Movement and the Pelvic Angle

C. Marley, M.D.

To understand how the pelvic angle of the Apso affects its movement, we must first
understand the normal anatomy of the canine and the action of the hip joint. The pelvic angle
is defined for the purposes of this article as the angle of the long axis of the pelvis from iliac
crest to distalmost point of ischium, relative to the horizontal. (fig. A). The normal pelvic
angle in the canine is about - 30 degrees. The part of the pelvis which attaches to the lumbar
spine and tail is the sacrum, which is made up of several fused segments of the spine itself.
Because the apso carries it's tail well over the back, the tail is "set on" in a higher position than
in low-tailed breeds. This higher tailset is achieved by a slight tipping of the sacrum, so that the
pelvic angle in this breed is often somewhat less than the normal (wolf type) 30 degree angle
and more often about 20 - 25 degrees. (fig 1)
The femur moves in the hip socket (Acetabulum) by means of a ball joint. There is quite a
range of movement within the socket, but it is not unlimited. The movement has a forward and
backward limit imposed by the dimensions of the acetabulum, the shape of the femoral head,
and by the ligaments and muscles surrounding the joint.

This normal range of movement allows the rear foot to be brought well under the dog,
contacting the ground and gripping the surface to propel the body forward. Finally at the end of
the stride, the foot is picked up and immediately begins a recovery to a forward position. The
normal range of motion allows maximal contact with the ground. In the normal recovery phase,
the foot remains fairly close to the ground: the foot raised only so high as to allow adequate
clearance. (fig.3)
The flat pelvis is shown in fig 2. Compare it to the normal (fig 1). Dogs with this flat or
tipped pelvis often have a straight shoulder (upright scapula), lacking layback of shoulder.
(Figure 2 does not illustrate that - but shows a normal front with the flat pelvis) Another
frequent effect of the flat or tipped pelvis is a lordotic or swaybacked lumbar spine resulting
from the angle of attachment of the spine. The normal canine loin (lumbar spine) is slightly
arched allowing for strength and the action of the "rearing" muscles. Weakness in this area can
result in serious spinal problems. A graphic depiction of all three problems (slack loin, flat
pelvis, and upright scapula) is seen in fig.2b)
The flat or tipped pelvis changes the mechanics of rear movement. (fig 3) Because
of the abnormal angulation of the pelvis, the range of motion of the femur, and thus the entire
rear leg, is limited anteriorly and exaggerated posteriorly. The foot cannot be brought forward
to it's normal extension under the dog, but rather strikes the ground very nearly under the hip
joint.

The arc of motion of the femur then forces the foot to leave the ground prematurely and
swing in the air to an elevated position. Recovery begins at this abnormally high position,
which can be seen as an exaggerated vertical piston-like action in the rear.

As result of the abnormal pelvic tilt, and the physical limitation of rotation of the hip
joint, the anatomical arc of motion of the femur is unable to achieve a normal length of stride,
and a good deal of the energy meant to propel the dog is wasted as motion in the air. The dog
compensates for this limitation of stride and propulsion by taking extra steps to cover the same
ground. This mechanical disadvantage is inconsistent with the breed origin of this animal - a
dog which must be able to thrive at very high elevation in the Himalayas. At 12,000 to 16,000
feet, wasting energy is wasting oxygen, incompatible with survival, and therefore untypical of
the true Lhasa Apso.

It seems that many observers tend to equate furious action (many small steps) and high flinging
of the rear legs with "drive" and interpret this "windmilling" activity in the rear as good
movement. In fact, some breeders have actively selected for this type of construction and
movement. However if one stops to consider that in any land-based locomotion, "drive" only
takes place with the traction on the ground, it becomes obvious that feet flailing in the air are
not contributing to forward propulsion, however exciting it may look! Smooth, efficient
movement depends on balanced movement of the limb both in forward reach and backward
extension where the "rubber meets the road" - ON THE GROUND.