sag Curve
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END

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