Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GENERAL SPECIFICATION
SAFETY
GS EP SAF 228
Liquid drainage
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Contents
1. Scope .......................................................................................................................4
1.1 Purpose of the specification...............................................................................................4
1.2 Applicability........................................................................................................................4
2. Reference documents.............................................................................................5
4. Design principles for liquid drainage (closed and open drains) ....................... 10
4.1 The different liquid drainage systems ..............................................................................10
4.2 Effluent categories in open drains ...................................................................................11
4.3 Segregation .....................................................................................................................14
4.4 Drainage piping: diameters, gradients, miscellaneous ....................................................16
4.5 Drainage piping: connections to closed drains and to OD 1 or OD 2 headers ................17
4.6 Drainage piping: material and rating................................................................................17
4.7 Underground facilities (onshore)......................................................................................18
4.8 Toxic service....................................................................................................................18
4.9 Winterisation ....................................................................................................................18
4.10 Accidental spillage ...........................................................................................................19
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1. Scope
1.1 Purpose of the specification
GS EP SAF 228 defines the safety requirements for liquid drainage facilities in the petroleum
installations of the upstream segment of COMPANY’s activities in order to minimise
uncontrolled spillage and risk of hydrocarbon ignition and subsequent fire escalation.
The design of oil-contaminated drains, open drains and closed drains, from process, storage
and utility areas is the main subject of this GS EP SAF 228. These drains are designed to
handle liquid wastes produced in normal operation, any degraded operating modes foreseen
during design, and maintenance.
GS EP SAF 228 also addresses the collection and containment of accidental spillage from
facilities processing hydrocarbon liquids.
GS EP SAF 228 also aims to minimise direct discharge of polluted streams to the environment
by channelling them to appropriated treatment units, in line with COMPANY Environmental
requirements as per GS EP ENV 001.
1.2 Applicability
New installations designed by or on behalf of COMPANY shall comply with this specification.
Modifications and extensions of existing installations should also comply with this specification,
unless it is demonstrated and documented that it results in inconsistencies that are detrimental
to the overall safety of the installation.
GS EP SAF 228:
• Is not retroactive, but it is used as a reference during the design and operability reviews of
the existing oil and gas installations operated by COMPANY affiliates.
• Applies to all onshore and offshore fixed installations handling hydrocarbon liquids in the
upstream segment of COMPANY activities, including those handling liquefied gases.
GS EP SAF 228 does not cover:
• Hydrocarbon gases and vapours disposal facilities (covered by GS EP SAF 262)
• Treatment of production water (i.e. water from reservoir) and utility waters (e.g. cooling
water, desalting water)
• Containment of accidental spillage from onshore storage facilities (covered by
GS EP SAF 341)
• Detailed design of oily water treatment facilities to achieve the specification set for
disposal of oily water to the environment
• Design of the facilities treating the effluents not compatible with oily water, such as
chemicals, drilling cuttings, solids, domestic sewage
• Collection of LPG/LNG spillage offshore (on deck or on boat)
• Detailed design of the instrument drains (addressed in GS EP INS 900).
• The mobile marine facilities covered by the codes issued by the IMO (International
Maritime Organisation)
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2. Reference documents
The reference documents listed below form an integral part of this General Specification. Unless
otherwise stipulated, the applicable version of these documents, including relevant appendices
and supplements, is the latest revision published at the EFFECTIVE DATE of the CONTRACT.
Standards
Reference Title
Not applicable
Professional Documents
Reference Title
ISO 10418 / API RP 14C Petroleum and natural gas industries Offshore production
installations Basic surface process
ISO 13703 / API RP 14E Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries - Design and Installation of
Piping Systems on Offshore Production Platforms
ISO 17776 / API RP 14J Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries - Offshore Production
Installations - Guidelines on Tools and Techniques for Hazard
Identification and Risk Assessment
ISO 14620 Space Systems - Safety Requirements
API RP 55 Recommended Practice for Oil and Gas Producing and Gas
Processing Plant Operations Involving Hydrogen Sulfide
ISO 23251 / API RP 521 Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries Pressure-
relieving and depressuring systems
Regulations
Reference Title
NFPA 59A Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling of Liquefied
Natural Gas (LNG)
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Codes
Reference Title
IP Code, Part 15 Area classification code for petroleum for installations, part 15 of
the Institute of Petroleum Model Code of Safe practice (March
1990)
Other documents
Reference Title
Statement Of Requirements (SOR)
Safety Concept
Operating Philosophy
Reference Title
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Fire break / gas seal U-shaped siphon whose low point is normally filled with liquids,
aimed at preventing fire and gas propagation between two different
segments of an open drains piping system
GRP To designate the Glass Reinforced Plastics used in the fabrication
of piping.
Hazardous area A three-dimensional area in which a flammable atmosphere may be
expected to be present at such frequencies as to require special
precautions for the control of potential ignition sources (COMPANY
from IP Code, Part 15).
High volatility Those hydrocarbon liquids which are referred to as Category A
hydrocarbon liquids petroleum fluids. The criteria for categorising flammable liquids “A”
as per the IP code are given in GS EP SAF 216.
Basically all liquefied methane and ethane (LNG), all liquefied
propane and butanes (LPG), and the more volatile of the rest of
Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) belong to this category.
HP flare or HP vent A HP flare or HP vent is a disposal system where the back pressure
can be higher than that what is admissible in the LP relief system.
The HP flare collects the high flowrate sources which cannot be
routed to the LP flare disposal system because they would create
excessive back pressure.
