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Taxonomy is the science dealing with the description,
identification, naming, and classification of organisms.

Classification is the ‘grouping’ of organisms based on

particular characters and is not arranged in hierarchical
order.
Taxonomy is the science dealing with the description,
identification, naming, and classification of organisms.

Taxonomy provides basic understanding about the

components of biodiversity which is necessary for effective
decision-making about conservation and sustainable use.
 Taxonomy's first father was the philosopher
Aristotle(384-322 BC), sometimes called the
“father of science."

He first introduced the two key concepts of :

classification of organisms by type and binomial
definition.

Aristotle was the first to attempt to classify all the

kinds of by grouping the types of creatures
Sir Aristotle according to their similarities: animals with blood
and animals without blood. He further divided the
animals with blood into live-bearing and egg-
bearing.
Aristotle's view of life was hierarchical. He
assumed that creatures could be grouped in order
from lowest to highest, with the human species
being the highest.
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 *A Swedish naturalist named Carolus Linnaeus is
considered the 'Father of Taxonomy‘ since 1700s

*His two most important contributions to taxonomy

were:
•A hierarchical classification system
•The system of binomial nomenclature

*He proposed that there were three

broad groups, called kingdoms, into
which the whole of nature could fit.
These kingdoms were animals,
plants, and minerals.

*Binomial nomenclature meant naming

species in 2 words : genus , followed by
species.
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•The two kingdom classification system was given by Carlous Linaaeus
in 1758.

• He then divided each kingdom into classes and later grouped the
classes into phyla for animals and divisions for plants. karnatakaeducation.org.in
www.pixton.com
* The development of optic and electronic microscopy showed
important differences in cells, mainly according to the presence or
absence of distinct nucleus, leading Édouard Chatton to distinguish
organisms in prokaryotes (without a distinct nucleus) and eukaryotes
(with a distinct nucleus) in a paper from 1925.
* Based on it, Copeland proposed a four-kingdom system, moving
prokaryotic organisms, bacteria and “blue-green algae”, into the
kingdom Monera.

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**The position of fungi was not well established, oscillating between
kingdoms Protista and Plantae.
So, in 1969, Robert Whittaker proposed a fifth kingdom to include
them, the called Kingdom Fungi.
www.tutorsglobe.com
*The three-domain system is a biological classification introduced
by Carl Woese in 1977 that divides cellular life forms
into archaea, bacteria, and eukaryote domains.

*In particular, it emphasizes the separation of prokaryotes into two

groups, originally called Eubacteria (now Bacteria)
and Archaebacteria (now Archaea).

*Woese argued that, on the basis of differences in 16S rRNA genes,

these two groups and the eukaryotes each arose separately from an
ancestor with poorly developed genetic machinery, often called
a progenote.
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•Based on external or expressed characters.
•Consider only few characters.
•Not based on genetic characters or expression of genes.
•Phylogenetic / evolutionary related information is not obtained.

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It is a system of classification based on natural similarities of vegetative
& floral characters.
Example: George Bentham & Joseph Dalton Hooker classified
classified plants into:
• Cryptogams (non flowering plants)
• Phanerogams (seed bearing plants)

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It is a system of classification based on evolutionary & genetic
relationship of organisms in addition to natural characters.

Example: Adolf Engler & Karl Prantle Prantle classified bacteria & all
plants under 14 divisions. The 14 divisions.

The 14th divisions divisions is Embryophyta Embryophyta siphanogama

that includes gymnosperms & angiosperms.

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Polyphasic Taxonomy is used to determine the genus and species of a
newly discovered procaryote.

This polyphasic taxonomy takes into account all available phenotypic

and genotypic data and integrates them in a consensus type of
classification, framed in a general phylogeny derived from 16S rRNA
sequence analysis.

There are no particular set of rules guiding this taxonomy.

It mainly focus on
(i) enormous amounts of data,
(ii) large numbers of strains, and
(iii) data fusion (data aggregation)
Numerical taxonomy is a classification system in biological systematics which
deals with the grouping by numerical methods of taxonomic units based on their
character states.

It aims to create a taxonomy using numeric algorithms like cluster

analysis rather than using subjective evaluation of their properties

The concept was first developed by Robert R. Sokal & Peter H. A.

Sneath in 1963
Numerical taxonomy is a classification system in biological systematics which
deals with the grouping by numerical methods of taxonomic units based on their
character states.

It aims to create a taxonomy using numeric algorithms like cluster

analysis rather than using subjective evaluation of their properties

Bacteria Bacteria
Numerical taxonomy is a classification system in biological systematics which
deals with the grouping by numerical methods of taxonomic units based on their
character states.

It aims to create a taxonomy using numeric algorithms like cluster

analysis rather than using subjective evaluation of their properties

Bacteria
Bacteria

Attribute
Numerical taxonomy is a classification system in biological systematics which
deals with the grouping by numerical methods of taxonomic units based on their
character states.

It aims to create a taxonomy using numeric algorithms like cluster

analysis rather than using subjective evaluation of their properties

Bacteria Bacteria

Attribute Attribute
Numerical taxonomy is a classification system in biological systematics which
deals with the grouping by numerical methods of taxonomic units based on their
character states.

It aims to create a taxonomy using numeric algorithms like cluster

analysis rather than using subjective evaluation of their properties

Bacteria Bacteria
100a/(a + b + c)
For study of distribution and
ecology

Attribute Attribute
Numerical taxonomy is a classification system in biological systematics which
deals with the grouping by numerical methods of taxonomic units based on their
character states.

It aims to create a taxonomy using numeric algorithms like cluster

analysis rather than using subjective evaluation of their properties

Bacteria
Bacteria

Attribute
Numerical taxonomy is a classification system in biological systematics which
deals with the grouping by numerical methods of taxonomic units based on their
character states.

It aims to create a taxonomy using numeric algorithms like cluster

analysis rather than using subjective evaluation of their properties

Bacteria
Bacteria

Attribute

100( a + d)]/( a + b + c + d)
 System Given by Basis

2 Kingdom Linnaeus Cell wall

3 Kingdom Ernst Haeckel Cellularity level

4 kingdom Copeland Compartmentalization

of cell organelles
5 Kingdom R.H. Whittaker Cell type, wall, mode of
nutrition, motility
3 Kingdom Carl Woese 16S RNA gene
 System Example Basis

Artificial Linnaeus Visible/ expressed

characters
Natural Bentham and Hooker Natural similarities

Phylogenetic Engler & Prantle Evolutionary

relationships
Polyphasic Carl Woese Phylogenitics &
phenotypic
Numerical Sokal and Sneath Expression of
characters in terms of
numeric value
*Polyphasic taxonomy, a consensus approach to bacterial
systematics.
P Vandamme, B Pot, M Gillis, P de Vos, K Kersters, and J Swings

*Numerical Taxonomy of Bacteria - Some Published Data Re -

examined BY D. W. GOODALL

*Microbial evolution and diversity ; Part V

*insects.tamu.edu
oilersnation.com