Name:- Bisam Binod Khanal

Roll No.:- 073MSDG204

Assignment:- Distributed Generation Integration

1. What are the techniques, approaches and impacts of grid integration?

Ans:- Techniques used in Grid location and Integration

 Genetic Algorithm
 Ant Colony Optimization
 Tabu search
 Analytical expression
 Particle swarm
Integration of renewable energy based distributed generation (DG) units provides potential benefits to
conventional distribution systems. The power injections from renewable DG units located close to the
load centers provide an opportunity for system voltage support, reduction in energy losses, and reliability
improvement. Therefore, the location of DG units should be carefully determined with the consideration
of different planning incentives. This paper presents a comparison of novel, combined loss sensitivity,
index vector, and voltage sensitivity index methods for optimal location and sizing of distributed
generation (DG) in a distribution network.
The main contribution of the paper is: (i) location of DGs based on existing sensitivity methods, (ii)
proposing combined power loss sensitivity based method for DG location, (iii) modified Novel method
for DG location, (iv) comparison of sensitivity methods for DG location and their size calculations, and
(v) cost of losses and determining cost of power obtained from DGs and the comparison of methods at
unity and lagging power factors. The results show the importance of installing the suitable size of DG at
the suitable location.

Issues of DG Integration

There are several important and key issues, and challenges in the integration of DGs in the power
systems.
 Operation and Control
 Optimal Location
 Modeling Issues
 Protection System Requirements

 Change of Short Circuit Capacity

 Power Quality
 Stability
 Commercial Issues
 Regulatory Issues
 Role in New Market Regime
 Economic Factors
 Name:- Bisam Binod Khanal
Roll No.:- 073MSDG204
Assignment:- Distributed Generation Integration

 Unbalancing
 Demand Response Effect

2. What are the factors that should be considered for grid integration?
Ans:- The factors that should be considered for grid integration are as follows:-
 Voltage Regulation
 Integration with Area EPS Grounding
 Synchronization
 Isolation
 Response to Voltage Disturbance
 Response to frequency Disturbance
 Feeder Reclosing Coordination
 Disconnection for faults
 DC Injection
 Voltage flicker
 Harmonics
 Unintentional Islanding Protection

3. Distinguish the Central and Distributed Energy System with their advantages and disadvantages.
Ans:- :- The difference between the Central and Distributed Energy system are as follows:-
 Name:- Bisam Binod Khanal
Roll No.:- 073MSDG204
Assignment:- Distributed Generation Integration

4. What are the differences between grid connected and Isolated Energy Systems?

Ans:- The difference between the Grid connected and Isolated Energy system are as follows:-
S.N. Grid connected Isolated system
1 Maximum utilization of the available Low utilization of the available potential,
hydropower potential. continuous power capacity
2 Plant factor limited by the available flow Plant factor limited by the demand (typically 0.15 ...
(about 0.5 to 0.6) 0.3)
3 Low generation costs Higher generation costs
4 Tariff agreed with utility Tariff depends on the acceptance of the end users
5 Synchronization Equipment Components to enable the reaction on fast demand
variations (flywheel, electric ballasts, load
shedding)
6 Transmission line to connect to the grid Distribution grid and household connections
7 High technical requirements, approved by Utilization of simpler technology possible without
utility cutting back on safety aspects.
8 Operation Operation
- (usually) full automatic -Manually operated
control, often managed by (operator), often managed
an investor by a community

-Billing to utility (1 costumer)

-When grid is down: no -Billing to various end users

possibility to sell the (meter reading required)
produced energy
9 Maintenance Maintenance
- In dry season - Power plant downtime: Consumers do have no
- Power plant downtime: consumers still electricity
have electricity (from the grid) - Includes the maintenance of the distribution grid
and the end user connections

Q.5. Write the importance of Hybrid Energy System with suitable case study.
 Name:- Bisam Binod Khanal
Roll No.:- 073MSDG204
Assignment:- Distributed Generation Integration

Ans:- A village in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, called Al-Qtqt, was selected as a case-study to
investigate the most suitable combination of power sources for the hybrid power system.
Hybrid power systems usually integrate renewable energy sources with fossil fuel, (diesel/petrol) based
generators to provide electrical power and traditional diesel system acting as back-up in case of lack of
the primary source [2]. They are generally independent of large centralized electric grids and are used in
remote areas. In these systems, it is possible for the individual power sources to provide different
percentages of the total load. For instance, on a cloudy and windy day, when the solar panels are
producing low levels of electricity, the wind generator can compensate by producing more electric power.
There are generally two accepted hybrid power system configurations:
1. Systems based mainly on diesel generators with renewable energy used for reducing fuel consumption.
2. Systems relying on the renewable energy source with diesel generators used as a backup supply for
extended periods of low renewable energy period or in cases of high load demand.
The advantages of using renewable energy sources for generating power in remote areas are obvious. A
hybrid power system, as the one shown in Figure 1, has the ability to provide 24-hour grid quality
electricity to the load. Such a system offers better performance, flexibility of planning and environmental
benefits compared to the diesel generator based stand-alone system. The operational and maintenance
costs of the diesel generator can therefore be decreased thereby improving the performance of operation.
Further, less fuel is used. The system also gives the opportunity for expanding its capacity in order to
cope with the increasing demand in the future. This can be done by increasing either the rated power of
the diesel generator, renewable generator or both of them.

