Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mahira Hajiyeva
Introduction
two is the main cause behind the emotional, psychological dilemma that
causes identity crises. In this way, we observe confusion of abstract and
concrete chronotope that results in dialogic chronotope where the author
becomes at the same time both an outsider and an active participant of
this process.
Charles Taylor starts the Politics of Recognition with these words: “Our
identity is partly shaped by recognition or its absence, often by the
misrecognition of others, and so a person or group of people can suffer
real damage, real distortion, if the people or society around them mirror
back to them a confining or demeaning or contemptible picture of
themselves.”(1). When we look at the imperialist, colonial and
postcolonial discourse expressed through the literature of the time, we
can easily observe that the main idea behind socio-political ideology is
representation of difference. In this regard, literature plays a role of
mirror which shows the ideological policy and its reflection on a
particular society. For instance, we cannot but agree that, literature
played a significant role in formulating stereotyped images by the help of
which in colonial world, as a second part of the dualism “we” and
”they”, the black turned into the symbol of ugliness and evil, the eastern
became a type of irrational, deprived and immature creatures and Islam
acquired an image of terrorism. Today, the English language has become
a global language and when we speak about literature in English we no
longer mean standard native born English writers, we mean to consider a
substantial body of work created by the writers who put exclusive
Englishness under question creating “cultural topography” (Said Edward
39-52) based on positions and feelings. But, in order to understand a
particular work from this “topography” only the knowledge of the
language is not sufficient, one needs a close familiarity with the
environment in which these works are created. This is that exclusive
feature which stands against Western universalism and proves the
existence of cultural background as an inseparable part of identity, which
definitely finds its reflection without depending on the language
employed as a medium to express ideas. These writers also prove that
Journal of Research (Humanities) 136
Iqbal’s ideas also present new approach towards identity noting that it
can comprise several elements, rather than be based on blood
relationship or land of birth. This helps to investigate another problem
Journal of Research (Humanities) 138
that has often been discussed while talking about Pakistani identity,
especially identity problem aimed at Pakistani expatriate and diaspora
writers - the discussion around national belonging without taking into
consideration that belonging is also composed of cultural identity which
does not necessarily coincide with political national identity shown on
identity card. From this point of view, Pakistani English fiction provides
an interesting angle to this discussion. For example, Zulfikar Ghose’s
creative work requires a careful consideration. It reveals a fact that, “
[…] the critical culture, at least in certain quarters, is still more tribal and
ethnographic than national- cosmopolitan- and is not sufficiently well
equipped to deal with more sensitive issues of expatriation and exile” (
Hashimi 269). Thus, his creative world should be regarded as a milieu
where various cultural values blend, producing a complex cultural
belonging rather than being reviewed as a reflection of problematic
national belonging. These values find their depiction throughout
Pakistani English literature, in Ahmad Ali as mixture of Eastern and
Western cultural influences, in Suhrawardy as English- Persian –Bengal
experience, in Bapsi Sidhwa as perfect combination of the Panjabi-urdu-
gujrati-english languages and in Mohsin Hamid as an interesting
Pakistan-American worldview. When Alamgir Hashimi says, “The
matter should thus make one raise questions not only about a Pakistani
idiom in English, but also about “Pakistaniness”, what constitutes this,
that and the other? And who may best exemplify these? ” (Hashimi 269).
He tries to clarify the point we are discussing, what can be taken as a
decisive aspect of belonging or identity?
Frantz Fanon writes, “For a colonized people the most essential value,
because the most concrete, is first and foremost the land: the land which
will bring them bread and, above all, dignity” (Fanon 44). It is a fact that,
the land may be regarded as a primary designation of identity and that is
why Zulfikar Ghose in The Murder of Aziz Khan, Nadim Aslam in The
Season of the Rainbird or Moni Mohsin in The End of Innocence
describe it from this perspective. But, what happens if one day one starts
feeling as an alien on the land of his birth, as we observe in Bapsi
Sidhwa’s The Ice –Candy Man? What determines one’s national identity
when he becomes a stranger in the consequence of social political
circumstances? That is the main source of the feeling of alienation we
often observe in postcolonial literature. Thus, if the detachment from the
land deprives an identity of fulcrum we are left to search for an
alternative definition of belonging. That is why, in contemporary
Pakistani English literature, for example in Mohsin Hamid’s and Kamila
Pakistani English Literature in Multicultural Context 139
Kamila Shamsie also displays very interesting point of view through her
character Hiroko regarding the notion of belonging not as contradictory
as it has usually been viewed. The way we appreciate this approach, see
the complex nature of comprehending local and global belonging without
regarding them as opposite poles leads the characters to find their place
in the world or on the contrary, in case they fail to achieve this approach
they are left to suffer in fanaticism, extremism and psychological crises.
Identity crises Chengiz suffers from is regarded from a new angle by
Kamila Shamsie in her novel Burnt Shadow character Hiroko Tanaka.
The author takes Hiroko through nuclear bombing in Nagasaki to war in
Indian Subcontinent, to Pakistani city of Karachi that is in turmoil due to
Journal of Research (Humanities) 140
the war in Afghanistan and finally to New York where the 9/11terror
attack is experienced. In this way she depicts how violence causes the
same pain on human personality, how the events seen as unrelated gets
interrelated through their effect on personalities belonging to different
nations and the notion of belonging loses its primary importance in the
struggle of survival. Hiroko displays the relative nature of such
categories like national belonging and that makes it possible for her to
live through all the traumas in her life, the only way to survive which
could not be achieved by Chengiz in Mohsin Hamid’s novel.
events and seeing the results, literature can serve to create ideology
which enables empiric understanding of cultural diversity and help to
choose appropriate policy to keep balance in a multicultural society.
Conclusion
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