Impounding basins Impounding basins are basins below grade level that are designed
for the containment of major accidental spillage. They can be
equipped with an uplift pump for rainwater removal, but this pump is
not intended to transfer hydrocarbon liquids. The impounding basins
stand-by are located adjacent to the process equipment, not
underneath. Not to be confused with drip pans and bunded areas.
LP flare or LP vent A LP flare or LP vent is a disposal system where the back pressure
must be maintained low (maximum 3.5 barg) even at maximum
relief flowrate.
Maintenance drains Closed system which collects liquid drains from depressurised
equipment and piping. The system is used for maintenance purpose
only.
Minimum installations Installations handling oil and gas for production or transport
purposes, with no processing facilities. Offshore, they are the
wellhead and/or manifold platforms which are not bridged to a
process installation. Onshore they are the wellhead clusters and/or
production manifolds. A minimum installation may include helideck,
(dry) firewater network, electrical cabin, etc. Test separators and pig
traps are not considered as processing facilities. Well-Head
Platforms or clusters with FWKO drums and water degassing drums
are not considered as minimum installations.
Observation basin Facility installed in onshore oil and gas installations as the last oil
trap before disposal of oily water to public waters. It is an open pit
designed as to retain the drainage effluent for a certain time.
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(OD1) Permanently oil- Waste water open drains contaminated in normal operation by
contaminated drains significant quantities of liquid hydrocarbons.
(OD2) Accidentally oil- Waste water open drains :
contaminated drains
• either (1) contaminated in normal operation or during other
routine operations foreseen during design (e.g. maintenance)
by very small volumes of hydrocarbons so that it is acceptable
environmental-wise to route directly the effluents directly to an
observation basin or a disposal tube without first separation
in API separator or sump tank.
• or (2) normally clean and for which contamination with
hydrocarbons can only result from an accidental leak (e.g.
piping weld puncture) or a rare event (e.g. storm flooding and
cross-contaminating normally clean areas).
(OD3) Oil-free drains Waste water open drains in areas where the risk for contamination
by hydrocarbons is minimal and can be disregarded.
Oil trap Facility designed to retain and allow recovery of floating liquid
hydrocarbons only. Disposal tubes are offshore final oil traps and
observation basins are onshore final oil traps.
Oily water or oil- Waste water generated during the industrial process and which
contaminated water contains oil, emulsified oil, or other hydrocarbons.
Oily water treatment Facilities designed for the treatment (primary, secondary) of oily
water to meet a given specification (maximum oil in water content)
for its disposal to sea or to public waters.
Open drains They are basically atmospheric drains: their intakes (entry points)
are permanently vented to atmosphere.
Operational drains Closed system which collects liquid drains from process equipment
and piping whilst the process unit is live and the process equipment
and piping is at normal operating pressure.
Paved areas Refers to paving, concrete slabs and other liquid tight surfaces
required underneath and around the onshore hydrocarbon process
equipment to prevent infiltration into the soil of hydrocarbon liquids
(and other pollutants likely to spill).
Primary treatment Gravity-differential separation of oil from waste waters: API
separator onshore, or sump tank offshore.
Secondary treatment Facilities designed for the treatment of oily water by means other
than gravity-differential separation to meet a given specification
(maximum oil content in water) for its disposal to sea or public
waters: e.g.: filtration, flotation, chemical flocculation and biological
treatment.
Seals, sealed The “seals” are in this specification hydraulic seals. Drains are
“sealed” if they are provided with a hydraulic seal to prevent fire
spreading and gas migration. This can be implemented either in the
piping (siphon) or by entering a capacity below the liquid level.
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4.1.3.2 Sampling
For each new project or major revamping, sampling typicals should be developed. As a
minimum the Operating Philosophy and/or Safety Concept documents should list the different
types of sampling facilities to be implemented. Sampling typicals shall be approved by Company
representative and shown on a dedicated P&ID.
Samples from a facility containing hydrocarbon flashing fluids under pressure, toxic fluids shall
not be connected to the open drain system. They shall be collected in a closed, sealed
container rated to match the facility maximum operating pressure, or if necessary connected to
the closed drain system or to a lower pressure process system.
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OD1 waters shall be treated in a purposely designed oily water treatment unit containing a
primary treatment unit as a minimum, and if necessary a secondary treatment before
disposal.
OD1 sources include :
• Liquid collected underneath the oil or gas/condensate process equipment likely to produce
drips in routine operation (e.g. pumps, compressors, vessels, HC wellheads, manifolds,
sampling devices and generally all the equipment with a concentration of non-welded
fittings). Such liquid shall be collected in a drip pan.
• Liquid collected underneath oil loading areas including loading arms, hose handling areas
at jetties and filling points
• Water draw-off from oil storage tank bottoms
• Water from oil laboratory and analyser houses (they require an independent collection
system, see section 4.2.4)
• Drainage from oil sample points (not of fluid cat. A)
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4.2.4 Effluents not compatible with OD1, OD2 and OD3 sources
This section lists the main types of wastes encountered in oil and gas production and treatment
facilities that shall not be mixed with waste waters collected in the installation open drains
without prior adequate treatment.
The effluents which are toxic for health or the environment and cannot be treated on site, shall
be stored in adequate sealed containers, and then transported to appropriate treatment
facilities outside the installation.
4.2.4.2 Laboratories
Laboratory sink drains handle oily products but also chemically polluted effluents, which shall
not be sent directly to the installation open drain system. The laboratory drains shall be piped
independently from other drains to a dedicated, vented atmospheric tank.
These wastes must be processed in one of the following ways:
• Treated (secondary treatment like neutralisation), or
• Stored before transport to an appropriate treatment facility.
