NCM 103 QUIZ MARCH 13, 2018

List four common causes of fluid volume deficit.

1. Gastrointestinal (GI) causes: vomiting, diarrhea, GI suctioning;
2. decrease in fluid intake;
3. Increase in fluid output such as sweating, massive edema,
4. Ascites.
List four common causes of fluid volume overload.
5. Heart failure,
6. renal failure;
7. cirrhosis;
8. Excess ingestion of table salt or over hydration with sodium-containing fluids.
Identify two examples of isotonic IV fluids.
9. Ringer’s lactate;
10. normal saline
List three systems that maintain acid-base balance.
11. Lungs;
12. kidneys;
13. chemical buffers
Cite the normal ABGs for the following:
14. pH – 7.35 to 7.45 pH
15. Pco2 – 35 to 45 mm Hg Pco2
16. HCO3 – 21 to 28 mEq/L HCO3
Determine the following acid-base disorders:
17. pH 7.50, Pco2 30, HCO3 28 – Respiratory alkalosis
18. pH 7.30, Pco2 42, HCO3 20 – Metabolic acidosis
19. pH 7.48, Pco2 42, HCO3 32 – Metabolic alkalosis
20. pH 7.29, Pco2 55, HCO3 28 – Respiratory acidosis
21. Sodium (Na+) 135-145 mEq/L
22. Potassium (K+) 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
23. Calcium (Ca2+) 9.0-10.5 mg/dL
24. Ionized Calcium (Ca2+) 4.5-5.3 mg/dL
25. Magnesium (Mg2+) 1.3-2.1 mg/dL
26. Chloride (Cl-) 98-106 mEq/L
27. Phosphate (PO43-) 3.0-4.5 mg/dL
28. Major Cation in ECF – Sodium (Na+)
29. Major Cation in ICF – Potassium (K+)
Seen in Hypocalcemia and Hyperphosphatemia
30. Chvostek’s sign: Tap below cheekbone and result to facial contraction.
31. Trousseau’s sign: Inflate BP cuff and result to spasm in lower arm.
32. Major Anion in ICF – Phosphate (PO43-)
33. Solutions in which the solutes are less concentrated than in the cells – Hypotonic
(hypoosmolar)
34. Fluids with solutes more concentrated than in cells, or an increased osmolality –
Hypertonic (hyperosmolar)
35. Fluids with the same osmolality as the cell interior – Isotonic
36. Hydrostatic pressure is the force within a fluid compartment. In the blood vessels,
hydrostatic pressure is the blood pressure generated by the contraction of the
heart. At the capillary level, hydrostatic pressure is the major force that pushes
water out of the vascular system and into the interstitial space.
37. Oncotic pressure (colloidal osmotic pressure) is the osmotic pressure caused
by plasma colloids in solution. The plasma protein molecules attract water, pulling
fluid from the tissue space to the vascular space.
38. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to one
of low concentration.
39. Osmosis is the movement of water “down” a concentration gradient, that is, from
a region of low solute concentration to one of high solute concentration, across a
semipermeable membrane.
40. Electrolytes are substances whose molecules dissociate, or split into ions, when
placed in water.