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Branches of Dynamics
Dynamics is divided into two branches called kinematics and kinetics.
Kinematics is the geometry in motion. This term is used to define the motion of a
particle or body without consideration of the forces causing the motion.
Kinetics is the branch of mechanics that relates the force acting on a body to its mass
and acceleration.
Kinematics
Motion of a Particle
Particle is a term used to denote an object of point size. A system of particles which
formed into appreciable size is termed as body. These terms may apply equally to the
same object. The earth for example may be assumed as a particle in comparison with its
orbit, whereas to an observer on the earth, it is a body with appreciable size. In general,
a particle is an object whose size is so small in comparison to the size of its path.
s=vt
vf=vi+at
s=vit+12at2
vf2=vi2+2as
Free-falling body
v=gt
h=12gt2
v2=2gh
Note: From motion with constant acceleration, set vi = 0, vf = v, s = h, and a = g
to get the free-fall formulas.
a=dvdt
v=dsdt
vdv=ads
Where
s = distance
h = height
v = velocity
vi = initial velocity
vf = final velocity
a = acceleration
g = acceleration due to gravity (g = 9.81 m/s2 in SI = 32.2 ft/s2 in English)
t = time
Note:
• a is positive (+) if v is increasing (accelerate).
• a is negative (-) if v is decreasing (decelerate).
• g is positive (+) if the particle is moving downward.
• g is negative (-)if the particle is moving upward.
Problem 1002
On a certain stretch of track, trains run at 60 mph (96.56 kph). How far back of a
stopped train should be a warning torpedo be placed to signal an oncoming train?
Assume that the brakes are applied at once and retard the train at the uniform rate of 2
ft/sec2 (0.61 m/s2).
Solution
HideClick here to show or hide the solution
English System
Initial velocity
vi=60 mph=60(2215)vi=60 mph=60(2215)
vi=88 ft/secvi=88 ft/sec
vf2=vi2+2asvf2=vi2+2as
02=882−2(2)s02=882−2(2)s
s=1936 fts=1936 ft answer
SI units
Initial velocity
vi=96.56 kph=96.56(13.6)vi=96.56 kph=96.56(13.6)
vi=26.82 m/secvi=26.82 m/sec
vf2=vi2+2asvf2=vi2+2as
02=26.822−2(0.61)s02=26.822−2(0.61)s
s=589.7 ms=589.7 m answer
Problem 1003
A stone is thrown vertically upward and return to earth in 10 sec. What was its initial
velocity and how high did it go?
Solution
HideClick here to show or hide the solution
Return in 10 seconds = 5 seconds upward + 5 seconds downward
SI Units
English System
Going upward (velocity at the highest point is zero):
vf=vi−gtvf=vi−gt
0=vi−32.2(5)0=vi−32.2(5)
vi=161 ft/secvi=161 ft/sec answer
Problem 1004
A ball is dropped from the top of a tower 80 ft (24.38 m) high at the same instant that a
second ball is thrown upward from the ground with an initial velocity of 40 ft/sec (12.19
m/s). When and where do they pass, and with what relative velocity?
From A to C (free-fall)
h1=12gt2h1=12gt2
h1=12(32.2)t2h1=12(32.2)t2
h1=16.1t2h1=16.1t2
h1=16.1(22)h1=16.1(22)
h1=64.4 fth1=64.4 ft
They pass each other after 2 seconds at 64.4 ft from the top of the tower. answer
Relative velocity:
vr=vC1+vC2=64.4−24.4vr=vC1+vC2=64.4−24.4
vr=40 ft/secvr=40 ft/sec answer
Problem 1005
A stone is dropped down a well and 5 sec later, the sounds of the splash is heard. If the
velocity of sound is 1120 ft/sec (341.376 m/s), what is the depth of the well?
Solution
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tstone+tsound=5tstone+tsound=5
2hg−−−√+hv=52hg+hv=5
English System
2h32.2−−−−√+h1120=52h32.2+h1120=5
2h32.2−−−−√=5−h11202h32.2=5−h1120
2h32.2=(5−h1120)22h32.2=(5−h1120)2
10h161=25−h112+h2125440010h161=25−h112+h21254400
11254400h2−1832576h+25=011254400h2−1832576h+25=0
h=88759.73 and 353.31h=88759.73 and 353.31
For h = 88 759.73 ft
t=2(88759.73)32.2−−−−−−−−−−√t=2(88759.73)32.2
t=74.2 sec >5 sect=74.2 sec >5 sec (not okay!)
For h = 353.31 ft
t=2(353.31)32.2−−−−−−−−√t=2(353.31)32.2
t=4.68 sec <5 sect=4.68 sec <5 sec (okay!)
SI Units
2h9.81−−−−√+h341.376=52h9.81+h341.376=5
2h9.81−−−−√=5−h341.3762h9.81=5−h341.376
200h981−−−−−√=5−125h42672200h981=5−125h42672
200h981=(5−125h42672)2200h981=(5−125h42672)2
200h981=25−625h21336+15625h21820899584200h981=25−625h21336+15625h2
1820899584
156251820899584h2−16267756976872h+25=0156251820899584h2−16267756976
872h+25=0
h=27065.05 and 107.64h=27065.05 and 107.64
For h = 27 065.05 m
t=2(27065.05)9.81−−−−−−−−−−√t=2(27065.05)9.81
t=74.2 sec >5 sect=74.2 sec >5 sec (not okay!)
For h = 107.64 m
t=2(107.64)9.81−−−−−−−−√t=2(107.64)9.81
t=4.68 sec<5 sect=4.68 sec<5 sec (okay!)
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