The solution should be selected depending on the regulatory requirements and plant design.
The selected design shall be approved by COMPANY.
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4.3 Segregation
As shown in section 4.2, drainage systems carry a large number of different effluents. Improper
segregation of drainage systems is one of the main causes of accidents in oil and gas
installations. Segregation must therefore be incorporated as early as possible in the design of
drainage systems.
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The piping networks collecting open drains from hazardous areas and from non-hazardous
areas shall be independent (no inter-connections at all, even for maintenance purposes). This
principle applies to all open drains, including the instrument open drains.
Drain headers from hazardous and non-hazardous areas may all discharge into a common oil
trap or primary treatment facility provided both conditions below are met:
• Headers from hazardous areas are not connected to headers from non-hazardous areas
and each header enters the common treatment facility via its own dedicated inlet nozzle.
• Hydraulic seals are provided at the oil trap/primary treatment facility by means of an
inlet pipe discharging below the liquid level in the facility (the drain header from non-
hazardous areas shall be sealed at entry with 1 m water depth minimum).
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Open drainage systems shall be arranged and sized to prevent flooding of the spillage
catchment areas and the spread of fire and flammable liquids from one catchment area to
another. There shall be no carry-over:
• From one spillage catchment area to the adjacent spillage catchment areas
• From paved to unpaved areas
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Note that F(P)SO may require higher gradients to make up for vessel movements.
4.5 Drainage piping: connections to closed drains and to OD1 or OD2 headers
The level of risk of plugging of the open and closed drain headers by solids (sand etc.),
deposits (wax etc.) or high viscosity fluids shall be identified where credible in the Safety
Concept.
Based on this, the type of connection from drain branches or sub headers to drain headers can
be made either:
• At 90 degrees, but in this case rodding points shall be provided for each header at risk
• At an angle of 45 or 60 degrees.
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(3): With regards to H2S concentration, an area is defined as inadequately ventilated when the ventilation (natural or artificial) is
not sufficient to prevent the accumulation of significant quantities of H2S-Air mixtures in excess of 10 ppm (definition from
API RP 55). For example areas with 100% plain walls and either 100% plain ceiling or 100% plain floor shall be regarded as
inadequately ventilated. Typical examples are pits and depressions. For further guidance on areas inadequately ventilated refer to
GS EP SAF 216.
4.9 Winterisation
Where applicable, drainage lines, seal pots and headers shall be winterised against freezing by
heat tracing or alternate solutions.
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5.2 Piping
The lines collecting closed drain effluents are referred to as piping in this chapter.
5.2.1 General
Closed drain piping shall comply with COMPANY hydrocarbon piping specifications (refer to
GS EP PVV 112), in particular buried sections shall be all-welded (no flanges).
Closed drain lines shall slope continuously down to the closed drain drum (see section 5.3).
There shall be no low points in the piping.
All the consequences of a gas blow-by scenario (effect on drain line design temperature and
pressure, and effect on flare/vent line diameter from the closed drain drum, and safety
distances around flare/vent) shall be considered in the design of closed drains not positively
isolated from the process equipment to which they are connected.
• Positive isolation can be a spectacle blind (in closed position), a blind flange or a
removable spool piece.
Care shall be taken that back pressure from high pressure drains cannot impair low pressure
drains and their connected equipment.
The closed drains not fitted with positive isolation should be carefully considered; these are :
• The operation drains
• Some of the maintenance drains (see section 5.2.5 and Figure 1).
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5.2.2 Diameter
The nominal diameter of headers shall not be less than 3”. When determining the diameter of
the piping, possible occurrence of multi-phase flow shall be considered.
For more details on the design of the branches connecting drain points to the headers, see
sections 5.2.5 and 5.2.6.
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(2) (2)
LC 2" 2" LC or CSC
Process liquids Process liquids
600mm mini
600mm mini
(1)
(1)
(5)
(3)
(4)
3" x 2" 3" x 2"
OD
CD CD
(3)
2" LC (3)
Process liquids Process liquids
(2) 2"
OD
600mm mini (1)
(3)
Legend :
(4)
FLAMMABLE, CAT., LNG, LPG
OD TOXIC relate to the materials handled by the equipment
CD CD : Closed Drains System
OD : Open Drains System
LC : Locked Closed
CSC : Car Seal Close
globe valve
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Figure 1 assumes that all process equipment, including lines, are provided with adequate
depressurisation facilities. If an item of equipment is designed to be depressurised via a remote
facility connected to flare or vent (e.g. flow-line depressurisation via a test separator to a flare)
this shall be noted on the P&ID for clarification purposes. Typically dedicated cleaning/flushing
nozzles (inlet and outlet) are provided and not shown on this sketch.
5.3.1 Purpose
Closed drains shall discharge first into a flash drum, referred to as the closed drain drum. The
closed drain drum shall be designed as a flash drum for the closed drain effluents, and shall
have no other function.
5.3.2 Venting
The closed drain drum should be connected to the LP (Low Pressure) flare. It may be
connected to a LP vent, if there is no LP flare on the installation. It shall not be connected to a
HP (High Pressure) flare or vent which may cause undue back-pressures in the closed drain
network.
The closed drain drum and its gas relief outlet piping shall accommodate the largest flow
resulting from the largest gas blow-by occurring in one single drain not isolated from the process
equipment by a positive isolation (see section 5.2.1).
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5.3.6 Miscellaneous
The closed drain drum shall have no connection for liquid transfer directly to mobile facilities
(e.g. offshore: to a boat). Such transfer, if necessary, shall be done from a dedicated
downstream atmospheric tank or pit.