It is shown that the optimal case is the solar and grid combination and it represent a system connected to
the grid with the addition of using renewable energy. The chosen percentage of Minimum Renewable
Fraction, considering cost and emissions, was 30%.
To reduce the emissions from traditional power plants, by using renewable energy, and to decrease the
high cost of supplying electricity to remote areas, hybrid systems are of considerable importance. Hybrid
systems are one of the most promising applications of renewable energy technologies in remote areas,
where the cost of grid extension is high. Since the price of fossil fuel increases with the distance of the
location, hybrid energy systems could be an appropriate technology to reduce fuel consumption and
environmental hazards.
Applications of hybrid systems range from small power supplies for remote households providing
electricity for lighting or water pumping and water supply to village electrification for remote
communities.
 Name:- Bisam Binod Khanal
Roll No.:- 073MSDG204
Assignment:- Distributed Generation Integration

6. What are the processes for conducting a grid integration study?

Ans:- The process for conducting grid integration study are as follows:-
1. Collection of data
Area of study, Solar and wind resource data, System data, Operating parameters (how system is
operated, e.g., scheduling, market rules), policies related to Energy, etc.

2. Development of the scenarios.

Sensitivity analysis is used to study the different scenarios.

3. Simulation of the power system

Modeling and Simulate using the proper software eg. HOMER, MATLAB, etc.

4. Analysis of the system and outcomes

The results that we get from the simulation is thoroughly analyzed and the conclusions are
developed.

5. Report making
Finally the report is prepared including all these process.

7. Can the power system be reliably operated with wind and solar energy power plant?
Ans:- Yes, with Standalone Solar Wind Battery System a constant power can be produced throughout the
day.

8. Can we optimize the energy resources by creating regional electricity grids? Explain briefly.
Ans:- It is now well recognized that the drive toward sustainable development can be facilitated by
adopting smart energy systems relying on the interface and co-optimization of the cyber and
physical layers modeling the Electricity Cyber Physical System (CPS). Regional energy
systems will be profoundly transformed by the increasing penetration of intermittent and
variable renewable energy (VRE) sources connected at transmission (e.g., wind farms) or at
distribution (e.g., rooftop PV panels) networks. At the same time, the advent of grid friendly
flexible loads (FLs) and distributed energy resources (DERs) including variable speed drive
powered CHP micro-generators, heat pumps, and electric vehicles, will provide
 Name:- Bisam Binod Khanal
Roll No.:- 073MSDG204
Assignment:- Distributed Generation Integration

new options to develop demand response and provide distributed system services. VRE will
impose new operational requirements, but, fortunately, FLs and DERs provide new
opportunities to optimize power systems through the provision of fast reserves and dual use
of accompanying volt/var control devices (PV inverters, EV chargers and the like). Under
these circumstances, FLs and DERs can significantly improve operational and investment
efficiencies.
Grid operators (GOs) and agencies entrusted with planning sustainable development at the
regional level, for example those in charge of developing territorial climate energy plans in
Europe (e.g. in France, Germany or Switzerland), or those promoting the development of
smart cities in the Gulf region (e.g. Lusaï in Qatar or Masdar in Abu Dhabi), must cooperate to redesign
the local energy system. To succeed in the transition to a non-fossil fuel based
renewable energy future, new designs should embrace the generation as well as the
consumption sides through the adoption of Smart Energy Systems (SESs). This requires investments in a
number of appropriate infrastructures including smart electricity grids, smart thermal grids (district
heating and cooling), smart gas grids and other fuel infrastructures. There is therefore an urgent need to
develop a new planning framework based on a Systems Analysis approach at the regional level capable of
capturing the synergies of SESs with smart grid integrated DERs.

