Chapter III: Microprocessors

CPU Basics
Central Processing Unit
Central Processing Unit
Central Processing Unit
CPU Operation
Microprocessor Basics
• The microprocessor, or just
processor, is an integrated circuit
designed to process instructions. It
is the most important component
of a computer and usually the
most expensive.
• It contains as many as 50 million
miniaturized electronic
components and is only 30 nm
thick.
 CPU’s Two Main Parts
• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
– Performs arithmetic & logical
operations
– Registers hold data that is
being processed
– Accumulator – where the
result of the operation is being
placed
• Control Unit
– Fetches each instruction
– Loads data into the
ALU’s registers
– Tells the ALU when it is
time to begin processing
through an Instruction
Pointer
How ALU Works
From RAM to the Registers…

data

4 5
Control Unit signals, ALU performs…

4 5

ADD
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Result is sent to RAM….

Result

4 5

9
Instructions

• A computer accomplishes a complex task by

performing series of very simple steps referred to
as: Instructions
• Two Parts:
Operation Code – command word for an operation
Operands – data address for an operation
Example

‘JMP’ – operation code which means go

to a different instruction
‘M1’ – operand which is the RAM
Address of the instruction to which the
computer is supposed to go.
Instruction Set – List of instruction that
the CPU is able to execute.
Instruction Cycle
Step 1
Step 2: Fetches Instruction then Interpret…..
Step 3: Executes Instruction
Step 4: Increment Instruction Pointer
Step 5: Fetches the Next Instruction then
Interpret….
Step 6: Executes the Instruction
Step 7: Increment the Instruction Pointer
Step 8: Fetches the 3rd Instruction then
interprets…
Step 9: Executes the instruction
Types of Buses

• Data Bus –bidirectional

• Address Bus –carries the memory address from
the CPU to the memory
• Control Bus
Microprocessor Performance
• Microprocessor clock is a timing device that sets the
pace for executing instructions. Megahertz (MHz)
means the clock executes millions of instructions per
second and
• Word Size is the number of bits the CPU can manipulate
at one time (32 or 64 bits)

• Cache is high speed memory that allows a

microprocessor to access data more rapidly than from
memory located elsewhere on the motherboard. (Level
1-built in, Level 2-separate)
Processing Types
• Serial processing is when the processor must
complete all of the steps in the instruction cycle
before it begins to execute the next instruction.
• Pipelining allows the processor to execute an
instruction before it completes the previous one
• Parallel processing is done by computers with more
than one processor
• Benchmarks are a series of laboratory tests
conducted to gauge the overall speed of a
microprocessor.
Pipelining Process
Parallel Processing
8088 Specifications

• Designed by Intel Corp. of Sta. Clara CA. USA.

• Operates at 4.77 MHz Clock
• 8-bit external data bus
• 16-bit internal data bus
• Brain of XT Computer
• Rectangular chip w/ 40 pins
• 8086,sister chip w/ 16-bit internal/external data bus
Types of Microprocessors:

• 4004 – 1st CPU in 1971 by Intel

• Intel ‘s 1st Generation: x86 Architecture
16-bit -- 8086, 80286
32-bit -- 80386, 80486, Pentium (80586), Pentium
MMX, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4
• AMD & Cyrix – still based on x86
• Motorola – Macintosh PCs
Today’s Microprocessors

• Intel is the world’s largest chip maker.

– Intel introduced first microprocessor in 1971
– Current products include Pentium , Itanium, and
Itanium II.
– Celerons are not as powerful as the Pentiums but
they are cheaper
• AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) is its chief rival
– Athlon, Opteron and and Duron replace Intel chips
and are cheaper.
CPU Architecture
Transis Mic Clock Data
Name Date
tors rons speed width

8080 1974 6,000 6 2 MHz 8 bits

16 bits
8088 1979 29,000 3 5 MHz 8-bit
bus

80286 1982 134,000 1.5 6 MHz 16 bits

80386 1985 275,000 1.5 16 MHz 32 bits

 80486 1989 1,200,000 1 25 MHz 32 bits
32-64
Pentium 1993 3,100,000 0.8 60 MHz
bit bus
32 bits
Pentium II 1997 7,500,000 0.35 233 MHz 64-bit
bus
32 bits
Pentium III 1999 9,500,000 0.25 450 MHz 64-bit
bus
32 bits
42,000,00
Pentium 4 2000 0.18 1.5 GHz 64-bit
0
bus
32 bits
Pentium 4 125,000,0
2004 0.09 3.6 GHz 64-bit
"Prescott" 00
bus
• Dual-core refers to a CPU that
includes two complete execution
cores per physical processor.
• It combines two processors and
their caches and cache controllers
onto a single integrated circuit
(silicon chip).
• It is basically two processors, in
most cases, residing reside side-by-
side on the same die.
Difference between these…
Pentium D

• The Pentium D is simply two Pentium 4 Prescott

processors (Prescott is code name of P-4 with
some changes in architecture) inefficiently paired
together and ran as dual core. By inefficiently we
mean two dies parried together. The Pentium D
consumes a relatively high power. It runs at high
temperatures and is not a good OverClocker.

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Dual Core

• The Core Duo is Intel’s first generation dual core

processor based upon the Pentium M (a Pentium
III-4 hybrid) made mostly for laptops, and is much
more efficient than Pentium D.
• The Dual core makes use of two cores on a single
die i.e (it has two chips in one package).
• It solves the problem of overheating of Intel
Pentium D without compromising on the
performance.

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Core 2 Duo

• The Core 2 Duo is Intel’s second generation

(hence, Core 2) processor made for desktops and
laptops designed from the ground up to be fast
while not consuming nearly as much power as
previous CPUs.
• The new architecture of Intel Core2 duo makes it
a lot better processor that runs cool. Most
importantly the Intel Core2 duo is a super over
clocker.
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QUAD CORE
Core i3

• Intel intended the Core i3 as the new low end of

the performance processor line from Intel,
following the retirement of the Core2 brand.
• The first Core i3 processors were launched on
January 7, 2010.

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Core i5

• The first Core i5 using

the Nehalem microarchitecture was introduced
on September 8, 2009, as a mainstream variant of
the earlier Core i7, the Lynnfield core.

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Core i7

• Intel Core i7 as an Intel brand name applies to several

families of desktop and laptop 64-bit x86-
64 processors using the Nehalem, Westmere, Sandy
Bridge, Ivy Bridge andHaswell microarchitectures.
• The Core i7 brand targets the business and high-end
consumer markets for both desktop and laptop
computers, and is distinguished from the Core
i3 (entry-level consumer), Core i5 (mainstream
consumer), and Xeon (server and workstation)
brands.

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TASK

• CPU Sockets & their CPU supported

• Intel vs AMD equivalents (from the start)
• Core i3 to Core i7 specifications