In case of operational drainage, a LSHH shall be installed to shut off all operational drains
lines. In case of manual maintenance drainage, a LAH and visible and audible alarms in the
workplace shall be provided as a minimum.
For the automatic shutdown actions in case of LSHH, refer to GS EP SAF 261.
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• The drain headers tie directly into the LP flare/vent KO drum via dedicated nozzles, and
are not connected to the LP flare/vent piping/header.
Combining LP flare/vent KO drum and closed drain drum shall be accepted only if the
Operating Philosophy clearly states that any maintenance drainage or liquid disposal to mobile
facility is made after the installation is shut-down in such a manner that LP flare/vent receives
no more flow. If installation shutdown is not the selected option, liquids offloading to mobile
facilities shall be made via a dedicated downstream atmospheric tank or pit.
This design is acceptable if all the requirements listed below are met (otherwise the standard
design of section 5.4 shall be adopted):
• The combined LP flare and closed drain drum is permanently vented through a flare
stack or vent designed in accordance with GS EP SAF 262. In the case of a vent both
systems (LP vent system and closed drain system) are designed for internal explosion.
• The drain headers inlets to the combined LP flare/vent and closed drain drum are made
with dip pipes with a minimum liquid seal of 300 mm in order to prevent gas return flow
when turning the closed drain spectacle blind.
• No operation drains are connected to the closed drain drum
• The closed drain drum is not connected to another process facility nor to a HP vent
whose back-pressure can exceed 3.5 barg.
• The closed drain drum receives no effluents from the open drain system.
• The closed drain drum liquids are sent back to the process by pumps.
Liquids offloading to mobile facilities, if any, shall be made via a dedicated downstream
atmospheric tank or pit.
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For onshore installations: open, gravity-based drainage systems shall be used for the drainage
of waste water, unless they are prohibited by local regulations. Alternatives to gravity-based
drainage systems (e.g. flooded systems) shall require COMPANY’s approval.
6.2.1 Rainwater
Peak rainfall data over a selected return period should be used where available and justified.
Onshore, 95% of the paved areas surface should be used to estimate the rainfall drainage to
the open drains system. The contribution of run-off from unpaved areas should be considered
on a case by case basis using the guidance given in Appendix 2.
Offshore, a minimum rainwater rate of 0.05 l/s.m2 shall be used, if not exceeded by rainfall
records over the reference return period. The surface to be taken into account is:
• On the highest deck (referred to as weather deck), the total surface
• On lower decks, strips with a width equal to the elevation between two consecutive decks
(based on rainfall at an angle of 45°)
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No credit shall be taken for loss of sprayed firewater through evaporation, etc
6.2.4 Effluent
All the flows other than mentioned in sections 6.2.1 through 6.2.3. Mainly: the water draw-off
from hydrocarbon storage tanks, the effluent volumes from the final draining/emptying of the
process facilities that cannot be sent to the closed drains. This flow is usually marginal
compared to firewater and rainwater flows, with the exception of bottom tank water from the
onshore large hydrocarbon storage tanks.
In the absence of any specific figure, a value of 30 m3/h can be used.
6.3.1 Minimum
The introduction of solids into drain pipes cannot be avoided and this is prone to produce silting
in the pipes.
A minimum velocity of 0.8 m/s, either from process effluent flows alone, or from combined
process and rainwater flows shall be attained a minimum of six times per year to achieve
periodic cleansing of the drains. If it cannot be obtained though process or rainwater flows,
flushing facilities shall be provided to meet the requirement in each pipe run of the system.
In drain pipes where heavy amount of sand or other solids may be present 1.2 m/s shall be the
minimum velocity.
6.3.2 Maximum
In oily water (OD1 and OD2) and domestic sewage drain pipes, velocities attained should not
regularly exceed 2.0 m/s to prevent emulsification.
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(3): 1.2 m/s for heavy amount of sand or other particles present
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The sizing of the observation basin shall take into account the volume of accidental spillage
(see section 6.2.5) to ensure retention and recovery by environmental spill response plan.
In regions where severe storms can occur, the design, location and elevation of the facility shall
prevent flooding of the API separator and observation basin that would spread hydrocarbons
over the adjacent areas. Storm waters should be diverted to public water before they enter the
observation basin.
7.2 Infiltration
Infiltration into the soil of hydrocarbons and other pollutants likely to spill from the process
equipment shall be prevented.
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7.4 The collection of the drainage effluent in process and utility areas
For the detailed design of the facilities required to collect the drainage effluent in onshore
process and utility areas refer to Appendix 4 which is part of this specification.
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Waster water drainage in the bund as described above does not apply to LNG and LPG storage
facilities, which shall not be connected to oily water drains.
7.6 Off-sites
This section concerns the hydrocarbon units installed far from the main process area such as:
wells, flare drum and pumps, gas pipeline pig traps, loading/unloading areas, pipeline valve
stations.
Their open drains shall be collected as in the main plant. When connection of their oily water
drains to the main plant oily water drain system is not practicable, oily waters shall be sent to
a dedicated, vented, atmospheric tank or collection pit closed with a gas-tight cover. Mobile
means shall be provided to transport the collected effluents to the main primary treatment
facility.
7.7 Buildings
“Technical buildings or rooms” designed to house primarily electrical and instrument systems
shall not be connected to an open drain system (oily water or domestic). They shall not
contain potential leak sources of hydrocarbons.