10. Write the challenges of wind and solar power on grid integration.
Ans:- Following sections will discuss the challenges related to integration of renewable energy production
from different geographical perspectives.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
In distribution systems the most prominent challenges relates to voltage rise and overloading of
system components.2 While also other issues may arise from fluctuation in electricity production
due to gusty winds or cloud movements, this section focuses on these two challenges.
Voltage rise issues emerge when the electricity generated exceeds the local demand, causing
the electricity to flow in opposite direction compared to normal operation. This reversed power
flow may also affect the protection system and cause overload in system components. There
are different approaches to address these problems, e.g. reinforcement in the distribution grid,
demand side management, energy storage, energy curtailment, reactive power compensation
and coordinated on-load tap changer (OLTC) control. Below, we present the results of case
studies on the impact of increasing wind and solar PV penetration levels in two Swedish
residential distribution systems.
Both wind power and solar PV will affect the distribution system in similar ways; however there
are some major differences. Firstly, the time variation of production differs and secondly the
location where they are installed may vary. It is likely that a large share of the solar PV units will
be connected to the low voltage distribution system due to its modular properties, allowing for
integration in buildings and economic performance independent of scale. In Germany, about 70
% of the solar PV is connected to the low voltage distribution system.3 Although there are small
scale wind turbines that, like solar PV, could be installed within the low voltage distribution
system, wind turbines are more likely to be connected to the regional transmission system or to
the medium voltage distribution system.
The amount of wind and solar PV that can be installed in a distribution system without violating
the reliability and performance of the system depends on the design of the distribution system
and on the load profile. Systems with a high mismatch between the electricity generation and
demand will have more difficulties to cope with large penetration levels while systems with
 Name:- Bisam Binod Khanal
Roll No.:- 073MSDG204
Assignment:- Distributed Generation Integration

better load matching can facilitate larger shares. Similarly, systems designed for high peak
demand can facilitate more PV and wind power than systems designed for a low peak demand
since the system is designed to cope with higher power levels. Other concerns relate to the
length of the distribution grid where long distances between the customer and the substation will
likely experience increased voltage fluctuations and voltage rises during the day compared to a
grid with shorter distances.
Electricity generated from solar PV is rather predictable and, on an aggregated level, it
correlates with the demand on a daily basis. For countries with warm weather, it also correlates
on a seasonal basis, while for countries with cold climate, like Sweden, there is a negative
correlation. On a local level the correlation depends on the characteristics of the area. For
commercial areas with peak demand during daytime the correlation is high while for residential
areas the correlation is reduced since the demand is highest during morning and evening hours
while the peak production occurs around noon.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
What is usually referred to as the transmission system for electricity is the high voltage
backbone of the electricity grid. The need for a transmission grid, i.e. the need to transport
electricity over long distances, stems from the fact that generating units are not necessarily (and
usually not) located close to the load. From a transmission point of view, the ideal placement of
generators would be as close to the load as possible, but the locations of power plants are
determined by a number of factors. For example, it can be economically beneficial to
concentrate production to large facilities supplying a large geographical area, because of
economies of scale. Other circumstances such as proximity to harbours and other infrastructure,
or availability of certain natural resources such as coal mines, rivers or sea water used for
cooling in thermal power plants, may also influence where a plant is built.
In general, large-scale integration of solar and wind power can cause three major changes in
the way the transmission system is utilised. First, the optimal locations of power plants may
change, since the optimal sites for wind and solar power plants are often not the sites where
power plants have traditionally been placed. Second, increasing the transmission capacity can
be used for smoothing variations in the production patterns from wind and solar power. This is
possible since the correlation between wind and solar patterns generally decreases with
geographical distance. With a large transmission capacity, electricity can be collected from a
large geographical area, resulting in smaller variations in aggregated production.8 Third, an
expansion of transmission capacity may be needed to better utilise resources, such as
hydropower, that are capable of managing supply and demand imbalances in the system.

11. How will grid integration impact consumers? Explain with suitable example.
Ans:- Many of the additional costs incurred by the system due to expansion of VRES are generally fully
passed on to the end-consumers of electricity, and this in addition to the direct incentives. This is of
particular concern in many countries and appreciable price increases have so far been witnessed in
Germany (Figure 21), Italy, Japan, and Romania. In 2014, the German Renewable Energy Act
(Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz EEG) resulted in a price increase of 6.24 Eurocent/kWh for consumers.
Many energy intensive industries have long-term supply contracts for low-priced electricity, and therefore
non-energy intensive consumers, residential and commercial will have to pay more for their electricity
consumption.
For example, in Italy in 2014, only incentives for VRES passed on to consumers as a component of their
electricity bills, amounted to around 13 billion Euro or over 50Euro/MWh, (approximately USD58/MWh)
 Name:- Bisam Binod Khanal
Roll No.:- 073MSDG204
Assignment:- Distributed Generation Integration

for residential and commercial consumers. This is excluding the additional balancing costs and T&D
investments required by VRES integration.

12. Can a remote power generation plant be directly connected to transmission lines instead of installing
new lines to feed the S/S?
Ans:- Yes, if the voltage level and frequency gets matched. Thermal limit and SC limit also play an
important role so they are also to be addressed.

14. What are the significance of islanding in interconnected grid? How can it help to survive from grid
collapse?
Ans:- An island is “That part of a power system consisting of one ore more power sources and load that
is, for some period of time, separated from the rest of the system.