The 2N3904 is an extremely popular NPN transistor that is used as a simple electronic switch or amplifier that can

handle 200 mA (absolute maximum) and frequencies as high as 100 MHz when used as an amplifier.

Light Emitting Diode or LED is often abbreviated with electronic components that can emit
monochromatic light when a given voltage. LEDs will only emit light when energized the forward
voltage of the anode toward the cathode.

In electronic circuits, resistors play an important role to limit the current and provide only the required biasing to the
vital active parts like the transistors and the ICs.

They are common in precision circuitry like A/V components, and may need to be adjusted when the
equipment is serviced. Trimpots are often used to initially calibrate equipment after manufacturing.
Unlike many other variable controls, trimmers are mounted directly on circuit boards, turned with a
small screwdriver and rated for many fewer adjustments over their lifetime.

The function of a switch is to either open or close a conductive path. If a switch is open,
no current flows through that path (ie it is off). If the switch is closed, current is allowed
to flow (the path is on).
An LDR is a component that has a (variable) resistance that changes with the light intensity that falls
upon it. This allows them to be used in light sensing circuits. A light dependent resistor
works on the principle of photo conductivity. Photo conductivity is an optical
phenomenon in which the materials conductivity is increased when light is
absorbed by the material.

A battery is a source of energy which provides a push - a voltage - of energy to get the current
flowing in a circuit.

The 1N4148 is a standard silicon switching signal diode. It is one of the most popular and long-lived
switching diodes because of its dependable specifications and low cost. The 1N4148 is a general-
purpose discrete diode with high switching speed and modest maximum current and reverse
voltage ratings.

A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts direct current electrical
energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic
fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or
electronic, to periodically change the direction of current flow in part of the motor.
 Line follower is an autonomous robot which follows either black line in white
are or white line in black area, a certain trajectory or path and decides the course of
action when it encounters an obstacle on its own. Robot must be able to detect
particular line and keep following it. For special situations such as cross over
where robot can have more than one path which can be followed, predefined path
must be followed by the robot. The advantages of having a robot are: It can do all the
tasks it is set to do and factories can make a robot and get most of the work done by it.
There is no need for a human operator, the robot can perform the repetitive tasks that
follow the same path on its own.

From the AA battery with volts, the current flows to the first stage. The first
stage is the lighting of the Light Emitting Diode or LED with a 220 ohm resistor that
limits the current. Next is, the light intensity that’s been given by the LED will be
detected by the Light Dependent Resistor or LDR. The current that will pass to the
collector of the 2N3904 transistor will be based from the base current controlled by the
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) and the 10K trimmer potentiometer.
As the current goes to the DC motor, the 1N4148 diode protects the transistor
from the electromotive force that will be generated by the DC motor when it starts.
Therefore, the current through the DC motor will vary according to the light intensity
received by the Light Dependent Resistor from the Light Emitting Diode.
Lastly, the speed of the DC motor will be calibrated by the 10K trimmer
potentiometer that will determine on how fast or slow the motor will be. Same goes to
the other pair of motor. The basic principal of the line follower robot actually almost the
same as the light follower robot, but instead of tracking the light the LFR sensor is used
to track the line, therefore by differentiating the line color and it’s surrounding (black
over white or vise verse) any light sensitive sensor could be used to navigate the mobile
robot to follow this track.