Enclosures in general shall not contain equipment processing hydrocarbons. Some buildings
however, classified as non-hazardous areas, may contain mechanical equipment that need to
be connected to the oil-contaminated open drains because they are sources of pollution such
as lube oils and greases. Examples of those buildings are: shelters for utility pumps and
compressors (not handling hydrocarbon streams), diesel engines, workshops. These buildings
are referred to as “industrial buildings”.
The industrial buildings require floor drains, which shall be regarded as accidentally oil-
contaminated (OD2). Tundishes and gullies shall be used which should be equipped with
siphons (minimum seal depth: 150 mm) and shall be connected to vented manholes sealed at
entry (minimum seal depth: 300 mm).
Special care shall be taken so as to prevent flammable gases from entering an industrial
building (classified non-hazardous) via the drainage system. As a minimum, their floor drainage
effluents shall be routed to treatment separately from hazardous areas drains (refer to section
4.3).
Laboratory drains prone to be polluted by chemicals shall be disposed in accordance with
section 4.2.4.
Rainwater from building rooves can be considered as OD3 unless a particular risk of
contamination has been identified.
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OD2 may be "unclassified" where contaminant is not a flammable product (e.g. lube oil,
transformer oil, workshop, etc.). See Appendix 3, Figure 3C as an example.
These drains are OD2, they shall be collected and piped into an oily water disposal tube. The
main collection header(s) to the disposal tube shall be sealed by discharging permanently
below the caisson liquid level.
Open drains of each given system (classified, unclassified, OD1 and OD2) should be
collected within each module or at each deck level, in one sub-header that ties-in to the main
collection header (vertical). This is to reduce the number of inter-module/deck connections.
For all open drains (OD1 and OD2), siphons shall be fitted in the outlet piping of every entry
point to prevent the unwanted migration of gases. U-shaped siphons are recommended. The
minimum seal depth of these siphons shall be 300 mm. F(P)SO may require greater seal depth
to make up for vessel movement. They shall be easily accessible and flanged to allow easy
retrieval (see Appendix 5).
8.3 Helidecks
Helidecks shall be provided with gullies (see Appendix 5). On helidecks where fuel loading does
not take place, gullies shall be connected to the clean water drains. On helidecks where fuel
loading takes place, gullies in areas prone to collect accidental fuel leaks should be connected
to the unclassified OD2.
Helifuel storage and handling facilities shall be located away from the helideck and drained into
the platform classified drains.
8.4 Buildings
Same requirements as for onshore installations (see section 7.7).
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• Additional specific water treatment if not compatible with open oily waste water shall be
disposed in a different caisson.
Incoming lines from hazardous (e.g. from the sump tank) and non-hazardous areas (i.e. from
unclassified drains) shall be independent (no interconnections, even for maintenance
purposes).
Water from the sump tank(s) shall enter the caisson via downcomers (e.g. between the inner
wall and a weir) which shall extend to be permanently submerged. Sufficient water depth shall
be provided to minimise turbulence at entry (8 m below Lower Astronomical Tide is a typical
depth for high wave activity locations), and to prevent suction in disposal tube pump (2 m
below pump suction is a minimum).
Water from unclassified drains shall be piped at the same depth or below the depth of the
sump tank water downcomer.
The disposal tube shall be provided with an atmospheric vent, preferably not connected to
other degassing vents. The risk for the formation of a flammable atmosphere in the vapour
space which depends on oil density, ambient temperature, and wave activity shall be reviewed:
if deemed significant, consideration should be given to the provision of a permanent nitrogen
purge in the vapour space. The vapour space should be inerted with nitrogen before any
maintenance intervention on one of the disposal tube equipment (i.e. oil recovery pump).
The height of the disposal tube above the water shall be such that even full of oil, the level of
the liquid inside the tube shall not touch the top of the caisson at highest tide. Oil separated in
the upper part of the caisson main compartment shall be pumped back to the sump tank. A
permanent pump shall be installed and started from a local control station. Disposal tube pump
piping shall be arranged to recycle back to the caisson and to enable visual checks via a sight
glass for oil presence. A sample point shall also be provided at pump discharge.
The bottom of the oily water disposal tube (at least 15 meters and up to 30 meters below the
Lower Astronomical Tide level) shall be open, ending with a restriction to maximise dispersion. It
shall be positioned so that the platform seawater pump intakes (particularly potable water maker
intakes) are at maximum distance and across normal tidal currents. It shall also be at a different
depth from other disposal caissons (e.g. drilling).
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Drip pans shall drain and be sealed into an atmospheric drum called the open drain drum,
which may be emptied periodically to a boat provided with adequate storage facilities. The open
drain drum shall not be used as, nor connected to the closed drain drum.
The closed drain drum shall be an independent vessel. It shall be fitted with an overflow to the
oily water disposal tube.
The hazardous decks (outside the drip pans) shall drain and be sealed into the oily water
disposal tube. A permanent skimming pump is not mandatory.
The requirement for an oily water disposal tube may be waived in very shallow water areas
(e.g. swamps), with COMPANY’s approval. If there is no oily water disposal tube, the
hazardous decks (outside the drip pans) may drain directly to sea, but the effluent from
hazardous deck and non-hazardous deck drainage shall not be mixed.
The non-hazardous, clean decks shall be piped directly to sea, below the cellar deck level. As
an exception to this rule, clean water (firewater, rainwater) may be discharged directly
overboard on single deck platforms.
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hydrocarbons because gravel increases considerably the rate of vaporisation: generally heat
exchange should be minimised in drainage of liquefied hydrocarbons (use of colloidal concrete
is recommended for paving and impounding basins).
The paving slope shall be adequate to provide good run-off away from the process inventories
towards a impounding basin. The required slope depends on the paving material but should
not be less than 2% where practicable and shall never be less than 1%. A ditch should be
provided to channel liquefied gas spillage to the impounding basin, provided that it is designed
to prevent turbulent flow (to avoid excessive vaporisation). Ditches shall be covered by grating
(plain covers are prohibited).
Wherever facilities containing high volatility hydrocarbon liquids are present on both sides of
a plant, the recommended design is to provide a high point approximately in the centre of the
paved area such that water and spillage run-off to peripheral impounding basins.
Plant paving shall be divided into sub-catchment areas (each provided with its independent
impounding basin), based on the inventory present in the catchment area and the feasibility of
trenching high depth impounding basins. Kerbs of at least 0.15 m height (e.g. pre-cast in the
concrete slab) shall divide the sub-catchment areas.
Rectangular-shaped channels, covered with easily removable gratings (no plain cover) shall
direct spilled liquid to impounding basin. Local regulation shall be identified and applied. In
absence of these, the impounding basin capacity shall be designed on a case by case
analysis, based on type of process, leak size scenario and time to detect and take corrective
action to isolate. As examples, for process areas the impounding basin should have a liquid
capacity of 110% of the largest vessel at high liquid level (LAH). In addition adequate height
shall be provided for foam and free board. For transfer areas the loading/offloading pump
maximum capacity should be used for a period of time of 2 minutes.
Vaporisation between the spillage point and the basin should however be taken into
consideration. The length of the basins should be the length of the catchment or sub-catchment
area that it serves. Where practicable, the width of impounding basins should be limited to 2
meters and laid cross the prevailing wind, so that evaporation rate is minimised and foam
durability is not compromised (note that 1 m is regarded as the minimum to allow internal
inspection).
The depth of the impounding basin shall accommodate: the dimensioning liquid spill plus 1 m
of blanketing foam layer plus 0.3 m freeboard.
Temperature sensors to detect water/LNG/LPG/NGL presence in and hydrocarbon gas
detection above each impounding basin shall be provided. They shall alarm in the plant main
control room (permanently manned control centre).
Water shall not be allowed to remain in the impounding basins: it shall be pumped out after
each rainfall event. Pumping may be achieved with mobile units. In areas with regular periods of
very frequent/continuous rains however (such as the monsoon areas), fixed pumping units
should be provided. Where snow is anticipated to be a likely occurrence, this shall be taken into
consideration at design stage.
Provision shall be made for foam blanketing in all impounding basins.
• In LNG plants, application of foam shall be automatically initiated on low-low temperature
detection (detection of LNG spillage, as opposed to low temperature detection used for
detection of LPG spillage in areas where both LNG and LPG are present).
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• In LPG plants, application of foam shall be initiated on fire detection only, manually
(operator decision) or automatically. Routing LPG effluents from impounding basins to a
remote impounding basin provided with foam protection may be considered. Routing
shall be via ditches, not pipes. The decision of installing an impounding basin shall be
taken on a case by case basis, only after balancing the risk of spreading LPG vapours
against the risk of keeping LPG close to process units.
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Appendix 1
The accidental spillage flow rate should be calculated with the following formula:
Qa = 0.6 x Ah x (2 x (P – Pa) / ρ)0.5
Where:
Qa = Liquid flow rate (m3/s)
Ah = Hole cross section (m2)
P = Vessel pressure (ignoring hydrostatic head) (N/m2)
Pa = Atmospheric pressure (N/m2)
ρ = Liquid density (kg/m3)
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Appendix 2
This appendix provides guidelines to determine the rain water run-off rates in an onshore plant
for the design of the open drain systems. The method presented below is known as the
Rational Method. The rational formula used to determine the design flow is as follows:
Q=CIA
Where:
Q = Peak flow rate at the particular point in the drain system under consideration (m3/min.)
C = Run-off coefficient for the catchment or sub-catchment area. This is the ratio of the
amount of run-off flowing from the catchment to the total amount of rainfall that falls on the
catchment area, dimensionless
I = Design rainfall intensity for the calculated time of concentration, (m/min.)
A = Size of the catchment area contributing run-off to the drains, (m2)
Run-off coefficient ©
Typical values are listed below:
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Appendix 3
Important note : The drawings and figures contained in this specification are illustrative only
and should not be regarded as detailed engineering documents. They illustrate some of the
points made in the specification and should be used as a basis for the preparation of detailed
engineering drawings.
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Appendix 3
HAZARDOUS AREAS HAZARDOUS AREAS NON HAZARDOUS AREAS NON HAZARDOUS AREAS
Hydrocarbon processing Liquid hydrocarbon Away from oil Clean areas e.g.
storage and gas processes Office, undeveloped
areas, greenbelt
Associated gas
Oil or
Condensate
Wellhead Water Storage
Workshop
Warehouse Office area
Tank bottom Utilities
Paved Water
Drip pan Drip pan areas
Cellar OR
Bund
OD I CD OD I PW OD II OD I OD II OD II OD III
LEGEND :
CD CLOSED DRAINS TO LP PROCESS (or oily water treatment), VIA CLOSED DRAIN DRUM
NOTE :
- No interconnection (even for maintenance) between : CLOSED AND OPEN DRAIN PIPING
: hazardous and non hazardous area drain piping
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Appendix 3
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Appendix 3
TEST
SEPARATOR
VENT TO
ATMOSPHERE CLEAN WATER
DRAINS
MAIN NOTE 3
DECK
DRIP PAN DECK VENTS TO
ATMOSPHERE
FLAME
ARRESTER
CLOSED DRAINS SLOPE
LP VENT HEADER
OVER
FLOW OVER
LP VENT & CLOSED DRAIN OPEN DRAIN DRUM FLOW
DRUM
CELLAR DECK
200mm MIN
200mm MIN
200mm MIN
200mm MIN
FROM
DECK DRAINS
BELOW
CELLAR
NOTES : DECK
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Appendix 3
This document is the property of Total. It must not be stored, reproduced or disclosed to others without written authorisation from the Company.
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Appendix 3
This document is the property of Total. It must not be stored, reproduced or disclosed to others without written authorisation from the Company.
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Appendix 3
VENT TO ATM
VENT TO ATM
SYPHON BREAKER
SUMP SEAWATER
1000mm MIN
LI LT TANK PURGE
SC
LAL
VENT
TO
ATM
SG
FO
200mm MIN
200mm MIN
INERT
GAS
PURGE
CELLAR DECK
CLASSIFIED
OPEN DRAINS
UNCLASSIFIED
OPEN DRAINS
DISPOSAL
TUBE
LEGEND : PUMP TIDE EL 0.0m
GAUGE
SC : SAMPLE CONNECTION
8m
SG : SIGHT GLASS H
MCC : MOTOR CONTROL CENTER OILY WATER
2m
LOCAL INSTRUMENT
MCC STOP START DISPOSAL TUBE
STOPPED ESD
XLS
CENTRAL CONTROL EL -15.0m to -30.0m
ROOM INSTRUMENT DRAINS DISCHARGE
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Appendix 3
NOTES :
GRATING
1 - External impounding basin capacity designed for maximum hydrocarbon liquid spillage.
2 - Paved area general slope is 2% minimum.
3 - Draining ditch is optional.
4 - Rainwater pump may be a mobile unit.
Figure 3H – Paved area for high volatility hydrocarbon liquid process plant
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Appendix 3
LP VENT HEADER
NOTE 3
NOTE 1
PROCESS LIQUIDS
NOTE 1
NOTE 2
NOTES :
SEAL POT API SEPARATOR OBSERVATION BASIN
1 - MOBILE LIQUID DISPOSAL FACILITY.
2 - FLAME ARRESTER.
3 - LP VENT & CLOSED DRAIN SYSTEMS TO BE DESIGNED
FOR INTERNAL EXPLOSION.
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Appendix 4
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Appendix 4
basis, depending on the type of equipment and associated operations. Ideally any leakage of
liquids from one facility should not be directed under any other facility before reaching a
drainage system.
All items within the drip pan which are point-type sources of oily drips during routine operation
should be pointing directly to a tundish, or should be piped to above a gully located within the
drip pan.
As far as practicable, each drain intake within a drip pan shall be connected directly to a
manhole, sealed on entry by submerging the inlet pipe a minimum of 300 mm below the water
level in the manhole (see Figure 4C). The distance between a tundish/gully and its manhole
should not exceed 15 metres.
Closely grouped drip pans or catchment basins may be connected to the same header when
individual connection to a manhole is not practical.
For effective surface drainage of drip pans, those shall be sloped at a gradient no less than 1%
to a gully located as far as practicable from the sources of pollution within the drip pan.
Figure 4D of this Appendix shows the configuration of a pig receiver drip pan for liquid
hydrocarbon pipelines.
Paved areas: general requirements
Process plants handling hydrocarbon liquids shall be paved to avoid infiltration of hydrocarbons
into the soil. All areas within a minimum of 1.5 meter from the kerb or drip pan of a hydrocarbon
process facility shall be paved (see Figure 4A). Paved areas shall be surrounded by a
continuous kerb of minimum 150mm height, for containment of accidental spillage, in
accordance with section 4.10.
Beyond this, the extent of paving shall be strictly limited to the collection of oily water to prevent
the unnecessary collection of clean rainwater. Paths between process units may be gravelled to
allow percolation of clean water into the soil.
As far as practicable, OD1 and OD2 drains from different fire zones (see definition in
GS EP SAF 253) should not be collected in the same headers: drains from process paved
areas and hydrocarbon storage areas, drains from independent process trains, drains from
process paved areas and furnaces should be collected separately.
Paved areas: lay-out and drainage
Refer to Figure 4A of this Appendix which shows the typical layout of an oil/condensate
processing plant collection system.
Plants are divided into paved areas which then should be sub-divided into smaller sub-
catchment areas arranged so as:
• To handle the rain/fire water design flows
• To prevent flooding
• To prevent the spread of fire and flammable liquids from one sub-catchment area to
another
Paving shall be sloped to the nearest gully at a gradient of not less than 1%. The maximum
slope shall be 4%.
Outside the equipment drip pans, gullies in paved areas collect primarily rainwater and
firewater: they are referred to as “catch basins” in this specification. They shall be capable of
draining the design flows without flooding of their sub-catchment area occurring.
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Appendix 4
Catch basins are recessed into the paving. Grating (flush with the paving surface) shall cover
them and allow easy removal.
Each catch basin should normally be connected directly and sealed into a manhole. Where
this is not practical, it shall be sealed with a dip pipe into the next catch basin: the minimum
seal depth shall be 300 mm (see Figure 4C). In paved areas, there should not be more than
three catch basins in series.
In areas where water run-off is likely to carry sediments, sand or other solids prone to silt,
gullies and catch basins shall be fitted with sediment/sand traps.
Catch basins should have adequate provision for rodding of the drainage underground pipes.
The maximum drainage area for one catch basin shall be 400 m2.
The flow accommodated by one gully/catch basin should not exceed 120 m3/h. The maximum
travel of liquid to a gully/catch basin should be 20 meters.
Paved areas shall be designed so that liquids do not accumulate beneath the pipeways. Gullies
and catch basins shall not be located beneath process equipment or pipeways. They shall not
be located closer than 10 m to fired heaters or other permanent ignition source. They shall not
be made of plastic.
Manholes
Manhole typicals are shown in Figure 4C in this Appendix.
In addition to the construction (structural) requirements, manholes shall be provided in sufficient
numbers to properly seal and vent the drainage underground pipes.
Manholes should be provided and located as required in GS EP CIV 202:
• Every 70 m of drainage pipe of 24” diameter and less
• Every 100 m of drainage pipe greater than 24” diameter
• At each junction point between sub and main headers
• At each point where there is a change in header diameter, direction or elevation (depth).
All manholes carrying effluents containing flammable gases or liquids shall be vented and
sealed with water on entry, with a 300 mm depth as a minimum.
The seal should generally be achieved by installing dip pipes in water. For very large drain pipes
(16” diameter and above) or manholes with two or more inlets, manholes should be fire sealed
by an isolation baffle (split manhole with two vents).
The only exceptions to the requirement for entry seals are: manholes that are necessary only
for a change in pipe direction or structural reasons, and with no additional influent pipes
connected. There shall be however a sealed manhole at least every 300 m of main drainage
header.
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Appendix 4
Venting shall be to a local vent, or to a process vent system designed for venting atmospheric
capacities. The manhole vent discharge point shall be located at least 3 m above ground and
the following minimum safety distances shall apply:
• Distance to building window or air intake: 5 m
• Distance to the edge of a roadway in plant restricted area: 5 m
• Distance to a permanent source of ignition: 15 m
• Distance to combustion chamber air intake: 15 m
• Distance to a public road: 30 m
The vent diameter shall be 3” or 4” (upper limit is to prevent gas accumulations, install two vents
if necessary).
Manholes are usually made of concrete. They shall be waterproof and adequately protected
externally and internally (e.g. by lining against corrosion, chemicals).
Manholes shall be closed with covers removable for routine inspection. An appropriate sealant
shall be used to prevent gas leaks from the manholes located:
• In or adjacent to potential sources of ignition in areas classified non-hazardous, or
• Near roadways.
For manholes intended to be used as an access point for internal inspection of the drainage
network, the size of the cover shall be:
• Minimum diameter: 600 mm for circular covers
• No side less than 500 mm for rectangular covers.
They shall be sized such as to prevent overflowing and overpressures. The following minimum
sizes shall apply:
• Diameter/side: 1 meter
• Outlet pipe diameter: 6” (8” for the last manhole upstream an oil trap or primary
treatment unit).
Important note : The drawings and figures contained in this specification are illustrative only
and should not be regarded as detailed engineering documents. They illustrate some of the
points made in the specification and should be used as a basis for the preparation of detailed
engineering drawings.
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Appendix 4
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Appendix 4
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Appendix 4
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Appendix 4
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Appendix 5
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Appendix 5
Drip pans shall be designed to slope towards a gully, with a 2% minimum slope.
Classified open drains
Every gully and tundish shall be collected independently to a sub-header. Piping from every
such item shall incorporate a siphon of 300 mm minimum seal depth.
There shall be at least one horizontal sub-header per module or per deck level, connecting and
sealing into a classified open drains main vertical header running directly into the sump tank.
Seal pots (see Figure 5D) shall be used in preference to piping siphons to seal a drain sub-
header to the vertical main header. The seal pots should have a seal depth at least twice the
seal depth of the siphons provided at drainage intake points. The seal depth shall be no less
than 600 mm. The diameter of the seal pot should be no less than 5 times the diameter of the
inlet drain sub-header.
Seal pots shall be connected to vents or vent headers so that trapped gas is safely vented and
pressure fluctuations in one drainage sub-header cannot adversely affect another sub-header
(the recommended diameter of an individual vent is 2”). Vent outlets shall be diverted away from
sources of ignition (refer to GS EP SAF 216).
Under abnormal conditions of firewater surge flow, drainage shall be diverted away from the
classified open drain headers. This shall be achieved by incorporating two offtakes in gullies
(see Figure 5A).
Provided that firewater/rainwater surge flows are not taken by the classified open drains, the
classified open drains system shall be sized based on:
• The washdown case (refer to section 6.2.) or as far as practicable
• The accidental spillage case (refer to section 8.5.3)
Unclassified open drains
Every gully and tundish shall be collected independently to the horizontal sub-header. Piping
from tundishes and gullies should incorporate a siphon (seal depth of 50 to 300 mm depending
on service).
There should be at least one sub-header per deck level. Each horizontal sub-header is
connected to a main vertical header running directly into the oily water disposal tube, where it
is submerged permanently below the caisson liquid level.
The unclassified open drains pipes are usually sized based on the washdown case (refer to
section 6.2. (“design flows”)). Rainwater is normally not dimensioning i.e. units draining into the
unclassified open drains are not deluged and are usually roofed.
Clean water drains
This is a piped drain system collecting oil-free water from gullies to headers leading to an
outboard discharge point located below the cellar deck.
The clean water drain headers shall also accommodate all firewater/rainwater overflows from
the hazardous areas. The greater of the firewater and rainwater cases shall be selected for
the sizing of this system (they shall not be added, refer to section 6.2.. (“design flows”)).
All drainage outfalls to sea shall be located so that the platform seawater pump intakes,
particularly those feeding the potable water maker if any, are at maximum distance and across
normal tidal current direction.
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Appendix 5
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Appendix 5
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Appendix 5
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Appendix 5
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Appendix 5
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